EP4423025A1 - Lithiumionenleitendes material mit verbesserter dendritenstabilität - Google Patents
Lithiumionenleitendes material mit verbesserter dendritenstabilitätInfo
- Publication number
- EP4423025A1 EP4423025A1 EP22812516.7A EP22812516A EP4423025A1 EP 4423025 A1 EP4423025 A1 EP 4423025A1 EP 22812516 A EP22812516 A EP 22812516A EP 4423025 A1 EP4423025 A1 EP 4423025A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- lithium
- ion
- conducting material
- phase
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 89
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 13
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 title abstract description 11
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 43
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- RJEIKIOYHOOKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[La] Chemical compound [Li].[La] RJEIKIOYHOOKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 B 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000002468 ceramisation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910015902 Bi 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910005793 GeO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 4
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910021193 La 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin-22,24-diide Chemical compound [Cu+2].C1=CC(C(=C2C=CC([N-]2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(N=2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=C3[N-]2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NC1=C3C1=CC=CC=C1 RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006112 glass ceramic composition Substances 0.000 description 2
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001566 impedance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003625 skull Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002228 NASICON Substances 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical group [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021525 ceramic electrolyte Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000635 electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007496 glass forming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/062—Glass compositions containing silica with less than 40% silica by weight
- C03C3/064—Glass compositions containing silica with less than 40% silica by weight containing boron
- C03C3/068—Glass compositions containing silica with less than 40% silica by weight containing boron containing rare earths
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/431—Inorganic material
- H01M50/434—Ceramics
- H01M50/437—Glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C10/00—Devitrified glass ceramics, i.e. glass ceramics having a crystalline phase dispersed in a glassy phase and constituting at least 50% by weight of the total composition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
- C03C4/14—Compositions for glass with special properties for electro-conductive glass
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/403—Manufacturing processes of separators, membranes or diaphragms
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/497—Ionic conductivity
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
- H01M2300/0071—Oxides
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- Lithium ion conductive material with improved dendrite stability Lithium ion conductive material with improved dendrite stability
- the present invention relates to a lithium-ion-conducting material, in particular a glass ceramic, with improved dendrite stability (stability against the formation of dendrites) and the use and a method for production.
- All-solid-state batteries are considered to be the future of energy storage technology/electromobility due to their high energy density and safety.
- the core of this innovation is the replacement of the liquid electrolyte by a solid ion-conducting separator, which also allows the use of Li metal as an anode material if the separator itself is stable to lithium (e.g. when using lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO )).
- LLZO lithium lanthanum zirconate
- the object is solved by the subject matter of the patent claims.
- the object is achieved in particular by a lithium-ion conductive material comprising a crystalline phase and an amorphous phase, the lithium-ion conductive material having a critical current density of more than 0.5 mA/cm 2 .
- a lithium-ion-conducting crystalline phase for example Li-stable LLZO (particularly Ta- or Al-doped)
- an amorphous phase particularly in the grain boundaries of the sintered separator
- the combination of a lithium-ion-conducting crystalline phase, for example Li-stable LLZO (particularly Ta- or Al-doped) with an amorphous phase, particularly in the grain boundaries of the sintered separator, can significantly increase the CCD compared to materials without such an amorphous phase or an amorphous phase without glass formers (pure Li 2 O) or a low glass former content based on the total mass of the crystalline and amorphous phase, ie based on the total mass of the lithium-ion-conducting material.
- the glass former content can advantageously be at least 0.05% by weight, based on the total mass of the lithium-ion-conducting material.
- the amorphous phase can be characterized in particular by the fact that, in addition to Li 2 O (for the Li ion conductivity), it contains at least one glass former (in particular selected from SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 , P2O5), with SiO 2 and / or P 2 O 5 is mandatory and the proportion of The sum of SiO 2 and P 2 O 5 based on the total mass of the glass former is at least 25% by weight, i.e. in each case in % by weight (SiO 2 +P 2 O 5 )/(SiO 2 +B 2 O 3 +Al 2O3 + P2O5 ) > 0.25 .
- % by weight SiO 2 +P 2 O 5
- This minimum content of SiO 2 and/or P 2 O 5 is advantageous in order to stabilize the amorphous phase (also referred to as the glass phase).
- ⁇ 2 O 3 is not preferred as the sole glass former, since phase separation can occur in the glass phase and the positive effect on the CCD is then not achieved.
