EP4419321A1 - Verfahren zur klassierung der oberflächentextur von kautschukprodukten - Google Patents
Verfahren zur klassierung der oberflächentextur von kautschukproduktenInfo
- Publication number
- EP4419321A1 EP4419321A1 EP22761402.1A EP22761402A EP4419321A1 EP 4419321 A1 EP4419321 A1 EP 4419321A1 EP 22761402 A EP22761402 A EP 22761402A EP 4419321 A1 EP4419321 A1 EP 4419321A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- classification
- rubber product
- rubber
- image recording
- recording device
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D30/00—Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
- B29D30/06—Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof (e.g. produced by casting, moulding, compression moulding, injection moulding, centrifugal casting)
- B29D30/52—Unvulcanised treads, e.g. on used tyres; Retreading
- B29D30/54—Retreading
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/30—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces
- G01B11/303—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces using photoelectric detection means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V10/70—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning
- G06V10/82—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning using neural networks
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D30/00—Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
- B29D30/06—Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof (e.g. produced by casting, moulding, compression moulding, injection moulding, centrifugal casting)
- B29D30/52—Unvulcanised treads, e.g. on used tyres; Retreading
- B29D30/54—Retreading
- B29D2030/541—Abrading the tyre, e.g. buffing, to remove tread and/or sidewalls rubber, to prepare it for retreading
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D30/00—Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
- B29D30/06—Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof (e.g. produced by casting, moulding, compression moulding, injection moulding, centrifugal casting)
- B29D30/52—Unvulcanised treads, e.g. on used tyres; Retreading
- B29D30/54—Retreading
- B29D2030/546—Measuring, detecting, monitoring, inspecting, controlling
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V2201/06—Recognition of objects for industrial automation
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for classifying the surface texture of rubber products, in particular tire components in the retreading of tires and a method for retreading a tire and an apparatus for classifying the surface texture of rubber products. Also disclosed is a computer program product and a control device for controlling a device for classifying the surface texture of rubber products.
- cold retreading is important.
- the old tread of the old tire is removed from the carcass, for example by grinding. This leaves an old tire with its carcass surface covered with rubber roughened (“casing").
- a characteristic of cold retreading is that the new treads are pre-vulcanized (“pre-cured") so that they can be applied to the casings in the cold retreading process, such as is carried out in cold retreading plants (so-called "retread shops").
- the resilient connection between the old tire and the new tread is guaranteed by a suitable adhesive, which creates a material connection between the two components. This is done, for example, by vulcanizing a sulfur-curable adhesive, for example a rubber mixture.
- a vulcanizable rubber compound is applied to the carcass surface and then vulcanized in a vulcanization device in such a way that a permanent connection to the carcass surface is produced and at the same time a tread profile is created in the surface of the tread.
- a specifically adjusted roughness is required on the exposed carcass surface or on the back of the pre-vulcanized treads so that a long-term and firm bond can develop between the tire components.
- This set roughness must be within a specific range that is neither too large nor too small. If this specific roughness is not set, the tread can come loose when using the retreaded tire, which must be avoided at all costs. This can be caused, for example, by the fact that the adhesion is insufficient in areas that are too smooth or that the contacting of the two components with the adhesive is insufficient, since this collects in the depressions of the rough structure of a surface that is too rough.
- the surface of the old tire largely freed from the old tread or the surface of the new tread to be applied are roughened in the prior art using material-removing methods.
- the roughness produced is determined, ie the surface structure is evaluated, mostly by means of a visual inspection by the workers employed with the aid of standardized roughness tests, with which the surface textures produced can be assigned to predefined classes.
- These predefined reference surfaces are therefore used for the manual classification of the surface texture, with the workers employed often evaluating the covering of the surface with removed material in addition to the surface texture in order to improve it with further cleaning measures, if necessary, and gross material defects (e.g. macroscopic defects or non-roughened ones). To identify areas, so-called "shiny spots").
- the method known from the prior art for classifying the surface texture is regularly felt to be disadvantageous. It places high demands on the qualifications of the workers used so that they can reliably classify the surface texture. In addition, manual visual inspection is very time-consuming and often requires a large number of workers to ensure an acceptable throughput rate. Thus, the method known from the prior art is regularly felt to be inefficient in terms of time and costs.
- the object of the present invention to provide an improved method for classifying the surface texture of rubber products, in particular tire components in the retreading of tires, which enables reliable classification of the processed rubber products and thus a consistent quality of the retreaded tires manufactured with these rubber products can reliably guarantee.
- the classification method should be able to be carried out in a particularly cost-effective and time-efficient manner. It was particularly desirable that the method to be specified should also be able to be used in continuous operation.
- the method to be specified for the classification should ideally be able to support the workers used in the classification or even at least partially replace them.
- One of the tasks of the method to be specified was that it should enable the most objective possible assessment of the surface texture and thus lead to an improvement in the testing process.
- the method to be specified should be designed in such a way that, in addition to a basic classification, information about the actual roughness or surface topography of the surface can also be obtained with the method.
