EP4479217A2 - Verfahren zum beschichten metallischer werkstücke - Google Patents
Verfahren zum beschichten metallischer werkstückeInfo
- Publication number
- EP4479217A2 EP4479217A2 EP24701829.4A EP24701829A EP4479217A2 EP 4479217 A2 EP4479217 A2 EP 4479217A2 EP 24701829 A EP24701829 A EP 24701829A EP 4479217 A2 EP4479217 A2 EP 4479217A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- laser beam
- irradiation zone
- workpiece
- zone
- laser
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
- B23K26/342—Build-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/067—Dividing the beam into multiple beams, e.g. multi-focusing
- B23K26/0676—Dividing the beam into multiple beams, e.g. multi-focusing into dependently operating sub-beams, e.g. an array of spots with fixed spatial relationship or for performing simultaneously identical operations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/25—Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/50—Means for feeding of material, e.g. heads
- B22F12/53—Nozzles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/0604—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by a combination of beams
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/064—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by means of optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors or prisms
- B23K26/0648—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by means of optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors or prisms comprising lenses
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/067—Dividing the beam into multiple beams, e.g. multi-focusing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/073—Shaping the laser spot
- B23K26/0732—Shaping the laser spot into a rectangular shape
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
- B23K26/0823—Devices involving rotation of the workpiece
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/14—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor
- B23K26/144—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor the fluid stream containing particles, e.g. powder
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/14—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using a fluid stream, e.g. a jet of gas, in conjunction with the laser beam; Nozzles therefor
- B23K26/1462—Nozzles; Features related to nozzles
- B23K26/1464—Supply to, or discharge from, nozzles of media, e.g. gas, powder, wire
- B23K26/1476—Features inside the nozzle for feeding the fluid stream through the nozzle
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/003—Pistons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/34—Coated articles ; Surface treated articles
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of laser cladding.
- the invention relates to a method and a device for coating metallic workpieces, in particular brake disks, by means of high-speed laser cladding.
- HS-LMD high-speed laser metal deposition
- a significant portion of the laser power is absorbed by the powder flow of the filler material and by metal vapor generated during the machining process.
- metal vapor generated during the machining process In order to ensure a sufficient bond between the workpiece and the
- the preheating temperature cannot be set precisely.
- the preheating temperature is limited because the surface of the brake body oxidizes at a temperature of around 300 °C. An oxidized surface would have a negative impact on the coating process and the quality of the coating.
- the present invention is based on the object of improving the coating of metal workpieces by means of laser deposition welding.
- a method for coating a metal workpiece by means of laser deposition welding comprises, in a first step, moving, in particular rotating, the workpiece to be coated.
- the workpiece can preferably be a brake disk for a motor vehicle.
- the workpiece can have a base body, which can consist essentially of cast iron, in particular of gray cast iron.
- An intermediate layer made of a material - preferably also a metallic material, in particular of a stainless steel - can be applied to the base body on the surface of the workpiece to be coated.
- the intermediate layer serves, for example, to improve the bond between the wear protection layer to be applied and the workpiece.
- the intermediate layer can serve to stop cracks in the wear protection layer to be applied.
- the composition of the intermediate layer can be selected depending on the material of the wear protection layer to be applied.
- the method comprises irradiating a surface of the workpiece using at least one first laser beam to generate at least one first irradiation zone and a second irradiation zone on the workpiece surface, the second irradiation zone leading or trailing the first irradiation zone along a processing direction.
- the first irradiation zone can also be referred to as a process zone.
- the second irradiation zone can also be referred to as a preheating zone or a postheating zone - depending on whether it is arranged in the lead or trailing direction of the process zone.
- the processing direction is essentially determined by the movement of the workpiece.
- the processing beam is moved in a radial direction, resulting in a spiral-shaped processing path.
- the processing direction can be a tangent of the processing path starting from the center of the first irradiation zone.
- helical processing paths or simple straight, circular or other processing paths can also be realized.
- a movement of the processing beam in addition to the movement of the workpiece is not always required.
- the workpiece surface is locally heated by at least the first laser beam in the process zone as well as in the preheating zone or the postheating zone.
- a filler material preferably in powder form, is introduced into the first irradiation zone (i.e. into the process zone).