- Al 2 O 3 is not preferred as the sole glass former, since small amounts of Al 2 O 3 can dissolve in the crystalline phase, making it difficult to produce the amorphous phase, and larger amounts of Al 2 O 3 can also lead to undesirable secondary phases.
- Exotic glass formers such as Nb 2 O 5 , Ta 2 O 5 , PbO, Bi 2 O 3 , GeO 2 , SeO 3 , TeO 3 , Sb 2 O 3 or As 2 O 3 are not effective in producing the amorphous phase in the sense of Invention because they dissolve in the crystalline phase in the case of Nb 2 O 5 and Ta 2 O 5 or because of their polyvalence in the case of PbO, Bi 2 O 3 , GeO 2 , SeO 3 , TeO 3 , Sb 2 O 3 and As 2 O 3 are reduced in contact with lithium metal, thus reducing the CCD.
- the amount of polyvalent elements, in particular the sum of the proportions of PbO, Bi 2 O 3 , GeO 2 , SeO 3 , TeO 3 , Sb 2 O 3 and As 2 O 3 , in the material conducting lithium ions, in particular in the glass ceramic, should be preferred be ⁇ 0.5% by weight, for example at most 0.2% by weight or at most 0.1% by weight.
- the material conducting lithium ions can, for example, even be free of PbO, Bi 2 O 3 , GeO 2 , SeO 3 , TeO 3 , Sb 2 O 3 and/or As 2 O 3 .
- the composition of the amorphous phase can be selected in such a way that no undesired interaction with LLZO crystals (eg conversion into the poorly conducting tetragonal modification of the LLZO) occurs.
- the cubic modification can be converted into the poorly conducting tetragonal modification LLZO if the Li 2 O content of the amorphous phase is too high.
- the Li 2 O content of the amorphous phase can therefore be based, for example, on at most 5.00% by weight, at most 4.50% by weight, at most 4.00% by weight, or at most 3.50% by weight be limited to the total mass of the lithium-ion conductive material.
- the Li 2 O content of the amorphous phase, based on the total mass of the lithium-ion-conducting material can be, for example, at least 0.05% by weight, at least 0.20% by weight, at least 0.40% by weight, or at least 0 .60% by weight.
- the Li 2 O content of the amorphous phase, based on the total mass of the lithium-ion-conducting material can be, for example, in a range from 0.05 to 5.00% by weight, from 0.20 to 4.50% by weight, from 0, 40 to 4.00% by weight, or from 0.60 to 3.50% by weight.
- the glass former content of the amorphous phase, based on the total mass of the lithium-ion-conducting material can be, for example, at least 0.05% by weight, preferably at least 0.10% by weight, at least 0.15% by weight, at least 0.20% by weight %, at least 0.25% by weight %, at least 0.30%, at least 0.35%, at least 0.40%, at least 0.45%, or at least 0.50% by weight.
- the glass former content of the amorphous phase, based on the total mass of the lithium-ion-conducting material can be, for example, at most 4.00% by weight, at most 3.50% by weight, at most 3.00% by weight, at most 2.50% by weight.
- the glass former content of the amorphous phase can, based on the total mass of the lithium-ion-conducting material, for example in a range from 0.05 to 4.00% by weight, from 0.10 to 3.50% by weight, from 0.15 to 3.00% by weight, from 0.20 to 2.50% by weight, from 0.25 to 2.00% by weight, from 0.30 to 1.50% by weight, from 0, 35 to 1.00% by weight, from 0.40 to 0.80% by weight, from 0.45 to 0.75, or from 0.50 to 0.70% by weight.
- the glass former content of the lithium-ion-conducting material can be, for example, at least 0.05% by weight, preferably at least 0.10% by weight, at least 0.15% by weight, at least 0.20% by weight %, at least 0.25% by weight, at least 0.30% by weight, at least 0.35% by weight, at least 0.40% by weight, at least 0.45% by weight, or at least 0.50% by weight.
- the glass former content of the lithium-ion-conducting material can be, for example, at most 4.00% by weight, at most 3.50% by weight, at most 3.00% by weight, at most 2.50% by weight. %, at most 2.00% by weight, at most 1.50% by weight, at most 1.00% by weight, at most 0.80% by weight, at most 0.75% by weight, or at most 0 .70% by weight.
