EP4419887A1 - Méthode d'analyse des propriétés de membranes biomédicales - Google Patents
Méthode d'analyse des propriétés de membranes biomédicalesInfo
- Publication number
- EP4419887A1 EP4419887A1 EP22803235.5A EP22803235A EP4419887A1 EP 4419887 A1 EP4419887 A1 EP 4419887A1 EP 22803235 A EP22803235 A EP 22803235A EP 4419887 A1 EP4419887 A1 EP 4419887A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- active substance
- compartment
- membrane
- filtration
- dialysis
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/24—Dialysis ; Membrane extraction
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2315/00—Details relating to the membrane module operation
- B01D2315/16—Diafiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N2015/084—Testing filters
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of analyzing the properties of biomedical membranes, in particular dialysis, filtration or diafiltration membranes. It relates in particular to the study of the pharmacokinetics of drugs (and in particular the elimination of active substances over time) in continuous replacement methods such as continuous extrarenal purification, cardiopulmonary assistance, hepatic replacement , the specific and non-specific adsorption of substances present in the blood.
- MDEC extracorporeal circulation
- adsorption (sequestration or uptake) of drugs needed by critically ill patients by the membrane is an expected adverse effect that can lead to treatment failure, which is relatively understudied and poorly documented.
- Knowledge of MDEC-induced drug adsorption has been provided mainly by case reports.
- the method described here proposes a method for evaluating the adsorption properties of membranes used in MDEC devices, by a perfectly controlled in vitro process, which makes it possible to accurately simulate different methods of supplementation, with different active substances.
- This method is of interest for emergency physicians or practicing in intensive care, who must be aware that the adsorption of drugs in MDECs can have a major impact on the clinical evolution of patients, but also for the pharmaceutical and manufacturers of MDECs, which must be able to characterize their products.
- the methods described here are likely to optimize and reduce the costs of pharmacological treatments in intensive care units, improving patient outcomes.
- Dialysis replacement treatment in case of degraded renal function.
- the principle is to rid the blood of waste or toxins and excess accumulated water in the body. By diffusion effect, the small molecules will cross the membrane, while the large molecules (often macromolecules) will be retained on one side.
- This method uses concentration gradients between the initial solution (blood) and the effluent.
- Hemodialysis which combines dialysis and hemofiltration and uses diffusion and convection.
- Hepatic dialysis for subjects with hepatic insufficiency and aimed at ridding the blood of toxins which accumulate there due to the poor functioning of the liver.
- Oxygenation by extracorporeal membrane (acronym ECMO in English), in which the blood passes through an exchange compartment in which the CO 2 dissolved in the blood is extracted from it, and O 2 is supplied to it.
- VA veno-arterial
- VV veno-venous
- the different systems can be associated with each other during simultaneous use on the patient using two modes: in series (same blood circulation which passes through different devices in a row) or in parallel (each device has its own extracorporeal circulation).
- the blood flow can range from 50 ml/min to 250 ml/min), and the diafiltration flow rates range from 500 to 8000 ml/h, the surface of exchange being adapted to the patient (child vs. adult): 0.5 to 1.5 m 2
- the flow rates are of the order of 3 to 5 I/min, with an exchange surface of 1 to 4 m 2 .
- the ECMO has an exchange surface identical to that of the EERC but which can reach approximately 3 times this one, and a blood flow 20 times higher than those of the EERC.
- the patient's blood is sent to an exchange compartment and passes on one side of a membrane, a fluid (fluid for dialysis or filtration, gas in the case of ECMO) passing from the other side of the membrane.
- a fluid fluid for dialysis or filtration, gas in the case of ECMO
- Substances pass to one side or the other of the membrane depending on the substitution method considered.
- a problem can arise when the patient has been treated with a drug (active substance), because the membrane is likely to adsorb part of the drug and therefore reduce its concentration quickly, and to distort the predictions of manufacturers and doctors as to elimination of the product, which can lead to under-dosage of the drug in the blood and a poor clinical course.
- US 2019/292288 does not use a reject compartment, the "circulation beaker" being reused in circulation.