- the filler material can preferably be irradiated into the process zone in the form of one or more powder jets using a preferably inert carrier gas.
- a wire-shaped filler material could also be fed in.
- the filler material is fed into the process in such a way that it enters the first laser beam at least partially, preferably over its entire cross-section, before it hits the workpiece surface, at a predetermined distance from the workpiece surface, and is thereby heated at least partially, preferably over its entire cross-section.
- the filler material or at least part of the filler material is at least partially melted so that when it hits the workpiece surface in the process zone, which is also heated, it can quickly bond with the material of the workpiece and create a material bond with particularly little mixing of the joining partners.
- the focus of a powder jet supplied from several directions can be in the area of the surface (e.g. in the surface plane) of the workpiece to be coated, preferably above the workpiece surface. Depending on the application, the focus of a powder-filled filler material can also be below the workpiece surface, i.e. in the workpiece or below the workpiece.
- the filler material preferably consists of a material that has a higher wear resistance than a base body of the component.
- the filler material can comprise an iron-containing matrix material, which in particular forms a matrix of stainless steel in which hard material particles, such as tungsten carbide particles or titanium carbide particles, are embedded.
- the filler material preferably forms a flat wear protection layer on the workpiece surface.
- the wear protection can be increased by the carbide deposits in the coating layer. When coating a brake disc, this can be done in this way. the number of braking cycles and thus the service life of the brake disc can be increased (particularly by reducing abrasion during braking).
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to preheat the workpiece surface precisely and efficiently along the processing path immediately before the filler material hits the process zone or to reheat it after passing through the process zone in order to improve the bonding of the filler material to the workpiece surface and avoid bonding errors.
- the formation of other defects - e.g. pores - in the material structure of the coating layer can also be counteracted.
- the energy input into the workpiece is much more targeted.
- the temperature can be adapted to changing thermal conditions during a coating process at very short notice. In this way, the quality of the coating can also be increased.
- a penetration depth (or impact depth) of the at least first laser beam into the workpiece to be coated can preferably be at most 20 pm, preferably at most 10 pm, even more preferably at most 5 pm.
- preheating the workpiece surface can contribute in particular to cleaning and/or outgassing of carbon from the workpiece to be coated, an improved wettability of the workpiece surface with the additional material and/or an improved bond between the additional material and the workpiece.
- an inert protective gas for example argon, helium or inert gas mixtures, is directed together with the at least first laser beam through the processing nozzle of a processing head onto the first illumination zone in order to separate the welding process from the reaction with oxygen from the ambient air and to prevent corrosion of the coating layer or the heated workpiece surface.
- an inert protective gas for example argon, helium or inert gas mixtures
- a resulting feed rate i.e. a speed of the relative movement between the workpiece surface and the processing beam, can preferably be at least 20 m/min.
- the workpiece to be coated is not subjected to any additional preheating in addition to the preheating by at least the first laser beam, in particular no large-area preheating by induction.
- a third irradiation zone can also be generated by means of the at least first laser beam.
- the third irradiation zone is arranged such that it is opposite the second processing zone starting from the first irradiation zone.
- the second irradiation zone is the leading preheating zone and the third irradiation zone is the trailing postheating zone.
- the first irradiation zone can be generated using the first laser beam and the second irradiation zone using a second laser beam.
- the third irradiation zone can additionally be generated using a third laser beam.
- the first laser beam and the second laser beam, as well as (optionally) the third laser beam can also each be designed as partial beams (i.e. first partial beam, second partial beam and (optionally) third partial beam) of a common laser output beam.
- the second laser beam and/or the third laser beam can have a different intensity in the irradiation plane (i.e. plane of the workpiece surface or surface plane of the applied layer) than the first laser beam.
- the intensity of the second laser beam in the plane of the workpiece surface can be lower than the intensity of the first laser beam.
- the second laser beam and/or the third laser beam can also be fed into the process from a separate beam source, for example laterally.
- the laser power of the individual laser beams can be easily adjusted independently of one another. This also makes it easy to position the preheating beam and/or the postheating beam on the processing path.
- laser beams with different wavelengths than those used for the actual coating process can be used for preheating and/or postheating. The wavelengths can be precisely matched to a material-specific coupling and the efficiency of the preheating and/or postheating can thus be increased.