- the glass former content of the lithium-ion-conducting material can, based on the total mass of the lithium-ion-conducting material, for example in a range from 0.05 to 4.00% by weight, from 0.10 to 3.5% by weight, from 0.15 to 3 .00% by weight, from 0.20 to 2.50% by weight, from 0.25 to 2.00% by weight, from 0.30 to 1.50% by weight, from 0.35 to 1.00% by weight, from 0.40 to 0.80% by weight, from 0.45 to 0.75% by weight, or from 0.50 to 0.70% by weight.
- the glass former content of the amorphous phase corresponds to the glass former content of the lithium conductive material (based on the total mass of the lithium conductive material).
- An exception here is Al 2 O 3 , which can also be present in the crystalline phase if the crystalline phase has a garnet structure, in particular if it is lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO).
- LLZO lithium lanthanum zirconate
- the solubility of Al 2 O 3 in a crystalline phase with a garnet structure is limited.
- the amorphous phase can be produced by the production process via the melt, with the amorphous phase comprising, in particular consisting of the excess Li 2 O and the glass formers, being formed during solidification in addition to crystalline LLZO.
- the glass formers mentioned do not “fit” into the LLZO crystal structure due to their small ion radius.
- the amorphous phase can also be produced separately, for example via a melting process, and then added to the crystalline phase and mixed with it. This can be achieved, for example, by grinding the crystalline and amorphous phases. Other manufacturing processes and mixing processes are also conceivable.
- the amorphous phase accumulates in particular in the grain boundaries.
- a significantly increased CCD in particular a CCD of more than 0.5 mA/cm 2 , for example at least 1.0 mA/cm 2 or more, can be achieved with the present invention.
- Complex further process steps such as the insertion of an intermediate layer between the anode and the separator, can be avoided with the solution according to the invention.
- the lithium-ion-conducting material according to the invention in particular the glass ceramic or the lithium-ion-conducting LLZO material according to the invention, can be sintered alone or together with other battery materials to form an inorganic, ceramic electrolyte in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, especially in solid-state lithium-ion batteries (English: all-solid-state batteries (ASSB )) be used.
- ASSB all-solid-state batteries
- its use as a separator is conceivable: inserted between the electrodes, it protects them from an unwanted short circuit and thus ensures the functionality of the entire system.
- the separator according to the invention is characterized by improved dendrite stability, which allows charging with a higher current density without a short circuit (fast charging).
- the solid electrolyte transports the relevant charge carriers (lithium ions) to and from the electrode materials and the lead electrodes - depending on whether the battery is currently being discharged or charged.
- the material of the present invention is a lithium ion conductive material, in particular a glass ceramic.
- the conductivity can be, for example, at least 1*10 -5 S/cm, at least 3*10' 5 S/cm, at least 7*1 5 S/cm, at least 1*1 4 S/cm or at least 2*1 4 S/cm be.
- the conductivity can be at most 1*10' 2 S/cm, at most 5*10' 3 S/cm, at most 4*10 -3 S/cm, at most 3*10 -3 S/cm, or at most 2*10 - 3 S/cm.
- the conductivity can be, for example, in a range from 1*10 -5 S/cm to 1*10 -2 S/cm, from 3*10' 5 S/cm to 5*10' 3 S/cm, from 7*10 - 5 S/cm to 4*10 -3 S/cm, from 1*10 -4 S/cm to 3*10 -3 S/cm, or from 2*10 -4 S/cm to 2*1 (7 3 S/cm.
- the conductivity can be determined with impedance spectroscopy.
- the sample preparation can be carried out anhydrous.
- the lithium ion conductive material of the present invention includes a crystalline phase and an amorphous phase.
- the amorphous phase can contain, in particular, Li 2 O and at least one glass former selected from SiO 2 , B 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , P 2 O 5 and combinations of two or more thereof, the sum of the proportions of SiO 2 and P 2 O 5 is at least 25% based on the total mass of the glass former, i.e. in each case in % by weight (SiO 2 +P 2 O 5 )/(SiO 2 + B 2 O 3 + Al 2 O 3 + P 2 O 5 ) > 0.25.
- the sum of the proportions of SiO 2 and P 2 O 5 based on the total mass of the glass former can, for example, be at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95 %, or even 100%.
- the material conducting lithium ions can therefore be free from B 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3 .
- SiO 2 is a particularly preferred glass former of the present invention.