- the claimed method requires the use of a reject compartment, in order to reflect clinical practice and step ii cannot be reduced to the simple measurement of the concentration of the permeate (even if also carried out in US 2019/ 292288)
- US 2019/292288 does not take into account the various measurements carried out on the active substance (extraction coefficient, quantity eliminated by dialysis or filtration), which is not surprising since this document is aimed at a completely different technical purpose.
- the methods described below aim to determine the intrinsic properties of the membranes with respect to an active substance in order to avoid potential problems. It can be noted that in the implementation of these methods a solution of crystalloids is used, in order to avoid any risk of interaction between blood proteins and the active substance.
- the proposed method is characterized by an identical methodology whatever the device or the active principle studied.
- the central compartment (container/bag of diluent containing the active ingredient) is prepared by controlling exactly both the volume of the diluent and the concentration of the active ingredient. To do this, the container of diluent and the active principle can be weighed before addition to the central compartment. Such an initial check makes it possible to know precisely the exact quantity of active principle which will be present in the circuit. A first solution (or central solution) is thus obtained, which will circulate in the central compartment.
- the central container is then connected to a pump via a catheter and then sent into the exchange compartment at a constantly controlled rate, the rate being determined to reflect the conditions observed in the clinical setting (see above).
- the exchange compartment contains a membrane separating the exchange compartment into two sub-compartments.
- the first solution circulates in a sub-compartment.
- a fluid gas in case of simulation of ECMO, liquid in case of simulation of dialysis, filtration, diafiltration
- the direction of passage depends on the simulated extracorporeal circulation method.
- the permeate the effluents
- the discharge compartment This was preferably weighed empty before the start of the experiment, in order to know the exact mass of recovered effluent (from which the volume can be calculated).
- a physiological solution of crystalloids is used, as the first solution, in which the active principle is dissolved, in the central compartment, as well as as a fluid of exchange (if the latter is liquid, [this second crystalloid solution (exchange fluid) containing no active substance to allow an exchange between the first crystalloid solution and the second crystalloid solution through the membrane).
- a physiological crystalloid solution means that the crystalloid solution:
- This solution is therefore isotonic with blood. It can contain all the so-called physiological solutes. It is possible to use a crystalloid solution of the Ringer lactate type, or an isotonic electrolytic crystalloid solution. However, an isotonic saline solution (0.9 g/L of NaCl) can be adapted for the implementation of the methods described here, or even an isotonic glucose solution. It is also possible to use, within the solution of crystalloids, potassium chloride (KOI), calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), and/or magnesium sulphate (MgSO 4 ) in the solution.
- KI potassium chloride
- CaCl 2 calcium chloride
- MgSO 4 magnesium sulphate
- the ionic composition of plasma includes: Na + (142 mmol/l), K + (5 mmol/l), CP (103 mmol/l), Ca 2+ (2.5 mmol/l), Mg 2+ (1 mmol/l), HCO 3 ' (27 mmol/l), lactate (2 mmol/l). It is preferentially balanced (chloride ion at a concentration of 100 to 112 mmol/l).
- colloids which is known to bind drugs or other colloids capable of modulating the transport capacity of drugs across the membrane (dextrans, hydroxy-ethyl-starches).
- the method seeks to determine the intrinsic properties of the membranes with respect to an active substance, and it is thus desired to reduce the external risks of disturbance of the relationship between the membrane and the active substance.
- colloids including albumin
- colloids may be added to simulate the dynamics that may exist in a patient.
- the choice of crystalloid solution composition is dictated by the solubility/stability restrictions reported in the drug's SmPC. As an illustration, a solution containing bicarbonate will be avoided to test the properties of a membrane with respect to piperacillin, which is degraded in the presence of bicarbonate.
- the implementation of the method is done with large volumes (about 5 liters for the central compartment and more for the exchange fluid and the rejection compartment, in particular in diafiltration). It is perfectly suitable to use pharmaceutical grade preparations, which are already marketed by various manufacturers (Praxisdienst, Baxter, Fresenius).
- Permeate or liquid effluent eliminated at the outlet of the exchange compartment In clinical conditions, it is dialysis or filtration fluid that is loaded with toxins or waste, or diafiltered and eliminated fluid.
- Liquid retentate being reinjected at the outlet of the exchange compartment. In clinical conditions, it is the blood that is returned to the patient.