- the method to be specified should be able to be carried out comparatively flexibly with regard to the classification of the surface texture in order to adapt the method to be specified to the needs of different rubber products. It was desirable here that the method to be specified should have a high level of operational reliability and ideally be executable as a contactless method.
- the invention relates to a method for classifying the surface texture of rubber products, in particular tire components in the retreading of tires, comprising the following method steps: a) producing or providing a rubber product comprising an at least partially vulcanized rubber mixture, b) processing a surface of the rubber product by removing it of material with one or more tools, and c) classifying the surface texture of the machined surface with a classifying unit, the classifying unit comprising: i) at least one lighting device for illuminating the surface of the rubber product with an angle of incidence of more than 10°, ii) at least one Image recording device for recording the surface of the rubber product in the area illuminated by the lighting device, and iii) at least one electronic data processing device connected to the image recording device.
- the rubber product to be processed which can be, for example, a tread strip or a used tire at least partially freed from the old tread strip, can be produced or provided.
- the Provision can be made, for example, by purchasing the relevant component from a supplier.
- the production takes place, for example, by removing an old tread from a used tire or by producing a pre-profiled tread by vulcanization.
- the rubber product can also be a used tire whose old tread is only removed by the tools in the course of the method according to the invention.
- the rubber product comprises an at least partially vulcanized rubber mixture.
- this is not only the case for used tires but also for the pre-cured treads used in cold retreading. It has proven to be an advantage of the method according to the invention that the rubber mixture contained in the rubber products does not have to be completely vulcanized, even if this can be regarded as advantageous for most applications. As a result, it is also not necessary to examine whether the rubber product is already fully vulcanized, which can be difficult in view of the complex material structure of vulcanized rubber compounds.
- a surface of the tire component is processed, i. H. at least one surface of the tire component. This is done by removing material with one or more tools in a material-removing process and at least also serves the purpose of roughening the surface of the rubber product.
- process steps a) and b) corresponding to the steps known to those skilled in the art, with which the surface of a prepared or provided rubber product is roughened.
- process step c) the surface texture of the processed surface is classified, which in the prior art - as explained above - is usually carried out by workers by visual inspection, which are given defined surfaces of comparable rubber products as a comparison, the known classes of classification are assigned.
- classification takes place with a classification unit, so that the classification is automatic.
- the step of classifying or classifying means that a surface is assigned to one of several classes of a classification, which in turn was generated by means of classification.
- a surface assigned to a class of the classification is a classified surface or a surface with a specific classification within the meaning of the present invention.
- the step of grading means that the processed surface as a whole or partial areas of the surface depending on the surface texture, i. H. in practice, the mean surface texture, an indicator suitable for classification is assigned.
- a class is assigned to the processed surface or the partial areas, which represents a summary upper unit for surfaces with comparable properties with regard to the surface parameters.
- the classification unit includes a lighting device for illuminating the surface of the rubber product.
- the classification unit includes an image pickup device that captures the surface of the rubber product in the illuminated area.
- the surface of the rubber product is illuminated by the at least one illumination device with an angle of incidence of more than 10°.
- the angle of incidence corresponds to the angle between the incident beam, or the central beam path of the lighting device, and the normal of the surface at the point of incidence of the beam.
- This form of side lighting creates on the rough surface of the rubber product a shadow gradient (bright and dark field effect; so-called “dark field effect” and “light field effect”).
- This shadow progression can be recorded with the image recording device.
- the image recording device is now connected to an electronic data processing device, by means of which the classification takes place depending on the recording of the image recording device.
- the total surface can be classified.
- a method in which a large number of partial areas of the surface are each subjected to a separate classification is preferred, particularly with regard to the computing power required and to obtaining a spatially resolved assessment of the surface quality.
- This can be achieved, for example, by dividing the surface of the rubber product by a theoretical grid pattern into a large number of theoretical tiles, in each of which the classification takes place.
- other classification criteria can also be used for dividing into partial areas. For example, it is possible to align the subdivision with the surface texture in order to delimit sub-areas of similar characteristics from one another and then to classify them.
- an overall evaluation of the surface of the rubber product can advantageously be carried out by evaluating the partial classifications.
- the overall rating when using numerical values assigned to the classes can be determined by the arithmetic mean or the median of the partial classification, with exclusion criteria also being provided which, for example, allow a maximum number of partial classifications of a specific class.
- a maximum number of partial areas is defined, which is above and/or below a range of the classification defined as acceptable, ie outside the classes defined as acceptable, the local distribution of sub-areas with insufficient classes preferably also being used, for example to exclude undesired large clusters of sub-areas with insufficient classes.
- a method according to the invention is therefore preferred, in which the surface texture of the machined surface is classified in method step c) by separate partial classification of a large number of partial areas of the surface, with each partial area being assigned a classification, with an overall evaluation of the surface preferably being carried out as a function of all partial classifications .
- this classification is mostly done using six predefined surface textures, which are assigned to one of six classes of the BT classification published by the TRMG, so that it makes sense to retain this classification.