- the proportion of SiO 2 based on the total mass of the glass former can be, for example, at least 25%, ie in each case in % by weight (SiO 2 )/(SiO 2 +B 2 O 3 +Al 2 O 3 +P 2 O 5 )>0.25 .
- the proportion of SiO 2 based on the total mass of the glass former can be, for example, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or even 100% .
- the material conducting lithium ions can therefore be free from P 2 O 5 , B 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3 .
- the glass former can be SiO 2 .
- SiO 2 is particularly advantageous for significantly increasing the critical current density.
- the proportion of Li 2 O in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, at least 10.0% by weight, at least 10.5% by weight, or at least 11.0% by weight.
- the proportion of Li 2 O in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, at most 15.0% by weight, at most 14.5% by weight, or at most 14.0% by weight.
- the proportion of Li 2 O in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, in a range from 10.0 to 15.0% by weight, from 10.5 to 14.5% by weight, or from 11.0 to 14. 0% by weight.
- the total proportion of rare earth oxides RE 2 O 3 , preferably La 2 O 3 , Gd 2 O 3 and/or Y 2 O 3 , in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, at least 45% by weight, at least 48% by weight, or at least 50% by weight.
- the total proportion of rare earth oxides RE 2 O 3 , preferably La 2 O 3 , Gd 2 O 3 and/or Y 2 O 3 , in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, at most 70% by weight, at most 65% by weight, or at most 60% by weight.
- the total proportion of rare earth oxides RE 2 O 3 , preferably La 2 O 3 , Gd 2 O 3 and/or Y 2 O 3 , in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, in a range from 45 to 70% by weight, from 48 to 65% by weight, or from 50 to 60% by weight.
- the total proportion of ZrO 2 and HfO 2 in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, at least 17% by weight, at least 18% by weight, or at least 19% by weight.
- the total proportion of ZrO 2 and HfO 2 in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, at most 35% by weight, at most 33% by weight, or at most 31% by weight.
- the total proportion of ZrO 2 and HfO 2 in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, in a range from 17 to 35% by weight, from 18 to 33% by weight, or from 19 to 31% by weight.
- the proportion of SiO 2 in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, at least 0.05% by weight, preferably at least 0.10% by weight, at least 0.15% by weight, at least 0.20% by weight, at least 0.25%, at least 0.30%, at least 0.35% or at least 0.40% by weight.
- the proportion of SiO 2 in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, at most 2.00% by weight, at most 1.75% by weight, at most 1.50% by weight, at most 1.25% by weight, at most 1 .00% by weight, at most 0.90, at most 0.85% by weight, or at most 0.80% by weight.
- the proportion of SiO 2 in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, in a range from 0.05 to 2.00% by weight, from 0.10 to 1.75% by weight, from 0.15 to 1.50% by weight %, from 0.20 to 1.25% by weight, from 0.25 to 1.00% by weight, from 0.30 to 0.90% by weight, from 0.35 to 0, 85% by weight, or from 0.40 to 0.80% by weight.
- the total proportion of Ta 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 and Al 2 O 3 in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, at least 0.5% by weight, at least 0.75% by weight, or at least 1% by weight. %.
- the total proportion of Ta 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 and Al 2 O 3 in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, at most 15% by weight, at most 13.5% by weight or at most 12% by weight .
- the total proportion of Ta 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 and Al 2 O 3 in the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, in a range from 0.5 to 15% by weight, from 0.75 to 13.5% by weight -%, or from 1 to 12% by weight.
- the lithium ion conductive material of the invention can, for example, be mentioned below
- the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can particularly preferably comprise, for example, the components specified below in the proportions specified (in % by weight):
- the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can particularly preferably comprise, for example, the components specified below in the proportions specified (in % by weight):
- the lithium-ion-conducting material of the invention can particularly preferably comprise, for example, the components specified below in the proportions specified (in % by weight): When it is stated in the present disclosure that the material is free of a component or does not contain a component, this means that this component may only be present as an impurity. This means that it is not added in significant amounts. Insignificant amounts are, according to the invention, amounts of at most 0.05% by weight or at most 0.04% by weight.
- the proportion of the amorphous phase in the lithium-ion-conducting material corresponds in particular to the sum of the proportion of Li 2 O in the amorphous phase (based on the total mass of the lithium-ion-conducting material) and the proportion of the at least one glass former in the amorphous phase (based on the total mass of the lithium-ion-conducting materials). If the proportion of the amorphous phase in the lithium-ion-conducting material is very high, the lithium-ion conductivity of the lithium-ion-conducting material can be impaired. It is therefore advantageous to place an upper limit on the proportion of the amorphous phase in the lithium-ion-conducting material.