- Ciniet concentration of the active substance in the circuit of the central compartment at the entrance to the exchange compartment (instantaneous concentration, measured at each different moment)
- Ceffi instant concentration of the active substance at the outlet of the exchange compartment (instantaneous concentration, measured at each different moment), before injection into the discharge compartment (concentration in the effluents or the permeate)
- Ccumui efn u concentration of active substance in the release compartment at the end of the predetermined period. Quantities (generally expressed in millimoles (biological substances) or milligrams (drugs, molecules))
- Qadsor quantity of active substance eliminated by adsorption on the membrane
- AUCciniet area under the curve representing the variation of C in iet over time (report of values for each different moment)
- AUCcoutiet area under the curve representing the variation of C or tiet over time (report of values for each different moment)
- SC ratio of the instantaneous concentration in the permeate (effluent) to the instantaneous concentration at the inlet: (C e ffi instant) / (C in iet) -
- This parameter is essentially linked to the free form of the drug (if the membrane has no other properties (adsorption)). It also makes it possible to describe certain electrostatic properties of the membrane with respect to the ionic properties of the substance.
- the invention thus relates to a method for determining the adsorption properties of a biomedical membrane, this membrane being able to be used in a medical device for extracorporeal circulation (dialysis membrane, filtration, diafiltration and/or ECMO gas exchange), for a given active substance after a predetermined duration, comprising a) the implementation, during the predetermined duration, of steps consisting of: i.
- the method comprises, before a), the implementation of the method for preparing an extracorporeal circulation circuit as described below.
- the experimental device therefore contains two circuits: a circuit called the central compartment, simulating the extracorporeal circuit from the patient (simulated blood), with a flow rate corresponding to the simulated blood flow, and a second circuit dedicated to the exchange fluid, with a flow rate corresponding to the type of extracorporeal circulation that one wishes to simulate.
- the exchange compartment is the place through which the two circuits pass, separated by the membrane to be tested.
- the direction of the exchange fluid in the exchange compartment depends on the type of extracorporeal circulation that one wishes to simulate.
- the predetermined duration depends on the type of extracorporeal circulation that one wishes to simulate.
- the duration must make it possible to obtain the elimination of 90% or more of the initial quantity to correctly describe the pharmacokinetic phenomena.
- This initial elimination phase may be followed by a release study phase.
- the total duration of a study is therefore generally 8 hours or less for the study of elimination and rarely more than 24 hours for the study of elimination and release.
- adsorption will be studied over a period of approximately 6 hours followed by a release study over a period of about 18 hours resulting in a study duration of about 24 hours.
- a predetermined duration of 24 hours thus constitutes a cycle with clinical relevance which can be repeated as often as necessary to determine the adsorption over the entire lifetime of the device: 24 hours for the adsorbent columns, 72 hours for the filters of extrarenal purification, 14 days for ECMO membranes.
- Different concentrations are therefore measured at selected times during the determined period, generally on a regular basis (for example every 15 minutes, or every 20 minutes, or every 30 minutes, or every hour).
- a predetermined experiment duration of 24 h measurements can be taken at the start of the experiment, then every 15 minutes during the first hour or the first two hours, then every hour. It is interesting that the times chosen are closer together at the start of the experiment, when the concentration of the active substance in the central circuit is the greatest, and when the adsorption on the membrane risks being the greatest.
- the concentration measurement is carried out by taking a small volume (preferably less than or equal to 3ml, but sufficient to be analyzed and to be able to measure the concentration). In order to compensate for this loss of volume in the central compartment, it can be supplemented by adding the volume taken from a crystalloid solution at the outlet of the exchange compartment, after the sample taken to measure the concentration C or tiet- This solution of supplement does not contain the active ingredient studied.
- This volume adjustment is particularly justified in the event of a reduction in the volume of the central reservoir to adapt to pediatric conditions, in which a volume of the central reservoir of 500 mL can be used instead of the 5000 mL in adults.
- a volume of the central reservoir of 500 mL can be used instead of the 5000 mL in adults.
- 12 samples of 2 mL would be taken from a central reservoir of 500 mL, which would correspond to approximately 5% of the central compartment, a value above the variability of the method and therefore justifying the volume correction.
- 12 samples of 3 mL only represent a decrease of 0.7% of the central reservoir, a non-significant variation which can be accepted.
