Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
  • F25J1/0005—Light or noble gases
  • F25J1/001—Hydrogen
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
  • F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
  • F25J1/0035—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by gas expansion with extraction of work
  • F25J1/0037—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by gas expansion with extraction of work of a return stream
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
  • F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
  • F25J1/004—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by flash gas recovery
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
  • F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
  • F25J1/0045—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by vaporising a liquid return stream
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
  • F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
  • F25J1/005—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by expansion of a gaseous refrigerant stream with extraction of work
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
  • F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
  • F25J1/0052—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
  • F25J1/0062—Light or noble gases, mixtures thereof
  • F25J1/0067—Hydrogen
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
  • F25J1/007—Primary atmospheric gases, mixtures thereof
  • F25J1/0072—Nitrogen
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
  • F25J1/0203—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
  • F25J1/0205—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a dual level SCR refrigeration cascade
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
  • F25J1/0203—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
  • F25J1/0208—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle in combination with an internal quasi-closed refrigeration loop, e.g. with deep flash recycle loop
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
  • F25J1/0203—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
  • F25J1/0208—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle in combination with an internal quasi-closed refrigeration loop, e.g. with deep flash recycle loop
  • F25J1/0209—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle in combination with an internal quasi-closed refrigeration loop, e.g. with deep flash recycle loop as at least a three level refrigeration cascade
  • F25J1/021—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle in combination with an internal quasi-closed refrigeration loop, e.g. with deep flash recycle loop as at least a three level refrigeration cascade using a deep flash recycle loop
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
  • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
  • F25J1/0244—Operation; Control and regulation; Instrumentation
  • F25J1/0245—Different modes, i.e. 'runs', of operation; Process control
  • F25J1/0249—Controlling refrigerant inventory, i.e. composition or quantity
  • F25J1/025—Details related to the refrigerant production or treatment, e.g. make-up supply from feed gas itself
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
  • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
  • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
  • F25J1/0259—Modularity and arrangement of parts of the liquefaction unit and in particular of the cold box, e.g. pre-fabrication, assembling and erection, dimensions, horizontal layout "plot"
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
  • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
  • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
  • F25J1/0262—Details of the cold heat exchange system
  • F25J1/0264—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams
  • F25J1/0265—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams comprising cores associated exclusively with the cooling of a refrigerant stream, e.g. for auto-refrigeration or economizer
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
  • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
  • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
  • F25J1/0269—Arrangement of liquefaction units or equipments fulfilling the same process step, e.g. multiple "trains" concept
  • F25J1/027—Inter-connecting multiple hot equipments upstream of the cold box
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
  • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
  • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
  • F25J1/0269—Arrangement of liquefaction units or equipments fulfilling the same process step, e.g. multiple "trains" concept
  • F25J1/0271—Inter-connecting multiple cold equipments within or downstream of the cold box
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
  • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
  • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
  • F25J1/0269—Arrangement of liquefaction units or equipments fulfilling the same process step, e.g. multiple "trains" concept
  • F25J1/0271—Inter-connecting multiple cold equipments within or downstream of the cold box
  • F25J1/0272—Multiple identical heat exchangers in parallel
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
  • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
  • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
  • F25J1/0285—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings
  • F25J1/0288—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings using work extraction by mechanical coupling of compression and expansion of the refrigerant, so-called companders
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
  • F25J2210/06—Splitting of the feed stream, e.g. for treating or cooling in different ways
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
  • F25J2240/02—Expansion of a process fluid in a work-extracting turbine (i.e. isentropic expansion), e.g. of the feed stream
  • F25J2240/04—Multiple expansion turbines in parallel
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2245/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams
  • F25J2245/90—Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams the recycled stream being boil-off gas from storage
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2250/00—Details related to the use of reboiler-condensers
  • F25J2250/02—Bath type boiler-condenser using thermo-siphon effect, e.g. with natural or forced circulation or pool boiling, i.e. core-in-kettle heat exchanger
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
  • F25J2270/04—Internal refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop
  • F25J2270/06—Internal refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop with multiple gas expansion loops
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
  • F25J2270/14—External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop
  • F25J2270/16—External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop with mutliple gas expansion loops of the same refrigerant
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
  • F25J2270/90—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration

Definitions

• the present invention generally relates to a method and apparatus for producing liquid hydrogen, particularly in large quantities.
