EP4519390A1 - Procede de production d'olefines par vapocraquage de charges provenant de dechets plastiques - Google Patents
Procede de production d'olefines par vapocraquage de charges provenant de dechets plastiquesInfo
- Publication number
- EP4519390A1 EP4519390A1 EP23725963.5A EP23725963A EP4519390A1 EP 4519390 A1 EP4519390 A1 EP 4519390A1 EP 23725963 A EP23725963 A EP 23725963A EP 4519390 A1 EP4519390 A1 EP 4519390A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- olefins
- effluent
- paraffins
- composition
- solid product
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
- E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
- E04D13/002—Provisions for preventing vegetational growth, e.g. fungi, algae or moss
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L11/00—Machines for cleaning floors, carpets, furniture, walls, or wall coverings
- A47L11/38—Machines, specially adapted for cleaning walls, ceilings, roofs, or the like
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D9/00—Crystallisation
- B01D9/0004—Crystallisation cooling by heat exchange
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
- B05B1/14—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means with multiple outlet openings; with strainers in or outside the outlet opening
- B05B1/20—Perforated pipes or troughs, e.g. spray booms; Outlet elements therefor
- B05B1/205—Perforated pipes or troughs, e.g. spray booms; Outlet elements therefor characterised by the longitudinal shape of the elongated body
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B15/00—Details of spraying plant or spraying apparatus not otherwise provided for; Accessories
- B05B15/50—Arrangements for cleaning; Arrangements for preventing deposits, drying-out or blockage; Arrangements for detecting improper discharge caused by the presence of foreign matter
- B05B15/55—Arrangements for cleaning; Arrangements for preventing deposits, drying-out or blockage; Arrangements for detecting improper discharge caused by the presence of foreign matter using cleaning fluids
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B9/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour
- B05B9/007—At least a part of the apparatus, e.g. a container, being provided with means, e.g. wheels, for allowing its displacement relative to the ground
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B9/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour
- B05B9/03—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour characterised by means for supplying liquid or other fluent material
- B05B9/04—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour characterised by means for supplying liquid or other fluent material with pressurised or compressible container; with pump
- B05B9/0403—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour characterised by means for supplying liquid or other fluent material with pressurised or compressible container; with pump with pumps for liquids or other fluent material
- B05B9/0423—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent material, without essentially mixing with gas or vapour characterised by means for supplying liquid or other fluent material with pressurised or compressible container; with pump with pumps for liquids or other fluent material for supplying liquid or other fluent material to several spraying apparatus
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/002—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G31/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for
- C10G31/09—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for by filtration
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G31/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for
- C10G31/10—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for with the aid of centrifugal force
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/32—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G69/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process
- C10G69/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only
- C10G69/06—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only including at least one step of thermal cracking in the absence of hydrogen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G9/34—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts
- C10G9/36—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts with heated gases or vapours
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B2101/00—Type of solid waste
- B09B2101/75—Plastic waste
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/40—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving thermal treatment, e.g. evaporation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1003—Waste materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/20—C2-C4 olefins
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for producing olefins by steam cracking, in particular from feedstocks originating from plastic waste.
- Context of the invention Olefins, and in particular light C2-C5 olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, isobutene, n-butene and isoprene, are monomers which make it possible to produce a whole range of polymers by appropriate treatments (chlorination, oxidation, polymerization, etc.).
- This recycling route is a chemical route consisting of liquefying plastic waste, in particular thermally (typically by pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction), then reintroducing the effluent produced into a conventional refining circuit.
- plastic waste liquefaction oils require them to be pretreated before injecting them into a conventional refining circuit.
- pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction of plastic waste is typically followed by purification including hydrotreatment and removal of contaminants using various purification processes such as distillation.
- purification processes focused on the elimination of chlorinated compounds.
- other impurities present in plastic liquefaction oil simply prohibit their direct use in other processes such as steam cracking.