- the quantity of active principle remains constant (or is considered as such) in the overall circuit (first and second circuits) and is that determined at the start of the experiment.
- Quantities are calculated by multiplying concentrations by volumes. If it is clear that the initial quantity (Qccinitiai) is perfectly defined (one can control exactly the quantity of active substance brought, by weighing it before dissolution in the central compartment), it is necessary to know the concentration of active substance at the outcome of the experiment (it is measured by methods known in the art in a sample taken from the central compartment), but also the volume of the central compartment.
- the initial volume of the central compartment (for example by weighing the central compartment, because the precision of the scales is generally better than the precision of the devices measuring the volume, or easier to implement).
- the initial volume is of the order of five liters, corresponding to the average blood volume in an adult patient. It can be lower if one wants to simulate the conditions observed in pediatrics, or if the drug is rare or extremely expensive; thus, a CC with a volume of the order of 0.5 to 1 L can be used.
- a specific procedure (by weighing) to determine the exact volume is explained below.
- the amount of material removed was by membrane adsorption, filtration and/or dialysis.
- the method also makes it possible to determine the share of each of these elimination pathways, bearing in mind that the only elimination pathway is adsorption, when simulating medical devices without liquid effluate such as ECMO.
- the method thus also makes it possible to determine the diffusion, dialysis and/or diafiltration properties of the membrane.
- the sieving coefficient (Sieving coefficient in English) SC, is essentially related to the crossing of the membrane by the free form of the drug, if the membrane does not have other properties (such as adsorption) which lead to an interaction of it with the drug. By using the sieving coefficient, information can be obtained about certain electrostatic properties of the membrane in relation to the ionic properties of the active substance.
- the sieving coefficient is calculated at each chosen moment by calculating the ratio of the instantaneous concentration in the permeate by the instantaneous concentration at the entrance to the exchange compartment.
- the extraction coefficient CE measures the decrease in quantity of drug due to the concentration gradient between the patient circuit (central compartment) and the dialysis circuit. It is expressed as a percentage and represents the ratio of the difference in concentration of the active principle in the central circuit, between the inlet and the outlet of the exchange compartment by the concentration at the inlet.
- CE (Ciniet - Coutiet) / C in iet (possibly multiplied by 100 to obtain the percentage).
- This quantity can be calculated in different ways: a) from the curve representing the concentrations in the instantaneous effluents (C e ffi instant), taken at the various chosen times.
- This curve can be integrated by any method known in the art, and by using appropriate software. As a good approximation, this area under the curve can be measured by the trapezium method, known in the art, and which is based on a linear interpolation by intervals (the chosen moments). This area is then also the sum of the areas of each trapezium between two consecutive chosen moments. It is easily understood that the number of samples can be increased to improve precision.
- Qcumui effiu Sum (AUC C e ffi instant) x exchange fluid flow rate (generally the diafiltration flow rate). b) from the final volume of permeate, and the final concentration of the active substance in this final permeate.
- the effluents are discharged into several pockets.
- the commercial bags have a volume of 5 L (Baxter Gambro) or 10 L (Fresenius). Given the prescribed diafiltration flow rate (for example 4 l/h), a 5 L bag is filled in 74 minutes, and several bags are therefore needed for an experiment lasting a few hours.
- the flow rate of the exchange fluid can be precisely calculated by the methods described below.
- the quantity of active substance eliminated by dialysis is determined by measuring the difference in the areas under the curve (AUC) of the instantaneous concentrations at the inlet or the outlet of the exchange compartment, multiplied by the simulated blood flow
- Qdia (AUC Ciniet - AUC C or tiet) x simulated blood flow (central compartment flow).
- the areas under the instantaneous concentration curve at the inlet or outlet of the exchange compartment are calculated in particular by the trapezium method.
- the simulated blood flow is a parameter determined by the experimenter at the start of the experiment.
- ii) in a pure filtration model the quantity of active substance eliminated by filtration is the total quantity of active substance present in the effluents.
- Qfjitr — Qcumul efflu- iii) in a diafiltration model the quantity of active substance eliminated by dialysis is determined by the formula given above:
- the membrane is a dialysis membrane.
- a second crystalloid solution (of identical composition to the first crystalloid solution, but without active substance) is used as the exchange fluid.
- the quantity of active substance eliminated by dialysis can be determined.