- this classification is therefore preferred in which the classification is carried out by assigning the surface structure to one of two or more, preferably three or more, particularly preferably four or more, very particularly preferably six classes.
- the decisive criterion for the classification is basically the surface texture.
- the classification correlates with the roughness of the surface.
- the surface coverage with removed material ie the degree of contamination and/or the presence of macroscopic surface defects, for example cuts and cracks in the surface
- the classification correlates with the roughness of the surface, the classification preferably also taking place as a function of the surface coverage with removed material and/or the number of macroscopic surface defects.
- the simplest form of classification can probably be seen in the fact that the images recorded by the image recording device are compared with the images that were recorded on predefined reference surfaces with a known classification.
- global parameters of the recordings can be used here, such as the mean brightness on the recordings obtained.
- a method according to the invention is therefore initially preferred, in which the classification in method step c) is carried out by comparing a recording of the surface of the rubber product taken by means of the image recording device with two or more recordings are made, which were previously recorded by the image recording device on predefined reference surfaces, with the comparison being carried out by the electronic data processing device.
- the inventors of the present invention have now recognized that modern data processing technologies can be used particularly efficiently in the method according to the invention, through which the classification in the arrangement described above can be automated, fast and particularly reliable, with in particular a particularly high resolution the classification becomes possible, d. H. assignment to a large number of only slightly different classes is also possible.
- a neural network is used to evaluate and classify the recorded images.
- the neural network is trained to to assign the shadows cast detected by the image recording device to the various classes. This can expediently be done by training the neural network on reference surfaces with a defined surface texture, ie on reference surfaces with a known class. It has proven to be particularly advantageous if the data used for training were previously recorded using the same image recording device, ie in the same arrangement that is also used for the method according to the invention. It has proven to be particularly advantageous to use a "convolutional neural network” (abbreviated "CNN”), which is preferably a CNN with several "convolutional layers”, so that it is a “deep convolutional neural network”. acts.
- CNN convolutional neural network
- the person skilled in the field of tire production can buy corresponding artificial networks, for example in a trained or untrained state, which are suitable for the purposes of the present invention, from specialized software companies or design them himself in a team together with a specialist in the field of IT.
- the development, optimization and training of corresponding neural networks is easily possible for specialists in the field of IT with access to rubber products with processed surfaces, such as can be obtained in the method according to the invention, and known classification, so that the specialist in the field of tire production from these experts can obtain the corresponding neural networks, for example in a trained or untrained state.
- a method according to the invention is preferred, wherein the classification in method step c) takes place by evaluating a recording of the surface of the rubber product taken by means of the image recording device, the evaluation being carried out by the electronic data processing device uses an artificial neural network, in particular a covolutional neural network, which is preferably trained using recordings that were previously recorded using the image recording device on defined reference surfaces and/or was trained using recordings that were provided and provided from a storage unit previously recorded on defined reference surfaces using an identical classification unit.
- an artificial neural network in particular a covolutional neural network
- the basic structure also allows an alternative form of classification without making fundamental changes to the method according to the invention.
- This alternative procedure which can be combined with the use of neural networks if necessary, is particularly suitable for applications in which the classification method described above does not provide satisfactory results or more comprehensive and detailed information about the surface texture is required.
- statistical characteristic height values are determined, at least for parts of the examined surface, which can be typical roughness parameters, for example.
- These parameters can advantageously be obtained in the method according to the invention by arranging two or more lighting devices offset relative to one another. In this way, it is advantageously possible, with relatively minor changes in the structure, to determine the surface quality using what is known as “photometric stereo”.
- the three-dimensional surface topography is calculated by means of what is known as “shape from shading” using the electronic data processing device.
- the technology underlying "photometric stereo” and “shape from shading” has been around since the 1980s known in the last century. The person skilled in the art can therefore use software or algorithms that have been designed by third parties for this technology and have been published in specialist articles, for example.
- the statistical height parameters can be determined from the three-dimensional surface topography and used for classification.
- a method according to the invention is therefore also preferred, in which the classification in method step c) is carried out by comparing statistical height characteristics, preferably the two-dimensional roughness of the surface, in particular the mean surface roughness R a , and/or an area-related roughness, with predetermined limit values, the predetermined limit values are preferably set by means of defined reference surfaces.
- the classification unit comprises two or more, preferably three or more, lighting devices which are arranged offset relative to one another and/or relative to the image recording device and illuminate the surface of the rubber product from different directions
- the electronic data processing device being used for this purpose is set up to determine a three-dimensional surface topography from the known arrangement of the lighting devices and the recording of the image recording device.
- the three-dimensional surface topography obtained by means of "photometric stereo” or even just an intermediate product obtained in the course of the calculation, in particular a calculated image of the reflection behavior over the surface under consideration (so-called “albedo”) can be analyzed by an artificial neuronal network, preferably as above described, evaluated, whereby the training of the neural network should take place accordingly on three-dimensional surface topographies or corresponding intermediate products, which were recorded using "photometric stereo” on defined reference surfaces.
- the inventors of the present invention propose lighting devices with different spectral use characteristics.
