EP4476522A1 - Procédé de mesure d'au moins une propriété physique interfaciale - Google Patents
Procédé de mesure d'au moins une propriété physique interfacialeInfo
- Publication number
- EP4476522A1 EP4476522A1 EP23702498.9A EP23702498A EP4476522A1 EP 4476522 A1 EP4476522 A1 EP 4476522A1 EP 23702498 A EP23702498 A EP 23702498A EP 4476522 A1 EP4476522 A1 EP 4476522A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- drop
- volume
- liquid
- interfacial
- substrate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
- G01N13/02—Investigating surface tension of liquids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
- G01N13/02—Investigating surface tension of liquids
- G01N2013/0283—Investigating surface tension of liquids methods of calculating surface tension
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and an apparatus for measuring at least one interfacial physical property between a drop of liquid, a solid substrate and a surrounding fluid.
- the invention also relates to an information recording medium for implementing the above measurement method.
- interfacial physical property measured is one of the following interfacial physical properties:
- the company KRÜSS-SCIENTIFIC® markets devices for measuring such an interfacial physical property. For this, these devices deposit a drop of the liquid on the face of the substrate immersed in the surrounding fluid. Then, a camera generates an image of the outline of this drop. An image analysis module then automatically determines the geometric characteristics of the contour of the drop from the processing of this image. Finally, a numerical model that links the measured geometric characteristics to the values of the interfacial physical properties is used to determine the values of these interfacial physical properties from the measured geometric characteristics.
- the invention aims to solve this problem by proposing a method and an apparatus for measuring a more precise interfacial physical property.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a device for measuring interfacial physical properties
- FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the right part of the outline of a drop deposited on a substrate
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method for measuring interfacial physical properties using the apparatus of Figure 1.
- Figure 1 shows an apparatus 2 for measuring interfacial physical properties between a drop of liquid, a solid substrate 4 and a surrounding fluid 6.
- the fluid 6 is a gas. More precisely, the fluid 6 is the ambient air.
- the liquid can be any liquid.
- substrate 4 can be any solid substrate.
- the substrate can be a hydrophobic or super-hydrophobic substrate when the liquid is water or an oleophobic substrate when the liquid is oil.
- device 2 is placed in a room whose interior temperature is maintained equal to a set temperature and whose atmospheric pressure is maintained at a constant value.
- the ambient temperature and the ambient pressure in which the measurements of the interfacial physical properties are carried out are known.
- the substrate 4 also includes a hole 12 to receive the end of a needle or a nozzle.
- the hole 12 opens on one side, on the face 8 and, on the opposite side, on the face 10. It therefore crosses right through the thickness of the substrate 4.
- the axis 16 of the hole 12 is vertical.
- interfacial physical property designates one of the interfacial physical properties chosen from the group consisting of:
- Interfacial tension is expressed in Joule per square meter. It is also known by the term “surface tension” or “surface tension” and under the English terms “surface tension” or “surface energy” or “surface density of free energy”.
- Line voltage at the contact line between three bodies here the drop of liquid, the substrate 4 and the fluid 6, characterizes the excess free energy specific to the interface between these three bodies.
- Line voltage is expressed in Joule per meter. In English, line voltage is known as “line tension” or “line density of free energy”.
- the device 2 is described in the particular case where it measures the four interfacial physical properties Oi 2 , o S i , o S 2 and o S i2.
- device 2 comprises:
- a syringe 30 capable of injecting a known volume of liquid through the hole 12 to form the drop 14,
- an electronic computer 34 configured to determine the values of the four properties Oi 2 , o S i , o S 2 and o S i2 from the geometric characteristics measured by the device 32.
- the syringe 30 comprises: - a reservoir 40 containing the liquid to be ejected to form the drop 14,
- controllable electric actuator 46 able to move the piston 44.
- the volume of reservoir 40 is greater than the volume V max of the largest drop 14 to be formed on face 8 of substrate 4.