- the membrane is a filtration membrane (i.e. pure filtration is simulated).
- the exchange fluid is preferably a second crystalloid solution (of identical composition to the first crystalloid solution, but without active substance), and the method can also also include the determination of the quantity of active substance eliminated by filtration.
- the membrane is a diafiltration membrane.
- the exchange fluid be a second crystalloid solution (identical in composition to the first crystalloid solution, but without active substance), and that the method also includes determining the amount of substance active substance eliminated by dialysis and the determination of the quantity of active substance eliminated by filtration.
- the membrane is an extracorporeal oxygenation membrane (simulating ECMO).
- the exchange fluid is then a gas (air-type medical gas or oxygen-enriched mixture) containing oxygen. No liquid permeate is obtained by this method and only the adsorption of the membrane is calculated.
- the device used mirrors the device used for continuous extra-renal purification (CRRT).
- the method therefore simulates an EERC. It is also possible to calculate the percentage of active substance eliminated from the central compartment during the duration of the study (the predetermined duration) under normal diafiltration flow conditions. This percentage is calculated by the formula:
- % substance eliminated from CC (Qcc eliminated / Qccinitiai) x 100.
- This assessment can be used to check the quality of the work insofar as the pharmacokinetics is considered well described when 90% and more of the drug have been eliminated from the central reservoir under the usual conditions of use of the device.
- the invention also relates to a method for preparing an extracorporeal circulation circuit for the implementation of a method as described above, comprising: i) The provision of a bag containing a solution of crystalloid in physiological solution, preferably balanced, with a volume of between 4.5 and 5 liters ii) The measurement of the exact volume of the solution included in the bag, preferably by weighing the bag (empty bag and filled bag) , and taking into consideration the solutes present in the crystalloid solution and the weight of the empty bag (in particular as explained in the present application). Thus, given the precision of the scales (compared to those of conventional instruments for measuring volumes), an accuracy of less than 0.05% can be obtained.
- an extracorporeal circulation device comprising o A first circuit to which the bag above is connected (also called the central circuit), said first circuit containing a pump allowing the loop circulation of the crystalloid solution in the central circuit, the crystalloid solution passing through an exchange compartment containing the membrane to be tested for the active substance, sampling sites being located (relative to the flow of the crystalloid solution) at the inlet (upstream ) and at the exit (downstream) of the exchange compartment. It is therefore possible to take samples (of the order of 3 mL) of the crystalloid solution from the first circuit at the sampling sites at any chosen time.
- a second circuit in which passes an exchange fluid (gas in the case of ECMO or crystalloid solution identical to the solution of the bag above in the case of dialysis, filtration or diafiltration), said second circuit containing a pump allowing the circulation of the exchange fluid in the exchange compartment.
- an exchange fluid gas in the case of ECMO or crystalloid solution identical to the solution of the bag above in the case of dialysis, filtration or diafiltration
- the second circuit also has a sampling site at the outlet of the exchange compartment in order to sample a volume of the exchange fluid (of the order of 3 mL), and one or more collection pockets to recover the exchange fluid after passing through the exchange compartment.
- the device also contains a second pocket of the same volume as the pocket containing the crystalloid solution and the active substance (the first pocket).
- This second bag contains a crystalloid solution of similar composition, but containing no active principle. The principle is to connect the close second to the first circuit when the first pocket containing the crystalloid solution and the active substance is disconnected from it. This makes it possible to study the release of the active substance by the membrane in the event of adsorption.
- the first pocket P1 contains the drug to be studied.
- the method is implemented with P1 connected to the first circuit. After a certain time (6 hours is an acceptable duration, since it can be considered that the major part of the adsorption will have taken place, this can be confirmed a posteriori by the disappearance of differences in concentrations of the drug between the sites of samples at the inlet and outlet of the first circuit), P1 is disconnected from the first circuit (the pche P1 is “clamped”) and the second bag P2 is connected to the first circuit to circulate the crystalloid solution of P2 in the first round. As indicated, this makes it possible to study the release of the drug for an adequate duration (it can be done for the next 18 hours), starting from the hypothesis (generally confirmed) that the release time is always longer than the adsorption time.
