EP4504443A1 - Verfahren zur schichtweisen fertigung wenigstens eines objekts, mit schrittweiser aktualisierung der koordinatentransformation von scannern - Google Patents
Verfahren zur schichtweisen fertigung wenigstens eines objekts, mit schrittweiser aktualisierung der koordinatentransformation von scannernInfo
- Publication number
- EP4504443A1 EP4504443A1 EP23711043.2A EP23711043A EP4504443A1 EP 4504443 A1 EP4504443 A1 EP 4504443A1 EP 23711043 A EP23711043 A EP 23711043A EP 4504443 A1 EP4504443 A1 EP 4504443A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- current
- coordinate transformation
- scanners
- scanner
- coordinate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/31—Calibration of process steps or apparatus settings, e.g. before or during manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/40—Radiation means
- B22F12/44—Radiation means characterised by the configuration of the radiation means
- B22F12/45—Two or more
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/141—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
- B29C64/153—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials using layers of powder being selectively joined, e.g. by selective laser sintering or melting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/20—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C64/264—Arrangements for irradiation
- B29C64/268—Arrangements for irradiation using laser beams; using electron beams [EB]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/20—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C64/264—Arrangements for irradiation
- B29C64/277—Arrangements for irradiation using multiple radiation means, e.g. micromirrors or multiple light-emitting diodes [LED]
- B29C64/282—Arrangements for irradiation using multiple radiation means, e.g. micromirrors or multiple light-emitting diodes [LED] of the same type, e.g. using different energy levels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/30—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B29C64/386—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B29C64/393—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the layer-by-layer production of at least one object on a construction platform by local solidification of powdery material in a respective layer, with N high-energy beams being used at the same time at least in a majority of the layers with N scanners, at least at times, with N>2, where one Each scanner is assigned a scanner coordinate system, with a control device for exposure of a respective layer for each scanner
- the exposure data in the reference coordinate system is converted into exposure data in the scanner coordinate system using a programmed coordinate transformation
- the scanner exposes the processing pattern on the construction platform in the layer, measurements being taken repeatedly during the layer-by-layer production of the at least one object, with which the current actual coordinate transformations of at least Nl Scanners are determined, with M layers being produced between two successive determinations of the current actual coordinate transformations, with M > 2, and wherein during the production of the at least one object, the programmed coordinate transformations for the at least Nl scanners are updated taking into account the current actual coordinate transformations.
- a scanner also called a scanner system
- a mirror that can be adjusted using piezo actuators.
- the surface of the layer to be processed (solidified) resulting from the object is divided into partial areas, each of which is produced with one of the high-energy beams.
- the partial areas to be processed by the various high-energy beams touch each other at boundary lines.
- the various scanners of the high-energy beams are controlled by an electronic control device.
- its 3D data is used to create exposure values for each layer to be manufactured.
- Patterns are generated for each scanner, which are initially specified in a reference coordinate system.
- Each scanner is assigned a scanner coordinate system, and a respective scanner receives from the control device the coordinates (exposure data) to be approached with the high-energy beam with reference to its scanner coordinate system.
- the exposure data for this scanner is converted from the reference coordinate system into the respective scanner coordinate system, for which a coordinate transformation programmed for the respective scanner is used.
- the reference coordinate system is usually tied to the processing machine (machine coordinate system), but the scanner coordinate system of a selected scanner (“guide scanner”) can also be selected as the reference coordinate system.
- the coordinate transformation of a scanner i.e. the relationship between the reference coordinate system and its scanner coordinate system, can be measured experimentally, as stated, for example, in EP 3 907 021 Al or in WO 2018/086996 Al or in WO 2019/173000 Al or in DE 10 2018 205 403 Al.
- the scanner generates one or more measuring points (e.g. reflections or melted test patterns) with its high-energy beam on the construction platform or a calibration object, the positions of which are determined relative to the reference coordinate system.
- the relative orientation of the scanners to the build platform can change over time. This can be caused, for example, by changes in temperature, changes in gas pressure and changes in humidity. Different scanners are generally affected by changes in alignment in different ways. In other words, the current, actual coordinate transformations may vary from the programmed coordinate transformations for the scanners (except the lead scanner, if one is set up). As a result, the partial areas on the build platform processed by different scanners or their high-energy beams can be misaligned with one another. This can cause errors in the area of the boundary lines of the partial areas of the individual layers Structure of the manufactured object are generated, for example pore seams or local density fluctuations or even geometric errors. This affects the quality of the manufactured object.
- EP 3 907 021 A1 it has become known from EP 3 907 021 A1 to redetermine the current, actual coordinate transformations of the remaining scanners relative to a guide scanner during the production of an object on a construction platform after every twelve layers have been manufactured, and to update the programmed ones Set the coordinate transformations of the remaining scanners to the current, actual coordinate transformations of the current determination and use them for the production of the next twelve layers.
- the present invention proposes not to track the programmed coordinate transformation in a single update for a respective scanner between two successive determinations of the coordinate transformations of the at least N-1 scanners, but rather in several updates.
