EP4471330B1 - Schnellmischvorrichtung zum mischen eines luftstroms mit einem flüssigen oder gasförmigen hochreaktiven brennstoff und verfahren zur herstellung davon - Google Patents

Schnellmischvorrichtung zum mischen eines luftstroms mit einem flüssigen oder gasförmigen hochreaktiven brennstoff und verfahren zur herstellung davon

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Publication number
EP4471330B1
EP4471330B1 EP23176756.7A EP23176756A EP4471330B1 EP 4471330 B1 EP4471330 B1 EP 4471330B1 EP 23176756 A EP23176756 A EP 23176756A EP 4471330 B1 EP4471330 B1 EP 4471330B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fuel
revolution body
mixing device
air
fuel channels
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP23176756.7A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP4471330A1 (de
EP4471330C0 (de
Inventor
Fabrice Giuliani
Nina Paulitsch
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
P&P Industries AG
Original Assignee
P&P Industries AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
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Priority to EP23176756.7A priority Critical patent/EP4471330B1/de
Publication of EP4471330A1 publication Critical patent/EP4471330A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP4471330B1 publication Critical patent/EP4471330B1/de
Publication of EP4471330C0 publication Critical patent/EP4471330C0/de
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Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C15/00—Apparatus in which combustion takes place in pulses influenced by acoustic resonance in a gas mass
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/02—Premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air upstream of the combustion zone
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details
    • F23D14/62—Mixing devices; Mixing tubes
    • F23D14/64—Mixing devices; Mixing tubes with injectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23C2900/9901—Combustion process using hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide water or brown gas as fuel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
    • F23D2900/00015—Pilot burners specially adapted for low load or transient conditions, e.g. for increasing stability

