EP4470050A1 - Procédé de fabrication d'électrode négative protégée et électrode négative ainsi produite - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication d'électrode négative protégée et électrode négative ainsi produiteInfo
- Publication number
- EP4470050A1 EP4470050A1 EP23745775.9A EP23745775A EP4470050A1 EP 4470050 A1 EP4470050 A1 EP 4470050A1 EP 23745775 A EP23745775 A EP 23745775A EP 4470050 A1 EP4470050 A1 EP 4470050A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- lithiophilic
- electrode material
- coating
- approximately
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0409—Methods of deposition of the material by a doctor blade method, slip-casting or roller coating
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- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
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- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
- H01M4/382—Lithium
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present technology relates to the field of negative electrode materials comprising a coating layer on one of its surfaces, to the electrodes comprising them, to the methods of preparing these materials and to their uses in electrochemical cells.
- the liquid electrolytes used in lithium-ion batteries are flammable and slowly degrade to form a passivation layer on the surface of the lithium film called the solid electrolyte interface (SEI for "solid electrolyte interface” or “solid electrolyte interphase” in English) irreversibly consuming lithium, which decreases the coulombic efficiency of the battery.
- SEI solid electrolyte interface
- solid electrolyte interphase solid electrolyte interphase
- the present technology relates to a method of preparing a negative electrode material comprising an electrochemically active material and a coating layer comprising a coating material based on a lithiophilic calcined organometallic structure resting on a surface of said material.
- electrochemically active the method comprising the following steps:
- the lithiophilic metal is selected from Ag, Zn, Sn, Sb, Mg, Al, Ni, Cu, Co and a combination of at least two of these.
- the organic ligand is an organic ligand comprising a nitrogen function, an organic ligand comprising a carboxylate, or a mixed organic ligand comprising a nitrogen function and/or a carboxylate.
- the organic ligand is 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid or 1H-benzimidazole-6-carboxylic acid.
- the lithiophilic organometallic structure obtained in (i) is of Formula 1:
- the lithiophilic organometallic structure obtained in (i) is of Formula 2: In another embodiment, the lithiophilic organometallic structure obtained in (i) is of Formula 3:
- the lithiophilic organometallic structure obtained in (i) is of Formula 4:
- the lithiophilic organometallic structure obtained in (i) is of Formula 5:
- the lithiophilic organometallic structure obtained in (i) is of Formula 6: wherein, ni and ri2 denote the ratio of each unit and are numbers independently selected from the range of 0.1 to 0.9. In another embodiment, the lithiophilic organometallic structure obtained in (i) is of Formula 7:
- n1 and n2 denote the ratio of each unit and are numbers independently selected from the range of 0.1 to 0.9.
- the lithiophilic organometallic structure obtained in (i) is of Formula 8:
- ni and n2 denote the ratio of each unit and are numbers independently chosen from the range 0.1 to 0.9.
- the lithiophilic organometallic structure obtained in (i) is of Formula 9:
- the calcining step is performed at a temperature of about 500°C to about 1050°C. According to one example, the calcination step is carried out at a temperature of about 550°C to about 1000°C.
- the calcining step is performed under an inert atmosphere.
- the inert atmosphere comprises a gas chosen from argon, oxygen, nitrogen, helium, a fluorinated gas and a mixture comprising at least two of these.
- the inert atmosphere comprises argon.
- the deposition step is carried out by at least one doctor blade coating method, one transfer interval coating method ("comma coating” in English), a method of coating with a reversed transfer interval (“reverse-comma coating” in English), a method of printing such as engraving (“engraving coating” in English), a method of slit coating (“ slot-die coating” in English), or a layer deposition method by spraying (“spray deposition” in English).
- the deposition step is carried out by a spray deposition method.
- said method further comprises a step of depositing a second coating layer.
- the step of depositing the second coating layer is carried out by at least one doctor blade coating method, one transfer interval coating method (“comma coating” in English), a method of coating with a reverse transfer interval (“reverse-comma coating” in English), a method of printing such as engraving (“engraving coating” in English), a method of coating slot (“slot-die coating” in English), or a method of depositing a layer by spraying ("spray deposition” in English).
- the step of deposition of the second coating layer is carried out by a layer deposition method by spraying (“spray deposition”).
- the present technology relates to a negative electrode material obtained according to the method as defined here.
- the present technology relates to a negative electrode material comprising an electrochemically active material and a coating layer comprising a coating material based on a lithiophilic calcined organometallic structure comprising at least one lithiophilic metal and at least one ligand at least partly calcined organic material, said coating layer resting on a surface of said electrochemically active material.
- the electrochemically active material comprises an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a non-alkaline and non-alkaline earth metal or an alloy including at least one of these.
- the electrochemically active material comprises an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal, or an alloy comprising at least one alkali or alkaline-earth metal.
- the electrochemically active material comprises metallic lithium or an alloy including or based on metallic lithium.
- the electrochemically active material comprises nickel.
- the lithiophilic organometallic structure before calcination is of Formula 8:
- the copolymer is crosslinked.
- the salt is a lithium salt.
- the lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPFe), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), 2- lithium trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyano-imidazolate (LiTDI), lithium 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (LiDCTA), lithium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (LiBETI), lithium tetrafluoroborate lithium (UBF4), lithium bis(oxalato) borate (LiBOB), lithium nitrate (UNO3), lithium chloride (LiCI), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium perchlorate (l_iCIC>4), lithium hexafluoroars
- LiPFe
- the method further comprises a step of depositing the second coating layer.
- the deposition step is carried out by at least one doctor blade coating method, one transfer interval coating method ("comma coating” in English), a method of coating with a reversed transfer interval (“reverse-comma coating” in English), a method of printing such as engraving (“engraving coating” in English), a method of slit coating (“ slot-die coating” in English), or a layer deposition method by spraying (“spray deposition” in English).
- the step of deposition is carried out by a spray deposition method.
- the method further comprises preparing the coating layer based on the lithiophilic calcined organometallic structure.
- the preparation of the coating layer based on the lithiophilic calcined organometallic structure further comprises a step of preparing the lithiophilic calcined organometallic structure.
- the step of preparing the lithiophilic calcined organometallic structure comprises (i) a step of bringing at least one organic ligand into contact with at least one lithiophilic metal precursor in order to obtain a lithiophilic organometallic structure, and ( ii) a step of calcining the lithiophilic organometallic structure obtained in (i) to obtain the calcined lithiophilic organometallic structure.
- the present technology relates to a negative electrode comprising the electrode material as defined here or an electrode material obtained according to the method as defined here on a current collector.
- the present technology relates to a self-supporting negative electrode comprising the electrode material as defined here or an electrode material obtained according to the process as defined here.
- the present technology relates to an electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, wherein the negative electrode is as herein defined or comprises an electrode material as herein defined.
- the positive electrode comprises an electrochemically active material selected from a metal oxide, a metal sulfide, a metal oxysulfide, a metal phosphate, a metal fluorophosphate, a metal oxyfluorophosphate, a metal, metal halide, metal fluoride, sulfur, selenium and a combination of two or more of these.
- the metal of the electrochemically active material is chosen from titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb) and a combination of at least two of these.
- the metal of the electrochemically active material further comprises an alkali or alkaline-earth metal chosen from lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg).
- the electrochemically active material is a lithium metal phosphate.
- lithium metal phosphate is LiFePCL.
- the electrolyte is a solid polymer electrolyte comprising a salt in a solvating polymer.
- the electrolyte is a liquid electrolyte comprising a salt in a solvent.
- the electrolyte is a gel electrolyte comprising a salt in a solvent and optionally a solvating polymer.
- the salt is a lithium salt.