- Document WO2021/115982 describes a process for recovering aliphatic hydrocarbons by dewaxing from a hydrocarbon feed comprising aliphatic hydrocarbons and polar compounds containing a heteroatom.
- This load includes liquid products resulting from the pyrolysis of plastic waste.
- the process described consists of mixing the feed to be treated with a solvent, cooling the mixture in a temperature range of 5°C to -30°C to obtain wax crystals and separating them to produce aliphatic hydrocarbons comprising the wax and a deparaffinized liquid comprising the solvent, the polar compounds and optionally aromatics.
- This document provides for steam cracking of aliphatic hydrocarbons comprising wax directly, without intermediate hydrotreatment.
- aliphatic hydrocarbons are defined as non-olefinic aliphatic (paraffinic) compounds and olefinic aliphatic compounds.
- the specifications of current steam cracking units require reduced olefin contents (typically less than 1ppm) in order to limit the risks of coking which are not achieved by the dewaxing treatment described here.
- the behavior of plastic waste liquefaction oils is difficult to predict due to the complexity of these oils. For example, gas chromatography analysis of plastic waste pyrolysis oil can only identify 25 to 45% by weight of oxygen-containing compounds and nitrogen.
- the composition of these oils varies greatly depending on the nature of the plastic waste treated.
- This particular sequence of steps makes it possible to treat in a steam cracker an effluent resulting from a composition comprising a plastic liquefaction oil but having olefin, aromatic and heteroatom contents conforming to those required as input to a steam cracking process, and this, regardless of the contaminant content of the composition.
- the process according to the invention makes it possible in particular to produce olefins from compositions containing C5-C150 hydrocarbons, most often C5-C100.
- separation step (a) can be implemented to separate paraffins from olefins present in compositions containing hydrocarbons without limitation as to the number of carbon atoms constituting them.
- the composition treated by the process according to the invention may comprise at least 2% by mass of plastic liquefaction oil(s).
- the remainder can then be composed of at most 98% by mass of a diluent or solvent such as a hydrocarbon and/or one or more components such as: a biomass liquefaction oil such as Panicum virgatum, a tall oil, a used edible oil, an animal fat, a vegetable oil such as rapeseed, canola, castor, palm, soybean oil, an oil extracted from an algae, an oil extracted from a fermentation of oleaginous microorganisms such as oleaginous yeasts, a biomass liquefaction oil such as a lignocellulosic biomass such as a wood, paper and/or cardboard liquefaction oil, an oil obtained by pyrolysis of crushed used furniture, an elastomer liquefaction oil, for example possibly vulcanized latex or tires, as well as their mixtures.
- a biomass liquefaction oil such
- the composition may comprise at least 5% by mass, at least 10% by mass, at least 25% by mass, at least 50% by mass, at least 75% by mass, at least 90% by mass. mass or 100% by mass of plastic liquefaction oil(s).
- the mass content of plastic liquefaction oil(s) of the composition can be included in any interval defined by two of the limits previously set.
- the heteroatoms contained in the composition treated in the present invention may be oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, a metal and/or a halogen, in particular chlorine.
- the solid product from step (a) may contain from 45% m/m to 90% m/m of paraffins, preferably from 50% m/m to 90% m/m of paraffins, from 10 to 50% m/m of olefins, preferably 10 to 40%m/m of olefins, 0 to 2%m/m of aromatics, 2 to 15%m/m of naphthenes, and optionally at most 2% m/m of heteroatoms.
- step (a) can make it possible to eliminate at least 80% m/m of chlorine and/or at least 85% m/m of nitrogen and/or at least 50% m/m of sulfur and/or or at least 60% m/m of silicon relative to the respective quantities of chlorine, nitrogen, solder and silicon initially present in the composition used in the process according to the invention.
- the hydrotreated effluent produced in step (b) can contain from 0 to 2% m/m of olefins, preferably from 0 to 1% m/m.