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to the field of complete and low-emission combustion of fuels.
  • burners may be used that can be excited thermo-acoustically.
  • Austrian patent AT 516424 B1 discloses a device for operating of a flame, comprising a supply line for an oxidant and a conventional combustible fuel gas, a burner for the combustion of the same and a pulsation device, by means of which the oxidant can be set in oscillation.
  • the burner has a control area for guiding the oscillating oxidant and the combustible gas to generate a pilot flame and a main region for a main flame, said control area being connected to the pulsation device.
  • a further oxidant agent and a further combustible material are guidable.
  • US 2019/0011122 A1 discloses a pulse combustion heat exchanger having a longitudinal axis configured to accept oxidant and fuel and output a cooled combustion stream.
  • the pulse combustion heat exchanger includes an oxidant inlet section that accepts oxidant, multiple fuel channels that accept fuel, the fuel channels being distributed around the perimeter of the heat exchanger.
  • a mixing section mixes oxidant with fuel.
  • the fuel channels extend between the oxidant inlet section and the mixing section.
  • a combustion section receives the oxidant and fuel and produces a pulsating combustion stream, and a heat transfer section is configured to receive the pulsating combustion stream.
  • the present invention aims at extending the technology for complete and low-emission combustion of fuels to carbon-free fuels, including H2, NH3 and H2S.
  • the general principle 100 of low-emission combustion of fuels is summarized in Fig. 1 .
  • An exciter 103 fed with pilot air 104 generates pulsations in the flow of the pilot air 104.
  • the exciter 103 is a means for generating pulsations (such as an active device like a siren or loudspeaker, or a passive device like an acoustic resonator) and is mounted downstream from a premixer 101 feeding the pulsed pilot air 104 to the premixer 101.
  • Fuel 105 is also fed to the premixer 101.
  • the premixer 101 mixes the pilot air 104 and the fuel 105 and feeds the mixture to a burner 102, where it is combusted as a pilot flame 106, which is used as a driver to improve the performance of the main flame 107 generated in the burner 102 in terms of flammability limits, complete combustion and NOx levels.
  • a pilot flame 106 which is used as a driver to improve the performance of the main flame 107 generated in the burner 102 in terms of flammability limits, complete combustion and NOx levels.
  • To generate and maintain the main flame 107 a mixture of main air 109 and fuel 108 is fed to the burner 102 as the source for generating and maintaining the main flame 107.
  • the burner 102 is cooled by cooling and diluting air 110.
  • the main task of a premixer 101 is to generate a pilot flame 106, which always burns (as in gas boiler). This guarantees safe ignition of the main flame 107.
  • the combustion staging (pilot flame 106 and main flame 107) reduces nitrogen oxides (NOx).
  • the main flame 107 gets an excess of air, i.e. it is a lean mixture of fuel and air. More than 90% of the burning power comes from the main flame 107, less than 10% of the burning power comes from the pilot flame 106.
  • the pilot flame 106 has a stoichiometric ratio of air to fuel, i.e. it is a richer mixture than in the main zone that produces a corresponding amount of NOx.
  • Premixed combustion optionally operating in the lean domain (or with excess air regarding stoichiometry) has become a standard for efficient and low-emission combustion, see e.g. Arthur H. Lefebvre, Gas Turbine Combustion - Second Edition, Combustion: An International Series, Taylor & Francis, 1999 , or Tim C Lieuwen and Vigor Yang, Gas turbine emissions, volume 38 of Cambridge Aerospace Series, Cambridge University Press, 2013 .
  • the present invention generally aims at solving two tasks, namely enabling better combustion quality, and preventing flashbacks.
  • an H2 flame Due to premixing, the flame temperature is lower.
  • an H2 flame has a flame temperature about 100°C higher than conventional fuels. Pre-mixing lowers the temperature of the flame and thus also lowers the nitrogen oxide levels. I.e. premixed H2 flames have reduced NOx emissions and a temperature that is about the same as the flame temperature of conventional fuels.
  • a rapid mixing device (premixer) is needed for mixing a highly reactive fuel, such as H2, with air that can produce as fast as possible a well-stirred mixture under elevated flow speeds.
  • the present invention solves this task by providing a mixing device for mixing an air stream with a liquid or gaseous highly reactive fuel according to claim 1.
  • Preferred embodiments of the invention are defined in the dependent claims, the description, and the drawings.
  • the present invention suggests a mixing device for mixing an air stream with a liquid or gaseous highly reactive fuel, such as hydrogen, wherein the mixing device comprises an elongated revolution body having an air inlet end, an air outlet end, and a hollow central space that extends through the revolution body along its elongation.
  • the mixing device comprises multiple fuel channels arranged at the revolution body and distributed around the perimeter of the revolution body, wherein the fuel channels extend between the air inlet end and the air outlet end of the revolution body, wherein the fuel channels have fuel inlet openings near or at the air inlet end of the revolution body and fuel injection orifices at the air outlet end of the revolution body.
  • the invention applies the principle of multi-jet injection, which guarantees the homogeneity of the fuel-air-mixture.
  • the revolution body profile allows fast moving air and fuel flows under low pressure loss conditions.
  • the mixing device according to the invention avoids regions of flow detachment, where a flashbacked flame could settle. Jets of fuel and air are in co-flow, meaning that their flow directions have the same orientation.
  • the fuel jet is taken in sandwich by two streams of air instead of one, which increases mixing efficiency.
  • the fuel flows through the walls of the mixing device and gets ejected at the air outlet end of the revolution body, offering low flame anchoring surface, thereby greatly reducing the risk of generating flashbacks.
  • the fuel liquid or gaseous, pure or mixture
  • the fuel is distributed over many internal channels, as many as there are injection points to the top (multipoint fuel distribution). Once emitted, the multiple fuel jets are taken in sandwich by the inner and outer air flows, leading to a rapid mixing.
  • the shape of the revolution body eases the heat exchange, to harmonize the reactants' temperatures, which in turn leads to a homogeneous mixture.
  • the invention replaces jets in cross-flow by jets in co-flow: the flow directions have the same orientation. Although it is less efficient than the cross-flow regarding mixing efficiency, it offers less chance for flame anchoring. Furthermore, the jet is taken in sandwich by two streams of air instead of one, which compensates a bit the loss in mixing efficiency.
  • EP 2 221 541 A2 discloses a coaxial fuel and air premixer for a gas turbine combustor, comprising a peripheral wall defining a mixing chamber, a nozzle disposed within the peripheral wall comprising an outer annular wall spaced from the peripheral wall so as to define an outer air passage between the peripheral wall and the outer annular wall, an inner annular wall disposed within and spaced from the outer annular wall, so as to define an inner air passage, and a fuel gas annulus between the outer annular wall and the inner annular wall.
  • the fuel gas annulus defines a fuel gas passage, an air inlet for introducing air through the inner air passage and the outer air passage to the mixing chamber, and a fuel inlet for injecting fuel through the fuel gas passage to the mixing chamber to form an air/fuel mixture.
  • US 7,406,827 B2 describes an apparatus for injecting a fuel-air mixture into a combustion chamber.
  • the apparatus comprises a fuel lance for injecting fuels, via at least two separate passages, into a combustion chamber alternately or simultaneously at an injection location arranged substantially at the lance tip.
  • the risk of flashbacks is reduced in that the fuel lance, in addition to fuel, also passes purge air to the injection location, and that the purge air, at the injection location, is routed between the two fuel systems, in such a manner that these systems are shielded from one another by the purge air.