- the lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPFe), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), 2- lithium trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyano-imidazolate (LiTDI), lithium 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (LiDCTA), lithium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (LiBETI), lithium tetrafluoroborate lithium (UBF4), lithium bis(oxalato) borate (LiBOB), lithium nitrate (UNO3), lithium chloride (LiCI), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium perchlorate (l_iCIC>4), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsFe), lithium trifluor
- the present technology relates to a battery comprising at least one electrochemical cell as defined here.
- said battery is selected from the group consisting of lithium battery, lithium-ion battery, sodium battery, sodium-ion battery, potassium , a potassium-ion battery, a magnesium battery, and a magnesium-ion battery.
- said battery is a lithium battery.
- said battery is a lithium-ion battery.
- Figure 1 presents results of thermogravimetric analyzes in (A) for MOF 1 , in (B) for MOF 2, in (C) for MOF 3 (solid line) and MOF 4 (broken line), and in (D) for MOF 5, as described in Example 1(b).
- FIG 2 shows images of MOF 1 particles obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at different magnifications, as described in Example 1 (c).
- Figure 3 shows images of MOF 2 particles obtained by SEM at different magnifications, as described in Example 1(c).
- Figure 4 shows images of MOF 3 particles obtained by SEM at different magnifications, as described in Example 1(c).
- Figure 5 shows images of MOF 4 particles obtained by SEM at different magnifications, as described in Example 1(c).
- Figure 6 shows images of MOF particles obtained by SEM at different magnifications, as described in Example 1(c).
- Figure 7 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM of particles of MOF 1 and in (B) to (D) mapping images obtained by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of the elements respectively C, O and Or, as described in Example 1 (d).
- EDS energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- Figure 8 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM of particles of MOF 2 and in (B) to (D) mapping images obtained by EDS of the elements respectively Ni, C and O, as described in Example 1(d).
- Figure 9 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM of particles of MOF 3 and in (B) to (D) mapping images obtained by EDS of the elements O, C and Zn respectively, as described in Example 1(d).
- Figure 10 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM of MOF 4 particles and in (B) to (D) mapping images obtained by EDS of the elements C, O and Zn respectively, as described in Example 1(d).
- Figure 11 presents results of thermogravimetric analyzes in (A) for MOF 6, in (B) for MOF 7, and in (C) for MOFs 8 to 10, as described in Example 2(b). ).
- Figure 12 shows Raman spectra obtained for MOFs 6, 7 and 10, as described in Example 2(c).
- Figure 13 shows Raman spectra obtained for MOFs 8 and 9, as described in Example 2(c).
- Figure 14 shows in (A) a graph of the volume of nitrogen adsorbed per gram of sample as a function of the relative nitrogen pressure (P/Po), in (B) a graph of the distribution of pore volumes as a function of of pore width, in (C) a plot of specific surface area versus pore width, and in (D) a plot of total pore volume versus pore width obtained for MOF 6, such as described in Example 2(d).
- P/Po relative nitrogen pressure
- Figure 15 shows in (A) a graph of the volume of nitrogen adsorbed per gram of sample as a function of the relative nitrogen pressure (P/Po), in (B) a graph of the distribution of pore volumes as a function of of pore width, in (C) a plot of specific surface area versus pore width, and in (D) a plot of total pore volume versus pore width obtained for MOF 7, such as described in Example 2(d).
- Figure 16 shows in (A) a graph of the volume of nitrogen adsorbed per gram of sample as a function of the relative nitrogen pressure (P/Po), in (B) a graph of the distribution of pore volumes as a function of of the width of the pores, in (C) a graph of the specific surface according to the width of the pores, and in (D) a graph of the total pore volume according to the width of the pores obtained for the MOF 8 ( ⁇ ) , MOF 9 ( ⁇ ) and MOF 10 ( ⁇ ), as described in Example 2(d).
- P/Po relative nitrogen pressure
- Figure 19 shows images obtained by TEM for MOF 6, as described in Example 2(e).
- Figure 21 shows images obtained by TEM for MOF 6, as described in Example 2(e).
- Figure 23 shows in (A) to (C) images obtained by TEM of MOF 7, in (D) an EDS mapping image of Ni, and in (E) and (F) graphs presenting the results of the EDS analysis obtained for the area delimited in (D), as described in Example 2(e).
- Figure 24 shows images obtained by TEM for MOF 7, as described in Example 2(e).
- Figure 25 shows images obtained by TEM for MOF 7, as described in Example 2(e).
- Figure 26 shows in (A) and (B) images obtained by TEM for MOF 10, and in (C) the results of the corresponding EDS analysis, as described in Example 2(e).
- Figure 27 shows in (A) and (B) images obtained by TEM for MOF 10, and in (C) an EDS mapping image of Zn, as described in Example 2(e).
- Figure 28 shows in (A) an image obtained by TEM for MOF 10, in (B) an EDS mapping image of Zn, and in (C) a graph presenting the results of the EDS analysis obtained for the delimited zone in (B), as described in Example 2(e).
- Figure 29 shows in (A) an image obtained by TEM for MOF 9, in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images respectively of Zn, C, O and Si, and in (F) the results of the corresponding EDS analysis obtained for the two areas delimited in (A) to (E), as described in [Example 2(e).
- Figure 30 shows in (A) to (C) images obtained by TEM for MOF 9, in (D) to (G) EDS mapping images respectively of Zn, O, C and Si, and in (H) the results of the corresponding EDS analysis obtained for the two zones delimited in (C) to (G), as described in [Example 2(e).
- Figure 31 shows in (A) and (B) images obtained by TEM for MOF 9, in (C) to (F) the results of the corresponding EDS analysis obtained for the two zones indicated by arrows in (B ), as described in [Example 2(e).
- Figure 32 shows images obtained by TEM for MOF 9, as described in [Example 2(e).
- Figure 33 shows images obtained by TEM for MOF 8, as described in [Example 2(e).
- Figure 34 shows in (A) an image obtained by TEM for MOF 8, in (B) to (D) EDS mapping images respectively of Zn, C and O, and in (E) the results of the analysis Corresponding EDS obtained for the area delimited in (A) to (D), as described in [Example 2(e).
- Figure 35 shows in (A) and (C) images obtained by TEM for MOF 8, in (D) to (F) EDS mapping images respectively of Zn, C and O, and in (G) the results of the corresponding EDS analysis obtained for the zone delimited in (C) to (F), as described in [Example 2(e).
- Figure 36 shows in (A) and (C) images obtained by TEM for MOF 8, and in (D) the results of the EDS analysis obtained for the two zones indicated by arrows on the corresponding TEM image also shown in (D), as described in [Example 2(e).
- Figure 37 shows in (A) an image obtained by TEM for MOF 8, in (B) to (D) EDS mapping images respectively of Zn, C and O, and in (E) and (F) the results of the corresponding EDS analysis obtained respectively for zones 1 and 2 delimited in (A) to (D), as described in Example 2(e).
- Figure 38 shows TEM images for MOF 8 as described in Example 2(e).
- Figure 39 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 8 in (A) before grinding, in (B) after approximately 5 minutes of grinding, and in (C) after twice approximately 5 minutes of grinding, as described in l 'Example 2(f).
- Figure 40 shows in (A) an image obtained by TEM for MOF 8 after twice about 5 minutes of grinding, and in (B) and (C) EDS mapping images respectively of C and Zn, as described in Example 2(f).
- Figure 41 presents results of thermogravimetric analyzes in (A) for MOF 11 , in (B) for MOF 12, in (C) for MOF 13, in (D) for MOF 14, and (E) for MOF 15, as described in Example 3(b).