- the total heteroatom content can be 0 to 1% m/m.
- the effluent produced in step (b) can contain 70%m/m or more of paraffins, preferably 80%m/m or more of paraffins, more preferably 90%m/m or more of paraffins, in particular 97%m/m or more of paraffins, preferably 98%m/m or more of paraffins.
- the effluent from step (b) can advantageously contain C10+ paraffins, for example C10-C100 paraffins, most often C10-C80.
- the hydrotreated effluent produced in step (b) can also contain: - at most 100 ppm of oxygen (measured according to the ASTM D5622 / D2504 standard), - at most 20 ppm of nitrogen (measured according to the standard ASTM D4629), - at most 500 ppm of sulfur (measured according to the ISO 20846 standard), - at most 120 ppm of chlorine (measured according to the ASTM D7359-18 standard), - optionally at most 15 ppm of silicon (measured by XRF ).
- said composition can be mixed with at least one solvent prior to at least one crystallization step (i).
- the solvent can advantageously be an organic solvent, for example chosen from an aliphatic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, a ketone, an alcohol or mixtures thereof, preferably a ketone or an alcohol.
- organic solvent for example chosen from an aliphatic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, a ketone, an alcohol or mixtures thereof, preferably a ketone or an alcohol.
- usable solvents include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, iso-propanol.
- a solvent or a mixture of solvents which does not crystallize at the crystallization temperature of the paraffins to be separated, preferably a solvent or a mixture of solvents in the liquid state and miscible with the composition at the processing temperatures.
- Those skilled in the art will be able to determine the most appropriate solvent or mixture of solvents based on the temperatures implemented during step (a) by tests and/or simulations.
- a solvent or mixture of solvents will then be chosen.
- the volume ratio of said composition to the solvent may be from 10/90v/v to 90/10v/v, or from 20/80v/v to 80/20 v/v, preferably from 40/60v/v to 60/40v /v or from 45/55v/v to 55/45v/v, for example from 50/50 v/v, or in any interval defined by two of these ratios.
- Separation step (a) can be carried out in a single step or in two steps to improve the separation and recovery of the paraffins.
- Separation step (a) can then comprise: (i-1) a first crystallization step by lowering the temperature of said composition from 10°C to 60°C from a first initial temperature at which said composition is entirely liquid and obtaining a first mixture comprising a first solid product enriched in paraffins and depleted in olefins, aromatics and heteroatoms, and a first effluent depleted in paraffins and enriched in olefins, aromatics and heteroatoms, (ii-1) a first step of separating said first solid product and said first effluent, (i-2) a second step of crystallization by lowering the temperature of said first effluent from 10°C to 60°C from a second initial temperature at which said first effluent is entirely liquid and obtaining a second mixture comprising a second solid product enriched in paraffins and depleted in olefins, aromatics and heteroatoms, and a second effluent depleted in paraffins and enriched in
- the crystallization step (i) or each of the crystallization steps (i-1) and (i-2) is carried out from an initial temperature at which the composition (alone or mixed with a solvent), or the first effluent, is entirely liquid, up to a final temperature 10 to 60°C lower than the initial temperature.
- the initial temperature of step (i) or of each of the steps (i-1) and (i-2), can be easily determined by those skilled in the art by usual measurement methods.
- the initial temperature is typically higher (for example 5 to 10°C) than the crystallization temperature of the paraffins to be separated from the composition.
- This crystallization temperature can be determined by differential calorimetry measurements (P. Claudy et al, Diesel fuels: determination of onset crystallization temperature, for point and filter plugging point by differential scanning calorimetry. Correlation with standard test methods. Fuel, 1986, vol 65, pp 861-4).
- Step (a) can advantageously be carried out under conditions capable of separating C10+ paraffins, for example C10-C100 paraffins, most often C10-C80.
- separation step (i) separation step (ii), (ii-1) or (ii-2) can be carried out by at least one step chosen from filtration, decantation, centrifugation.