- Errors in the structure can be minimized or completely avoided by a relative adjustment of scanners relative to one another and/or to the build platform as such, as well as by tracking the programmed coordinate transformations of the at least Nl scanners during the processing of a load on the build platform.
- pore seams or density fluctuations occur in the areas of the boundary lines in the layers or in areas of corresponding cross-layer interfaces or generally avoid geometry errors and offsets (which would be visible on surfaces).
- the determination of the current, actual coordinate transformations of the scanners is typically based on a measurement between the production of two layers; However, it is also possible for the determination to be made on the basis of several partial measurements that take place spread over the production of several layers. Measurements with which the instantaneous, actual coordinate transformation of a scanner can be determined are known in the art as such and can be used within the scope of the present invention; In particular, within the scope of the invention, the procedure can be as described in EP 3 907 021 A1 or WO 2018/086996 A1; the contents of these documents are hereby incorporated by reference into the disclosure of the present invention.
- test structures can be built at fixed locations on the construction platform, and defined structures in the powder or already welded areas are introduced into the powder by remelting with all the high-energy beams or scanners involved; These structures can then be recorded with a camera (the structures then represent detectable measurement points).
- a sapphire sphere can act as a quasi-retroreflector on the coater (which contains the powder applied to the construction platform) and are occasionally introduced into the construction space and scanned by the coater.
- the relative position (with one or more measuring points) or the orientation/rotational position (with two or more measuring points) of the scanners can be determined relative to each other or relative to the machine coordinate system. In the case of determining the adjustment of the N scanners among themselves, i.e.
- N-1 scanners relative to a guide scanner (whose scanner coordinate system is then permanently defined as a reference coordinate system or with a fixed relationship to the reference coordinate system), updates are usually made for Nl scanners the programmed coordinate transformations are carried out, and in the case of a determination of the adjustment of the N scanners to a machine coordinate system, updates of the coordinate transformations are usually carried out for all N scanners.
- the tracking of the programmed coordinate transformations in the multiple updates between two determinations of the current, actual coordinate transformations of the at least N-l scanners takes into account at least the measured current, actual coordinate transformations of the current determination, and can also take into account the measured results of older determinations.
- algorithms from classic controllers can be used for tracking, in particular to limit the manipulated variable (change in the programmed coordinate transformation) in a respective control step (update).
- the tracking of the programmed coordinate transformation per update can be limited to a maximum value (with regard to offset and / or rotation), in particular to a specific maximum offset, for example to 5 pm or 10 pm or 15 pm per update for a spot diameter from approx. 80-100pm; For larger spot diameters, a larger maximum offset can be selected and vice versa.
- the maximum offset per update is usually in a range of 5%-15% of the spot diameter of the associated high-energy beam.
- the spot diameter can be determined, for example, according to the 86% criterion so that 86% of the beam power lies in a circle with the spot diameter.
- a updates take place, with A>2, preferably A>5, and particularly preferably A>10.
- a total of M layers are produced between two determinations of the current, actual coordinate transformations, where M>2, preferably M>5, particularly preferably M>10, very particularly preferably M>20. Note that M>A.
- a respective update (or a newly stored set of programmed coordinate transformations) then applies to the subsequent production of one or more layers.
- a variant of the method according to the invention is particularly preferred, which provides that after a respective current determination of the current, actual coordinate transformations for the at least N-l scanners for a respective one of the at least N-l scanners
- a target coordinate transformation is determined taking into account the current, actual coordinate transformation of the current determination
- the programmed coordinate transformation is gradually transferred to the target coordinate transformation.
- the ones with a respective update The newly programmed coordinate transformation (a respective tracking step) then applies to the production of one or more layers until the next update (to the next tracking step).
- the programmed coordinate transformation is generally no longer changed after reaching the target coordinate transformation until the next determination of the current, actual coordinate transformation.
- a maximum change (offset and/or rotation) to the programmed coordinate transformation allowed in a single update can be set for a particular scanner, typically with a maximum value between 2.5 pm and 25 pm for an offset and a maximum value between 0 .05° and 1.0° for rotation (rotation) in the plane of the build platform.
- a preferred further development of this variant provides that after a respective current determination of the current, actual coordinate transformations for the at least N-l scanners for a respective one of the at least N-l scanners
- the programmed coordinate transformation is changed step by step in the several updates, with each update adding a further deviation component to a programmed coordinate transformation last applied by the control device is added up.
- a sub-variant of this further development is advantageous, in which the determined initial deviation is divided into equally large deviation components. This makes it possible to achieve a particularly gentle tracking of the programmed coordinate transformation of a respective scanner to the associated target coordinate transformation. Typically, in this sub-variant, the multiple updates between two successive determinations also take place after an equal number of layers have been produced.
- a respective deviation component is limited by a maximum offset and/or a maximum rotation. This means that errors in the manufactured object (such as pore seams) can be avoided very reliably.