- suitable filters for example bandpass filters, different lighting situations can thus be created efficiently and quasi-simultaneously, which can be evaluated separately from one another by the image recording device.
- the classification unit comprises two or more lighting devices whose light has the maximum intensity at different wavelengths, the wavelength difference preferably being more than 50 nm, particularly preferably more than 100 nm, very particularly preferably more than 200 nm and/or wherein the lighting devices and/or the image recording device, preferably the image recording device, comprises a filter, preferably a bandpass filter, particularly preferably a multi-bandpass filter, in particular a multi-bandpass filter with two or three band ranges, the band ranges preferably being separated by more than 50 nm, more preferably more than 100 nm, most preferably more than 200 nm.
- the storage unit can advantageously not only archive the image information recorded during operation, but can also include the neural network used or the software used to evaluate the "photometric stereo".
- the classification unit comprises a memory unit connected to the electronic data processing device, wherein the memory unit preferably comprises a computer program product disclosed below.
- This can be a warning siren or a signal light, for example.
- the classification unit is a display and/or Signaling device, in particular a signaling light or a signaling column, which is set up to emit a display or a signal when the classification of the surface texture of the machined surface is within and/or outside of a predetermined class range.
- a visual representation of the classification of the surface or the partial classification of the partial areas on the surface is shown on a display device with a display.
- a type of "heat map” can be obtained by suitable coloring, i. H. a representation of the spatial resolution of the classifications obtained or the assigned classes.
- the display device comprises a display, in which case the display comprises a visual representation of the classification of the surface or the partial classification of partial regions of the surface.
- the image recording device is a line camera.
- Appropriate cameras are available on the market and, in the method according to the invention, advantageously allow a particularly efficient evaluation of the shadow cast along the recorded line, for example by combining several of these line recordings into one recording.
- Line scan cameras are particularly suitable for the components that are moved relative to the image recording device or their surfaces, which are to be classified during the retreading of tires.
- the line camera can be considered that this is particularly suitable for use in a continuous process and, with appropriate dimensioning, allows a uniform analysis of most rubber products over the entire width, with the comparatively narrow recording area advantageously being able to ensure particularly uniform conditions for each recording , whereby, for example, the influence of any lens distortion can be minimized.
- line scan cameras can regularly produce recordings with a very high frequency, which advantageously allows the process to be carried out quickly.
- the image recording device is a line camera, the image of the surface of the rubber product recorded with the line camera preferably having lighter and darker areas as a result of the oblique illumination of the rough surface and the resulting shadows cast.
- such regular cameras are also regarded as line cameras which are used in the sense of a line camera by setting or limiting the evaluation to a low number of pixel lines, for example three pixel lines.
- the image recording device is preferably controlled in such a way, for example via an incremental encoder, that the generated recordings of the surface are at a predefined, preferably equidistant, distance from one another.
- the image recording device is controlled in such a way that the images of the surface are recorded at predefined time intervals.
- the person skilled in the art selects suitable lighting devices for the method according to the invention depending on the actual structure.
- directional lighting devices are particularly preferred, ie lighting devices that emit the light in comparatively focused beams.
- spotlights in particular are particularly suitable for casting suitable shadows on the surface of the rubber products. It is particularly preferred that all lighting devices illuminate the area of the surface of the rubber product captured by the image recording device.
- a method according to the invention is therefore preferred, in which the one or more lighting devices are directed lighting devices, preferably headlights, particularly preferably spotlights, and/or in which the one or more image recording devices are cameras.
- a method according to the invention is also preferred, in which the one or more lighting devices in the classification unit are arranged in such a way that the light beam(s) generated by the lighting devices impinge on the surface of the rubber product in the area covered by the image recording device.
- a method according to the invention is particularly preferred, in which the image recording device is a line camera and/or in which the lighting device is a spotlight.
- the angle of incidence to be used according to the invention can advantageously be achieved in that the lighting device is arranged laterally offset from the rubber product.
- the inventors of the present invention have identified preferred angles of incidence, with angles of incidence of approximately 20° or 70° being particularly well suited for implementing the bright field or dark field effect in connection with the artificial neural networks.
- Particularly high angles of incidence are particularly suitable for using the concept of the Implement "photometric stereo" in the process of the invention.
- a method according to the invention is therefore preferred, in which the one or more lighting devices in the classification unit are arranged to the side of the surface of the rubber product, so that the central beam path to the surface of the rubber product preferably has an angle of incidence of more than 45°, preferably more than 60°. more preferably of more than 75°, or alternatively an angle of incidence in the range from 15° to 25° or in the range from 65° to 75°.
- this lighting device can also be composed of a plurality of lighting devices, for example separate LEDs, the beam paths of which then run essentially parallel to one another.
- a method according to the invention is therefore preferred in which the classification unit comprises precisely one lighting device or a plurality of lighting devices whose central beam path runs parallel to one another.
- the inventors of the present invention have identified particularly suitable surface roughnesses on which the classification should be based.