- This separation step (ii), (ii-1) or (ii-2) is typically carried out at a temperature less than or equal to the final temperature of step (i), (i-1) or (i-2).
- the solid product resulting from step (a), before being hydrotreated in step (b), can be washed, in one or more times, typically three times, with at least one solvent , preferably at a temperature less than or equal to the final temperature.
- This solvent is as defined previously.
- at least one solvent is used during the crystallization step (i), (i-1) or (i-2), we can advantageously use the same solvent or mixture of solvents for this washing step.
- This washing step can advantageously be followed by a step of drying or evaporation of the washed solid product, making it possible to eliminate the residual solvent(s) before hydrotreatment (b).
- step (b) 98% m/m or more of the olefins can be hydrogenated, in particular by choosing suitable operating conditions.
- the effluent from step (b) can advantageously contain 70% m/m or more of C10+ paraffins, for example C10-C100 paraffins, most often C10-C80, preferably 80% m/m or more of these paraffins, more preferably 90%m/m or more of these paraffins, in particular 97%m/m or more of these paraffins, preferably 98%m/m or more of these paraffins.
- the hydrotreatment of step (b) can be carried out in a single step or in two steps.
- the solid product(s) resulting from step (a) are hydrogenated at a temperature of 200 to 450°C, preferably from 200 to 340°C in the presence of hydrogen at a absolute pressure of 20 to 140 bars, preferably of 30 to 100 bars and in the presence of a hydrotreatment catalyst, for example a hydrogenation catalyst comprising NiMo (0.1-60% by mass) and/or CoMo (0.1- 60% by mass).
- a hydrotreatment catalyst for example a hydrogenation catalyst comprising NiMo (0.1-60% by mass) and/or CoMo (0.1- 60% by mass).
- step (b) can be carried out in a first step (b-1) in which the solid product(s) resulting from step (a) are hydrogenated at a temperature of 80 to 250° C, preferably from 130 to 190°C in the presence of hydrogen at an absolute pressure of 5 to 60 bars, preferably from 20 to 30 bars and in the presence of a first hydrotreatment catalyst, for example a hydrogenation catalyst comprising Pd (0.1-10% by weight) and/or Ni (0.1-60% by weight) and/or NiMo (0.1-60% by weight), and in a second step (b-2) in which the effluent from step (b-1) is hydrogenated at a temperature of 200 to 450°C, preferably 200 to 340°C in the presence of hydrogen at an absolute pressure of 20 to 140 bars, of preferably from 30 to 100 bars and in the presence of a second hydrotreatment catalyst, for example a hydrogenation catalyst comprising NiMo (0.1-60% by weight) and/or CoMo (0.1-60% by weight).
- a first hydrotreatment catalyst for example
- the first one step can then make it possible to hydrogenate dienes initially present in the composition and which have been crystallized with the paraffins in the solid product(s).
- the hydrotreated effluent from step (b) can be subjected to a cracking reaction in order to reduce the length of the carbon chains of the paraffins present in the hydrotreated effluent.
- this cracking reaction is a hydrocracking reaction carried out at a temperature of 250 to 480°C, a partial pressure of hydrogen of 1.5 to 25 MPa abs. and an hourly volume velocity of 0.1 to 10h -1 .
- Steam cracking step (c) consists of thermally cracking in one or more reactors a mixture of the hydrotreated effluent and water vapor at high temperatures of the order of 650 to 1000°C, preferably from 700 to 1000°C. 900°C, typically 750 to 850°C, under low pressures (1 to 3 bars).
- the cracking reaction is carried out in the absence of oxygen.
- the reaction time is usually very short, in the order of milliseconds.
- the effluents leaving the reactor(s) are then cooled quickly to temperatures of 400 to 550°C in order to limit secondary reactions such as polymerization of olefins, dienes and acetylenes.