- a typical maximum offset per update is usually between 2.5 pm and 25 pm, and a maximum rotation (rotation) per update is usually between 0.05° and 1.0° in the plane of the build platform.
- an update of the programmed coordinate transformation occurs for each layer and the output deviation is distributed evenly among the updates.
- the target coordinate transformation corresponds to the current, actual coordinate transformation of the current determination.
- the programmed coordinate transformation of a respective scanner is updated to the latest, available experimental value of the current, actual coordinate transformation until the next determination of the current, actual coordinate transformation.
- the target coordinate transformation is determined as a predicted coordinate transformation taking into account the current, actual coordinate transformations of the current determination and at least B, with B>2, previously determined, current actual coordinate transformations.
- the programmed coordinate transformation of a respective scanner can be kept closer to the current, actual coordinate transformation;
- the programmed coordinate transformation is particularly close to the current, actual coordinate transformation.
- a sub-variant of this further development provides that the predicted coordinate transformation is determined using a trend analysis. This means that slow but consistent changes in the alignment of scanners, such as those that usually occur due to heating processes during the processing of a load on the build platform, can be compensated for quite accurately.
- the trend analysis includes a regression of the current, actual coordinate transformation of the current determination and the at least B, with B>2, previously determined, current actual coordinate transformations.
- a regression is particularly easy to carry out.
- the regression can in particular be a linear regression, polynomial regression or exponential regression. In the case of a polyno- In general regression, four or fewer orders (per coordinate direction), and often three or fewer orders, and in some cases even two orders, are sufficient.
- the target coordinate transformation is determined as an average of the current, actual coordinate transformation of the current determination and the at least B, with B>2, previously determined, current actual coordinate transformations.
- the actual coordinate transformation is assumed to fluctuate around the mean, and will return to the mean as a forecast in the future. This procedure is comparatively simple. It leads to good results if the current, actual coordinate transformations used fluctuate primarily statistically, for example due to unsystematic and rapidly changing external conditions, or also due to statistical measurement errors. Please note that a separate mean value is generally determined for each of the at least N-1 scanners.
- Particularly preferred is a variant in which the multiple updates between two successive determinations each take place after the production of an equal number of layers. This helps to track the programmed coordinate transformations particularly smoothly and to maintain good quality of the manufactured object.
- a variant is also preferred in which the multiple updates between two successive determinations each occur after the production of exactly one layer.
- an update only applies to a single layer being manufactured at a time. This means that tracking can be carried out particularly precisely.
- the multiple updates between two successive determinations are distributed evenly over the layers produced between two successive determinations.
- the entire period between two successive determinations is used to track the programmed coordinate transformations and the updates occur at (at least approximately) equal intervals. This can also help to set up the tracking particularly smoothly.
- a number of A updates takes place between two determinations, with A>2, with an update taking place after production of M/A layers, with M/A: an integer.
- M/A an integer.
- the same (additional) deviation components are provided for the correction of the programmed coordinate transformation for each update.
- the number M of manufactured layers can be changed between two successive determinations of the current, actual coordinate transformations during the production of the at least one object.
- the frequency of determinations of the current, actual coordinate transformations can be adapted and optimized to the needs existing in the specific application, in particular with regard to a (predetermined or as good as possible) manufacturing accuracy and a (as low as possible or predetermined) proportion of non-productive time for measurements.
- M can be selected depending on temporal changes in measured values (e.g.
- M should be chosen smaller than in the case of a small change.
- a further development of this variant is also preferred, which provides that the number M of manufactured layers or a moving average of the number M of manufactured layers between two successive determinations at the beginning of the layer-by-layer production of the at least one object is selected to be lower than in the further course of the layer-by-layer production of the at least one object.
- the moving average Mgld can be formed, for example, over 4 or more, preferably 8 or more, and further, for example, over 24 or less, and preferably 12 or less, determination intervals (i.e. values of M, typically most recent values of M). .
- a further development is also preferred in which the number M of layers to be produced between a current determination and a next determination of the current, actual coordinate transformation is selected depending on how large a neighbor deviation between the current, actual one is for the at least N-1 scanners Coordinate transformation of the current determination and the current, actual coordinate transformation of the determination that preceded the current determination. This makes it possible to react flexibly to disruptive influences that occur during production.
- the number M of layers to be produced is chosen to be smaller, the larger the neighbor deviation is for the at least Nl scanners.
- the proposed procedure allows the changes in the programmed coordinate transformations per determination interval to be kept small without making the determination interval unnecessarily short.
- an average value is formed for the absolute neighboring deviations of the coordinate transformations of the at least Nl scanners, or the largest deviation that occurs in the Nl scanners is determined and used for the size estimate.
- a variant is preferred which provides that one of the N scanners is selected as the guide scanner, that the scanner coordinate system of the guide scanner or a further coordinate system that is in a fixed relationship with this scanner coordinate system is selected as the reference coordinate system, and that between two successive determinations of the current, actual coordinate transformations, several updates of the programmed coordinate transformations of only the remaining scanners are carried out.