- a method according to the invention is preferred in which the machined surface has an average roughness Ra in the range from 10 to 70 ⁇ m, preferably in the range from 15 to 45 ⁇ m, particularly preferably in the range from 20 to 30 ⁇ m.
- a process according to the invention is preferred in which the process is operated as a continuous process, the relative speed of the rubber product to the tool and/or to the classification unit being in the range from 5 to 30 m/min, preferably in the range from 10 to 25 m/min .
- the present method can be used for a large number of rubber components, it has proven to be particularly advantageous in particular in the classification of tire components, in particular tread strips or refurbished used tires.
- a method according to the invention is therefore preferred, in which the rubber product is a tire component, preferably a tread strip or a used tire with an at least partially worn, old tread strip, particularly preferably a tread strip.
- the width of the surface of the processed rubber product is in a similar size range. More precisely, a method according to the invention is preferred, wherein the width of the processed surface of the rubber product is in the range from 100 to 500 mm, preferably in the range from 150 to 450 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 180 to 400 mm.
- the rubber product to be processed for example a tread strip
- the rubber product in method step a) is provided from a roll as a strand of material from which individual rubber products are separated in the method by a separating tool.
- the method according to the invention should be carried out on the side facing away from the profile, since the mostly very pronounced profile information can lead to a strong shadow cast, which reduces the accuracy of the Classification method could alienate in terms of surface texture. Accordingly, a method according to the invention is preferred, wherein the rubber product is a tread strip, wherein the tread strip has a tire tread on one side and wherein the processing and the grading take place exclusively on the surface opposite the tire tread.
- the rubber product may advantageously also comprise an only partially vulcanized rubber compound, in practice the most relevant case for most applications is when the rubber compound is substantially fully vulcanized.
- the rubber product can in principle also be a composite material which, for example, comprises reinforcing cords made of metal or plastic.
- the rubber product essentially consists entirely of the at least partially vulcanized rubber mixture or of a plurality of at least partially vulcanized rubber mixtures.
- a method according to the invention is therefore preferred in which the rubber product comprises a completely vulcanized rubber mixture and/or in which the rubber product consists of at least partially, preferably completely, vulcanized rubber mixtures.
- the classification of the surface texture essentially works on all rubber products.
- the inventors were able to identify a particularly suitable vulcanized rubber mixture whose surface can be classified particularly efficiently using the method according to the invention.
- a method according to the invention is preferred in which the vulcanized rubber mixture was obtained by vulcanization from a rubber mixture which comprises a filler and at least one rubber selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber and isoprene rubber.
- the inventors of the present invention were able to identify material-removing methods with which the processing in method step b) can be carried out particularly efficiently, with wire brushes in particular allowing comparatively inexpensive processing of the materials and adequate processing of the surface of rubber products.
- a method according to the invention is preferred, in which the processing of the surface in method step b) takes place with one or more tools for material-removing processing, which are selected from the group consisting of lasers, milling tools and brushes, preferably selected from the group consisting of lasers and Wire brushes, in particular wire brushes, the wire brushes preferably being designed as segmented wire brushes.
- the inventors propose that several of these tools can be arranged one behind the other.
- a method according to the invention is therefore preferred, in which the processing of the surface in method step b) takes place using a large number of tools arranged one behind the other.
- the inventors propose moving the rubber products to be processed by means of a conveyor along different processing stations, for example material removal and classification. In the case of refurbished scrap tires, this can also involve a rotatable suspension with which the surface of the scrap tire is moved relative to the tools and the classification unit.
- a process according to the invention is also preferred, in which process steps b) and c) are each carried out on at least two surfaces of the rubber product, preferably on both surfaces simultaneously.
- step b the surface is also cleaned in step b), which preferably takes place after the material-removing processing.
- the inventors were particularly suitable cleaning devices for removing vulcanized Identify rubber compound from a rubber product.
- a method according to the invention is preferred, additionally comprising the method step after method step b): b2) removing the removed material from the processed surface of the rubber product with a cleaning device.
- the cleaning device comprises a rotating brush and/or a blower.
- discarded rubber products can be re-entered into the process according to the invention, particularly if the overall surface roughness was assessed as insufficient, ie not sufficiently pronounced, and an improvement can be expected from repeated processing.
- a very particular advantage of the method according to the invention can be seen in the fact that digital information about the classification of the surface texture and thus about the surface condition is automatically obtained by means of the classification unit. This makes it possible, by observing the development of the classification over time, to recognize early on when the classification of the surface of the observed rubber products of the same type is moving in the direction of the border areas of the previously defined class range. Corresponding tendencies can be identified particularly early, particularly when using a neural network, as explained above. Such tendencies to leave the predetermined class range can be caused, for example, by the deterioration or wear of the tools used or a change in the material composition in the rubber product.
- the information obtained by the classification unit can be used to automatically adapt the operating parameters of the tools used for surface processing in order to counteract a deterioration in the surface texture at an early stage.
- the pressing force and/or the rotational speed of wire brushes used for roughening may be changed when the physicochemical properties of the processed rubber product, such as surface hardness, change depending on a changing composition of the rubber product.