- the piston 44 is movable in translation along the axis 16. When it advances upwards, liquid is ejected through the hole 12, which increases the volume of the drop 14. At the Conversely, as piston 44 moves downward, liquid is drawn through hole 12, which decreases the volume of drop 14.
- the device 32 makes it possible in particular to measure the radius r of the drop 14 at different heights z.
- Figure 2 shows a reference R used here to measure the radius r and the height z of a point M belonging to the contour of the drop 14.
- the origin O of the reference R coincides with the apex 17 of the drop 14.
- the reference R comprises a vertical axis R z and a horizontal axis R r which intersect at right angles at the level of the origin O.
- axis R z coincides with the axis of 16 of symmetry of revolution of the drop 14.
- the axis R z is oriented in the same direction as the vector e z previously defined.
- the axis R r is oriented in the same direction as that of a horizontal vector e r .
- the vector e r is directed from the origin O to the right in FIG. 2.
- the coordinates of a point M of the outline of the drop 14 are (r; z), where r is the radius of drop 14 at height z and z is the height of point M from origin O.
- the symbol “h” designates the height of the drop 14 along the axis R z and the symbol r(h) designates the radius of the drop 14 at the level of the face 8 of the substrate 4
- the coordinates of the point 20 of contact between the drop 14, the substrate 4 and the fluid 6 are (r(h);h).
- Figure 2 also shows the macroscopic contact angle 0 m .
- the 9m angle is defined as the angle between: - side 8, and
- the 9 m angle is called "macroscopic" because it is measured on a macroscopic scale.
- the device 32 To obtain the coordinates in the frame R of several points M of the contour of the drop 14, the device 32 generates an image of the cross section of the drop 14 then measures the coordinates of several points of the contour of the drop by analysis pictures.
- the device 32 is similar, for example, to that described in application EP2899529A1. Thus, subsequently, only the characteristics of the device 32 necessary to understand the invention are presented.
- device 32 includes:
- module 54 for acquiring the image generated by the camera 52 to obtain a digital image
- an image analysis module 56 which processes the acquired image to extract the desired geometric characteristics of the drop.
- source 50 and camera 52 are located at diametrically opposite locations with respect to axis 16.
- source 50 generates a shadow on the lens of camera 52 which corresponds to the orthogonal projection of drop 14 on this lens.
- Camera 52 generates an image of this shadow.
- the outline of this shadow in this image is identical to the outline of drop 14. The entire outline of the drop is contained in the generated image.
- the module 54 acquires the image generated by the camera 52 and provides the image analysis module 56 with a digital image of the contour of the drop 14.
- the drop 14 is distinguished from the background of the image by its color.
- the pixels which correspond to parts of the drop 14 are of dark color, for example black or gray, while the pixels which correspond to the background of the image are of another light color, for example white or light grey.
- the module 56 processes the acquired digital image to extract geometric characteristics of the drop 14.
- the module 56 processes this image digital to extract therefrom the coordinates, expressed in the frame R, of several points belonging to the contour of the drop 14.
- the coordinates of these points correspond, in this digital image, to the pixels which are at the edge between the dark color of the drop 14 and the light background color of this image.
- the module 56 has the coordinates, in the reference R, of a list of points of the contour of the drop 14.
- the number of points of this list is typically greater than three and, preferably, greater than ten, twenty or fifty.
- the module 56 establishes the equation of a curve which approximates at better the outline of the drop 14.
- the module 56 implements, for example, curve fitting methods, better known by the English term “curve fitting”. While implementing this curve fitting, curve smoothing operations are also implemented in the end to reduce or eliminate any singularities or irregularities in the established curve.
- the image acquisition module 54 and the image analysis module 56 are software modules executed by the electronic computer 34.
- the computer 34 is designed to completely automate the measurement process of Figure 3. To this end, it includes in particular:
- the memory 62 includes in particular all the instructions necessary for the execution of the method of Figure 3. To this end, it therefore includes in particular:
- the memory 62 also includes the instructions of the modules 54 and 56 previously described.