- the exposure data in the scanner coordinate system simultaneously correspond to the exposure data in the reference coordinate system, so that the selection of the guide scanner simultaneously sets the associated programmed coordinate transformation of the guide scanner to an identical image.
- the scanner coordinate system of the guide scanner is in a fixed relationship (for loading the construction platform) with the further coordinate system (reference coordinate system), so that the exposure data from the further coordinate system are converted into the scanner coordinate system with a fixed programmed coordinate transformation.
- the further coordinate system can include the machine coordinate system or be identical to it.
- the programmed coordinate transformation of the guide scanner e.g. the identical image
- the coordinate transformations of the remaining Nl scanners are defined relative to the lead scanner or relative to its scanner coordinate system, and the coordinate transformations of the remaining Nl scanners are updated several times between two determinations. This procedure is particularly simple and reliable.
- the reference coordinate system is a machine coordinate system of a processing machine that includes the N scanners and the construction platform, and that several updates of the programmed coordinate transformations of the N scanners are carried out between two successive determinations of the current, actual coordinate transformation.
- changes in the alignment of all scanners can be detected and compensated for by updating the programmed coordinate transformations of the scanners.
- the measuring system on the processing machine should be particularly stable and not experience any noticeable disturbances that could distort the determination of measuring points in the machine coordinate system.
- the machine coordinate system is typically defined directly or indirectly by the position of a machine component, whereby the machine component is stationary on the machine or is at least moved to a defined (typically always the same within the scope of delivery accuracy) position for a respective determination, for example with the feeder.
- the machine coordinate system can be defined via a structure scanned with the scanners during a measurement, in particular via a retroreflector, such as a reflector ball, or also via a measuring structure generated by a machine component, for example a light cross of an adjustment laser.
- the programmed coordinate transformations and the current, actual coordinate transformations only include displacement information in two orthogonal directions.
- the two orthogonal directions (x, y) are usually in the plane of the build platform. Determining the displacement information is comparatively easy and is usually sufficient in practice, since rotation of the scanners usually does not occur at all or only to a small extent in practice. The shift is also known as offset.
- the programmed coordinate transformations and the current, actual coordinate transformations include displacement information in two orthogonal directions as well as rotation information in a plane that is spanned by the two orthogonal directions.
- the two orthogonal directions (x, y) are usually in the plane of the construction platform, and the rotation takes place around the orthogonal direction (z).
- the scope of the present invention also includes a system for the layer-by-layer production of at least one object on a construction platform by local solidification of powdered material in a respective layer, comprising a construction platform, N scanners, with N>2, and a control device, set up to carry out a inventive method described above.
- the at least one object can be manufactured with several scanners or associated high-energy beams with high quality and with low non-productive times in a respective loading of a construction platform.
- a computer program product which, when used on a system for the layer-by-layer production of at least one object on a construction platform, carries out a method according to the invention and described above by locally solidifying powdered material in a respective layer.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross section of an exemplary system on which the method according to the invention can be carried out and with which an object is manufactured on a construction platform;
- FIG. 3 shows a flow chart of a first variant of the method according to the invention, in which the target coordinate transformation corresponds to the current, actual coordinate transformation of the current determination;
- FIG. 4 shows a flowchart of a second variant of the method according to the invention, in which the target coordinate transformation corresponds to the predicted coordinate transformation;
- FIG. 6 shows an example of the implementation of a seventh variant of the method according to the invention, with a layer diagram, example calculations and a selection table;
- 7a shows, using a diagram for an eighth variant of the method according to the invention, the determination of the predicted coordinate transformation using a polynomial regression
- 7b shows, using a diagram for a ninth variant of the method according to the invention, the determination of the predicted coordinate transformation using a linear regression
- FIG. 8 shows, using a diagram for a tenth variant of the method according to the invention, the determination of the predicted coordinate transformation by forming an average value.
- Fig. 1 shows schematically a system 1, comprising a processing machine la and a control device 10, for the invention.
- a three-dimensional object 2 is manufactured from a powdery material 3.
- a computer program product which carries out the method according to the invention can be used on system 1.
- the processing machine la comprises a processing chamber 4, which lies within a housing. Shown here schematically of the housing is a cover 5a with further components (see below) and a base 5b, which delimit the processing chamber 4.
- the processing chamber 4 is further limited here by side walls and a rear wall (not shown in detail).
- the processing chamber 4 can be accessed via an access door (not shown in detail).
- the manufacturing process is carried out on a construction platform 6.
- the construction platform 6 can be lowered along an axis in a direction Z relative to the floor 5b in order to gradually arrange new layers of powdery material 3 for the layer-by-layer production of the object 2 on the construction platform 6;
- the powdery material 3 is applied using a feeder (not shown in detail).
- the construction platform 6 is already lowered relative to the floor 5b.
- a top layer 7 of the powdery material 3 is irradiated with here two high-energy beams 8a, 8b, here laser beams, which are directed onto the top layer 7 by the two scanners 9a, 9b here.