- the preheating beam and/or the postheating beam could be beamed onto the workpiece surface or the weld bead from outside the feed of the filler material and would not be influenced in particular by a powder jet of the filler material arranged concentrically around the first laser beam.
- only one laser beam can be used, which preferably has an asymmetrical beam profile that is elongated in the processing direction (e.g. oval or rectangular), with a front part of the projection of the laser beam on the workpiece surface forming the second irradiation zone and an adjoining part of the projection forming the first irradiation zone.
- the extent of the asymmetrical laser beam can also cover the third irradiation zone, which follows the first irradiation zone and reheats the weld bead produced or the applied filler material in order to additionally prevent connection errors or delamination between individual application layers.
- the first laser beam and/or the second laser beam and/or the third Laser beam can have a plateau-shaped intensity distribution.
- the intensity distribution described is present in particular in the beam focus of the respective laser beam.
- at least one of the laser beams can have a Gaussian intensity distribution.
- a plateau-shaped intensity distribution which is also referred to as a tophat distribution, has the advantage over a Gaussian intensity distribution that a more uniform heating of both the workpiece surface and the additional material is possible over the entire beam cross-section of the laser beam, i.e. in particular also in its edge areas.
- the first laser beam and/or the second laser beam and/or the third laser beam can have an intensity distribution with an intensity maximum in the edge region of the respective laser beam.
- the first and/or the second and/or the third laser beam can each have a circular cross-section with an annular intensity distribution over the beam cross-section. The intensity is therefore lower in the center of the beam than in its edge region.
- a laser beam with an annular intensity profile enables even more uniform heating of the workpiece surface and/or the, in particular powdery, filler material during laser deposition welding.
- the fluence introduced in the area of the second irradiation zone is preferably in the range from 0.01 J/mm 2 to 5 J/mm 2 .
- the influence of the heating by the laser radiation on the metallurgy of the workpiece to be coated can be kept low due to a low exposure depth.
- the exposure depth of the preheating can be in the range from 5 pm to 500 pm starting from the workpiece surface.
- the irradiation in the second irradiation zone can be set so that a preheating temperature of the workpiece in the second irradiation zone is in a range from 5% of the melting temperature to the evaporation temperature of the workpiece to be coated.
- a laser power of the second laser beam and/or a laser power of the third laser beam can be changed during a coating process.
- the laser power of the second laser beam and/or the third laser beam can be changed when the resulting feed rate changes.
- the laser power of the second and/or the third laser beam can also have a first value at the start of a coating process, which is reduced according to a specification in order to compensate for process-related heating of the component during the coating process and to create as equal thermal conditions as possible over the entire coating process.
- the laser power of the first laser beam can also be changed if necessary.
- the sum of the laser powers of all laser beams used for the coating process can be at least 1 kW, preferably at least 8 kW.
- the proportion of the laser power for the second laser beam in the total power can be in the range from 0.05% to 75%, in particular in the range from 1% to 50%.
- At least one of the laser beams used can have a wavelength in the range from 0.4 pm to 2 pm.
- a beam quality of at least one of the laser beams can be in the range from 2 mm*mrad to 500 mm*mrad.
- a 2-in-1 or an n-in-1 optical fiber or a single-core fiber can be used to guide the at least first laser beam or a laser output beam underlying the first laser (partial) beam.
- An n-in-1 optical fiber in the sense of the present disclosure has at least one central light-guiding core region and at least one light-guiding ring region surrounding the core region for transporting the laser beam, wherein the light-guiding regions are preferably spaced apart from one another by a cladding.
- the power portion of the laser beam guided in the central fiber core can at least 15% of the total power.
- a device with a welding head can preferably be used, which comprises welding optics, by means of which the first laser beam is focused onto the process zone together with a powder gas jet containing the additional material and furthermore at least a beam portion of the first laser beam or a second laser beam is focused onto the preheating zone.
- the focus diameter of at least one of the laser beams is in the range from 1 mm to 20 mm.
- the laser beam or beams can be focused onto the workpiece surface to be coated in such a way that their focus diameter lies in the surface plane of the workpiece, or is offset by a few mm upwards or downwards from the surface plane.