  • One embodiment of the mixing device according to the invention is characterized in that the walls of the fuel channels compose the revolution body.
  • This embodiment has the advantage that walls of the fuel channels being embedded in the revolution body are excellent for building up the body by means of additive manufacturing.
  • the path lines of the fuel channels are used to define the skeleton of the wall-structure.
  • a spinning - or swirling - injection is realized that generates a tangential momentum to fuel jets thereby shortening the dilution length and enhancing the mixing of fuel and air.
  • a twist angle of the fuel channels in relation to the elongation of the revolution body continuously increases towards the air outlet end. It is further preferred that the maximum value of the twist angle is less than 170°.
  • the fuel channels are straight and arranged under the shape of a hyperboloid. Aerodynamics of this embodiment allow elevated flow speeds at the lowest possible pressure drop (function of the flow speed to the square).
  • the path lines of the fuel channels are used to define the skeleton of the wall structure of the revolution body. This representation is important to capture the velocity vectors of the fuel as it comes in contact to the air, at the outlet of the body. This orientation generates a swirling of the surrounding air through an entrainment effect. This drag and swirl effect is even stronger if the channels are not straight but show a spiral trajectory as described in the previous paragraph. These drag and swirl effect also contribute to the rapid mixing.
  • An embodiment of the mixing device according to the invention is characterized in that the fuel channels comprise at least one section with continuously decreasing cross section in direction to the injection orifice.
  • This embodiment provides the advantage that the fuel channels function as a nozzle and chokes the fuel flow. By avoiding steps or jumps in cross section of the fuel channels generation of turbulences and pressure drops is avoided.
  • the fuel channels of the mixing device comprise a section with continuously widening cross section towards the injection orifice steps or jumps in cross section are avoided that would cause turbulences and pressure drops.
  • This embodiment allows elevated flow speeds at the lowest possible pressure drop (function of the flow speed to the square).
  • a preferred embodiment of the mixing device according to the invention is characterized in that the hollow central space has a radius which varies continuously at least in sections along the elongation of the revolution body, wherein a radius to elongation ratio is less than 1, preferably less than 0.5.
  • the small ratio of elongation to radius promotes the heat exchange.
  • the temperature of the fuel jets is even at the injection point, and as near as possible to the temperature of the ambient.
  • the fuel channels are formed by two opposing walls corrugated in cross-section, wherein intersections of the walls separate the fuel channels from each other.
  • This embodiment provides a very stiff construction and yields stretched surfaces to promote heat exchange.
  • Another embodiment of the mixing device according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises a, preferably ring-shaped, fuel manifold connected to the fuel inlet openings of the fuel channels.
  • This embodiment provides even fuel supply to all fuel channels.
  • the supplied fuel can be pure, or a mixture with other products, such as inert gases.
  • the fuel can be liquid or gas.
  • the interior and exterior surface of the revolution body is configured to avoid causing turbulences of air streams passing along the interior and exterior surface.
  • Aerodynamics inside the burner is of great importance. They must allow elevated flow speeds at the lowest possible pressure drop (function of the flow speed to the square).
  • the fuel jet is "sandwiched" between inner and outer air stream.
  • the mixer body is flowed around with high air velocity and a better mixing with air is still achieved.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Mischvorrichtung (1) zum Mischen eines Luftstroms mit einem flüssigen oder gasförmigen, hochreaktiven Brennstoff, wie beispielsweise Wasserstoff, wobei die Mischvorrichtung (1) einen länglichen Rotationskörper (10) mit einem Lufteinlassende (11), einem Luftauslassende (12) und einen hohlen zentralen Raum (13) aufweist, der sich entlang seiner Längsachse durch den Rotationskörpers (10) erstreckt, wobei die Mischvorrichtung (1) mehrere Brennstoffkanäle (14) umfasst, die am Rotationskörper (10) angeordnet und um den Umfang des Rotationskörpers (10) verteilt sind, wobei sich die Brennstoffkanäle (14) zwischen dem Lufteinlassende (11) und dem Luftauslassende (12) des Rotationskörpers (10) erstrecken, wobei die Brennstoffkanäle (14) Brennstoffeinlassöffnungen (15) in der Nähe oder am Lufteinlassende (11) des Rotationskörpers (10) und Brennstoffeinspritzöffnungen (16) am Luftauslassende (12) des Rotationskörpers (10) aufweisen.
  2. Mischvorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Wände der Brennstoffkanäle (14) den Rotationskörper (10) bilden.
  3. Mischvorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei die Brennstoffkanäle (14) in einem Endbereich des Rotationskörpers (10) an dessen Luftauslassende (12) tangential zur Längsachse des Rotationskörpers (10) verdreht sind.
  4. Mischvorrichtung nach Anspruch 3, wobei ein Verdrehungswinkel (α) der Brennstoffkanäle (14) in Bezug auf die Erstreckung des Rotationskörpers (10) zum Luftauslassende (12) hin kontinuierlich zunimmt, wobei vorzugsweise der Maximalwert des Verdrehungswinkels (α) kleiner als etwa Pi Radiant ist.
  5. Mischvorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei die Brennstoffkanäle (14) gerade sind und in Form eines Hyperboloids angeordnet sind.
  6. Mischvorrichtung nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Brennstoffkanäle (14) mindestens einen Abschnitt mit kontinuierlich abnehmendem Querschnitt in Richtung der Einspritzöffnung (16) aufweisen.
  7. Mischvorrichtung nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Brennstoffkanäle (14) einen Abschnitt mit sich zur Einspritzöffnung (16) hin kontinuierlich erweiterndem Querschnitt aufweisen.
  8. Mischvorrichtung nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, wobei der hohle zentrale Raum (13) einen Radius aufweist, der sich zumindest in Abschnitten entlang der Längsachse des Rotationskörpers (10) kontinuierlich ändert, wobei das Verhältnis von Radius zu Längsachse kleiner als 1, vorzugsweise kleiner als 0,5 ist.
  9. Mischvorrichtung nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Brennstoffkanäle (14) durch zwei gegenüberliegende, im Querschnitt gewellte Wände (14a, 14b) gebildet sind, wobei Schnittpunkte (14c) der Wände (14a, 14b) die Brennstoffkanäle (14) voneinander trennen.
  10. Mischvorrichtung nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, wobei sie einen vorzugsweise ringförmigen Brennstoffverteiler (20) umfasst, der mit den Brennstoffeinlassöffnungen (15) der Brennstoffkanäle (14) verbunden ist.
  11. Mischvorrichtung nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Innen- und Außenfläche des Rotationskörpers (14) so gestaltet, vorzugsweise profiliert, ist, dass keine Turbulenzen der an der Innen- und Außenfläche vorbeiströmenden Luftströme verursacht werden.
  12. Mischvorrichtung nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, wobei sie eine Pulsationsvorrichtung (103) umfasst, die in der Nähe des Lufteinlassendes (11) des Rotationskörpers (103) angeordnet ist.
  13. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Rotationskörpers einer Mischvorrichtung gemäß einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, wobei der Rotationskörper additiv, vorzugsweise durch Pulverbettfusion, hergestellt wird.
  14. Verfahren nach Anspruch 13, wobei der Rotationskörper additiv durch ein Mathematikzu-Form-Verfahren auf der Grundlage einer parametrischen Gleichung hergestellt wird.
EP23176756.7A 2023-06-01 2023-06-01 Schnellmischvorrichtung zum mischen eines luftstroms mit einem flüssigen oder gasförmigen hochreaktiven brennstoff und verfahren zur herstellung davon Active EP4471330B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP23176756.7A EP4471330B1 (de) 2023-06-01 2023-06-01 Schnellmischvorrichtung zum mischen eines luftstroms mit einem flüssigen oder gasförmigen hochreaktiven brennstoff und verfahren zur herstellung davon