- Figure 42 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 11 as described in Example 3(c).
- Figure 43 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 12, as described in Example 3(c).
- Figure 44 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 13, as described in Example 3(c).
- Figure 45 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 14, as described in Example 3(c).
- Figure 46 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 15, as described in Example 3(c).
- Figure 47 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 11 , and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images respectively of C, Zn, Ou and O, as described in Example 3 (d).
- Figure 48 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for the MOF 11, and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images respectively of Zn, C, O and Cu, as described in Example 3 (d).
- Figure 49 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 13, and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images respectively of Zn, C, O and Cu, as described in Example 3 (d).
- Figure 50 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 14, and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images respectively of C, O, Cu and Zn, as described in Example 3 (d).
- Figure 51 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 15, and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images respectively of Zn, C, O and Cu, as described in Example 3 (d).
- Figure 52 presents results of thermogravimetric analyzes in (A) for MOF 11 , in (B) for MOF 12, and in (C) for MOF 13, as described in Example 3(e).
- Figure 53 shows in (A) and (B) images obtained by SEM for a MOF having been calcined at a temperature of approximately 1000°C and having been ground, and in (C) the results of the corresponding EDS analysis , as described in Example 3(f).
- Figure 54 presents results of thermogravimetric analyzes in (A) for MOF 16, in (B) for MOF 17, in (C) for MOF 18, and in (D) for MOF 19, as described in Example 4(b).
- Figure 55 shows in (A) a nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm, in (B) a graph of the distribution of pore volumes as a function of pore width, in (C) a graph of the specific surface in as a function of the pore width, and in (D) a graph of the total pore volume as a function of the pore width obtained for the MOFs 16 ( ⁇ ), 17 (A), 18 (•) and 19 ( ⁇ ), such as described in Example 4(c).
- Figure 56 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 16, as described in Example 4(d).
- Figure 57 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 17, as described in Example 4(d).
- Figure 58 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 18, as described in Example 4(d).
- Figure 59 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 19, as described in Example 4(d).
- Figure 60 shows in (A) an SEM image obtained for MOF 16, and in (B) graphs showing the results of the EDS analysis obtained for the areas delimited in (A), as described in Example 4 (e).
- Figure 61 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 17, and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images of C, Ag, O and Zn respectively, as described in Example 4 (e).
- Figure 62 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 18, and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images of C, O, Ag and Zn respectively, as described in Example 4 (e).
- Figure 63 presents results of thermogravimetric analyzes in (A) for MOF 20, and in (B) for MOF 21 , as described in Example 5(b).
- Figure 64 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 20, as described in Example 5(c).
- Figure 65 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 21 before and after calcination at a temperature of approximately 750°C, as described in Example 5(c).
- Figure 66 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 22 before and after calcination at a temperature of approximately 1000°C, as described in Example 5(c).
- Figure 67 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 21 before calcination, and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images respectively of O, Mg, C and Zn, as described in Example 5(d).
- Figure 68 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 21 after calcination at a temperature of about 750°C, in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images respectively of Zn, Mg, C and O, and in (F) the results of the corresponding EDS analysis, as described in [Example 5(d).
- Figure 69 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 22 before calcination, and in (B) to (F) images of EDS mapping respectively of C, O, Ir, Zn and Mg, as described in [Example 5(d).
- Figure 70 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 22 after calcination at a temperature of approximately 1000°C, in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images respectively of C, O, Mg and Zn, and in (F) the results of the corresponding EDS analysis, as described in [Example 5(d).
- Figure 71 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 23, as described in [Example 6(b).
- Figure 72 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 24, as described in [Example 6(b).
- Figure 73 shows in (A) an image obtained by TEM for MOF 23, in (B) to (D) EDS mapping images of C, O and Mg respectively, and in (E) the results of the analysis corresponding EDS, as described in [Example 6(c).
- Figure 74 shows in (A) an image obtained by TEM for MOF 24, in (B) to (D) EDS mapping images of C, O and Mg respectively, and in (E) the results of the analysis corresponding EDS, as described in [Example 6(c).
- Figure 75 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 25, as described in [Example 7(b).
- Figure 76 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 26, as described in [Example 7(b).
- Figure 77 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 27, as described in [Example 7(b).
- Figure 78 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 28, as described in Example 7(b).
- Figure 79 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 29, as described in Example 7(b).
- Figure 80 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 30, as described in Example 7(b).
- Figure 81 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 25, and in (B) to (D) EDS mapping images of C, O and Sb respectively, as described in Example 7(c). ).
- Figure 82 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 26, and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images of C, O, Zn and Sb respectively, as described in Example 7 (vs).
- Figure 83 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 27, and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images of C, O, Zn and Sb respectively, as described in Example 7 (vs).
- Figure 84 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 28, and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images of C, O, Zn and Sb respectively, as described in Example 7 (vs).
- Figure 85 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 29, and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images respectively of C, O, Sb and Zn, as described in Example 7 (vs).
- Figure 86 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 30, and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images respectively of C, O, Sb and Zn, as described in Example 7 (vs).
- Figure 87 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 31 as described in Example 8(b).
- Figure 88 shows images obtained by SEM for MOF 32 before calcination, as described in Example 8(b).
- Figure 89 shows an image obtained by SEM for MOF 32 after calcination at a temperature of about 1000°C, as described in Example 8(b).
- Figure 90 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 31, and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images respectively of Ag, Zn, N and O, as described in Example 8 (vs).
- Figure 91 shows in (A) an image obtained by SEM for MOF 32 before calcination, and in (B) to (E) EDS mapping images respectively of Zn, Ag, N and O, as described in Example 8(c).
- Figure 92 shows in (A) an SEM image obtained for MOF 32 after calcination at a temperature of approximately 1000°C as well as an EDS mapping of C (red) and Ag (green), and in (B) and (C) EDS mapping images respectively of Ag and C obtained for the areas delineated in (A), as described in Example 8(c).
- Figure 93 shows the results of the EDS analysis for MOF 32 after calcination at a temperature of approximately 1000°C obtained in (A) for the sum of the spectra, in (B) for Spectrum 14, and in (C ) for Spectrum 15), as described in Example 8(c).
- Figure 94 shows a graph of capacity versus number of cycles obtained at charge and discharge currents of C/6, C/4, C/3, C/2 and 1 C for Cells 8 (A ) and 9 ( ⁇ ) and References 3 ( ⁇ ) and 4 (•), as described in Example 9(c).
- Figure 95 shows SEM images for Layer 1 as described in Example 10(b).
- Figure 96 shows an image obtained by SEM for Layer 2, as described in Example 10(b).
- Figure 97 shows in (A) an SEM image obtained for Layer 1 as well as an EDS mapping of Zn (blue), Cu (green) and Al (red), and in (B) and (C) images of EDS mapping respectively of Cu and Zn obtained for the area delimited in (A), as described in Example 10(c).
- Figure 98 shows in (A) an SEM image obtained for Layer 2, in (B) an SEM image as well as an EDS mapping of Cu (pink), Al (blue), O (green) and C (red) obtained for Layer 2, and in (C) and (D) respectively EDS mapping images of Cu and C obtained for the area delimited in (A) and (B), as described in Example 10(c).
- Figure 99 shows in (A) an SEM image obtained for Layer 2 as well as an EDS mapping of O (green) and C (red), and in (B) and (C) EDS mapping images respectively of C and O obtained for the area delimited in (A), as described in Example 10(c).
- Figure 100 shows a graph of capacity versus number of cycles obtained at charge and discharge currents of C/6, C/4, C/3, C/2 and 1 C for Cells 10 ( ⁇ ) , 11 (•), 12 (A) and 13 ( ⁇ ) and References 5 ( ⁇ ) and 6 (•), as described in Example 10(d).