- the proportion of the amorphous phase in the lithium-ion-conducting material is preferably less than 5.0% by weight, in particular at most 4.9% by weight, at most 4.8% by weight, at most 4.7% by weight, at most 4 .6% by weight, at most 4.5% by weight, at most 4.4% by weight, at most 4.3% by weight, at most 4.2% by weight, at most 4.1% by weight %, or at most 4.0% by weight.
- the proportion of the amorphous phase in the lithium-ion-conducting material can be, for example, at least 0.1% by weight, at least 0.15% by weight, at least 0.2% by weight, at least 0.3% by weight, at least 0.4 % by weight, at least 0.5% by weight, at least 0.6% by weight, at least 0.7% by weight, at least 0.8% by weight, at least 0.9% by weight, or at least 1.0% by weight.
- the proportion of the amorphous phase in the lithium-ion-conducting material can be, for example, in a range from 0.1 to ⁇ 5.0% by weight, from 0.15 to 4.9% by weight, from 0.2 to 4.8% by weight -%, from 0.3 to 4.7% by weight, from 0.4 to 4.6% by weight, from 0.5 to 4.5% by weight, from 0.6 to 4.4 % by weight, from 0.7 to 4.3% by weight, from 0.8 to 4.2% by weight, from 0.9 to 4.1% by weight, or from 1.0 to 4.0% by weight.
- the proportions of the crystalline phase and the amorphous phase in the lithium-ion-conducting material are determined, in particular, based on the composition of the lithium-ion-conducting material.
- the molecular formula of the crystalline phase is used and the composition is converted from % by weight to % at.
- the elements that form the crystalline phase according to the molecular formula are added to it (the procedure is analogous if there are several crystalline phases).
- An excess of Li, O and the glass formers is attributed to the amorphous phase.
- the procedure is simplified if the composition in at% is normalized to one of the stoichiometric factors from the molecular formula of the crystalline phase.
- This composition is divided into the crystal-forming components and the components that are not incorporated into the stoichiometric crystal: excess of Li and O as well as Si, P, B, Al (up to an amount of 0.2 pfu Al, this counts among the crystal-forming components due to limited solubility in the garnet structure (if more AI is included, the difference to 0.2 pfu is attributed to the amorphous phase).
- the amorphous phase in pfu is then converted back into wt. % of the oxides contained using the respective atomic masses.
- the proportion by weight of the amorphous phase in the lithium-ion-conducting material is the sum of the proportions by weight of the oxides in the amorphous phase (based on the total mass of the lithium-ion-conducting material) in % by weight.
- the lithium ion conductive material of the present invention has a critical current density of more than 0.5 mA/cm 2 .
- the critical current density can, for example, be at least 0.6 mA/cm 2 , at least 0.7 mA/cm 2 , at least 0.8 mA/cm 2 , at least 0.9 mA/cm 2 , or at least 1.0 mA/cm 2 be.
- the critical current density can be, for example, at most 20 mA/cm 2 , at most 18 mA/cm 2 , at most 16 mA/cm 2 , at most 14 mA/cm 2 , at most 12 mA/cm 2 , or at most 10 mA/cm 2 .
- the critical current density can, for example, be in a range from >0.5 to 20 mA/cm 2 , from 0.6 to 18 mA/cm 2 , from 0.7 to 16 mA/cm 2 , from 0.8 to 14 mA/cm 2 cm 2 , from 0.9 to 12 mA/cm 2 , or from 1.0 to 10 mA/cm 2 .
- the critical current density is at most 7.5 mA/cm 2 , at most 5.0 mA/cm 2 , at most 4.0 mA/cm 2 , at most 3.0 mA/cm 2 , at most 2.0 mA/cm 2 , or at most 1.2 mA/cm 2 .
- the critical current density can be determined by contacting disk-shaped sintered compacts (diameter 8.5 mm, height 1 mm) with lithium on the two opposite sides. These are cycled at increasing current densities from 50 to 2000 pA/cm 2 in increments of 50 pA/cm 2 and the voltage recorded. One cycle is carried out for each current density, with charging and discharging each taking 30 minutes.