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP23176756.7A EP4471330B1 (de) 2023-06-01 2023-06-01 Schnellmischvorrichtung zum mischen eines luftstroms mit einem flüssigen oder gasförmigen hochreaktiven brennstoff und verfahren zur herstellung davon

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4471330A1 EP4471330A1 (de) 2024-12-04
EP4471330B1 true EP4471330B1 (de) 2026-02-18
EP4471330C0 EP4471330C0 (de) 2026-02-18

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EP23176756.7A Active EP4471330B1 (de) 2023-06-01 2023-06-01 Schnellmischvorrichtung zum mischen eines luftstroms mit einem flüssigen oder gasförmigen hochreaktiven brennstoff und verfahren zur herstellung davon

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Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1456583B1 (de) 2001-12-20 2007-10-10 Alstom Technology Ltd Verfahren zum Eindüsen eines Brennstoff-/Luftgemisches in eine Brennkammer
US8443607B2 (en) 2009-02-20 2013-05-21 General Electric Company Coaxial fuel and air premixer for a gas turbine combustor
AT516424B1 (de) 2014-10-27 2020-04-15 Dr Fabrice Louis Michel Giuliani Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Flamme
US9920926B1 (en) * 2017-07-10 2018-03-20 Thermochem Recovery International, Inc. Pulse combustion heat exchanger system and method
AT522614B1 (de) 2019-06-06 2021-11-15 Comb Bay One E U Verfahren zur gleichmäßigen Verteilung von Treibstoff und Oxidationsmittel

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EP4471330A1 (de) 2024-12-04
EP4471330C0 (de) 2026-02-18

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