- the computer 34 is connected to the syringe 30 and to the camera 52. More specifically, the module 70 makes it possible to control the actuator 46 of the syringe 30 to eject and, alternately, suck up a predetermined quantity of the liquid.
- Module 72 triggers the generation of an image by camera 52, its acquisition by module 54 and then its analysis by module 56.
- the module 74 makes it possible to acquire, via the man-machine interface 64, the values of the parameters necessary for determining the values of the interfacial physical properties.
- module 74 makes it possible to acquire:
- module 74 makes it possible to acquire the ambient temperature and the ambient pressure in which the values of the interfacial physical properties are measured. Indeed, the values of these interfacial physical properties vary according to the ambient temperature and also, to a lesser extent, according to the ambient pressure. Therefore, when the values of these interfacial physical properties are determined, it is also important to be able to specify under which temperature and pressure conditions these values were identified.
- the man-machine interface 64 is, for example, formed by a screen 80 and a keyboard 82.
- the screen 80 makes it possible to display the values determined for the interfacial physical properties.
- the module 74 acquires, for example via the man-machine interface 64, the values of the ambient temperature and of the ambient pressure in which the measurements of the properties Oi 2 , o S i, o S 2 and o S i2 will be performed.
- the values of the densities pi and p 2 respectively, of the liquid and of the fluid 6 are also acquired.
- the value of the norm of the gravity vector g is also acquired. This last value corresponds to the norm of the vector g at the level of device 2.
- the method continues with a phase 98 of establishing the threshold value Sic and Si d .
- the module 70 controls the syringe 30 to form on the face 8, a first series of drops of increasing volumes from a minimum volume Vmin to the maximum volume V ma x.
- the volume Vmin is less than V ma x/10 and, preferably, less than V max /100.
- the volumes Vmin and Vmax are the volumes, respectively, of the smallest drop and of the largest that the syringe 30 can form on the face 8.
- the volume Vmin is less than 10 pL or 5 pL or at 1 ⁇ L.
- the syringe 30 is first controlled by the module 70 to form a drop 14 of volume equal to Vmin.
- the module 72 controls the camera 52 to generate an image of the contour of the drop 14 whose volume is equal to Vmin.
- the module 56 processes the image acquired during operation 106. More specifically, as previously indicated, the module 56 first measures the coordinates of several points belonging to the outline of the drop 14. In particular, preferably, the coordinates of point 20 are measured. Then, from the measured coordinates of these points, during operation 110, the module 56 establishes the equation of a curve which best approximates the contour of this drop.
- the module 56 determines the value of the angle 0 m of macroscopic contact. For example, for this, from the equation of the curve established during operation 110, the coordinates of the vector t m tangent to this curve at the point 20 are calculated. The value of the angle 0 m for the volume Vmin is then calculated from the coordinates of the vectors t m and e r .
- the quantity Q s injected during each reiteration of operation 102 is for example the same each time.
- the volume of the drop 14 is incremented with a regular step from the volume Vmin to the volume V max .
- the additional quantity Q s is typically less than (V max - V m in)/10 and, preferably, less than (V max - V m in)/100.
- operations 102 to 112 are repeated, this time decreasing, at each iteration, the volume of the drop 14 until it returns to one drop 14 whose volume is equal to Vmin.
- a second series of drops of decreasing volumes is formed on the face 8.
- the volume of the drop is for example decremented with the same regular step as that used to form the first series of drops.
- step 100 is completed and then begins a step 120 during which the computer 34 establishes the threshold value S ic and Si d .
- Each of the thresholds Sic and Si d corresponds to the threshold beyond which the angle 9 m of macroscopic contact between the drop 14 and the substrate 4 no longer varies as a function of the volume of the drop 14.
- the threshold Sic is only measured from of the sequence of increasing drops while the threshold Si d is only measured from the sequence of decreasing drops.
- the computer 34 notes, in the first sequence of drops of increasing volume, the volume Vi m ,c of the drop from which the angle 0 m no longer varies according to the volume of this drop. Then, the computer 34 records, in the second sequence of drops of decreasing volume, the volume Vi m , d from which the angle 0 m no longer varies as a function of the volume of the drop.