- the critical current density is defined as the current density at which the cell short-circuits. At this current density, the voltage no longer follows the current density according to Ohm's law, but there is an immediate voltage drop.
- the sample preparation can be carried out without water.
- the lithium ion conductive material of the present invention can in particular be a glass ceramic.
- a glass ceramic within the meaning of the present invention is a material that is produced from a homogeneous melt of the components by cooling and spontaneous crystallization or by cooling and a subsequent controlled ceramization process.
- a shaping step or crushing process can be carried out before, during or after the cooling.
- the lithium ion conductive material of the invention includes a crystalline phase and an amorphous phase.
- the crystalline phase may include a main crystalline phase.
- the main crystal phase is that crystal phase which has the highest percentage by weight of the crystalline phase of the lithium-ion-conducting material.
- the main crystal phase has in particular a proportion of at least 50% by weight of the crystalline phase of the lithium-ion-conducting material, for example more than 50% by weight, at least 60% by weight, at least 70% by weight, at least 80% by weight , at least 90% by weight, at least 95% by weight, or even 100%.
- the crystalline phase of the lithium ion conductive material can consist of the main crystal phase.
- the main crystal phase can have a garnet structure.
- the main crystal phase can also have a rock salt structure, a perovskite structure, an anti-perovskite structure or a NASICON structure.
- the main crystal phase can be present, for example, in the cubic crystal system.
- the main crystal phase can include or consist of lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO), for example.
- the main crystal phase of the crystalline phase of the lithium-ion-conducting material can in particular have the molecular formula Liy.sx+y.zAlxMy 11 M ⁇ y 111 M 2.Z IV M z v O 12 ⁇ ö , where M" is one or more divalent cations, M IH a or more trivalent cations, M IV comprises one or more tetravalent cations and M v comprises one or more pentavalent cations and where x+z>0, y ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 0.5 M IH particularly preferably comprises one or more lanthanides and/or or yttrium M IV particularly preferably comprises zirconium or hafnium M v particularly preferably comprises niobium or tantalum M IH particularly preferably comprises one or more lanthanides and/or yttrium, M IV comprises zirconium or hafnium and M v comprises niobium or tantalum.
- the lithium ion conductive material of the invention includes a crystalline phase and an amorphous phase.
- the crystalline phase can be present in the lithium-ion-conducting material, for example, in the form of crystallites separated by grain boundaries.
- the amorphous phase can be present in particular in the grain boundaries (FIG. 1).
- the amorphous phase can have a density of at least 1.5 g/cm 3 , for example.
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing a lithium ion conductive material, in particular the lithium ion conductive material of the present invention. In particular, the method may include the following steps:
- the starting materials can be melted, for example, in a skull crucible (in particular one that is open at the top).
- the raw materials are preferably mixed and the mixture obtained is preheated.
- burner heating can be used for this purpose.
- a minimum conductivity can be achieved by preheating.
- the melt can be further heated and homogenized by high-frequency coupling, in particular via an induction coil.
- it can be stirred, in particular with a water-cooled stirrer. After complete homogenization, direct samples can be taken from the melt (fast cooling), while the rest of the melt can be slowly cooled by switching off the high frequency.
- the material produced in this way can be converted into a lithium-ion-conducting, in particular glass-ceramic material with a garnet-like main crystal phase, either by direct solidification from the melt or by quenching, followed by heat treatment (ceramization).
- the samples taken directly from the melt show spontaneous crystallization independent of the cooling, so that a subsequent ceramization treatment can be dispensed with.
- the present invention also relates to the use of the lithium ion conductive material of the invention in solid state lithium ion batteries, particularly as a separator.
- the material which conducts lithium ions can also be used in the anode and/or cathode, in particular after co-sintering with the electrode materials.
- the present invention also relates to solid state lithium ion batteries comprising the lithium ion conductive material of the present invention.
- Table 1 shows an example 1 according to the invention and two comparative examples V1 and V2.
- the raw materials were mixed according to the compositions in Table 1 and filled into an open-topped skull crucible. An excess of approx. 5% based on the amount of Li 2 O was used to compensate for the Li 2 O evaporation.
- the mixture first had to be preheated in order to achieve a certain minimum conductivity. A burner heater was used for this. After the coupling temperature had been reached, the melt was further heated and homogenized by high-frequency coupling via an induction coil. In order to improve the homogenization of the melts, a water-cooled stirrer was used for stirring. After complete homogenization, direct samples were taken from the melt (rapid cooling), while the rest of the melt was slowly cooled by switching off the high frequency.