- the scanners 9a, 9b include tiltable mirrors here (not shown in detail)
- the high-energy beams 8a, 8b are directed to predetermined positions in the powdery material 3.
- the high energy beams 8a, 8b are absorbed by the powdery material 3.
- the powdery material 3 melts and solidifies again when it is no longer irradiated. The solidified material then forms another part of the object 2 to be manufactured.
- the two scanners 9a, 9b are connected to the control device 10.
- the control device 10 For an exposure of a respective layer 7, the control device 10 provides exposure data of a processing pattern in a reference coordinate system for each scanner 9a, 9b.
- the control device 10 can determine this exposure data from CAD data of the object 2 to be manufactured.
- a scanner coordinate system is each assigned to the scanners 9a, 9b.
- the reference coordinate system corresponds to the scanner coordinate system of scanner 9a.
- Scanner 9a is then referred to as guide scanner 11.
- a machine coordinate system of the processing machine la can also be selected as the reference coordinate system.
- the exposure data in the reference coordinate system for a respective scanner are converted into exposure data in the scanner coordinate system using a programmed coordinate transformation.
- the exposure data in the reference coordinate system and the scanner coordinate system are identical.
- the exposure data in the reference coordinate system differs from that in the scanner coordinate system.
- the exposure data is passed on to the associated scanner 9a, 9b in the respective scanner coordinate system.
- the scanners 9a, 9b then expose the processing pattern in layer 7 on the build platform 6.
- the processing machine la further comprises a monitoring device 12, here a camera 12a, with which production is monitored.
- the monitoring device 12 is connected to the control device 10.
- measurements are carried out repeatedly using the camera 12a. These repeated measurements result in repeated determinations of the current actual coordinate transformation of scanner 9b.
- the current actual coordinate transform tion of scanner 9b can deviate from the programmed coordinate transformation on which the associated determination was based, since the environmental conditions and influences in the processing chamber 4 can change during production (for example, the processing chamber 4 can heat up during processing or it can a change in differential pressure or humidity occurs).
- scanner 9b or its scanner coordinate system can shift or rotate relative to the guide scanner 11.
- the programmed coordinate transformation of scanner 9b is updated, taking into account the current actual coordinate transformation of scanner 9b.
- the current actual coordinate transformations for all scanners (9a, 9b) are repeatedly determined and updated through repeated measurements.
- Fig. 2 shows a flow chart which explains how the production of an individual layer of an object to be manufactured takes place within the scope of the invention. Production is controlled via the control device.
- a step 100 planning is carried out to expose a layer of the powdery material in order to produce a layer of the object. For this purpose, it is determined which surface areas of the entire layer of the powdery material must be exposed to the high-energy beams from the scanner in order to produce the corresponding layer of the object (layer processing area).
- the layer processing area essentially results from the CAD data of the object and the position of the current layer in the object.
- the layer processing area is distributed among the N scanners that are involved in the production of the object. Accordingly, N processing patterns are determined for the N scanners. Typically, the distribution among the N processing patterns is done in such a way that the processing time of each scanner is as long as possible.
- the following steps 102, 103, 104 occur separately for each of the N scanners.
- the exposure data (target position of the beam spot of the high-energy beam for a variety of times) of the respective processing pattern of the respective scanner are first made available in the reference coordinate system.
- the exposure data in the reference coordinate system is converted into exposure data in the scanner coordinate system of the respective scanner.
- the conversion is carried out using the programmed coordinate transformation for this scanner.
- step 104 the exposure data in the scanner coordinate system is commanded (passed for execution) to the respective scanner.
- the layer on the construction platform is then exposed in step 105 using the N scanners and the corresponding layer of the object is manufactured.
- the programmed coordinate transformations are updated in a specific manner, as described below.
- Fig. 3 shows a flow chart of a first variant of the method according to the invention. If the reference coordinate system is set as the machine coordinate system, this process is applied to all N scanners. If the reference coordinate system is set as the scanner coordinate system of a lead scanner, this process is applied to N-l scanners (i.e. all scanners except the lead scanner).
- a step 200 in the variant shown, layers have already been manufactured on the construction platform and the object to be manufactured has already been partially manufactured. This can be referred to as previous manufacturing.
- a current, actual coordinate transformation MTKTAB of the scanner is determined.
- the scanner is used in a measurement, with one or more measuring points included were generated by the high-energy beam, whereby known coordinates were specified in the reference coordinate system, which were converted into coordinates of the scanner coordinate system using a programmed coordinate transformation PKT AB on which the current determination is based and instructed to the scanner.
- the actual location of the measuring point or points was then measured in the reference coordinate system ("actual coordinates").
- the current, actual coordinate transformation MTKTAB can then be derived from the programmed coordinate transformation PKTAB of the current determination plus a deviation, if any, of the specified known coordinates from the measured, actual coordinates are determined.
- the current, actual coordinate transformation MTKTAB will differ from the temporal previously programmed coordinate transformation PKTAB.
- a target coordinate transformation ZKT is determined in step 202.