- Figure 101 shows a graph of coulombic efficiency as a function of the number of cycles obtained for Cells 10 ( ⁇ ), 11 (•), 12 (A ) and 13 ( ⁇ ) and References 5 ( ⁇ ) and 6 ( •), as described in Example 10(d).
- self-supporting electrode refers to an electrode without a metallic current collector.
- aromatic refers to an aromatic group having 4n+2 conjugated Tr(pi) electrons where n is a number from 1 to 3, in a monocyclic group, or a fused bicyclic or tricyclic system having a total of 6 to 15 ring members, in which at least one of the rings of a system is aromatic.
- the present technology relates to the formation of a coating material layer on an electrode material comprising an electrochemically active material.
- This coating material comprises an organometallic structure (“Metal Organic Framework, MOF”) forming a network of at least one lithiophilic metal and at least one organic ligand.
- MOF Metal Organic Framework
- the organometallic structure of the coating is calcined, preferably before it is applied to the electrode film.
- the electrode is preferably a negative electrode.
- the present technology therefore relates to an electrode material comprising an electrochemically active material and a coating layer comprising a coating material based on a lithiophilic calcined organometallic structure comprising at least one lithiophilic metal and at least one organic ligand at least partly calcined, said coating layer resting on a surface of said electrochemically active material.
- the electrochemically active material may comprise an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a non-alkaline and non-alkaline earth metal or an alloy comprising at least one of these, for example, in the form of a metallic film.
- the electrochemically active material comprises an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal, or an alloy comprising at least one alkali or alkaline-earth metal.
- the electrochemically active material comprises metallic lithium or an alloy including or based on metallic lithium.
- the electrochemically active material may also include nickel.
- the electrochemically active material is a lubricated metal film.
- the electrochemically active material when in the form of a film, this can have a thickness ranging from about 5 ⁇ m to about 75 ⁇ m, or ranging from about 15 ⁇ m to about 70 ⁇ m, or ranging from about 25 ⁇ m to about 65 ⁇ m, or ranging from about 30 ⁇ m to about 60 ⁇ m, or ranging from about 45 ⁇ m to about 55 ⁇ m, upper and lower limits included.
- the organometallic structure includes a lithiophilic metal. Any known compatible lithiophilic metal is contemplated. Non-limiting examples of lithiophilic metals include Ag, Zn, Sn, Sb, Mg, Al, Ni, Cu, Co and a combination of two or more of these. After calcination, the lithiophilic metal may be present in the lithiophilic calcined organometallic structure, for example, in elemental form, metal oxide, metal nitride, and/or metal fluoride.
- the form in which the lithiophilic metal is present in the lithiophilic calcined organometallic structure may vary depending on the gas or gas mixture present in the atmosphere used during the calcination of the lithiophilic organometallic structure.
- the organic ligand before calcination is generally an organic compound comprising at least two functions capable of forming a bond (for example, ionic, covalent, etc.) with the lithiophilic metal. Each of these functions generally includes at least one heteroatom (for example, N, O, S, P, etc.).
- the organic ligand is an organic ligand comprising a nitrogenous function, an organic ligand comprising a carboxylate, or a mixed organic ligand comprising a nitrogenous and/or carboxylate function.
- the ligand comprises at least two, or at least three, or at least four carboxylate groups, preferably linked by an aromatic or polyaromatic group (such as 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid).
- the ligand comprises at least one carboxylate group and one nitrogen function bound by or forming part of an aromatic group (such as 1 H-benzimidazole-6-carboxylic acid).
- an aromatic group such as 1 H-benzimidazole-6-carboxylic acid.
- Any type of compatible organic ligand forming a repeating structure with a lithiophilic metal is contemplated.
- Non-limiting examples of lithiophilic organometallic structures include Formulas 1 to 9 or one of their positional isomers: wherein n1 and n2, when present, denote the ratio of each unit and are independently selected numbers from the range of 0.1 to 0.9.
- the lithiophilic calcined organometallic structures may also further comprise a metal source, for example, a silver source.
- a metal source for example, a silver source.
- the source of silver is a silver salt such as silver chloride (AgCl) or silver nitrate (AgNCh).
- a silver salt When a silver salt is included, it may be present in a lithiophilic metal:silver ratio in the range of from about 1:1 to about 5:1, or from about 4:3 to about 4:1 , upper and lower bounds included.
- the coating material may also include other elements, such as a preferably cross-linked solid electrolyte polymer. This can also be composed of a salt in a solvating polymer.
- the solid polymer electrolyte included in the coating material can then be a copolymer of ethylene oxide and of at least one substituted oxirane comprising a crosslinkable function.
- the copolymer comprises units based on ethylene oxide and -O-CH2-CHR- units, in which R is a substituent comprising a crosslinkable functional group, for example by the radical route, and is independently chosen from one unit to another.
- the copolymer may also further comprise -O-CH2-CHR- units, in which R' is a substituent being free of radically crosslinkable functional groups and is independently chosen from one unit to another.
- the polydispersity index can be determined by steric exclusion chromatography (“Size Exclusion Chromatography, SEC”).
- the salt included in the solid polymer electrolyte of the coating material is preferably a lithium salt.
- lithium salts include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPFe), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5 -lithium dicyano-imidazolate (LiTDI), lithium 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (LiDCTA), lithium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (LiBETI), lithium tetrafluoroborate (UBF4), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), lithium nitrate (UNO3), lithium chloride (LiCI), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium perchlorate (UCIO4 ), lithium hexafluoro
- the coating layer may have a thickness in the range of from about 1 ⁇ m to about 20 ⁇ m, or from about 1 ⁇ m to about 19 ⁇ m, or from about 1 ⁇ m to about 18 ⁇ m, or from from approximately 1 pm to approximately 17 pm, or ranging from approximately 1 pm to approximately 16 pm, or ranging from approximately 1 pm to approximately 15 pm, or ranging from approximately 1 pm to approximately 14 pm, or ranging from about 1 ⁇ m to about 13 ⁇ m, or ranging from about 2 ⁇ m to about 12 ⁇ m, upper and lower limits included, preferably in the range going from about 2 ⁇ m to about 12 ⁇ m, upper and lower limits included.
- the coating layer is a first coating layer and the electrode material comprises a second coating material layer, for example
- the second coating layer may have a thickness in the range of from about 1 ⁇ m to about 20 ⁇ m, or from about 1 ⁇ m to about 19 ⁇ m, or from about 1 ⁇ m to about 18 ⁇ m , or ranging from approximately 1 pm to approximately 17 pm, or ranging from approximately 1 pm to approximately 16 pm, or ranging from approximately 1 pm to approximately 15 pm, or ranging from approximately 1 pm to approximately 14 pm, or ranging from about 2 ⁇ m to about 14 ⁇ m, upper and lower limits included, preferably in the range going from about 2 ⁇ m to about 14 ⁇ m, upper and lower limits included.
- the second coating layer comprises a polymer, such as an uncrosslinked solid electrolyte polymer.
- the electrode material as defined here is generally prepared by a method comprising a step of depositing the coating layer based on lithiophilic calcined organometallic structures on the surface of the electrochemically active material. According to certain examples, the method further comprises a step of depositing the second coating layer.
- the step (or steps) of deposition can (can) be carried out (carried out) by at least one doctor blade coating method, one transfer interval coating method ( “comma coating” in English), a coating method with a reverse transfer interval (“reverse-comma coating” in English), a printing method such as engraving (“gravure coating” in English), a method of slot coating ("slot-die coating” in English), or a method of depositing a layer by spraying ("spray deposition” in English).