- this method comprises adjusting the flow rate in the first circuit from 50 ml/min to 250 ml/min, preferably around 200 ml/min, and adjusting the second circuit between 500 to 8000 ml/h , preferably around 2500 ml/h.
- This makes it possible to simulate continuous extrarenal purification (EERC, filtration dialysis adsorption).
- this method includes adjusting the flow rate in the first circuit from 3 to 5 I / min, the second fluid being air. This simulates ECMO.
- the invention also relates to a computer program product, comprising a set of instructions which, when it is executed by processing means, is capable of implementing a method as described above, for providing the adsorption of a given active substance on a membrane after a predetermined time.
- the invention also relates to a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium on which is stored a computer program comprising program instructions, the computer program being loadable into a data processing unit and being adapted to bring the data processing unit to execute a method and a method as described above.
- the invention relates to a microprocessor comprising a computer algorithm for carrying out a method for determining the adsorption properties of a membrane, with respect to an active substance (medicine) in which one provides the values read as indicated above, and who performs the calculations as mentioned to provide the adsorption of the membrane, as well as the various other values mentioned above.
- the method can be used to calculate the Mich ⁇ lis-Menten parameters Vimax and Km, taking into account the fact that balances exist between the active substances and the membranes, giving rise to exchanges (capture or sequestration / release or release) during patient treatment.
- Vimax OR Vimax or Vmax or v ma x corresponds to the original maximum clearance rate (elimination by filtration, dialysis and/or diafiltration as appropriate) measured for a saturating concentration of active substance (for example in pmol/min) .
- Km corresponds to the Michaelis constant. It is the concentration of active substance for which the initial rate of the reaction is equal to half of the maximum initial rate.
- Km and V im ax are specific for the enzyme.
- Km and V im ax can be calculated which will be specific to a pair (active substance, membrane). Indeed, a given active substance is likely to react (to be sequestered and released) differently with different membranes, and a given membrane will not adsorb different active substances in the same way.
- V max and Km defined above for the membrane and the active substance.
- the constants can then be determined by methods similar to those described for enzymes (Lineweaver-Burk representation, Hanes-Woolf representation, Eadie-Hofstee representation, Eisenthal and Cornish-Bowden representation).
- the invention thus relates to a method for calculating the v imax (maximum initial speed) and Km corresponding to the interaction of a given active substance with a given biomedical membrane, comprising: i) Repeating the method described above for different concentrations of the given active substance and determine the adsorption values for each concentration of given active substance, as well as the quantity of active substance eliminated by dialysis, filtration and/or diafiltration, and determine the percentage thereof, with respect to the quantity initially supplied ii) Calculate the parameters v imax and Km using the data obtained in i).
- FIG. 1 Stability of vancomycin in crystalloid solution
- Figure 2 Vancomycin elimination kinetics during a dialysis session. The curves represented are the concentrations in the central compartment (CC), at the entrance (inlet) and at the exit (outlet) of the exchange compartment.
- FIG. 3 Gentamicin elimination curves in a diafiltration model, Concentrations are measured in the central compartment (CC), at the inlet and at the outlet of the exchange compartment.
- Figure 4 Elimination curves of amikacin in a diafiltration model, The concentrations are measured in the central compartment (CC), at the entrance and at the exit of the exchange compartment.
- Figure 5 curve making it possible to determine the V imax and Km for gentamicin on the ST® filter from Baxter-Gambro.
- the dotted line shows Km (V imax / 2)
- the central compartment (CC) is a main element of the system, simulating the patient.
- the fluids in the central compartment therefore simulate the patient's blood system.
- the fluids of the central compartment circulate in a closed environment, being reinjected into the central compartment after passing through the exchange compartment containing the membrane to be tested.
- the central compartment Preferably, 5 liters of a crystalloid solution in balanced physiological solution are used for the central compartment.
- the physiological term refers to the isotonicity of the solutions with respect to plasma (300 mosmol/L)
- the balanced term refers to the chloride ion concentration of a value comparable to that of plasma (95-105 mmol/L) .
- Drug Dose For each molecule of interest, a study can be performed by loading the CC to the maximum recommended therapeutic concentration. This mode of exposure mimics a bolus administration. This mode of implementation is preferred, because it harmonizes the mode of exposure of the drug to the filter and facilitates comparisons between drugs, between membranes and between manipulations.