- the volumes Vi m ,c and Vi m , d recorded are generally different because of hysteresis phenomena.
- the volumes Vi m ,c and Vi m , d remain fairly close to each other because the amplitude of these hysteresis phenomena remains low compared with the values of the volumes Vi m ,c and Vi m , d .
- the module 76 automatically selects four volumes Vi c , V 2c , V 3c and V 4c of drops in the first sequence of drops of increasing volumes to obtain a first series of four drops of growing volumes.
- the volumes Vi c , V 2c , V 3c and V 4c are listed in ascending order.
- the Life volume is lower than the Sic threshold and, preferably, lower than Sic/2.
- the three volumes V 2c , V 3c and V 4c are greater than the threshold Sic and preferably greater than 1.5*Si c , where the symbol "*" designates the arithmetic multiplication operation.
- the volume V 2c is at least twice greater than the volume Vi c .
- the coordinates of different points of the outline of each of the drops of volume Vi c to V 4c are measured.
- the module 56 establishes the equation of the curve which best approximates the contour of this drop.
- this step boils down to selecting the four equations of the curves obtained from the drops of volumes Vi c to V 4c .
- the module 76 determines the values of the interfacial physical properties from the equations of the curves established during step 134.
- the values of the interfacial physical properties are also determined from the coordinates of the points measured during step 132, since the equations of the curves were obtained from these measured coordinates.
- the module 76 uses a numerical model (1) which connects the coordinates (r; z) of a point M of the contour of a drop to the interfacial physical properties O12, Osi, Os2 and o S i2.
- This numerical model (1) is defined by the following system of equations: Or :
- - z is the height, relative to the apex 17 of the drop, at which the point M of the interface between the drop and the surrounding fluid is located,
- - r is the radius of the drop at height z in a plane parallel to the horizontal face 8
- - z' is the first derivative of z with respect to r
- - Ro is the radius of curvature of the drop at the level of the apex 17 of the drop
- - r(h) is the radius wetted by the liquid, i.e. the radius of the drop at the level of the horizontal face 8,
- the symbol “ ⁇ ” is equal to the sign "-" when the drop is one of the drops of the first series of four drops. Conversely, the symbol “ ⁇ ” is equal to the sign "+” when the drop is one of the drops of the second series of four drops.
- the model (1) is parameterized by the following known parameters which have been defined previously:
- the wet radius r(h) is measured during step 132. Consequently, the square of the wet radius, denoted r 2 (h) in the model (1), is also known.
- Model (1) includes, in order:
- There second constraint equation makes it possible to determine the height h of the drop from its volume V.
- the first constraint equation makes it possible to define the radius of curvature R o according to the known parameters, the height h and the values of the physical properties interfaces Oi 2 , Osi, Os2 and o S i2 to be determined.
- the model (1) makes it possible to obtain a system of equations in which the only unknowns are the values of the four interfacial physical properties Oi 2 , Osi, Os2 and Osi2. Therefore, by selecting four drops whose contour equations are different, we obtain a final system of four systems of equations with four unknowns. This final system is solved automatically by the module 76 in order to obtain, from the contours of four drops, a value for each of the interfacial physical properties Oi 2 , o S i , Os2 and o S i2 .
- the module 76 determines the values of the properties Oi 2 , o S i , Os2 and o S i2 from the equations of the curves of the contours of the four volume drops Vi c to V 4c .
- the first values determined for each of the properties Oi 2 , o Si and o S 2 from drops of volumes V 2c to V 4c are subsequently denoted Oi 2 , c , o Si , c , and o S 2 , c .
- steps 130 to 136 are repeated but using the second sequence of drops of decreasing volumes instead of the first sequence of drops of increasing volumes.
- the volumes Vi c , V 2c , V 3c and V 4c are replaced by volumes, respectively Vi d , V 2d , V 3d and V 4d .