- the target coordinate transformation ZKT is equated with the current actual coordinate transformation MTKTAB of the current determination. So it applies
- the coordinate transformation includes values for each coordinate direction (x, y) and possibly also a rotation ( ⁇ p), which can be viewed individually, but are summarized here in a formula symbol to simplify the presentation.
- step 203 an output deviation OFF is then determined.
- the output deviation OFF is given by
- the programmed coordinate transformation PKTi results as follows:
- the new programmed coordinate transformation PKTi replaces the last programmed coordinate transformation (here PKTAB) and is stored in the control device.
- the programmed coordinate transformation PKTi updated in this way is then used to produce the mi layers of the manufacturing block belonging to the first update.
- Step 2O5.j shows the general case of determining a programmed coordinate transformation PKTj and manufacturing the manufacturing block of mj layers after update j.
- the programmed coordinate transformation PKTj results as follows:
- the programmed coordinate transformation PKTj is saved and then used in the production of the rnij layers of the production block belonging to the update j.
- the programmed coordinate transformation PKTA results as follows:
- step 206 in which the next determination of the current, actual coordinate transformation is carried out. Further layers can subsequently be manufactured and the programmed coordinate transformation updated as in steps 202-205. A described, and further determinations of the current actual coordinate transformation are made, and so on.
- step 207 Production continues, i.e. H. Steps 201 to 205. A are repeated until the object is finished.
- step 208 the processing of the object to be manufactured on the construction platform is ended.
- Fig. 4 shows a flow chart of a second variant of the method according to the invention. If the reference coordinate system is set as the machine coordinate system, this process is applied to all N scanners. If the reference coordinate system is set as the scanner coordinate system of a lead scanner, this process is applied to N-l scanners (i.e. all scanners except the lead scanner).
- the process of the second variant largely corresponds to the process of the first variant (see Fig. 3), so only the essential differences are explained here.
- a step 300 layers have already been manufactured on the construction platform and the object to be manufactured has already been partially manufactured. This can be referred to as previous manufacturing.
- step 300 more current, actual coordinate transformations of the scanner have already been determined, see step 300.
- a next step 301 the current, actual coordinate transformation MTKTAB of the scanner is determined.
- the target coordinate transformation ZKT is determined.
- a predicted coordinate transformation PNSKT is first determined.
- the predicted coordinate transformation PNSKT is therefore determined via
- PNSKT f (MTKTAB, MTKTZB,I,...,MTKTZB,B). (GL. 10)
- the predicted coordinate transformation PNSKT can be determined, for example, via a trend analysis (e.g. a regression, see FIGS. 7a, 7b) or by determining an average value (see FIG. 8).
- the target coordinate transformation ZKT is then equated with the predicted coordinate transformation PNSKT. So it applies
- Steps 303-308 correspond to steps 203-208 (see above).
- Fig. 5 shows further variants of the method according to the invention using different layer diagrams for a single scanner.
- the layer diagrams are plotted against time t and show index numbers of the respective gen layers (Arabic numerals) made between two determinations (determinations are shown as dotted lines) of the current actual coordinate transformation, as well as the number and distribution of updates (updates are shown as dotted lines) of the programmed coordinate transformation performed between two determinations become.
- Partial image a shows a third variant of the method according to the invention.
- the current actual coordinate transformation is determined at times tla, t2a and t3a.
- An update is made after each layer produced; So five updates are made between times tla and t2a and between times t2a and t3a.
- the initial deviation is determined and divided here into five equal deviation components, which are divided into the five updates until the next determination at time t2a.
- the first update of the programmed coordinate transformation is then carried out and layer number 1 is manufactured. Between layer no. 1 and layer no. 2, the programmed coordinate transformation is updated again and layer no. 2 is manufactured. Layers No. 3 to No. 5 are manufactured analogously. After the production of layer no. 5, the current, actual coordinate transformation is determined at time t2a.
- Partial image bj shows a fourth variant of the method according to the invention.
- the current actual coordinate transformation is determined at times tlb, t2b and t3b.
- the shifts are divided into production blocks of two shifts per production block. An update is carried out after a production block has been produced; So four updates are made between times tla and t2a and between times t2a and t3a.
- the initial deviation is determined and divided here into four equal deviation components, which are divided into the four updates until the next determination at time t2b.
- the first update of the programmed coordinate transformation is then carried out and layers #1 and #2 are manufactured. Between layer no. 2 and layer no. 3, the programmed coordinate transformation is updated again and layers no. 3 and no. 4 are manufactured. Layers No. 5 to No. 8 are manufactured analogously. After layer no. 8 has been produced, the current, actual coordinate transformation is determined at time t2b.
- the updates also occur at the same intervals, but less frequently than in the variant in part a).
- Partial image cj shows a fifth variant of the method according to the invention.
- production of the object has only just begun.
- the current actual coordinate transformation is determined at times tlc, t2c, t3c and t4c.
- Five layers are produced between times tlc and t2c and between times t2c and t3c.
- Eight layers are produced between times t3c and t4c.