- the method can however be implemented by simulating administration by infusion.
- the administration of aminoglycosides can be carried out with an electric syringe pump for 30 min, in order to simulate the real conditions of administration of these active ingredients in the clinic.
- effluent flow rates also called effluent: i) Low: 1 L/h ii) medium and recommended: 2.5 L/h (corresponding to a dose of dialysis or filtration or of diafiltration of 35 mL/kg/h in a 70 kg man) iii) high: 4 L/h iv) very high: 6 to 8 L/h.
- Flow of simulated, a constant flow rate is used, preferably set at 200 mL/min.
- the samples are taken simultaneously at the different sites.
- T0 before the start of the session
- T1 after its start at +15, +30, +45, +60 minutes and then every hour during 6 to 8 hours to study as completely as possible the phenomena of adsorption, dialysis and filtration then after for 18 to 16 hours the release of drugs in the event of significant adsorption.
- the method was first implemented using substances known not to be adsorbed by any membrane (urea, creatinine or potassium).
- the average urea sieving coefficient was 1.01 + 0.01 and 0.99 + 0.02, respectively.
- the potassium recovery rate in the effluent was 100+ 2%.
- the implementation of the method has made it possible to reveal a phenomenon of mass transfer resistance by dialysis, by which the fluid circulates in the capillaries (each circuit) which are at lower resistance, which limits the exchanges blood- dialysate with higher resistance.
- This phenomenon of mass transfer resistance demonstrated by the in vitro method, is never taken into account in clinical studies using high (50 mL/Kg/h) or even very high hemofiltration rates (100 mL /Kg/h).
- the volume of solution is obtained by i) removing the weight of the container (measurement of the weight of the empty pockets) ii) taking into account the density of the crystalloid solution.
- bags of pharmaceutical grade are used, the composition of which is known (it is therefore possible to know the quantities of substances added to obtain a balanced physiological (iso-osmotic) solution (with a chlorine concentration close to that of plasma)).
- Drugs are diluted and injected into the bag using the solution in the bag, to avoid any addition or withdrawal of fluid.
- Vancomycin with a molecular weight (MW) of approximately 1450 Da is a medium-sized molecule close to the sieving coefficient of old membranes (vitamin B12 with a MW of approximately 1355 Da) and the Prismaflex ST150® membrane (Baxter-Gambro) which has a sieving coefficient for vitamin B12 of 1, whereas that of inulin (MW 6179 Da approximately) is only 0.96.
- Vancomycin removal was studied by the ST150® filter in pure dialysis mode over a period of 6 h at a dialysate flow rate of 2.5 L/h with a flow rate of blood simulates 200 mL/min. Two sessions were performed, the results were calculated by the average of the two sessions.
- Session duration was limited to 6 h and not 8 h (because 90% or more of CC vancomycin is eliminated after 6 h). This duration is therefore acceptable to describe the elimination of almost the entire dose as the free fraction of the drug.
- the free fraction of vancomycin (which, it should be remembered, is fixed at 50% on plasma proteins in the blood under clinical conditions) is easily eliminated by dialysis with the ST150® as evidenced by the rate of elimination of vancomycin from CC and the clearance value of the free form of CC which has a value close to that of the dialysis flow.
- Figure 2 shows the elimination kinetics of vancomycin during a dialysis session.
- the concentration curves in the CC are in black dots and dashed lines.
- the concentration curves measured at the entrance to the membrane are in red dots and dashed lines.
- the curves of the concentrations at the outlet of the membrane are in dots and broken blue lines.
- Onichimowski et al (J Artif Organs. 2021 Mar;24(1):65-73) studied the elimination of vancomycin in a system using the same ST150® membrane, in a porcine blood model.
- the CRRT was in pure filtration and post-dilution mode.
- the filtration rate was 0.6 L/h with a blood flow of 100 mL/min Min.
- the concentration of vancomycin studied by the authors of 1000 mg/L, is unrelated to the upper limit of therapeutic concentrations of 50 mg/L.
- the publication also shows a very high variability of concentrations in the vancomycin stability study, which raises questions about the stability of the model.
- the authors only measured vancomycin concentrations at the inlet of the filter and not also at its outlet. They conclude with an adsorption rate of 33% of vancomycin, but with a considerable standard deviation (figure 2 of this document) and which presents an overlap with the standard deviations of the controls suggesting statistically non-significant differences.