- the invention also relates to a method linked to the method according to the invention for retreading a tire, comprising the method steps: e) producing or providing a used tire with an at least partially worn, old tread strip and a roughened carcass surface, and either the method step: f) attaching a tread with a roughened surface to the roughened carcass surface by means of an adhesive by creating a material connection, or g) applying a vulcanizable rubber mixture to the roughened carcass surface and vulcanizing the compound obtained in a vulcanizing device to form a tread profile, the carcass surface, and optionally the roughened surface of the tread strip, is classified with the method according to the invention for classifying the surface texture of rubber products and the classification of the surface texture lies in a predetermined class range.
- the method described above is particularly advantageous because with it it is possible to obtain particularly reliable retreaded tires in which the risk of the occurrence of a material defect, which could be caused by an unsuitable roughness of the individual components, is advantageously minimized.
- the tread strip can already be removed from the old tire in the method according to the invention, namely by the material-removing tools.
- a method according to the invention for retreading a tire is therefore also preferred, the old tire being produced by mechanically separating part of the old tread from the carcass of the tire, in particular by grinding off the old tread.
- a method according to the invention for retreading a tire is preferred, the carcass surface and/or the treated surface of the tread strip being heated to a temperature of more than 50° C., preferably more than 60° C., particularly preferably more than 70° C., before attachment is tempered.
- the inventors of the present invention have recognized that the method according to the invention is not limited in terms of the adhesive used, with the inventors proposing a particularly proven adhesive. Namely, a method according to the invention for retreading a tire is preferred, wherein the adhesive comprises at least one styrene-butadiene rubber, wherein the adhesive preferably comprises a solvent which evaporates when the prepared tread strip is attached to the roughened carcass surface.
- the invention also relates to a device for classifying the surface texture of rubber products, preferably in a method according to the invention, comprising: v) one or more tools for material-removing processing of the surface of the rubber product, w) a movement unit which is set up to move the surface of the rubber product and move the one or more tools relative to each other, and x) a classification unit comprising: i) at least one lighting device that is set up to illuminate the surface of the rubber product with an angle of incidence of more than 10°, ii) at least one image recording device that is set up to capture the surface of the rubber product in the area illuminated by the lighting device , and iii) at least one electronic data processing device connected to the image recording device.
- the movement unit can move the rubber product relative to a stationary tool, for example by using a conveyor belt or a rotating suspension, as is also described above, for example.
- the tools can also be designed to be movable and, for example, guided by a robotic arm along a stationary rubber product.
- the rubber product can also be moved relative to the classification unit, it also being possible for the classification unit to be moved relative to a stationary rubber product, analogously to the tools.
- Corresponding devices according to the invention are particularly preferred because the method according to the invention can be carried out with them and the advantages described above result accordingly.
- devices according to the invention are particularly preferred with which the method according to the invention can be carried out in preferred embodiments.
- a device for conveying a rubber product through the device or a device for rotating a rubber product, preferably a conveyor device for conveying a rubber product through the device.
- a device according to the invention is also preferred, the device comprising a receiving device for a roller, via which the rubber product can be made available as a strand of material.
- a device according to the invention is also preferred, the device comprising separating tools for separating individual rubber products from a strand of material.
- the device comprising a plurality of tools for material-removing processing of the surface of the rubber product, which are preferably selected from the group consisting of lasers, milling tools and brushes, preferably selected from the group consisting of lasers and wire brushes, in particular wire brushes ,
- the wire brushes are preferably designed as segmented wire brushes.
- a device according to the invention is preferred, wherein the device comprises a plurality of tools for material-removing machining, which are arranged along the conveyor device.
- a device according to the invention is also preferred, the device additionally comprising a control device for the automatic control of the tools for material-removing machining.
- a device according to the invention is also preferred, the device being set up so that the material-removing processing and the subsequent classification can take place simultaneously on two or more surfaces of the rubber product.
- the device comprises a cleaning device for removing removed material from the processed surface of the rubber product, preferably a rotating brush and/or a blower.
- a device according to the invention is also preferred, wherein the classification unit comprises a memory unit connected to the electronic data processing device.
- a device according to the invention is also preferred, wherein the classification unit comprises a display and/or signal device connected to the electronic data processing device.
- a device according to the invention is also preferred, wherein the classification unit, in particular the electronic data processing device, is set up to carry out method steps c) and/or d) of the method according to the invention.
- a device according to the invention is also preferred, in which the one or more lighting devices are directed headlights, preferably spotlights, and/or in which the one or more image recording devices are cameras.
- a device according to the invention is also preferred, wherein the one or more lighting devices in the classification unit are arranged in such a way that the light beam(s) generated by the lighting devices impinge on the movement unit in the area covered by the image recording device.
- a device according to the invention is also preferred, wherein the one or more lighting devices are in the classification unit are arranged to the side of the movement unit, so that the central beam path to the surface of a rubber product guided in the movement unit has an angle of incidence of more than 45°, preferably more than 60°, particularly preferably more than 75°.