• Hydrogen is a key molecule as a sustainable energy carrier. Liquefaction of hydrogen is key for its transportation and distribution to local markets.
• Cold end refrigeration (20K to 80K) is achieved by turbo-expansion and/or isenthalpic expansion and/or vaporization of light gases such as H2, He, Ne, etc....
• the primary refrigeration is from turbo-expansion due to its high efficiency; however, this equipment is limited in capacity due to the technology of expansion of low molecular weight gases. This is typically partially offset by use of multiple expanders in series or parallel (e.g., 2x50%, 3x33%, etc... ).
• the limiting capacity constraint of the low molecular weight turbine is on the order to 10 to 30 times less than the limiting capacity constraint of other major process equipment.
• a typical hydrogen liquefaction process may include a precooling section consisting of dual N2 expanders (1 warm and 1 cold N2 expanders) and cooling/liquefaction section consisting of H2 or He expanders.
• a precooling section consisting of dual N2 expanders (1 warm and 1 cold N2 expanders)
• cooling/liquefaction section consisting of H2 or He expanders.
• a hydrogen liquefaction apparatus comprising a precooling zone and a cooling/liquefaction zone.
• the precooling zone which comprises a plurality a precooling units, cools a H2 feed stream to a first intermediate temperature followed by cooling/liquefaction in the cooling/liquefaction zone.
• the cooling/liquefaction zone comprises N units such that each unit receives at least a portion of the hydrogen stream, which is split from the precooling zone, wherein the number of Precooling units is less than N.
• the intermediate temperature is in the range of 70K to 300K, and preferably in the range of 70K to 100K.
• the precooling zone cools the H2 stream with a refrigerant comprising one or more of ammonia, mixed hydrocarbons, nitrogen or other know refrigerant.
• the cooling/liquefaction zone cools the H2 steam with a refrigerant comprising one or more of hydrogen, helium, neon.
• the number of units of the warm section is less than number of units of the colder section.
• At least a portion of the low-pressure refrigerant stream(s) received from the cooling/liquefaction units is sent to a refrigerant precooling unit. At least a portion of the HP refrigerant stream is cooled against lower pressure return refrigerant stream(s).
• a hydrogen liquefaction apparatus can include: a precooling cold box having a heat exchanger disposed therein, wherein the heat exchanger is configured to cool down a feed stream within the precooling cold box by indirect heat exchange between the feed stream and a precooling refrigerant; a plurality of liquefaction cold boxes in fluid communication with the precooling cold box, wherein each liquefaction cold box comprises its own heat exchanger, wherein each heat exchanger within the plurality of liquefaction cold boxes is configured to liquefy the feed stream by indirect heat exchange with a liquefaction refrigerant; a precooling refrigeration system configured to provide refrigeration to the precooling zone; and a liquefaction refrigeration system configured to provide the liquefaction refrigerant to the plurality of liquefaction cold boxes, wherein there are M total precooling cold boxes and N total liquefaction cold boxes, wherein M is less than N.
• the liquefaction refrigeration system comprises a recycle compression system and an expansion system, wherein the recycle compression system is configured to compress the liquefaction refrigerant and the expansion system is configured to expand the liquefaction refrigerant;
• the recycle compression system comprises one or more recycle compressors
• liquefaction expansion system comprises one or more liquefaction expanders, wherein the one or more liquefaction expanders are arranged in parallel and/or series;
• the liquefaction refrigerant is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, neon, helium, and combinations thereof;
• the liquefaction refrigerant comprises one or more of hydrogen, neon, and helium
• the precooling system comprises a precooling refrigeration cycle
• the precooling refrigerant is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, argon ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, hydrocarbon, mixed hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, and combinations thereof;
• the precooling refrigerant comprises one or more of nitrogen, argon ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, hydrocarbon, mixed hydrocarbons, and fluorocarbons;
• the liquefaction refrigeration system comprises a single, common recycle compression system
• the apparatus can further include an intermediate cold box in fluid communication with the precooling cold box and the plurality of liquefaction cold boxes, wherein the intermediate cold box is disposed between the precooling cold box and the plurality of liquefaction cold boxes; and/or • the ratio of N total liquefaction cold boxes to M total precooling cold boxes is between 1.25 and 3.0 (1.25 ⁇ N/M ⁇ 3.0).