- the cooled effluents are finally fractionated to recover light C2-C5 olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, isobutene, n-butene and isoprene.
- the invention also relates to a process for recovering plastic waste comprising the following steps: (A) a step of liquefying waste containing plastics and obtaining a hydrocarbon product comprising a gas phase, a liquid phase and a solid phase, (B) a step of separating the liquid phase of said product, said liquid phase forming a plastic liquefaction oil, (C) a step of treating at least part of the liquid phase by a process for producing olefins according to the invention.
- the liquefaction step (A) may comprise a pyrolysis step, typically carried out at a temperature of 300 to 1000°C or 400 to 700°C, this pyrolysis being for example fast pyrolysis or flash pyrolysis or catalytic pyrolysis or hydropyrolysis.
- the liquefaction step (A) may comprise a hydrothermal liquefaction step, typically carried out at a temperature of 250 to 500 °C and at pressures of 10 to 25-40 MPa.
- the waste treated in step (A) can be plastic waste possibly mixed with biomass, as previously described.
- Separation step (B) makes it possible to eliminate the gas phase, essentially the C1-C4 hydrocarbons and the solid phase (typically char) to recover only the liquid organic phase forming a liquefaction oil.
- This plastic liquefaction oil typically comprises 30 to 55% by weight of paraffins, 10 to 50% m/m of olefins, and 5 to 12% m/m of aromatics. These contents can be determined by gas chromatography.
- a plastic liquefaction oil may include a Bromine index of 20 to 60 g Br/100g and/or a maleic anhydride index (UOP326-82) of 1 to 20 mg of maleic anhydride/1g.
- a plastic liquefaction oil may in particular comprise one or more of the following heteroatom contents: from 0 to 8% m/m of oxygen (measured according to the ASTM D5622 standard), from 1 to 13,000 ppm of nitrogen (measured according to the standard ASTM D4629), 2 to 10,000ppm of sulfur (measured according to standard ISO 20846), 1 to 10,000ppm of metals (measured by ICP), 50 to 6,000ppm of chlorine (measured according to standard ASTM D7359-18), 0 to 200ppm bromine (measured according to ASTM D7359-18), 1 to 40ppm fluorine (measured according to ASTM D7359-18), 1 to 2000 ppm silicon (measured by XRF).
- a liquefaction oil may in particular comprise one or more of the following heteroatom contents: from 0 to 8% m/m of oxygen, from 250 to 3800 ppm of nitrogen, from 35 to 850ppm of sulfur, from 34 to 900ppm of metals, from 50 to 6000ppm of chlorine, from 0 to 10ppm of bromine, from 1.5 to 10ppm of fluorine.
- This liquid phase can then be subjected, in part (in particular a fraction thereof) or in totality, to the olefin production process of the invention, alone or mixed with other components as previously described to produce the olefins of interest by steam cracking.
- the composition treated in the present invention may present at least 50% m/m of paraffins and olefins, in particular C5-C150 paraffins and olefins, most often C5-C100, preferably at least 55%m/m, 60%m/m or 65%m/m of paraffins and olefins, and/or at most 95%m/m, 90%m/m, 85%m/m or 80%m /m of paraffins and olefins.
- paraffins and olefins in particular C5-C150 paraffins and olefins, most often C5-C100, of the treated composition can be included in any range defined by two of these limits.
- the terms “comprising” and “comprises” as used herein are synonymous with “including”, “includes” or “contains”, “containing”, and are inclusive or unlimited and do not exclude additional characteristics, d Unspecified method elements or steps.
- the expressions % by weight and % by mass have an equivalent meaning and refer to the proportion of the mass of a product relative to 100g of a composition comprising it.
- plastic liquefaction oil or “oil resulting from the liquefaction of plastic” or “plastic waste liquefaction oil” or “liquefaction oil resulting from the liquefaction of waste containing plastics” refers to the liquid products obtained following pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction of thermoplastic, thermosetting or elastomeric polymers, alone or in mixture and generally in the form of waste, optionally in mixture with at least one other waste such as biomass, for example chosen from lignocellulosic biomass, paper and cardboard.