- a device according to the invention is also preferred, in which case the classification unit comprises exactly one lighting device or a plurality of lighting devices whose central beam path runs parallel to one another.
- a device according to the invention is also preferred, wherein the image recording device is a line camera.
- a device is also preferred, wherein the classification unit comprises two or more lighting devices which are arranged offset relative to one another and/or relative to the image recording device and illuminate the rubber product to be classified from different directions, the electronic data processing device being set up to do so, from the known arrangement of the lighting devices and the recording of the image recording device to determine a three-dimensional surface topography.
- a device is also preferred, wherein the classification unit comprises two or more lighting devices whose light has the maximum intensity at different wavelengths, the wavelength difference preferably being more than 50 nm, particularly preferably more than 100 nm, very particularly preferably more than 200 nm, and / or wherein the lighting devices and / or the image recording device, preferably the image recording device, a Filters, preferably a bandpass filter, particularly preferably a multi-bandpass filter, in particular a multi-bandpass filter with two or three band ranges, the band ranges preferably having a distance of more than 50 nm, particularly preferably more than 100 nm, most preferably of more than 200 nm.
- the conveying device is set up to press a conveyed rubber product against the one or more tools for material-removing processing.
- a device according to the invention is also preferred, the device additionally comprising a height gauge and/or thickness gauge for the spatially resolved determination of the thickness of a rubber product, in particular a light section sensor.
- a device according to the invention is also preferred, wherein the classification unit has rollers with which the classification unit can be moved at a predetermined distance over the surface of the rubber product, for example by means of a robot arm.
- a computer program product comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by the electronic data processing device of a classification unit, cause the latter to carry out method steps c) and/or d) of the method according to the invention, preferably comprising an artificial neural network, in particular a covolutional neural network , which was particularly preferably trained on the basis of recordings that were previously recorded by means of the image recording device of a device according to the invention on defined reference surfaces of rubber products with known classes of the surface.
- a control device is disclosed for controlling a device for classifying the surface texture of rubber products, preferably a device according to the invention, comprising a memory unit on which the disclosed computer program product is stored, which is executed by the control device.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of part of an exemplary device according to the invention when carrying out the method according to the invention in a preferred embodiment on a tread;
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a part of an exemplary device according to the invention when carrying out the method according to the invention in a preferred embodiment on an at least partially of a tread.
- 1 shows a schematic representation of part of an exemplary device 20 according to the invention when carrying out the method according to the invention in a preferred embodiment.
- 1 shows the embodiment of the method according to the invention using an artificial neural network in order to carry out a classification from the course of the shadow on the recording.
- the device 20 comprises a movement unit 22 which is set up to move the surface 12 of the rubber product 10 to move. In the illustrated embodiment of the device 20, this movement takes place relative to the tools for material-removing processing (not shown here) and relative to the classification unit 14.
- the classification unit 14 comprises an illumination device 16a which illuminates the surface 12 of the rubber product 10 at an angle of incidence of approximately 45° with respect to the central beam path. Also shown is the image recording device 18 which, as part of the classification unit 14, is set up to record the surface 12 of the rubber product 10 at the location, i. H. to record, which is illuminated by the lighting device 16a.
- the image recording device 18 is connected to an electronic data processing device, which is not shown in FIG.
- the surface 12 of the tread which was previously roughened by machining with tools, runs on the movement unit 22, which is designed here as a conveyor belt, under the classification unit 14.
- the oblique arrangement of the lighting device 16a causes a shadow progression on the surface 12 which correlates with the surface texture and can be classified by an artificial neural network and the electronic data processing device.
- the classification is in six classes and essentially correlates with the roughness of the surface 12.
- the neural network there is a separate classification of sub-areas that are tiled over the surface 12 of the tread.
- a convolutional neural network is used, which is previously trained using recordings that were recorded with the same arrangement of image recording devices 18 and lighting devices 16a on defined reference surfaces with a known class.
- the data processing device comprises a memory unit on which the artificial neural network is stored, which is part of a computer program product which carries out the classification in the method according to the invention.
- the electronic data processing device has a display device, via which the classification of the surface texture of the classified partial areas is visualized with a color code.
- the image recording device 18 is a line camera, whereas the lighting device is designed as a spotlight.
- the device 20 shown is suitable for use in a continuous process and can be operated, for example, with a relative speed of the rubber product 10 to the classification unit 14 of 20 m/min.
- the processed tread is provided as a strand of material and only separated into a tread by a separating tool immediately before passing through the classification unit 14 .
- a tire tread is provided on the rear side of the tread, not shown.
- the tread consists entirely of an essentially fully vulcanized rubber mixture.
- this rubber mixture comprises amorphous silicon dioxide as a filler and styrene-butadiene rubber.
- the surface is processed with a plurality of wire brushes arranged one behind the other and is controlled by a control device which is set up to control the operating parameters of the tools used in method step b) depending on the feedback from the classification unit 14 .
- a control device which is set up to control the operating parameters of the tools used in method step b) depending on the feedback from the classification unit 14 .