• a liquefaction apparatus can include: a first cooling cold box configured to receive a feed stream at an initial temperature To and cool the feed stream to form a cooled feed stream at a cooled temperature Ti; a first precooling withdrawal line configured to remove the cooled feed stream from the first cooling cold box; a means for splitting the cooled feed stream, wherein the means for splitting the cooled feed stream are in fluid communication with the precooling withdrawal line, a plurality of secondary cold boxes in fluid communication with the means for splitting the cooled feed stream, wherein the plurality of secondary cold boxes are configured to receive the cooled feed stream from the means for splitting the cooled feed stream and liquefy the cooled feed stream therein to form a liquefied stream at a liquefaction temperature TL, wherein there are M total first cooling cold boxes and N total secondary cold boxes, wherein M is less than N.
• each secondary cold box comprises its own heat exchanger(s), wherein each heat exchanger within the plurality of secondary cold boxes is configured to liquefy the cooled feed stream by indirect heat exchange with a liquefaction refrigerant;
• the apparatus can further include: a liquefaction refrigeration system, the liquefaction refrigeration system comprising a recycle compression system and an expansion system, wherein the recycle compression system is configured to compress a liquefaction refrigerant and the expansion system is configured to expand the liquefaction refrigerant;
• the apparatus can further include: a means for combining the liquefaction refrigerant, wherein the means for combining the liquefaction refrigerant is configured to receive the liquefaction refrigerant from a warm end of each of the plurality of secondary cold boxes via a plurality of pipes and then send the liquefaction refrigerant, after being combined, to the first cooling cold box via a first return line;
• the apparatus can further include: a second precooling withdrawal line configured to remove the liquefaction refrigeration stream from a cold end of the first cooling cold box; and/or
• a method for the liquefaction of hydrogen can include the steps of: precooling a hydrogen feed stream in a precooling cold box having a heat exchanger disposed therein to form a cooled hydrogen stream, wherein the heat exchanger is configured to cool down the feed stream within the precooling cold box by indirect heat exchange between the hydrogen feed stream and a precooling refrigerant; withdrawing the cooled hydrogen stream from the precooling cold box; and introducing the cooled hydrogen stream to a plurality of liquefaction cold boxes, wherein the cooled hydrogen stream liquefies within the plurality of liquefaction cold boxes by indirect heat exchange against a liquefaction refrigerant to form a product hydrogen stream in each of the plurality of liquefaction cold boxes, wherein the product hydrogen stream is in liquid form or pseudo-liquid
• the liquefaction refrigeration system comprises a recycle compression system and an expansion system, wherein the recycle compression system is configured to compress the liquefaction refrigerant and the expansion system is configured to expand the liquefaction refrigerant;
• the recycle compression system comprises one or more recycle compressors
• liquefaction expansion system comprises one or more liquefaction expanders, wherein the one or more liquefaction expanders are arranged in parallel or series;
• the liquefaction refrigerant is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, neon, helium, and combinations thereof;
• the liquefaction refrigerant comprises one or more of hydrogen, neon, and helium
• the precooling system comprises a precooling refrigeration cycle
• the precooling refrigerant is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, argon, ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, hydrocarbon, mixed hydrocarbons, fluorocarbon and combinations thereof;
• the precooling refrigerant comprises one or more of nitrogen, argon, ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, hydrocarbon, mixed hydrocarbons, and fluorocarbons;
• the cold end refrigeration cycle comprises a single, common recycle compression system
• the method can also include an intermediate cold box in fluid communication with the precooling cold box and the plurality of liquefaction cold boxes, wherein the intermediate cold box is disposed between the precooling cold box and the plurality of liquefaction cold boxes;
• the temperature at a cold end of the precooling cold box is in the range of 30K to 25 OK;
• the temperature at a warm end of the liquefaction zone is in the range of 3 OK to 150K;