- the execution of step 138 makes it possible to determine, for each of the properties Oi 2 , o S i , o S 2 and o S i2 , second values noted, respectively Oi 2 , d , o S i , d , o S 2,d and o S i2,d.
- step 138 also makes it possible to calculate the amplitude of the hysteresis on the values of the measured interfacial physical properties.
- the number of drops used to determine the values of the interfacial physical properties Oi 2 , o Si , Os2 and o Si 2 can be greater than four. For example, eight drops are used. In this case, for example, first intermediate values are determined for the properties Oi 2 , o Si , Os2 and o Si 2 using the first four drops. Then, second intermediate values are determined for these same properties using the last four drops. Finally, the values determined for the properties Oi 2 , o S i , o S 2 and o S i2 are the result of an arithmetic mean of the first and second intermediate values.
- some of the parameters of the model (1) can be considered as unknowns and their values are then determined, at the same time as the values of the interfacial physical properties, during the step 136.
- the greater the number of parameters of the model (1) to be determined the more the number of drops to be used is increased in order to have a number of drop contour equations at least equal to the number d 'unknowns.
- This variant is advantageously used to determine the value of certain parameters which are more difficult to measure with precision, such as the parameter r(h).
- the value of the line voltage o S i2 can also be determined only from measurements carried out on drops whose volume is greater than the threshold Sic or Sid. In this case, the accuracy of the value of the line voltage o S i2 determined may be less good. On the other hand, the phase 98 of establishing the values of the thresholds Sic and Sid can be omitted.
- the values of the interfacial tensions can also be determined only from the geometric characteristics of drops whose volume is lower than the threshold Sic or Si d .
- the precision on the determined values of the interfacial tensions may be less good.
- the phase 98 of establishing the values of the thresholds Sic and Si d can be omitted.
- the Sic and Si d thresholds are considered to be equal. In this case, during phase 98, only the value of one of the thresholds Sic and Si d is established.
- the norm of the vector g of gravity can be considered to be a constant and prerecorded in memory 62.
- the device 2 can include several syringes 30 capable of operating in parallel. This makes it possible to form, in parallel, several drops on the face 8. In such a case, the image generated by the camera 52 then also comprises several drops.
- syringe 30 Other embodiments of the syringe 30 are possible.
- the syringe described in application EP2899529A1 can be used instead of syringe 30.
- the needle of the syringe is located above face 8 and the drop is deposited on face 8 and not not injected through the substrate 4.
- the substrate 4 it is not necessary for the substrate 4 to include the hole 12.
- the energy stored by the drop during its deposit on the face 8 of the substrate 4 can slightly deform the drop 14 and therefore slightly falsify the measurements of the interfacial physical properties.
- the drop whose geometric characteristics are measured by the device 32 is a pendant drop and not a sessile drop.
- the syringe 30 is, for example, placed above the substrate 4.
- the drop 14 is formed on the face 10 and no longer on the face 8 of the substrate.
- the measurement method previously described in the case of a sessile drop applies identically to the case of a pendent drop. Indeed, model (1) can also be used for a hanging drop.
- Other embodiments of the computer 34 are also possible.
- the computer 34 does not include the control module 70 of the syringe 30 nor the control module 72 of the camera 52.
- these two control modules 70 and 72 are integrated, respectively, in the syringe 30 and in the camera 52.
- the syringe 30 and the camera 52 each comprise their own microprocessor and their own memory in order to execute these modules. Consequently, these two modules are directly controlled by the user in order to obtain the different images of the drops.
- the user supplies directly to the control module 70 of the syringe 30 the different volumes of drops to be formed on the face 8.
- the module 70 controls the actuator 46 to form, one after the other, these different drops of different volumes.
- the camera 52 generates an image of this drop and records it on a digital medium, for example, removable.
- this support is connected to the computer 34.
- the acquisition module 54 is then configured to acquire the images of the drops from this support. The rest of the process is then identical to what was previously described.
- the computer 34 comprises only one of the two modules 70, 72 control.