- removed material is removed from the surface 12 by means of a further brush removed.
- the further use of the tread strip after passing through the classification unit 14 depends on the classification assigned to the surface.
- the tread strip is only used to produce a retreaded tire if the average classification is in class 2 of 6 possible classes and no sub-class has a classification of 3 or more.
- other criteria can also be used for the overall assessment of the treads, as explained above.
- treads that are considered insufficient as a result of the classification are discarded. If the classification unit 14 detects that the development of the classification is moving in the direction of the border areas of the predetermined class range, the operating parameters of the previously used tools are automatically adjusted, whereby in the illustrated embodiment the operating parameters are also adjusted by an artificial neural network, which trained for this purpose.
- FIG. 2 shows a structure comparable to FIG. In the device 20 of FIG. 2, however, a total of three lighting devices 16a, 16b, 16c are provided, which are arranged offset relative to one another.
- the three lighting devices 16a, 16b, 16c are arranged approximately as an isosceles triangle, in the center of which is the image recording device 18, which has approximately the same height relative to the moving unit 22, ie the conveyor belt, as the lighting devices 16a, 16b , 16c and itself is arranged centrally in the middle above the tread strip passed underneath.
- This structure makes it possible to illuminate the surface 12 of the rubber product 10 from different directions.
- the electronic data processing device is now set up to use the known arrangement of the lighting device 16a, 16b, 16c from the recording Image recording device 18 to determine a three-dimensional surface topography, from which statistical height characteristics can be determined, which can then be used to classify the surface or for partial classification of partial areas of the surface.
- the three lighting devices 16a, 16b, 16c have different spectral characteristics and have the maximum intensity of the emission at different wavelengths.
- the image recording device 18 is equipped with suitable filters so that it can generate different lighting scenarios with each recording using appropriate filters.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102021211888.7A DE102021211888A1 (de) | 2021-10-21 | 2021-10-21 | Verfahren zur Klassierung der Oberflächentextur von Kautschukprodukten |
| PCT/DE2022/200192 WO2023066433A1 (de) | 2021-10-21 | 2022-08-19 | Verfahren zur klassierung der oberflächentextur von kautschukprodukten |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4419321A1 true EP4419321A1 (de) | 2024-08-28 |
Family
ID=83149344
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22761402.1A Pending EP4419321A1 (de) | 2021-10-21 | 2022-08-19 | Verfahren zur klassierung der oberflächentextur von kautschukprodukten |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4419321A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102021211888A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023066433A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP4480686A1 (de) * | 2023-06-23 | 2024-12-25 | Bridgestone Europe NV/SA | Entfernung von defekten von einer oberfläche einer aufgerauhten reifenkarkasse |
| EP4481678A1 (de) * | 2023-06-23 | 2024-12-25 | Bridgestone Europe NV/SA | Entfernung von defekten von einer oberfläche einer buffreifenkarkasse |
| EP4480687A1 (de) * | 2023-06-23 | 2024-12-25 | Bridgestone Europe NV/SA | Entfernung von defekten von einer oberfläche einer aufgerauhten reifenkarkasse |
| DE102024203120A1 (de) * | 2024-04-05 | 2025-10-09 | Continental Reifen Deutschland Gmbh | Verfahren zur Vorbereitung von Fahrzeugreifen für den Einsatz in der kalten Runderneuerung von Fahrzeugreifen |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3675375A (en) * | 1971-03-11 | 1972-07-11 | Goodyear Tire & Rubber | Method for measuring the thickness of buffed tires |
| FR2714070A1 (fr) * | 1993-12-20 | 1995-06-23 | Michelin & Cie | Procédé et dispositif de traitement avant collage de surfaces caoutchoutiques vulcanisées. |
| JP4610062B2 (ja) * | 2000-09-14 | 2011-01-12 | 株式会社ブリヂストン | バフ方法 |
| DE10251295A1 (de) * | 2002-11-04 | 2004-06-03 | Mähner, Bernward | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Ermittlung der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit von Objekten |
| WO2008066533A2 (en) * | 2006-11-30 | 2008-06-05 | Societe De Technologie Michelin | Retread preparation |
| WO2011002439A1 (en) * | 2009-06-29 | 2011-01-06 | Michelin Recherche Et Technique, S.A. | System and method for evaluating surface finish of tire retread |
| DE102019110721B4 (de) * | 2019-04-25 | 2025-08-07 | Carl Zeiss Industrielle Messtechnik Gmbh | Workflow zum trainieren eines klassifikators für die qualitätsprüfung in der messtechnik |
| DE102019120696B4 (de) * | 2019-07-31 | 2025-01-09 | Italmatic Srl | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Reifenprüfung |
-
2021
- 2021-10-21 DE DE102021211888.7A patent/DE102021211888A1/de active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-08-19 EP EP22761402.1A patent/EP4419321A1/de active Pending
- 2022-08-19 WO PCT/DE2022/200192 patent/WO2023066433A1/de not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102021211888A1 (de) | 2023-04-27 |
| WO2023066433A1 (de) | 2023-04-27 |
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