• the liquefaction method can include the steps of: introducing a feed stream into a pre-cooling cold box at an initial temperature To and cooling the feed stream therein to form a cooled feed stream at a cooled temperature Ti; withdrawing the cooled feed stream from the pre-cooling box using a first precooling withdrawal line; splitting the cooled feed stream into a first cooled feed stream and a second cooled feed stream; providing a plurality of subcooling boxes, wherein the plurality of subcooling cold boxes comprise a first subcooling cold box and a second subcooling cold box; introducing the first cooled feed stream into the first subcooling cold box under conditions effective for subcooling the first cooled feed stream to form a first product stream at a product temperature TL, wherein the first product stream is in liquid form or a pseudo-liquid form; introducing the second cooled feed stream into a second subcooling cold box under conditions effective for subcooling the second cooled feed stream to form a second product stream, wherein the second
• each secondary cold box comprises its own heat exchanger, wherein each heat exchanger within the plurality of secondary cold boxes is configured to liquefy the feed stream by indirect heat exchanger with a liquefaction refrigerant;
• the liquefaction method can also include: a liquefaction refrigeration system, the liquefaction refrigeration system comprising a recycle compression system and an expansion system, wherein the recycle compression system is configured to compress a liquefaction refrigerant and the expansion system is configured to expand the liquefaction refrigerant;
• the liquefaction method can also include: a means for combining the liquefaction refrigerant, wherein the means for combining the liquefaction refrigerant is configured to receive the liquefaction refrigerant from a warm end of each of the plurality of secondary cold boxes via a plurality of pipes and then send the liquefaction refrigerant, after being combined, to the first cooling cold box via a first return line;
• the liquefaction method can also include: a second precooling withdrawal line configured to remove the liquefaction refrigeration stream from the first cooling cold box;
• the liquefaction method can also include: a means for splitting the liquefaction refrigeration stream, wherein the means for splitting the liquefaction refrigeration stream are in fluid communication with the second precooling withdrawal line; and/or
• FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of an embodiment of the prior art.
• FIG. 2 is an embodiment of the prior art.
• FIG. 3 provides an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 4 provides another embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 5 provides yet another embodiment of the present invention.
• Certain embodiments of the invention allow for a reduction in capital expenditures by reducing the number of precooling zones in a hydrogen liquefaction apparatus having a plurality of cold end liquefaction zones.
• the hydrogen liquefaction apparatus can have N cold-end liquefaction zones while also having less than N (e.g., N-l, N- 2, N-3, etc... ) precooling zones.
• prior art hydrogen liquefaction units use two identical trains la, lb running separately from each other.
• Each train includes a precooling zone 10 and a liquefaction zone 5.
• the refrigeration for the precooling zone 10 is provided by a closed loop refrigeration circuit 11, which is provided by compression 2, 4, 6, and expansion 5, 7 of a precooling refrigerant Refrigeration for the liquefaction zone 5 is provided by a second closed loop refrigeration circuit 13.
• FIG. 2 provides a flow chart of a hydrogen liquefaction unit having five trains, with each train having six main sections: hydrogen compression, nitrogen compression, precooling, cooling, liquefaction, and storage. All of these identical trains would be run independently from each other (i.e., the operating conditions of each train have little to no bearing on the operating conditions of another train).
• FIG. 3, which represents an embodiment of the present invention, provides a process flow diagram showing how a hydrogen liquefaction unit, which has two liquefaction zones 20, 25, can have a single precooling zone 10.
• Refrigeration for the precooling zone 10 is provided by compression 2, 4, 6, and expansion 5, 7 of a precooling refrigerant that is configured to cool the hydrogen feed to a first intermediate temperature in the range of 70K to 300K, more preferably 70Kto 100K.
• the precooling refrigerant can be ammonia, mixed hydrocarbons, nitrogen, or any other known refrigerant.
• the hydrogen feed gas is split 17,19 and sent to two separate liquefaction zones 20, 25, wherein the hydrogen is condensed 23a, 23b and following removal of any non-condensed gases in gas liquid separator 39, the liquid hydrogen is ultimately sent to a hydrogen liquid storage tank 40.
• the hydrogen can exit the heat exchanger in pseudo-liquid form.
• pseudo-liquid form may include a supercritical fluid that is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist.
• boil-off gas 42, 43 that is withdrawn from hydrogen liquid storage tank 40 can be rewarmed in one or both liquefaction zones before being combined and rewarmed more in the precooling zone 10.