- the pyrolysis process must be understood as a thermal cracking process, carried out in the presence or not of a catalyst (for example catalytic fast pyrolysis or not, etc.).
- the hydrothermal liquefaction process (or HTL for “Hydrothermal Liquefaction” in English) is a thermochemical conversion process using water as a solvent, reagent and catalyst for degradation reactions of plastics or biomass, water typically being in a subcritical or supercritical state.
- Plastic can be of any type, including any type of new or used plastic, included in household (post-consumer) or industrial waste.
- plastics we mean materials made up of polymers and optionally auxiliary components such as plasticizers, fillers, dyes, catalysts, flame retardants, stabilizers, etc.
- these polymers may be halogenated polyethylene (Cl, F) or not.
- polypropylene polystyrene, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polybutylene, poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride, polyester, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyether, epoxy polymer, polyacetal, polyimide, polyesteramide, silicone etc.
- any polymer or mixture of polymers capable of producing paraffins by liquefaction can be used.
- plastic liquefaction oils contain paraffins, i-paraffins (iso-paraffins), dienes, alkynes, olefins, naphthenes and aromatics.
- Plastic liquefaction oils also contain heteroatom-containing impurities, such as chlorinated, oxygenated, and/or silylated organic compounds, metals, salts, phosphorus compounds, sulfur, and nitrogen.
- the composition of plastic liquefaction oil depends on the nature of the liquefied plastic and is essentially (in particular more than 80%m/m, most often more than 90%m/m) made up of hydrocarbons having 1 to 150 carbon atoms and impurities. Biomass can be defined as an organic plant or animal product.
- Biomass thus includes (i) biomass produced by surplus agricultural land, not used for human or animal food: dedicated crops, called energy crops; (ii) biomass produced by deforestation (forest maintenance) or cleaning of agricultural land; (iii) agricultural residues from cereal crops, vines, orchards, olive trees, fruits and vegetables, agri-food residues, etc.; (iv) forest residues from silviculture and wood processing; (v) agricultural residues from livestock (manure, slurry, litter, droppings, etc.); (vi) organic household waste (paper, cardboard, green waste, etc.); (vii) ordinary industrial organic waste (paper, cardboard, wood, putrescible waste, etc.).
- the liquefaction oil treated by the invention can come from the liquefaction of waste containing at least 1% m/m, optionally from 1 to 50% m/m, from 2 to 30% m/m or in an interval defined by any two of these limits, of one or more of the aforementioned biomasses, residues and organic waste, and the remainder consisting of plastic waste.
- MAV acronym for “Maleic Anhydric Value” for “maleic anhydride index” refers to the UOP326-82 method which is expressed in mg of maleic anhydride which reacts with 1 g of sample to be measured .
- Bromine Index is the number of milligrams of bromine that react with 100 g of sample and can be measured according to ASTM Method D1159-07 (2017).
- concentration of metals in hydrocarbon matrices can be determined by any known method. Acceptable methods include X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Specialists in analytical sciences know how to identify the most suitable method for measuring each metal and each heteroelement based on the hydrocarbon matrix considered.
- the content of paraffins, olefins, naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons can be determined by multidimensional gas chromatography, for example according to the method described in the document Duhamel, Journal of Chromatography A, 1387 (2015) 95–103, Comparison of cryogenic and differential flow modulator.
- the oxygen content can be measured according to the standard: ASTM D5622-17 / D2504-88(2015).
- the nitrogen content can be measured according to the standard: ASTM D4629-17.
- the sulfur content can be measured according to the ISO 20846:2011 standard.
- Content in halogens, in particular chlorine, bromine, fluorine can be measured according to the standard: ASTM D7359-18.