- a corresponding optical element for example an optical wedge or a diffractive optical element
- a distance of the second irradiation zone (preheating zone) from the first irradiation zone (process zone) and/or a distance of the third irradiation zone (postheating zone) from the first irradiation zone in the processing direction can correspond to at least 0.5 times a focus diameter of the first laser beam and at most 5 times the focus diameter of the first laser beam.
- the first laser beam and the second laser beam and/or the third laser beam can in particular have the same, in particular circular, outer diameter.
- an overlap of the irradiation zones can be preferred.
- the distance between the irradiation zones is determined in each case by the distance between the centers of the irradiation zones in a common plane (in case of doubt in the surface plane of the workpiece to be coated).
- the irradiation zones can be spaced apart from one another in such a way that they are just adjacent to one another without significantly overlapping or having a significant gap between them.
- the filler material can be fed to the first irradiation zone in such a way that an irradiation window remains for generating the second irradiation zone and/or for generating the third irradiation zone.
- the powder feed can be designed in such a way that the second laser beam or a corresponding portion of the first laser beam for generating the preheating zone (second irradiation zone) is not covered by the powder flow.
- the filler material can be fed exclusively laterally with respect to the processing direction and/or in a piercing manner, i.e.
- any post-heating zone would be at least partially covered.
- a concentric feed of the filler material is also conceivable.
- a variant may be particularly preferred in which the additional material is fed to the first irradiation zone from several positions distributed around the first laser beam (or via individual nozzles distributed in a ring or via a C-shaped gap nozzle), with no powder being fed from the forward direction, so that the second laser beam or a corresponding portion of the first laser beam can be directed unhindered onto the workpiece surface through the existing recess in the powder feed.
- An analogous recess can be provided in the powder feed to create a post-heating zone.
- the additional material is blown into the process zone in powder form using a carrier gas, in particular an inert one.
- a carrier gas in particular an inert one.
- the powder mass flow in the method according to the invention can preferably be at least 20 g/min.
- additional gassing can be provided.
- an inert gas for example argon, can be blown onto at least the processing zone through a processing nozzle through which the laser beam(s) also emerge.
- the second irradiation zone and/or the third irradiation zone can be arranged orthogonally to the processing direction and offset from the first irradiation zone.
- curvature of the processing path can be taken into account for preheating and/or postheating, particularly in the case of circular, spiral or helical material application.
- the influence of the preheating and/or postheating on a sub-area of the process zone or its immediate surroundings can be adjusted by laterally shifting the preheating area and/or the postheating area. This can be necessary when welding with track overlap, for example if only the workpiece or only the intermediate layers are to be preheated.
- the second laser beam and/or the third laser beam can each have a rectangular beam cross-section.
- the rectangular beam profile can be aligned orthogonally to the processing direction. This results in a uniform fluence distribution in the preheating zone or in the post-heating zone.
- the second irradiation zone (preheating zone) and/or the third irradiation zone (postheating zone) can each have a different size than the first irradiation zone (process zone).
- Al area of the first irradiation zone.
- the following can also apply to the area A2 of the second irradiation zone: Al ⁇ A2 ⁇ 3*A1.
- a larger preheating zone is used compared to the process zone, for example, previously applied coating sections (in particular the turns of a spirally applied coating) can be subjected to heat treatment at the same time as the powder is applied.
- the effort required for precise positioning of the second laser beam relative to the first laser beam is reduced.
- a configuration in which the irradiation zones are the same size may also be desirable. In particular, this can optimize the efficiency of the energy input in some cases.
- the size of the projection area of the laser beam(s) on the workpiece surface can be variably adjusted.
- a device for laser deposition welding comprises a carrier unit for a metallic workpiece to be coated, wherein the carrier unit has a movement unit for moving, in particular for rotating, the workpiece.
- the device further comprises a laser beam unit for providing at least a first laser beam and for generating, by means of at least the first laser beam, at least a first irradiation zone and a second irradiation zone on a surface of the workpiece to be coated, wherein the second irradiation zone precedes the first irradiation zone along a processing direction.
- the device also comprises a feed unit for feeding an additional material, in particular powdery, into the first irradiation zone, wherein the additional material can be fed to the first irradiation zone in such a way that it at least partially enters the first laser beam before it hits the workpiece surface in the first processing zone and is thereby at least partially heated.