- the step (or steps) of deposition is (are) carried out (carried out) by a spray deposition method.
- the method may also further comprise the preparation of the coating material based on the lithiophilic calcined organometallic structures, for example, comprising the preparation of the lithiophilic calcined organometallic structures.
- the preparation of lithiophilic calcined organometallic structures comprises a step of bringing at least one organic ligand into contact with at least one lithiophilic metal precursor in order to obtain a lithiophilic organometallic structure, and a step of calcining the organometallic structure lithiophile to obtain the calcined lithiophile organometallic structure.
- the calcining step is carried out at a temperature comprised within the range going from approximately 500°C to approximately 1050°C, upper and lower limits included, preferably within the range going from approximately 550°C at approximately 1000°C, upper and lower limits included.
- the calcination step can be carried out under an inert atmosphere comprising, for example, a gas chosen from argon, nitrogen, helium, a fluorinated gas and a mixture comprising at least one of these.
- the inert atmosphere gas comprises argon.
- the present electrode material is used in the manufacture of electrodes, for example, negative electrode.
- a negative electrode as here considered comprises the electrode material as defined here or the electrode material obtained according to the process defined above, with or without current collector (self-supported).
- An electrochemical cell comprising the present electrode material or the above negative electrode is also contemplated.
- This electrochemical cell comprises, for example, a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, in which the negative electrode is as defined above or comprises an electrode material as defined herein.
- the positive electrode comprises an electrochemically active material.
- positive electrode electrochemically active materials include metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal oxysulfide, metal phosphate, metal fluorophosphate, metal oxyfluorophosphate, metal sulfate, metal halide, metal, a metal fluoride, sulphur, selenium and a combination of at least two of these when compatible.
- the metal of the electrochemically active material is chosen from titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb) and a combination of at least two of these.
- the metal may further comprise an alkali or alkaline-earth metal chosen from lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg).
- the electrochemically active material of the positive electrode is a lithium metal phosphate, such as LiFePCL.
- the electrochemical cell electrolyte is preferably a solid electrolyte, for example, a solid polymer electrolyte comprising a salt in a solvating polymer which may be as defined for the coating material.
- the battery is selected from the group consisting of a lithium battery, a battery lithium-ion, sodium battery, sodium-ion battery, potassium battery, potassium-ion battery, magnesium battery, and magnesium-ion battery, preferably a lithium or lithium-ion battery.
- the present technology also includes the use of the present electrochemical accumulators or batteries, inter alia, in mobile devices (such as mobile phones, cameras, tablets or laptops), in electric or hybrid vehicles, or in storage of renewable energy.
- the MOFs prepared in this example are shown in Table 1.
- the MOFs prepared in Example 1(a) were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis in order to assess their thermal stability and their conversion process.
- the thermogravimetric analyzes were carried out under a constant air flow of 100 mL/min in a temperature range ranging from about 30°C to about 1000°C and at a temperature rise rate of 5°C/min.
- the results of the thermogravimetric analyzes obtained for MOFs 1 to 5 are presented in Figure 1 and summarized in Table 2.
- Figure 1(A) shows a first mass loss at a temperature below 100°C that can be attributed to the elimination of water, a second mass loss from a temperature of about 150°C that can be attributed to the decomposition of coordinated water molecules and a third mass loss that can be attributed to the decomposition of the organic ligand starting at a temperature of about 250°C.
- Figure 1 (B) shows a first mass loss at a temperature below 150 °C that can be attributed to the elimination of water and a second mass loss that can be attributed to the decomposition of the organic ligand starting at a temperature of about 360°C.
- Figure 1(C) shows a first mass loss at a temperature below 100°C that can be attributed to the elimination of water and a second mass loss that can be attributed to the decomposition of the organic ligand starting at a temperature of about 450°C.
- Figure 1(D) shows a first mass loss at a temperature below 250°C that can be attributed to the elimination of water and a second mass loss that can be attributed to the decomposition of the organic ligand starting at a temperature of about 350°C.
- Example 1 (a) The MOFs prepared in Example 1 (a) were imaged using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a secondary electron detector (“secondary electron, SE” in English) to highlight highlights the topography and morphology and a backscattered electron detector (BSE) for the study of chemical contrast or only a BSE detector when indicated. All SEM images were obtained at an accelerating voltage of 10.0 kV. The images obtained for MOFs 1 to 5 are presented in Figures 2 to 6 and summarized in Table 3.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- SE secondary electron detector
- BSE backscattered electron detector
- the particles of MOFs 1 and 2 have a substantially elongated rod-shaped morphology with a diameter ranging from about 2 ⁇ m to about 30 ⁇ m.
- Figures 4 and 5 show that the particles of MOFs 3 and 4 have a variable morphology and have a diameter comprised in the interval going from about 20 ⁇ m to about 200 ⁇ m, upper and lower limits included.
- Figure 6 shows SEM images obtained in (A) with an SE detector and a BSE detector, and in (B) with a BSE detector. It is possible to observe that the particles of MOF 5 possess a variable morphology having a diameter ranging from about 20 ⁇ m to about 100 ⁇ m. d) Characterization of lithiophilic MOFs by EDS
- thermogravimetric analyzes were carried out under a constant air flow of 100 mL/min and at a temperature rise rate of 5°C/min. The results of the thermogravimetric analyzes obtained for MOFs 6 to 10 are presented in Figure 11 and summarized in Table 6.
- Figure 11 (A) shows the thermogravimetric curve obtained for MOF 6.
- the thermogravimetric analysis was carried out in a temperature range ranging from about 30°C to about 700°C. It is possible to observe that the mechanism of oxidation under air of the metal does not allow an adequate quantification of this one.
- Figure 11 (B) shows the thermogravimetric curve obtained for MOF 7.
- the thermogravimetric analysis was performed in a temperature range from about 30°C to about 900°C. It is possible to observe that the mechanism of oxidation under air of the metal does not allow an adequate quantification of this one.
- Figure 11(C) shows the thermogravimetric curves obtained for MOFs 8 to 10.
- the thermogravimetric analyzes were carried out in a temperature range ranging from about 50°C to about 800°C.
- the mass of metal present in MOFs 8 to 10 has been estimated at around 70% by weight. It is possible to observe in Figure 11(C) that the carbon of the MOFs calcined at a higher temperature, appears graphitic and requires a higher temperature to degrade under air. It is also possible to observe in Figure 11 (C) the absence of a mass gain which can be attributed either, for example, by the presence of ZnO particles or by the presence of a layer of ZnO on the surface of Zn particles.
- Figure 12 presents Raman spectra obtained for the MOFs which were calcined at a temperature of 750° C. (MOFs 6, 7 and 10). It is possible to observe a substantially graphitic carbon for the calcined Ni 2+ based MOF (MOF 7). Calcined MOFs based on Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ (MOFs 6 and 10) seem to produce carbon of a similar nature and substantially disordered.
- Figure 13 shows Raman spectra obtained for MOFs based on Zn 2+ calcined at a temperature of 550°C and 650°C (MOFs 8 and 9).
- Figure 13 shows in (A) an intensity ratio of the D band on the G band (ID/IG) for the MOF 8 of 0.95 and for the MOF 9 of 0.87. The carbon produced by the calcination of these two MOFS would therefore be substantially amorphous.
- Example 2(a) The pore size, surface area and pore volume of the calcined MOFs prepared in Example 2(a) were characterized.
- Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms (graph of the volume of adsorbed nitrogen (cm 3 /g) as a function of the relative nitrogen pressure P/P o ) were obtained for each of the MOFs prepared in Example 2(a). Pore size (nm), pore volume distribution (dV/dw) (cm 3 /g.nm), specific surface (m 2 /g) and total pore volume (cm 3 /g) were extracted from these isotherms. The determination of the pore size was carried out by the method of Broekhoff and Boer (BdB). The pore volume distribution was determined by the method of Barett, Joyner and Halenda (BJH). The specific surface and the pore volume were calculated using the BET method.
- Figures 14 and 15 show in (A) a nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm, in (B) a graph of the distribution of pore volumes as a function of pore width, in (C) a graph of surface specific as a function of the pore width, and in (D) a graph of the total pore volume as a function of the pore width obtained respectively for MOFs 6 and 7.
- Figure 16 shows in (A) a nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm, in (B) a graph of the distribution of pore volumes as a function of pore width, in (C) a graph of the specific surface in as a function of pore width, and in (D) a plot of total pore volume as a function of pore width obtained for MOF 8 ( ⁇ ), MOF 9 ( ⁇ ) and MOF 10 ( ⁇ ).
- the calcined MOFs prepared in Example 2(a) were characterized by TEM and EDS.
- Figures 17 to 38 present TEM images, EDS mapping images and the results of EDS analysis obtained for MOFs 6 to 10.
- the experimental conditions used during the TEM and MET-EDS analyzes carried out for MOFs 6 to 10 are shown in Table 7.
- Figure 17 shows nanometric metal particles substantially dispersed inside and on the carbon surface.
- the arrows in Figures 17(B) and 17(C) each point to a copper particle.
- Figure 18(E) shows the EDS analysis results obtained for the bounded area on the EDS mapping image shown in Figure 18(D).
- Figure 18 (E) shows the presence of copper and its approximate relative abundance in MOF 6.
- Figure 20(F) shows the results of the EDS analysis obtained for the bounded area on the EDS mapping images shown in Figures 18(D) and (E).
- Figures 21 and 22 show that carbon is substantially amorphous and substantially disordered. This is consistent with the Raman microspectroscopy analysis presented in Example 2(c). Analysis of MET and MET-EDS images obtained for MOF 7
- Figures 23(E) and (F) show a graph of intensity (counts/seconds) against energy in (keV) and a graph of number of electrons against energy in (eV) respectively. ) obtained for the bounded area on the EDS mapping image shown in Figure 23(D).
- Figures 23(E) and (F) show the presence of copper and nickel and their approximate relative abundance.
- Figure 24 shows TEM images of MOF 7 on which it is possible to observe nanometric metallic particles substantially dispersed in the carbon matrix.
- the lines in Figure 24 each indicate a nickel particle.
- Figure 25 shows two TEM images of MOF 7 on which it is possible to observe a substantially more graphitic carbon. This is consistent with the Raman microspectroscopy analysis presented in Example 2(c). It is also possible to observe carbon planes in this figure.
- Figure 26 shows in (A) and (B) TEM images of MOF 10, and in (C) the results of the corresponding EDS analysis.
- the two arrows in Figure 26(B) each point to a zinc particle.
- Figure 26 shows that the MOF 10 is substantially heterogeneous, comprising, in places, only a few nanometric metallic particles.
- Figure 28(C) is a graph showing the EDS analysis results obtained for the bounded area on the EDS mapping image shown in Figure 28(B).
- Figures 27 and 28 show the presence of agglomerates comprising zinc on the surface and in the carbon matrix. These agglomerates form at a substantially elevated temperature. Part of the porosity could therefore be attributed to a loss of zinc. Indeed, a specific surface of 560 m 2 /g for the MOF 10 was obtained by BET.
- Figure 29(F) shows the results of the EDS analysis obtained for the two areas delineated in the images shown in Figures 29(A) through (E).
- the images in Figure 29 show the presence of elongated particles of irregular shape. It is also possible to observe the presence of silicon in the carbon-rich zones.
- Figure 30 shows in (H) the results of the EDS analysis obtained for the two areas delimited on the images presented in Figures 30(C) to (G).
- Figure 31 shows in (A) and (B) images obtained by TEM of MOF 9, in (C) to (F) the results of the corresponding EDS analysis obtained for the two zones indicated by arrows in (B) .
- Figures 31(C) and (D) show a plot of intensity versus energy and a plot of electron count versus energy, respectively, obtained for the Sp75 area shown in (B).
- Figures 31(E) and (F) show a plot of intensity versus energy and a plot of electron count versus energy, respectively, obtained for the Sp72 area shown in (B). It is possible to observe that the elongated rod-shaped particle is Zn-rich while the irregular-shaped particles are Zn-free.
- Figure 32 shows in (A) to (F) images obtained by TEM of MOF 9.
- Figure 32 shows in (A) to (F) images obtained by TEM of MOF 9.
- Figure 33 shows elongated rod-shaped particles having a width in the range of about 100 nm to about 200 nm and a length of about 1 ⁇ m.
- Figure 34 shows in (E) the results of the EDS analysis obtained for the area delimited on the images presented in Figures 34(A) to (D).
- Figure 35 shows in (G) the results of the EDS analysis obtained for the area delimited on the images presented in Figures 35(C) to (F).
- Figure 35 the substantial presence of Zn in the composition of the elongated rod-shaped particles.
- Figure 36 shows irregularly shaped particles comprising a substantial number of nanoscale Zn particles.
- Figure 36 shows in (D) the results of the EDS analysis obtained for the two zones indicated by arrows on the corresponding TEM image.
- Figure 37 shows in (E) and (F) the results of the EDS analysis obtained respectively for zones 1 (elongated rod-shaped particle) and 2 (irregular-shaped particle) delimited on the images presented in Figures 37( A) to (D).
- Figure 37(E) confirms that the elongated rod-shaped particles are substantially rich in Zn
- Figure 37(F) confirms that irregularly shaped particles are substantially amorphous and less rich in Zn.
- Figure 38 shows the presence of Zn nanoparticles having a length in the range from about 2 nm to about 5 nm in the carbon matrix. f) Effect of grinding on calcined lithiophilic MOFs
- the effect of grinding was also characterized using an SEM equipped with an SE detector as well as by EDS.
- Figure 39 shows SEM images obtained for MOF 8 in (A) before grinding, in (B) after approximately 5 minutes of grinding (SPEX MC ball mill), and in (C) after twice approximately 5 minutes of grinding .
- Scale bars represent 10 ⁇ m.
- Figure 40 shows in (A) an SEM image of MOF 8 particles after twice about 5 minutes of grinding, and the mapping images of elements C and Zn are shown in (B) and (C) respectively. Scale bars represent 5 ⁇ m.
- Example 3 Preparation and characterization of calcined bimetallic lithiophilic MOFs based on Zn and Or a) Preparation of calcined bimetallic lithiophilic MOFs based on Zn and Or
- Bimetallic calcined lithiophilic MOFs were prepared with different proportions of copper and zinc (ratio Ou:Zn) according to Equation 1:
- MOFs thus prepared were then purified by filtration and dried under vacuum for about 18 hours at room temperature.
- the MOFs were calcined under an inert argon atmosphere according to the following protocol:
- thermogravimetric analyzes were carried out under a constant air flow of 100 mL/min in a temperature range ranging from about 30°C to about 1000°C and at a temperature rise rate of 5°C/min.
- the results of the thermogravimetric analyzes obtained for MOFs 11 to 15 are presented in Figure 41 and summarized in Table 9.
- Table 10 Summary of SEM images obtained for MOFs 11 to 15 d) Characterization of bimetallic calcined lithiophilic MOFs by EDS Elemental analysis or chemical characterization of the MOFs prepared in Example 3(a) was carried out using an SEM equipped with an X-ray detector for analysis. DHS.