- An update is made after each layer produced; there will be five each Updates made between times tlc and t2c and between times t2c and t3c, and eight updates made between times t3c and t4c.
- the initial deviation is determined and divided here into five equally large deviation components, which are divided into the five updates until the next determination at time t2c (determination interval Bll).
- the first update of the programmed coordinate transformation is then carried out and layer number 1 is manufactured. Between layer no. 1 and layer no. 2, the programmed coordinate transformation is updated again and layer no. 2 is manufactured. Layers No. 3 to No. 5 are manufactured analogously. After layer no. 5 has been produced, the current, actual coordinate transformation is determined at time t2c.
- the number of layers produced is increased to eight layers between times t3c and t4c (determination interval BI3).
- the initial deviation is determined and divided here into eight equal deviation components, which are divided into the eight updates until the next determination at time t4c.
- the first update of the programmed coordinate transformation is then carried out and layer number 1 is manufactured. Between layer no. 1 and layer no. 2, the programmed coordinate transformation is updated again and layer no. 2 is manufactured. Layers No. 3 to No. 8 are manufactured analogously. After layer no. 8 has been produced, the current, actual coordinate transformation is determined at time t4c.
- the determination intervals B11 and BI2 represent early (first processed), shorter determination intervals, and the determination interval BI3 represents late (later processed), longer determination intervals.
- Working through the entire loading height of a construction platform generally includes: typically at least 20 determination intervals, and often at least 40 determination intervals.
- a more precise and quicker tracking of the programmed coordinate transformation can be achieved at the beginning of the production of the object.
- major changes in the alignment of the scanners are to be expected at the beginning of production, which is why determinations are made more frequently at the beginning in order to control these changes and counteract the changes as quickly and specifically as possible.
- the later determination intervals are usually at least 1.5 times as long as the earlier determination intervals, and often at least 2 times as long or even at least 3 times as long as the earlier processing intervals.
- Partial image d shows a sixth variant of the method according to the invention.
- the current actual coordinate transformation is determined at times tld and t2d. 16 layers are produced between times tld and t2d. Updates are only made at the beginning, namely before the production of layers No. 1 to No. 5; so a total of five updates will be made.
- the initial deviation is determined and divided here into five equally large deviation components, which are divided into the five updates.
- the first update of the programmed coordinate transformation is then carried out and layer number 1 is manufactured. Between layer no. 1 and layer no. 2, the programmed coordinate transformation is updated again and layer no. 2 is manufactured. Layers No. 3 to No. 5 are manufactured analogously. After layer No. 5 has been manufactured, layers No. 6 to No. 16 are manufactured without further updates before the next determination of the current, actual coordinate transformation takes place at time t2d.
- the initial deviation between two determinations was always divided into equal deviation components.
- Fig. 6 shows an example of the implementation of a seventh variant of the method according to the invention.
- the specific, current actual coordinate transformation is equated with the target coordinate transformation.
- Partial image a shows a layer diagram for a single scanner; the representation is analogous to Fig. 5 (see above).
- the current actual coordinate transformation is determined at times tl, t2, t3 and t4. Ten layers are produced between times tl and t2 and between times t3 and t4, and five layers are produced between times t2 and t3. An update is made after each layer produced; So ten updates are made between times tl and t2 and between times t3 and t4 and five updates between times t2 and t3.
- the number of layers that are produced between the determinations is determined based on the neighboring deviations of the current, actual coordinate transformations between neighboring times tl, t2, t3, t4.
- the neighboring deviations are determined based on the amounts of the offset of the coordinate transformations. The exact procedure for this is explained in more detail in parts b) and c).
- Partial image b lists the specific current actual coordinate transformation and the programmed coordinate transformation on which the determination is based, each at times tl to t4 for the selected example. Also listed is the respective neighboring deviation and the amount of the offset between the times tl and t2, t2 and t3 as well as t3 and t4.
- NABWtg/h MTKTth - MTKT tg (Equation 12) with tg and th: neighboring times, and with MTKT tg and MTKTth: determination of the current, actual coordinate transformation at times tg and th; h and g are the time indices, with here h: 2,...,4 and g: 1,...,3.
- the coordinate transformations or the associated displacement information and the neighboring deviations in a direction x and in a direction y are considered.
- the x-direction and the y-direction are spanned orthogonally to one another and lie in the plane of the construction platform.
- the determination of the amount of the offset BV tg /h of neighboring deviations between the neighboring times tg and th is carried out as follows (via the Pythagorean theorem):
- Partial image c) shows a table with selection criteria for the selected example.
- the determination interval i.e. the interval of layers between the determinations, is adjusted according to the amount of the offset.
- the selection criteria are chosen so that at BV ⁇ 5pm, 15 layers are manufactured between two determinations, that at 5pm ⁇ BV ⁇ 15pm, ten layers are manufactured between two determinations and that at BV>15pm, five layers are manufactured between two determinations.