- the material produced in this way can be converted into a glass-ceramic material with a garnet-like main crystal phase either by direct solidification from the melt or by quenching followed by a heat treatment (ceramization).
- the samples taken directly from the melt showed spontaneous crystallization independent of the cooling, so that a subsequent ceramization treatment could be dispensed with.
- Samples for impedance spectroscopy to determine the conductivity and the CCD (critical current density) were produced from the glass ceramics obtained in this way.
- the composition is given as atoms per formula unit (pfu) of the lithium lanthanum zirconate (English: “parts per formula unit” (pfu)).
- the amorphous phase is oxidic and the elements/cations are therefore charge-balanced by oxygen (O 2 .
- the composition in wt.% is first converted into at%.
- This composition is divided into the LLZO-forming components Li, La, Zr, Hf, Ta, O and the amorphous phase (components that are not incorporated into the stoichiometric LLZO crystal: Si and excess of Li and O) where the composition of the stoichiometric LLZO crystal is assumed to be Li7.x La3Zr2.x.yTa x HfyO 12 ⁇ ö
- This composition split is based on the assumption that all the elements constituting the stoichiometric LLZO crystal can also exist as an LLZO crystal, while the elements that cannot be incorporated or are in excess exist as an amorphous phase.
- the amorphous phase in pfu is converted back into wt% using the respective atomic masses to determine the proportion of oxides in % by weight based on the total mass of the lithium-ion-conducting
- the weight of the amorphous phase (Table 2) is the sum of the oxides in the amorphous phase in wt% from Table 1.
- the disc-shaped sintered parts (diameter 8.5 mm, height 1 mm) are contacted with lithium on the two opposite sides. These are cycled at increasing current densities from 50 to 2000 pA/cm 2 in increments of 50 pA/cm 2 and the voltage recorded. One cycle is carried out for each current density, with charging and discharging each taking 30 minutes.
- the critical current density is defined as the current density at which the cell short-circuits. At this current density, the voltage no longer follows the current density according to Ohm's law, but there is an immediate voltage drop. Table 2 below shows the proportion of the amorphous phase and the critical current density CCD of example 1 and the two comparative examples C1 and C2.
- Example 1 The targeted addition of the glass-forming agent SiO 2 in Example 1 made it possible to significantly increase the proportion of the amorphous phase and the critical current density in comparison to Comparative Examples C1 and C2.
- FIG. 1 shows electron micrographs of sintered separators made from the materials a) Example 1 and b) Example V1.
- the SiO 2 -rich amorphous phase in Ex. 1 is deposited in the grain boundaries (dark areas).
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| DE102021128377.9A DE102021128377A1 (de) | 2021-10-29 | 2021-10-29 | Lithiumionenleitendes Material mit verbesserter Dendritenstabilität |
| PCT/EP2022/080001 WO2023073057A1 (de) | 2021-10-29 | 2022-10-26 | Lithiumionenleitendes material mit verbesserter dendritenstabilität |
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| EP (1) | EP4423025A1 (de) |
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| JP2014229579A (ja) * | 2013-05-27 | 2014-12-08 | 株式会社オハラ | リチウムイオン伝導性無機固体複合体 |
| DE102014100684B4 (de) * | 2014-01-22 | 2017-05-11 | Schott Ag | lonenleitende Glaskeramik mit granatartiger Kristallstruktur, Verfahren zur Herstellung und Verwendung einer solchen Glaskeramik |
| DE102014116378B4 (de) * | 2014-11-10 | 2016-07-28 | Schott Ag | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines glaskeramischen Ionenleiters |
| EP3298643B1 (de) | 2015-05-21 | 2019-06-12 | Basf Se | Glaskeramik-elektrolyten für lithium-schwefel-batterien |
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| DE102017128719A1 (de) * | 2017-12-04 | 2019-06-06 | Schott Ag | Lithiumionenleitendes Verbundmaterial, umfassend wenigstens ein Polymer und lithiumionenleitende Partikel, und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Lithiumionenleiters aus dem Verbundmaterial |
| CN110265709B (zh) * | 2019-06-18 | 2022-07-26 | 济宁克莱泰格新能源科技有限公司 | 表面包覆改性的锂镧锆氧基固体电解质材料及其制备方法和应用 |
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