- Membrane ST®150, derived from PAN and covered with PEI reputed to be very sorbent
- Drugs three drugs from the same pharmacological class, aminoglycosides, were compared under identical experimental conditions: gentamicin and tobramycin at the recommended initial concentration of 40 mg/L and amikacin at the recommended initial concentration of 80 mg/L
- Diafiltration flow total flow of 4 L/h divided into 2.5 L/h of dialysis and 1.5 L/h of filtration
- the summary table shows the main results of this study.
- Example 5 Example of ECMO.
- the method described above was implemented using a crystalloid solution, Phoxilium®, Baxter-Gambro.
- the simulated blood flow had been set at a theoretical value of 3 L/min. It was 3.1 ⁇ 0.2 L/min.
- AUC Coutiet 25670 mg.min/L
- AUC Coutiet 25127 mg.min/L
- the clearance of the pump filter unit is the product of the extraction coefficient by the flow rate of crystalloid solution according to the equation:
- the method makes it possible to determine the importance of adsorption, which begins as soon as a drug is administered intravenously, and induces a reduction in the value of the peak concentration.
- This method makes it possible to determine the respective roles of filtration, dialysis and adsorption which can be expressed both in mg and % of the dose eliminated from the CC over the time of the study (chosen to correspond to the elimination of 90% of the initial dose) and thus allows a complete description of the phenomenon, which is not possible with studies of 1 h to 3 h. thus, the method could be used for 72 h with the same drug and the same filter.
- the method described here has thus made it possible to show the absence of detectable adsorption for a large number of molecules: phenobarbital, salicylate, vancomycin, lithium.
- Example 3 showed that in pure filtration, with zero water-sodium balance (no water-sodium loss inducing haemoconcentration), a close superimposition of the curves is observed in the different sampling sites.
- adsorption may be of such importance that it prevents the occurrence of detectable concentrations in effluents.
- the study of the elimination of aminoglycosides suggests such a mechanism, which had never been described.
- the aminoglycosides studied are very hydrophilic and ionized drugs at physiological pH in the form of cations.
- the Baxter-Gambro ST® filter is made of a naturally ionized electronegative polyacrylonitrile (PAN) support, which has biological consequences.
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- PEI polyethyleneimmine
- Polyethyleneimines PEI
- polyaziridines organic polymers with the chemical formula H[CH 2 -CH 2 -NH-] n H
- amines primary, secondary, and/or tertiary depending on their linear or branched structure
- the ST® Baxter-Gambro membranes used are highly electropositive and cationic.
- V imax and Km of the gentamicin/ST150 filter interaction could be assessed using the model described above.
- the ST®, Baxter-Gambro filter was used in diafiltration mode at a flow rate set at 2.5 L/h. Simulated blood flow and weight loss: set to 0.
- the concentrations tested ranged from 4 to 240 mg/L (initial doses ranging from 20 to 1200 mg).
- the sequestration of gentamicin in the ST® filter is well described by a Michaelis-Menten equation.
- the targeted therapeutic concentrations of gentamicin are around the Vmax, which may explain the difficulties in defining the optimal dose.
- Figure 5 shows the curve for determining the V imax and Km.
- the dotted line shows Km (V imax / 2).
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR2111065A FR3128291B1 (fr) | 2021-10-18 | 2021-10-18 | Méthode d’analyse des propriétés de membranes biomédicales |
| PCT/EP2022/078846 WO2023066867A1 (fr) | 2021-10-18 | 2022-10-17 | Méthode d'analyse des propriétés de membranes biomédicales |
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| DE29519395U1 (de) * | 1995-11-21 | 1996-03-28 | Sartorius AG, 37075 Göttingen | Vorrichtung zur endotoxinfreien Blutreinigung durch Dialyse |
| WO2011133671A2 (fr) * | 2010-04-20 | 2011-10-27 | The University Of North Carolina | Dispositifs, systèmes et procédés d'adsorption |
| RU2735601C2 (ru) * | 2016-08-05 | 2020-11-05 | Торэй Индастриз, Инк. | Сополимер и разделительная мембрана, устройство медицинского назначения и устройство для очистки крови, в котором используют этот сополимер |
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