- Silicon content can be measured by XRF.
- hydrotreatment catalyst is meant a catalyst promoting the incorporation of hydrogen into products.
- This type of catalyst is typically a metal catalyst comprising one or more metals from groups 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of the periodic table.
- Description of the invention Figure 1 represents the GC-MS spectra of the products of Example 4. Examples The embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. Crystallization in acetone or in a An HPP1 plastic pyrolysis oil was mixed at room temperature (i.e.
- the solid product recovered contains mainly paraffins, with a notable quantity of olefins and a very small quantity of aromatics.
- Example 2 separation of paraffins by crystallization in acetone or in an acetone-isopropanol mixture.
- HPP1' A plastic pyrolysis oil HPP1' was subjected to the same treatment as that described in Example 1 and a cake (denoted cake 1') was recovered.
- Tables 2 and 3 respectively give the compositions of the HPP1' oil and the 1' cake.
- the HPP1' oil and the 1' cake were analyzed by GCxGC-FID using a two-dimensional GCxGC chromatograph equipped with an apolar capillary column in the first dimension (1D) and a capillary column of intermediate polarity in the second dimension (2D). Detection is carried out by a flame ionization detector (FID). A first separation on the 1D column allows the compounds to be separated according to their boiling points.
- FID flame ionization detector
- n-olefin contents include the n-olefin and n-diolefin contents.
- the formation of a solid product (called cake) is observed.
- the cake was separated by filtration, washed with the crystallization solvent then dried and analyzed.
- the test conditions are summarized in Table 4.
- the analyzes of the solids recovered (cakes) for tests 1 to 4 as well as the analyzes of the plastic pyrolysis oil are summarized in Table 5.
- the contents of n-olefins include the contents of n-olefins and n-diolefins.
- the HPP2 oil and the cake from test 3 were analyzed by GCxGC-FID according to the same procedure as that described for the analyzes of example 2.
- the dewaxed oil (called filtrate) separated from the cake is recovered.
- the acetone contained in the filtrate was evaporated using a rotary evaporator at 70°C under vacuum at a rotation speed of 60 rpm, then the vacuum is cut to send a flow of nitrogen into the flask in order to have total evaporation of the acetone.
- the compositions of the extracted paraffins and the filtrate were analyzed as described with reference to Example 2. The results are collated in Table 8.
- the heteroatom contents of the ex HPP diesel, the extracted paraffins and the filtrate are collated in Table 9.
- the ex HPP diesel cut contains linear paraffins and linear C10-C30 olefins.
- the paraffins extracted are essentially nC15-nC30, with a small proportion of linear olefins.
- the filtrate essentially contains lighter C10-C19 fractions, with a greater proportion of olefins compared to the extracted paraffins.
- Example 5 Hydrotreatment and steam cracking of the solid product of Examples 1, 2, 3 or 4
- One of the solids resulting from the tests of Examples 1 to 4 can be hydrotreated according to the following procedure:
- the solid can be introduced into a first section of optional hydrotreatment (HDT1), mainly to hydrogenate diolefins, and which is carried out in the liquid phase.
- This step may include a plurality of reactors in series and/or parallel if guard reactors are used upstream or downstream of the first hydrogenation reactor.
- guard reactors can reduce the concentration of certain undesirable chemical species and/or elements such as chlorine, silicon and metals.
- Particularly undesirable metals include Si, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe and Hg.
- a second hydroprocessing section is dedicated to olefin hydrogenation and demetallation (HDM), desulfurization (HDS), denitrogenation (HDN) and deoxygenation (HDO).
- HDT2 is operated in the gas phase.
- This section consists of one or more reactors operated in series, lead-lag or in parallel. As the hydrotreating reactions in sections HDT1 and HDT2 are exothermic, quenching with cold hydrogen can be used to moderate the temperature increase and control the reaction. Isolated, lead-lag, series and/or parallel guard reactors can be considered depending on the nature and quantity of the contaminant in the flow to be treated.