- Figures 47 to 51 show in (A) SEM images obtained for MOFs 11 and 13 to 15, and in (B) to (E) the corresponding EDS mapping images.
- the experimental conditions used during the EDS analyzes carried out for MOFs 11 and 13 to 15 are presented in Table 11. Table 11. Experimental conditions used during the EDS analyzes carried out for the
- FIGS 46 and 51 show that MOF sample 15 comprises substantially large Zn-rich particles and substantially smaller Cu-rich elongated needle-like particles.
- thermogravimetric analyzes were carried out under a constant air flow of 100 mL/min and at a temperature rise rate of 5°C/min. The results of the thermogravimetric analyzes obtained for MOFs 11 to 13 are presented in Figure 52 and summarized in Table 12.
- Figure 52 (B) shows that the mass loss for MOF 12 calcined at a temperature of approximately 910°C is slightly greater than for MOF 12 calcined at a temperature of approximately 750°C. This could be explained by the presence of more carbon, and therefore, a small amount of Zn could probably have been lost.
- Figure 52 (B) also shows a substantially large mass loss for the MOF 12 calcined at a temperature of about 1000°C as well as a copper oxidation phenomenon at a temperature of about 200°C to about 400 °C, which shows that there is no more zinc or very little.
- Figure 53 shows in (A) and (B) SEM images of a MOF similar to MOF 12, but having been calcined at a temperature of approximately 1000°C instead of at a temperature of approximately 750°C and having been ground three times for approximately 5 minutes with a SPEX TM ball mill.
- the scale bars in (A) and (B) represent 50.0 ⁇ m and 5.00 ⁇ m respectively.
- Figure 53 shows spherical nanoscale particles substantially well dispersed in the carbon matrix.
- Figure 53 (C) shows the results of the EDS analysis confirming the absence of Zn in the matrix and the presence of carbon and copper.
- Bimetallic calcined lithiophilic MOFs were prepared with different proportions of zinc and silver (Zn:Ag ratio). To do this, Zn-based MOFs were prepared according to Equation 2:
- MOFs thus prepared were then purified by filtration and dried under vacuum for about 20 hours at a temperature of about 160°C.
- MOFs were calcined under an inert argon atmosphere according to the following protocol:
- the MOFs prepared in Example 4(a) were characterized by ATG in order to evaluate their thermal stability and their conversion process.
- the thermogravimetric analyzes were carried out under a constant air flow of 100 mL/min in a temperature range ranging from approximately 30°C to approximately 1000°C and at a rate of rise in temperature of 5°C/min.
- the results of the thermogravimetric analyzes obtained for MOFs 16 to 19 are presented in Figure 54 and summarized in Table 14.
- Figure 54 shows a mass loss at a temperature below 300°C that can be attributed to silver.
- Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms (graph of the volume of nitrogen adsorbed as a function of the relative nitrogen pressure P/P o ) were obtained for each of the MOFs prepared in Example 4(a). Pore size, pore volume distribution, specific surface and total pore volume were extracted from these isotherms. The determination of the pore size was carried out by the method of BdB. The pore volume distribution was determined by the BJH method. The specific surface and the pore volume were calculated using the BET method.
- Example 4(a) The MOFs prepared in Example 4(a) were imaged using an SEM fitted with an SE detector.
- the images obtained for MOFs 16 to 19 are presented in Figures 56 to 59 and summarized in Table 15.
- Figures 56 to 59 show heterogeneous mixtures comprising particles of varying size and shape.
- Elemental analysis or chemical characterization of the MOFs prepared in Example 4(a) was performed using an SEM equipped with an X-ray detector for EDS analysis.
- Figure 60 shows in (A) an SEM image obtained for MOF 16, and in (B) graphs presenting the results of the EDS analysis obtained for the areas delimited in (A).
- the scale bar represents 10 ⁇ m.
- Figures 61 and 62 show in (A) SEM images obtained for MOFs 16 to 18, and (B) to (E) the corresponding EDS mapping images.
- the experimental conditions used during the EDS analyzes carried out for MOFs 17 and 18 are presented in Table 16. Table 16. Experimental conditions used during the EDS analyzes carried out for the
- Example 5 Preparation and characterization of lithiophilic MOFs based on Mg and bimetallic lithiophilic MOFs based on Mg and Zn a) Preparation of lithiophilic MOFs based on Mg and bimetallic lithiophilic MOFs based on Mg and Zn
- Lithiophilic Mg-based MOFs were prepared from magnesium carbonate hydroxide pentahydrate ((MgCOs)4 Mg(OH)2 5H2O) and FLbtec.
- Two bimetallic MOFs based on Mg and Zn were prepared from (MgCOs)4 Mg(OH)2 ôFLO, ZnO and FLbtec. The MOFs thus prepared were then purified by filtration and dried under vacuum for about 18 hours at room temperature.
- Figures 65(D) and (E) show SEM images of MOF 21 obtained after calcination at a temperature of approximately 750°C. It is possible to observe the appearance of substantially small spheres on the surface of the carbon after calcination.
- Figures 66(D) and (E) show SEM images of MOF 22 obtained after calcination at a temperature of approximately 1000°C. It is possible to observe the appearance of substantially small spheres in the carbon matrix after calcination. d) Characterization of Mg-based lithiophilic MOFs by EDS
- Elemental analysis or chemical characterization of MOFs 21 and 22 prepared in Example 5(a) was performed using an SEM equipped with an X-ray detector for EDS analysis.
- Figure 67 shows in (A) an SEM image obtained for MOF 21 before calcination, and in (B) to (E) the corresponding EDS mapping images.
- Figure 68 shows in (A) an SEM image obtained for MOF 21 after calcination at a temperature of approximately 750°C, in (B) to (E) the corresponding EDS mapping images, and in (F) the results of the corresponding DHS analysis.
- Figure 69 shows in (A) an SEM image obtained for MOF 22 before calcination, and in (B) to (F) the corresponding EDS mapping images.
- Figure 70 shows in (A) an SEM image obtained for MOF 22 after calcination at a temperature of approximately 1000°C, in (B) to (E) the corresponding EDS mapping images, and in (F) the results of the corresponding DHS analysis.
- the experimental conditions used during the EDS analyzes carried out for MOFs 21 and 22 are presented in Table 20.
- Mg-based lithiophilic MOFs were prepared from magnesium carbonate (MgCOs) or magnesium acetate (Mg(OAc)2) and FLbtec according to Equation 4:
- the MOFs thus prepared were then purified by filtration and dried under vacuum for about 18 hours at room temperature.
- the MOFs prepared in this example are shown in Table 24.
- Mg(OAc)2 seems to be a suitable precursor for the synthesis of Mg-based MOFs.
- b) Characterization of Mg-based lithiophilic MOFs by SEM The MOFs prepared in Example 6(a) were imaged using a SEM equipped with an SE detector. The images obtained for MOFs 23 and 24 are shown in Figures 71 and 72 and summarized in Table 25. Table 25. Summary of SEM images obtained for MOFs 23 and 24 c) Characterization of Mg-based lithiophilic MOFs by EDS
- Elemental analysis or chemical characterization of the MOFs prepared in Example 6(a) was performed using an SEM equipped with an X-ray detector for EDS analysis.
- Figures 73 and 74 show in (A) SEM images obtained respectively for MOFs 23 and 24, in (B) to (D) the EDS mapping images, and in (E) the results of the corresponding EDS analysis.
- the experimental conditions used during the EDS analyzes carried out for MOFs 23 and 24 are presented in Table 26.
- Sb- and Zn-based bimetallic lithiophilic MOFs were prepared from antimony(III) acetate (Sb(OAc)3), ZnO and FLbtec according to Equation 5:
- Equation 5 The MOFs thus prepared were then purified by filtration and dried under vacuum for about 18 hours at room temperature.