- a feed unit for feeding an additional material, in particular powdery, into the first irradiation zone, wherein the additional material can be fed to the first irradiation zone in such a way that it at least partially enters the first laser beam before it hits the workpiece surface in the first processing zone and is thereby at least partially heated.
- the laser beam unit preferably has an optic with a collimation unit and a focusing unit, as well as a beam splitter element.
- the beam splitter element is arranged between the collimation unit and the focusing unit in the beam path of the optic and is designed to split a laser output beam into the first laser beam and at least one second laser beam.
- the beam splitter element can be, for example, an optical wedge, a cylindrical lens or a diffractive optical element (DOE).
- DOE diffractive optical element
- a facet optic or a microlens array can also be used as a beam splitter element.
- optical wedge and the DOE as well as using a facet optic or a microlens array, separate partial beams can be generated, which are used to irradiate the workpiece surface in the respective irradiation zone.
- cylindrical lens an elliptical beam profile of the laser beam can be generated so that the laser beam irradiates the respective irradiation zones on the workpiece surface with a continuous beam spot.
- the device may further comprise a displacement unit by means of which the optical element designed as an optical wedge or as a DOE can be displaced laterally in the beam path of the laser output beam in order to distribute the laser power to the resulting laser beams.
- a displacement unit by means of which the optical element designed as an optical wedge or as a DOE can be displaced laterally in the beam path of the laser output beam in order to distribute the laser power to the resulting laser beams.
- a workpiece that can be produced by means of a coating method according to the invention.
- the workpiece is in particular a brake disk.
- the workpiece comprises a metallic base body, in particular a disk-shaped one.
- the base body can consist in particular of cast iron, for example of gray cast iron.
- the workpiece further comprises at least one coating layer, which is arranged on a surface of the base body, preferably in spiral-shaped and overlapping coating paths, and is integrally connected to the base body.
- the workpiece has a mixing region at a transition between the base body and the coating layer, which has a thickness of at most 20 pm, preferably of at most 10 pm, even more preferably of at most 5 pm.
- the material bond between the base body and the coating layer is formed in the mixing region.
- the workpiece can have several coating layers, each of which has a different material composition.
- a first Coating layer can be formed as an intermediate layer made of stainless steel, which is applied to the surface of the base body.
- a second coating layer applied to the intermediate layer can be made of a matrix material in which hard material particles, for example tungsten carbide or titanium carbide, are embedded in a matrix made of stainless steel.
- a mixing area with a respective maximum thickness of 20 pm, preferably of at most 10 pm, even more preferably of at most 5 pm, can be formed between the adjacent layers/turns.
- the workpiece is characterized in particular by a solid, low-defect connection between the base body and the coating layer, and optionally between adjacent coating layers (or winding paths), in which the material structure of the different materials and their properties in the area of the connection is or are only minimally influenced.
- the workpiece can preferably be produced by means of a method according to the invention according to one of the variants described above.
- FIG. 1 Schematic of the creation of two irradiation zones in
- FIG. 3a-d Schematic representation of different configurations for pre- and/or post-heating during high-speed laser cladding
- Powder particles during high-speed laser cladding in the process zone on a workpiece surface to be coated
- FIG. 5 Schematically an optical arrangement of an inventive
- FIG. 6 A picture illustrating a delamination in the
- Wear protection layer of a workpiece coated by high-speed laser cladding
- FIG. 7a-n Schematic representation of further different configurations for pre- and/or post-heating during high-speed laser cladding.
- Figure 1 shows a schematic of a nozzle 10 from which a first laser beam Li and a second laser beam L2 emerge.
- the first laser beam Li When irradiating a workpiece surface (not shown), the first laser beam Li generates a first irradiation zone 20 on the workpiece surface and the second laser beam L2 generates a second irradiation zone 22 in an analogous manner.
- the laser beams Li, L2 are moved in a processing direction 40 along a predetermined processing path over the workpiece surface.
- a powdery additional material P is also irradiated into the first laser beam Li via the nozzle 10, so that the powder particles are heated by the first laser beam Li and hit the workpiece surface along the processing path in the first irradiation zone 20 (process zone). Due to the simultaneous heating of the powder particles and the workpiece surface in the process zone 20, a firm connection is formed very quickly when the powder particles hit the workpiece surface. As a rule, no complete common melt pool is formed. The partially molten material deposit in the process zone 20 solidifies in the aftermath to form a weld bead 30.