- This variant of the method according to the invention enables flexible adaptation to different situations during the production of the object to be manufactured. If the neighbor deviations are large, the determination intervals are shortened, allowing more accurate monitoring of production, and if the neighbor deviations are small, the determination intervals are increased so that less time is required for measurements and production can be completed more quickly.
- FIG. 7a shows the determination of the predicted coordinate transformation PNSKT using a polynomial regression for an eighth variant of the method according to the invention.
- the diagram shows the x coordinate of the current, actual coordinate transformation MTKT versus the number of layers produced (the number of layers produced corresponds to a time coordinate).
- Three determinations or measuring points are shown in the diagram, namely two previously determined, current actual coordinate transformations MTKTZBI and MTKTZB2 and the currently determined, currently actual coordinate transformation MTKTAB. There are the same number of manufactured layers between all measuring points.
- a polynomial regression is carried out and a second degree polynomial is fitted to the measurement points as a regression curve.
- the regression curve can be used to determine the predicted coordinate transformation PNSKT at a future point in time or after a future manufactured layer SZ (see empty circle).
- the determination of the predicted coordinate transformation PNSKT is applied not only to the x component, but also to the y component and possibly a rotation component of the current, actual coordinate transformation MTKT (not shown in detail).
- FIG. 7b shows the determination of the predicted coordinate transformation PNSKT using a linear regression for a ninth variant of the method according to the invention. Only the essential differences from the variant of Fig. 7a are explained.
- a linear regression is carried out and a regression curve in the form of a regression line is fitted to the measuring points. This also allows the predicted coordinate transformation PNSKT to be determined at a selected future point in time, or after the future production of a selected layer SZ.
- FIG. 8 shows the determination of the predicted coordinate transformation PNSKT by forming an average value for a tenth variant of the method according to the invention. Only the essential differences from the variant of Fig. 7a are explained.
- PKTAB programmed coordinate transformation on which the current determination was based
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102022108442.6A DE102022108442A1 (de) | 2022-04-07 | 2022-04-07 | Verfahren zur schichtweisen Fertigung wenigstens eines Objekts, mit schrittweiser Aktualisierung der Koordinatentransformation von Scannern |
| PCT/EP2023/056342 WO2023194041A1 (de) | 2022-04-07 | 2023-03-13 | Verfahren zur schichtweisen fertigung wenigstens eines objekts, mit schrittweiser aktualisierung der koordinatentransformation von scannern |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4504443A1 true EP4504443A1 (de) | 2025-02-12 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23711043.2A Pending EP4504443A1 (de) | 2022-04-07 | 2023-03-13 | Verfahren zur schichtweisen fertigung wenigstens eines objekts, mit schrittweiser aktualisierung der koordinatentransformation von scannern |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250026081A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4504443A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN119013111A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102022108442A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023194041A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BE1024052B1 (nl) | 2013-12-03 | 2017-11-08 | Layerwise N.V. | Werkwijze en inrichting voor het kalibreren van meerdere energiestralen voor het additief vervaardigen van een object |
| DE102014004919B4 (de) * | 2014-04-07 | 2022-05-12 | Abb Schweiz Ag | Verfahren und Mittel zum Handhaben eines Objekts |
| DE102016222186B3 (de) | 2016-11-11 | 2018-04-12 | Trumpf Laser- Und Systemtechnik Gmbh | Verfahren zum Kalibrieren zweier Scannereinrichtungen jeweils zur Positionierung eines Laserstrahls in einem Bearbeitungsfeld und Bearbeitungsmaschine zum Herstellen von dreidimensionalen Bauteilen durch Bestrahlen von Pulverschichten |
| WO2019173000A1 (en) | 2018-03-08 | 2019-09-12 | Velo3D, Inc. | Calibration in three-dimensional printing |
| DE102018205403A1 (de) | 2018-04-11 | 2019-10-17 | Trumpf Laser- Und Systemtechnik Gmbh | Verfahren zum Kalibrieren einer Bearbeitungsmaschine und Bearbeitungsmaschine |
| JP6773733B2 (ja) * | 2018-08-03 | 2020-10-21 | ファナック株式会社 | レーザ加工装置の制御装置及びレーザ加工装置 |
| EP3907021B1 (de) | 2020-05-06 | 2026-04-22 | TRUMPF Additive Manufacturing Italia S.r.l. | Kalibrierung mehrerer laserstrahlen zur generativen fertigung |
-
2022
- 2022-04-07 DE DE102022108442.6A patent/DE102022108442A1/de active Pending
-
2023
- 2023-03-13 CN CN202380032663.9A patent/CN119013111A/zh active Pending
- 2023-03-13 WO PCT/EP2023/056342 patent/WO2023194041A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2023-03-13 EP EP23711043.2A patent/EP4504443A1/de active Pending
-
2024
- 2024-10-04 US US18/906,276 patent/US20250026081A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN119013111A (zh) | 2024-11-22 |
| US20250026081A1 (en) | 2025-01-23 |
| DE102022108442A1 (de) | 2023-10-12 |
| WO2023194041A1 (de) | 2023-10-12 |
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