- Example 7(a) The MOFs prepared in Example 7(a) were imaged using an SEM fitted with an SE detector. The images obtained for MOFs 25 to 30 are shown in Figures 75 to 80 and summarized in Table 28. Table 28. Summary of SEM images obtained for MOFs 25 to 30 c) Characterization of bimetallic lithiophilic MOFs by EDS
- Equation 9 The structure and the Zn:Ag ratio of the bimetallic MOFs prepared in the present example are presented in Table 30.
- Example 8(a) The MOFs prepared in Example 8(a) were imaged using an SEM fitted with an SE detector. The images obtained for MOFs 31 and 32 are presented in Figures 87 to 89 and summarized in Table 31. Table 31. Summary of SEM images obtained for MOFs 31 and 32 c) Characterization of bimetallic lithiophilic MOFs by EDS
- Elemental analysis or chemical characterization of the MOFs prepared in Example 8(a) was performed using an SEM equipped with an X-ray detector for EDS analysis.
- Figures 90 to 92 show in (A) SEM images obtained respectively for MOFs 31 and 32, in (B) to (E) the EDS mapping images.
- the experimental conditions used during the EDS analyzes carried out for MOFs 31 and 32 are presented in Table 32.
- Coating materials based on calcined lithiophilic MOFs as described in the preceding examples were prepared.
- the coating materials were obtained by mixing the MOFs with a 60% by weight solution of solid polymer electrolyte including LiTFSI in a solvating polymer as described in US patent number 6,903,174 B2 (Harvey et al.) (US'174 ) in a polymer:LiTFSI ratio of (20:1) and 40% by weight of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
- the composition of the coating materials is shown in Table 34. Table 34. Composition of coating materials based on calcined lithiophilic MOFs b) Configurations of electrochemical cells
- the electrochemical cells were assembled with one or two coating layers.
- the first coating layer being crosslinked and the second layer being uncrosslinked and placed between the first coating layer and the electrolyte.
- This second layer of coating allows a substantial improvement in the adhesion between the different components of the electrochemical cell, and therefore, an improvement in the electrochemical performance.
- electrochemical cells were assembled with a self-supporting solid polymer electrolyte as described in the US'174 patent comprising 81.8% by weight of polymer, 17.8% by weight of LiTFSI and 0.4% by weight of 2.2 -dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (Irgacure MC 651).
- the electrochemical cells were assembled with negative electrodes of lubricated metallic lithium having a thickness of approximately 50 ⁇ m on copper current collectors.
- the electrochemical cells were assembled according to the configurations shown in Table 36.
- Cells 2-9 were assembled with a second coating layer including 60% by weight of the polymer as described in US '174 and LiTFSI in a polymer:LiTFSI ratio of (20:1) and 40% by weight tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
- the polymer of the second layer is not crosslinked.
- the reference electrochemical cells were assembled according to the configurations presented in Table 37.
- Electrochemical analyzes have demonstrated that the second coating layer significantly improves the adhesion between the first coating layer and the electrolyte.
- the presence of this second coating layer also seems to improve the coulombic efficiency and the initial discharge capacity while improving the reproducibility of the electrochemical results. Improved electrochemical performance for electrochemical cells including thinner first coating layer films was also observed.
- Figure 94 shows a graph of capacity versus number of cycles obtained at charge and discharge currents of C/6, C/4, C/3, C/2 and 1 C for Cells 8 (A ) and 9 ( ⁇ ) and References 3 ( ⁇ ) and 4 (•). A better reproducibility of the electrochemical performances was observed for the electrochemical cells including thicker films of second coating layer.
- Figure 94 shows electrochemical performances substantially close to those of the two references, despite a total coating layer thickness of approximately 26 ⁇ m.
- Example 10 Deposition of a layer of calcined lithiophilic MOFs by spraying a) Deposition of a layer of calcined lithiophilic MOFs by spraying
- a layer of calcined lithiophilic MOFs was sputter deposited on a lithium foil.
- Example 10(a) The layers of calcined lithiophilic MOFs deposited in Example 10(a) were imaged using an SEM equipped with an SE detector. The images obtained for the two layers of MOFs 11 and 12 are presented in Figures 95 and 96 and summarized in Table 38.
- Figure 95 shows images obtained by SEM of a section of a lithium foil covered with a layer of calcined lithiophilic MOFs obtained by sputtering (MOF 11 calcined at 750°C). It is possible to observe a layer of calcined lithiophilic MOFs having a thickness ranging from a few hundred nm to about 1 ⁇ m.
- Figure 96 shows an image obtained by SEM of a section of a lithium sheet covered with a layer of calcined lithiophilic MOFs obtained by sputtering (MOF 12 calcined at 1000°C). It is possible to observe a layer of calcined lithiophilic MOFs having a thickness ranging from about 900 nm to about 1 ⁇ m. c) Characterization by EDS of the layers of calcined lithiophilic MOFs obtained by sputtering
- Example 10(a) Elemental analysis or chemical characterization of the calcined lithiophilic MOF layers deposited in Example 10(a) was performed using an SEM equipped with an X-ray detector for EDS analysis.
- Figure 97 shows EDS mapping images obtained for Layer 1.
- Figure 98 shows in (A) an SEM image obtained for Layer 2, in (B) to (D) the EDS mapping images.
- Figure 99 shows EDS mapping images obtained for Layer 2.
- Figure 97 shows in (A) an SEM image obtained for a layer of calcined lithiophilic MOFs obtained by sputtering (MOF 11 calcined at 750°C) as well as the EDS mapping of Zn (blue), Cu (green) and Al (red ).
- Figures 97(B) and (C) show respectively the Cu and Zn EDS mapping images obtained for the area delineated in (A). It is possible to observe the presence of the two metals (Cu and Zn) and mainly Cu.
- Figure 98 shows in A an SEM image obtained for a layer of calcined lithiophilic MOFs obtained by sputtering (MOF 12 calcined at 1000°C), in (B) an SEM image as well as the EDS mapping of Cu (pink), Al ( blue), O (green) and C (red), and in (C) and (D) respectively EDS mapping images of Cu and C obtained for the area delimited in (A) and (B). It is possible to observe that the absence of Zn due to its evaporation at high temperature. Nanoscale spheres of Cu can be observed in the layer of calcined lithiophilic MOFs obtained by sputtering and on the lithium side.
- the electrochemical cells were assembled with metallic lithium negative electrodes comprising a layer of calcined lithiophilic MOFs sputter deposited on the surface of a lithium foil prepared in Example 10(a) on copper current collectors.
- the electrochemical cells were assembled without a coating layer.
- the electrochemical cells were assembled with a positive electrode of LFP on carbon coated aluminum current collectors (Armor 1710 ).
- the composition of the positive electrode electrochemically active material is shown in Table 35 in Example 9(b).
- the reference electrochemical cells were assembled according to the configurations presented in Table 41.
- Figure 100 shows a graph of capacity versus number of cycles obtained at charge and discharge currents of C/6, C/4, C/3, C/2 and 1 C for Cells 10 ( ⁇ ) , 11 (•), 12 (A) and 13 ( ⁇ ) and References 5 ( ⁇ ) and 6 (•).
- Figure 101 shows a graph of coulombic efficiency as a function of the number of cycles obtained for Cells 10 ( ⁇ ), 11 (•), 12 (A ) and 13 ( ⁇ ) and References 5 ( ⁇ ) and 6 ( *). It is possible to observe that the electrochemical performances are very close to the reference cells, and this, especially for Cells 10 and 11.
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