- the workpiece surface is already preheated in the run-up to the process zone 20 by the second laser beam L2 in the second irradiation zone 22 (preheating zone).
- the weld bead 30 can also be heated in the aftermath to the process zone 20 in a third irradiation zone (24, see Figs. 2b and 2d) using laser radiation.
- Step S1 represents the movement, in particular the rotation, of a workpiece to be coated.
- step S2 a surface of the workpiece is irradiated by means of at least the first laser beam Li to generate S20 at least the first irradiation zone 20 and to generate S22 the second irradiation zone 22 on the workpiece surface, wherein the second irradiation zone 22 precedes the first irradiation zone 20 along a processing direction 40.
- the third irradiation zone 24 can also be generated by means of the at least first laser beam Li in an optional sub-step S24.
- the additional material P is introduced into the first irradiation zone 20, wherein the additional material P at least partially enters the first laser beam Li before it hits the workpiece surface and is thereby at least partially heated.
- Figures 3a to 3d schematically show various configurations for pre- and/or post-heating within the framework of a coating process according to the invention.
- Figure 3a shows a configuration in which the workpiece surface to be coated is irradiated by means of two laser beams, wherein a projection of the first laser beam Li on the workpiece surface forms the first irradiation zone 20 and a projection of the second laser beam L2 on the workpiece surface forms the second Irradiation zone 22 is formed.
- the second irradiation zone 22 precedes the first irradiation zone 20 in the coating process along the processing direction 40.
- Figure 3b shows a configuration in which, in addition to the irradiation zones 20, 22 according to Figure 3a, a third irradiation zone 24 is generated by means of a third laser beam L3, the third irradiation zone 24 following the first irradiation zone 20 along the processing direction 40 in order to heat the additional material P applied in the process zone 40 in a controlled manner.
- Figure 3d also shows a configuration in which three irradiation zones 20, 22, 24 are generated on the workpiece surface or on the weld bead 40.
- the irradiation zones 20, 22, 24 are generated here by means of a contiguous beam spot (or a projection) of a single laser beam.
- the laser beam used preferably has an asymmetric beam profile in cross-section, in particular an oval beam profile, as shown in Figure 3d.
- Figure 3c shows the irradiation constellation in a particularly preferred embodiment of a coating method according to the invention.
- the irradiation constellation differs from the irradiation constellation according to Figure 3a in that the laser beams Li and L2 each generate irradiation zones 20, 22 with an annular intensity distribution. In other words, more energy per area is introduced into the edge region of the respective irradiation zone 20, 22 than into the respective core region. This results in a more uniform energy distribution across the width of the respective irradiation zone 20, 22 along the processing direction 40 compared to irradiation with a tophat-shaped or Gaussian-shaped intensity distribution and thus a more uniform heating of the irradiated surface or the powder particles of the additional material P.
- FIG. 4 once again illustrates the advantage of a beam profile with an annular intensity distribution.
- the process zone 20 is shown and three powder particles Pi, P2, P3 distributed across the width of the process zone 20 and each arranged at the leading end of the process zone 20.
- the centrally impacting powder particle P2 during the movement of the process zone 20 along the processing direction 40 a longer distance lies in the process zone 20 and is heated accordingly for a longer period of time At2 than the powder particles Pi and P3 impinging on the edge of the process zone, which have a comparatively short residence time Ati in the process zone 20 and are heated accordingly less.
- this uneven energy input across the width of the processing track can be counteracted.
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic view of the structure of an optic 100 that can be used for a device for the coating method according to the invention.
- the optic 100 can be arranged in particular in a processing head of the device.
- a laser output beam L is collimated onto a collimation unit 120, in particular a collimation lens, via a fiber optic cable 110 - for example with a 2-in-1 fiber.
- a beam splitter element 130 - here in the form of an optical wedge - is arranged in the beam path of the collimated laser output beam L, which can be moved transversely to the direction of propagation of the laser output beam L and by means of which the laser output beam L can be split into a first laser (partial) beam Li and a second laser (partial) beam L2.