- guard reactors to eliminate chlorine and silicon can be operated in the gas phase. Silicon can also be trapped on the upper bed of a reactor in the HDT2 section or separately, upstream or downstream by the treatment of hot gases leaving the HDT2 section. Chlorine and mercury can be separated by guard reactors in liquid or gas phase. There may be intermediate quenches between the beds or between the HDT1 and HDT2 reactors or no quenching. In the latter case, recycling of part of the flow leaving the HDT1 or HDT2 must be carried out to control the temperature.
- the operating pressure in each of the HDT1 and HDT2 hydrotreatments is 5-140 bars, preferably 20-30 bars for HDT1 and 20-140 bars, preferably 30-100 bars for HDT2, typically 30-40 bars for HDT2.
- the catalyst for HDT 1 usually comprises Pd (0.1-10 wt%) and/or Ni (0.1-60 wt%) and/or NiMo (0.1-60 wt%).
- the catalyst for HDT 2 usually includes a NiMo (any type of commercial catalyst for refining or petrochemical application), potentially a CoMo in the very last beds at the bottom of the reactor (any type of commercial catalyst for refining or petrochemical application).
- the upper bed of HDT2 should preferably be operated with a NiMo having a hydrogenating capacity as well as a silicon trapping capacity. An upper bed of this type can be considered an adsorbent as well as a metal trap having also HDN activity and hydrogenating capacity.
- An example of an acceptable upper bed for this function includes commercially available NiMo catalyst adsorbents such as ACT971, ACT981 from Axens or equivalents from Haldor Topsoe, Axens, Criterion, etc. It is possible to have two separate beds in an HDT2 reactor, with quenching between the two beds or between the two reactors, if the two beds are in two separate reactors, or no quenching at all. Ideally, the intermediate quenching is carried out using cold HDT2 effluent or by adding cold hydrogen, that is to say at a temperature generally ranging from 15 to 30°C, in order to control the exotherm. of HDT2.
- Dilution by recycling of the hydrocarbon flow to the upper HDT2 bed is not recommended due to the increased risk of bed fouling.
- the charge arriving on the HDT2 catalyst should be completely vaporized at all times, including at variable speeds as is the case during starts.
- Sending liquid hydrocarbons to the upper bed of an HDT2 reactor can generate fouling and an increase in the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of said HDT2 reactor and lead to premature shutdown.
- a hydrodemetallation catalyst for example commercial, can be added to the upper bed of the HDT2 section in order to protect the lower catalytic beds from deactivation.
- the hydrotreated effluent leaving the HDT2 section can be used as is or fractionated according to distillation temperature ranges, to feed a steam cracker, optionally after having undergone cracking in an FCC, a hydrocracker, or a catalytic reformer, preferably a hydrocracker .
- This hydrocracking comprises for example bringing the hydrotreated effluent into contact with a hydrotreatment catalyst, in particular a hydrocracking catalyst, in the presence of H2 to produce an effluent meeting the specifications of a steam cracker in terms of boiling point. final boiling point ( ⁇ 370°C), chlorine content ( ⁇ 5ppm by mass) and olefins ( ⁇ 1%m).
- a usable hydrocracking catalyst comprises for example a support chosen from halogenated aluminas, combinations of boron and aluminum oxides, amorphous silica-aluminas and zeolites and a hydro-dehydrogenating function comprising at least one metal from the group VIB chosen from chromium, molybdenum and tungsten, alone or in a mixture, and/or at least one metal from Group VIII chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium and platinum.
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| FR2204259A FR3135289B1 (fr) | 2022-05-05 | 2022-05-05 | Dispositif de traitement de toiture |
| PCT/EP2023/062069 WO2023214084A1 (fr) | 2022-05-05 | 2023-05-05 | Procede de production d'olefines par vapocraquage de charges provenant de dechets plastiques |
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