• the warmed boil-off gas can then be compressed 50 to become recycled boil-off gas 52, which can be fed into the hydrogen feed, and/or optionally, can provide make-up gas to the hydrogen recycle (not shown).
• the cold end refrigerant 22, which was also cooled in the precooling zone 10, is withdrawn from the precooling zone 10 and then split into two streams 12, 14, wherein the cold end refrigerant is expanded in a set of turbines (15a, 15b), which preferably have different incoming temperatures, to provide cooling energy for the two liquefaction zones. After providing this cooling energy, the cold end refrigerant is withdrawn from a warm end of the liquefaction zone 20, 25, and further warmed in the precooling zone 10. After fully warming, the cold end refrigerant is then compressed 24 again as part of its refrigeration cycle.
• each of the expansion turbines of the set of turbines (15a, 15b) can be two or more turbines in parallel.
• the cold end refrigerant is not used to provide any precooling energy (e.g., the cold end refrigerant does not reenter the precooling zone 10 for rewarming, but instead enters a separate heat exchanger 30 to provide cooling to one portion of the cold end refrigerant). Rather, all of the precooling of the hydrogen feed stream is done by the precooling refrigerant in the closed loop refrigeration circuit 11. In this way, there is a set of simple standardized modular precooling exchanger(s) and cold box(s) and a separate set of complex custom exchangers and cold box(s). The custom complex set may also comprise most of the project specific complexities such as H2 Feed, purification, and precooling refrigeration cycle.
• the refrigeration balance between the set of simple exchangers and the set of complex exchangers is made by adjusting the flow split of HP refrigerant between the simple and complex cores (as shown in figure) and/or by splitting one of the lower pressure refrigerant return streams between the simple and complex cores.
• the number of simple exchangers/ cold boxes is independent of the number of complex exchangers/ cold boxes.
• the hydrogen feed stream is again split into two 17, 19 and then further cooled and liquefied in multiple (in this embodiment two) liquefaction zones 20, 25.
• the cold end refrigerant is split into two streams 31, 33, with one stream 31 being first cooled in the precooling zone 10 and the second stream 33 being cooled in a second heat exchanger 30.
• This second heat exchanger does not include any cooling of the hydrogen feed stream, which thereby allows for greater flexibility of cooling temperatures in this second heat exchanger.
• the cold end refrigerant 33 in this section could be cooled to a lower temperature than the cold end refrigerant 31 in the precooling zone.
• the cold end temperature of the second heat exchanger can differ from the cold end temperature of the precooling zone.
• the two cold end refrigerant streams can be mixed together before being split into two and sent to the two separate liquefaction zones.
• the two streams used for liquefaction the hydrogen in the liquefaction zone should have substantially similar temperatures, thereby allowing identical trains to be used, which greatly reduces engineering design and fabrication costs, thereby reducing complexity. Therefore, the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 provides an advantage of being able to alter the temperature of the cold end refrigerant prior to introducing it to the hydrogen liquefaction unit without that temperature being directly tied to the hydrogen feed gas that is to be liquefied, and can provide the option for a modular (standardized package) for a portion of the precooling refrigeration system.
• FIG. 4 does not show the boil-off gas recycle
• those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the boil-off gas recycle shown in FIG. 3 can also be used with the embodiment shown in FIG. 4. Therefore, the lack of this element in FIG. 4 should not be interpreted to be limiting.
• FIG. 5 provides a process flow chart in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• “Comprising” in a claim is an open transitional term which means the subsequently identified claim elements are a nonexclusive listing (i.e., anything else may be additionally included and remain within the scope of “comprising”). “Comprising” as used herein may be replaced by the more limited transitional terms “consisting essentially of and “consisting of’ unless otherwise indicated herein.
• Providing in a claim is defined to mean furnishing, supplying, making available, or preparing something. The step may be performed by any actor in the absence of express language in the claim to the contrary a range is expressed, it is to be understood that another embodiment is from the one.
• Optional or optionally means that the subsequently described event or circumstances may or may not occur.
• the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not occur.
• Ranges may be expressed herein as from about one particular value, and/or to about another particular value. When such particular value and/or to the other particular value, along with all combinations within said range.

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• 2022
  • 2022-08-25 US US17/896,038 patent/US20230194159A1/en active Pending
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