- the total power of the laser output beam L can be divided specifically between the laser partial beams Li and L2.
- the laser beams Li and L2 are then focused via a focusing unit 150 - here a focusing lens - onto the surface of a workpiece 50 to be coated and in doing so generate a corresponding irradiation zone 20, 22 on the workpiece surface.
- Figure 5 shows a cross-section of the coating of a workpiece coated by laser deposition welding.
- the workpiece 50 comprises a base body 52 and an intermediate layer 54 applied to the base body 52.
- a coating layer 60 is applied to the intermediate layer 54.
- the coating layer 60 comprises several overlapping coating tracks, or overlapping turns of a continuous coating track.
- the Coating layer 60 as shown in Figure 6 shows connection errors 62 between two adjacent coating layers. This defect pattern is also referred to as delamination.
- the coating method proposed here is intended to counteract the formation of delaminations 62 and connection errors between the coating layer 60 and the workpiece 50.
- Figures 7a to 7n analogous to Figures 3a to 3d, further exemplary configurations for preheating and/or postheating in the context of a coating process according to the invention are shown schematically.
- the representations in Figures 7a to 7n are self-explanatory for the person skilled in the art, which is why a detailed description of the individual arrangements of the laser beam projections with the different beam cross-sections is omitted at this point. It should be mentioned, however, that by arranging one or more laser beams laterally offset or at an angle on the workpiece surface (cf. Figures 7c to 7k), the spiral course of the coating path can be taken into account when preheating and/or postheating the workpiece and/or at least one previous turn of the coating layer.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102023102044.7A DE102023102044A1 (de) | 2023-01-27 | 2023-01-27 | Verfahren zum Beschichten metallischer Werkstücke |
| DE102023102043 | 2023-01-27 | ||
| PCT/EP2024/051302 WO2024156621A2 (de) | 2023-01-27 | 2024-01-19 | Verfahren zum beschichten metallischer werkstücke |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4479217A2 true EP4479217A2 (de) | 2024-12-25 |
Family
ID=89715845
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24701829.4A Pending EP4479217A2 (de) | 2023-01-27 | 2024-01-19 | Verfahren zum beschichten metallischer werkstücke |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250353114A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4479217A2 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2026509080A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20250172552A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN120659688A (de) |
| MX (1) | MX2025008083A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2024156621A2 (de) |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102011100456B4 (de) | 2011-05-04 | 2015-05-07 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Extremes Hochgeschwindigkeitslaserauftragsschweißverfahren |
| DE102019210019B4 (de) * | 2019-07-08 | 2021-06-10 | Trumpf Laser- Und Systemtechnik Gmbh | Optische Apparatur zum Laserschweißen eines Werkstücks, Verfahren zum Laserschweißen eines Werkstücks mittels mehrerer Teilstrahlen sowie Verwendung einer optischen Apparatur zum Laserschweißen |
| JP7439520B2 (ja) * | 2020-01-10 | 2024-02-28 | 株式会社ジェイテクト | 付加製造装置 |
| DE102021207133B3 (de) * | 2021-07-07 | 2022-12-22 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Bremskörper für ein Kraftfahrzeug sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Bremskörpers |
-
2024
- 2024-01-19 WO PCT/EP2024/051302 patent/WO2024156621A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2024-01-19 EP EP24701829.4A patent/EP4479217A2/de active Pending
- 2024-01-19 CN CN202480009291.2A patent/CN120659688A/zh active Pending
- 2024-01-19 KR KR1020257026958A patent/KR20250172552A/ko active Pending
- 2024-01-19 JP JP2025542970A patent/JP2026509080A/ja active Pending
-
2025
- 2025-07-10 MX MX2025008083A patent/MX2025008083A/es unknown
- 2025-07-25 US US19/280,211 patent/US20250353114A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| MX2025008083A (es) | 2025-12-01 |
| CN120659688A (zh) | 2025-09-16 |
| US20250353114A1 (en) | 2025-11-20 |
| KR20250172552A (ko) | 2025-12-09 |
| WO2024156621A2 (de) | 2024-08-02 |
| JP2026509080A (ja) | 2026-03-17 |
| WO2024156621A3 (de) | 2024-09-19 |
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