- the syringe 30 can comprise several pistons of different sizes so that, for a displacement of the same length, the volume of liquid displaced by one of these pistons is smaller than the volume of liquid displaced by the other pistons.
- the syringe comprises a small piston which displaces a volume of liquid five to ten times less than the volume of liquid displaced by the other pistons for the same length of displacement.
- the displacement of the small piston in addition to the displacement of the other pistons makes it possible to increase the precision on the volume of liquid ejected by hole 12.
- the light source 50 can be replaced by another light source which generates, in a plane parallel to the vectors ez and e r , a comb of laser beams.
- This laser beam comb has a multitude of laser beams parallel to each other. When each of these laser beams crosses the contour of the drop 14, the direction of propagation of the beam is modified.
- the camera 52 generates an image containing the laser beams. In this image, each point where a laser beam changes direction corresponds to a point on the outline of the drop 14. The coordinates of these points are measured in the digital image by the image analysis module 56.
- the source 50 is not located on one side of the axis 16 diametrically opposite to the lens of the camera 52.
- the source 50 is located directly above the drop 14 in the vertical plane passing through the apex 17 and parallel to the vector e r .
- Fluid 6 may be a liquid immiscible with the liquid of drop 14.
- the temperature and pressure conditions under which the physical interfacial properties are measured can be measured instead of being controlled by setpoints.
- the ambient temperature and the ambient pressure are acquired during step 96.
- Model (1) is more accurate than known models currently used to measure interfacial physical properties.
- the radius of curvature Ro of the drop at the level of the apex is not a parameter of the model which must be measured as in the case of most known models.
- this model takes into account the fact that the liquid of the drop seeks to minimize its interface with the fluid and with the substrate to minimize the total energy of the system.
- This constraint is defined by the first constraint equation of the model (1). This constraint is not modeled by the other known models. Because of this, the values measured by the methods described above are more accurate than the values measured by implementing other measurement methods.
- the measurement method described here can be used with a much larger number of liquid/substrate/surrounding fluid combinations. In addition, it works for both very small drops and very large drops. big size.
- the model (1) is also more generic than the known models because it functions just as well in the case of a pendent drop as of a sessile drop. Thus, what has been described here is not limited to the use of sessile drops.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Testing Or Measuring Of Semiconductors Or The Like (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2201061A FR3132572B1 (fr) | 2022-02-08 | 2022-02-08 | Procédé de mesure d'au moins une propriété physique interfaciale |
| PCT/EP2023/052708 WO2023152051A1 (fr) | 2022-02-08 | 2023-02-03 | Procédé de mesure d'au moins une propriété physique interfaciale |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4476522A1 true EP4476522A1 (fr) | 2024-12-18 |
Family
ID=81851355
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23702498.9A Pending EP4476522A1 (fr) | 2022-02-08 | 2023-02-03 | Procédé de mesure d'au moins une propriété physique interfaciale |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4476522A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3132572B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023152051A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116858729B (zh) * | 2023-08-23 | 2024-01-02 | 东莞市晟鼎精密仪器有限公司 | 一种便携式微型接触角测试仪 |
| CN118583730B (zh) * | 2024-07-30 | 2024-10-22 | 北京航空航天大学 | 基于液滴撞击的气固界面局部适应系数测量方法及装置 |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2899529B1 (fr) | 2014-01-24 | 2016-10-12 | Krüss GmbH | Appareil de mesure d'angle de contact |
| US20220148212A1 (en) * | 2019-03-11 | 2022-05-12 | Shanghai Institute Of Ceramics, Chinese Academy Of Sciences | Surface tension measurement method based on axisymmetric droplet contour curve |
-
2022
- 2022-02-08 FR FR2201061A patent/FR3132572B1/fr active Active
-
2023
- 2023-02-03 WO PCT/EP2023/052708 patent/WO2023152051A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2023-02-03 EP EP23702498.9A patent/EP4476522A1/fr active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2023152051A1 (fr) | 2023-08-17 |
| FR3132572A1 (fr) | 2023-08-11 |
| FR3132572B1 (fr) | 2023-12-22 |
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