EP4416779A1 - Brennstoffzellensystem für ein fahrzeug und verfahren zu dessen betrieb - Google Patents
Brennstoffzellensystem für ein fahrzeug und verfahren zu dessen betriebInfo
- Publication number
- EP4416779A1 EP4416779A1 EP22798071.1A EP22798071A EP4416779A1 EP 4416779 A1 EP4416779 A1 EP 4416779A1 EP 22798071 A EP22798071 A EP 22798071A EP 4416779 A1 EP4416779 A1 EP 4416779A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- expander
- fuel cell
- compressor
- inlet
- cell system
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 181
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- 206010063493 Premature ageing Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000032038 Premature aging Diseases 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04104—Regulation of differential pressures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04111—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants using a compressor turbine assembly
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04225—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during start-up
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04228—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during shut-down
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04302—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during start-up
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04303—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during shut-down
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04604—Power, energy, capacity or load
- H01M8/04619—Power, energy, capacity or load of fuel cell stacks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04761—Pressure; Flow of fuel cell exhausts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell system for a vehicle, in particular for a commercial vehicle, with a fuel cell having a cathode-side inlet and a cathode-side outlet, a compressor which is fluidly connected to the inlet of the fuel cell and has a compressor shaft, an expander which has an expander shaft has and is fluidly connected to the outlet of the fuel cell, and a control unit arrangement for controlling the compressor and the expander, wherein the expander shaft and the compressor shaft are mechanically decoupled from each other.
- Fuel cell systems of the type described above are generally known.
- the compressor is used to draw in air, compress it, and supply it to the cathode-side inlet of the fuel cell to carry out the fuel cell reaction.
- the compressed mixture of substances runs through the stack or stacks of the fuel cell.
- the mixture of substances remaining after the reaction exits as a gaseous fluid stream from the outlet of the fuel cell on the cathode side.
- This fluid flow usually still has an overpressure compared to the environment and is therefore used in most fuel cell systems to influence the reactant balance in the fuel cell as dynamic pressure and/or to drive the expander shaft of the expander.
- the mixture of substances emerging on the outlet side can be expanded to ambient pressure, and the energy delivered to the expander shaft is usually converted into electrical energy if the expander is connected to a generator.
- the invention was therefore based on the object of specifying a fuel cell system of the type described at the outset, which alleviates the disadvantages experienced in the prior art as far as possible.
- the invention was based on the object of specifying a fuel cell system which has improved and/or improved performance and/or economy.
- the invention solves the problem on which it is based in a fuel cell system of the type described at the outset in that the control unit arrangement is set up to directly influence the operating state of the fuel cell system of the expander.
- the invention is based on the finding that by arranging the expander shaft and the compressor shaft independently, it is possible to operate and control the expander shaft separately from the compressor shaft.
- the rotational speed of the expander shaft has a direct flow-mechanical influence on the fluid flow that is supplied to the fuel cell by the compressor and runs through the fuel cell, so that independent control of the expander shaft also has a direct flow-mechanical effect on the fuel cell and the compressor.
- different operating states of the fuel cell system can be supported without requiring additional hardware.
- the ability of the expander to convert absorbed mechanical energy into electrical energy and make it available to the fuel cell system or other vehicle components remains fundamentally unaffected.
- the expander has an idling operating mode
- the control unit arrangement is set up to switch the expander to the idling operating mode when the compressor accelerates.
- the expander When the expander is operated at idle, the compressor is accelerated more quickly to the required speed, which results in significantly more dynamic operation of the fuel cell overall. After the acceleration process has been completed, the expander can then be switched back to a normal operating mode in which it absorbs mechanical energy from the mixture of substances emerging on the outlet side and converts it into electrical energy, with the mixture of substances being expanded.
- the wear in the compressor is reduced because the bearings, especially air bearings, have already reached the desired speed after a relatively small number of rotations, and when accelerating from a standing start they therefore reach their critical lift-off speed faster, from which point there is no longer any significant wear scope occurs.
- the idle operating mode is characterized in that the expander does not absorb any mechanical energy from the outlet flow of the fuel cell in this operating mode. This can be achieved by the control unit arrangement controlling the expander in such a way that no electrical power is generated in any electrical machine that is operatively connected to the expander. Then the shaft and the rotor of the expander have to be moved as inertial masses, but there is no additional resistance in the electrical machine.
- the emerging substance mixture can be routed past the inlet of the expander via one or more valves, for example directly into the environment.
- an expander with pitchable rotor blades can be used on the expander shaft, which can be set to spin operation or to a standstill by appropriate blade adjustment.
- the mechanical connection between the expander shaft and the electrical machine can be suspended, for example by means of a corresponding clutch, so that the expander shaft can continue to rotate, but does so with essentially no resistance.
- the expander is set up to be operated at a variable operating point. Due to the fact that the expander is located in the exhaust tract of the fuel cell, its operating point can be in the entire working range, ie from 0% to 100% of the nominal power of the expander, depending on the control of the expander.
- control unit arrangement is set up to operate the expander at an operating point in a lower end range of its nominal power during an acceleration process of the compressor, preferably in a Range from 0% to 30% of its rated power.
- control unit arrangement is set up to operate the expander at a working point in an upper sub-range or end range of its nominal output, preferably in a range from 50% to 100% of its nominal output, more preferably in one range, during a deceleration process of the compressor from 60% to 80% of its rated power.
- the upper partial range or upper end range is preferably limited on the upper side by a maximum permissible outlet-side dynamic pressure on the fuel cell in order to avoid unwanted premature aging or damage to the fuel cell.
- This embodiment describes an operating state of the fuel cell system in which the power demand on the fuel cell decreases, as a result of which less air has to be supplied and as a result the compressor can/must be operated at a lower speed.
- This embodiment can also be used to delay the compressor until it comes to a standstill when the fuel cell system is switched off.
- the compressor is completely braked to a standstill, there are signs of wear in the compressor because the speed of the compressor shaft drops below the lift-off speed at a certain point in time.
- the lift-off speed characterizes the air bearings frequently used in compressors, and in particular their transition from a plain bearing to an aerodynamic bearing. The faster the braking process is implemented, i.e. the lower the number of grinding revolutions in plain bearing operation, the lower the wear on the bearing.
- control unit arrangement is set up to control, preferably to regulate, the operating point of the expander for setting a desired outlet-side dynamic pressure between the fuel cell and the expander.
- the dynamic pressure present on the outlet side downstream of the fuel cell also serves, in particular, to alleviate the depletion of reactants on the cathode side in the case of a fuel cell with a plurality of stacks for the stacks that pass through later.
- the higher the dynamic pressure the easier it is to ensure sufficient supply of reactants on the cathode side, even for the later stacks from a fuel cell.
- the dynamic pressure is therefore an important control or regulation parameter.
- this task is performed by a throttle valve or a pressure control valve.
- a throttle valve or a pressure control valve it is possible to take over the function of this throttle valve or the pressure control valve in the event of a defect by appropriate control interventions at the operating point of the expander, at least temporarily, as a so-called limp-home function.
- appropriate dimensioning of the expander it is also possible to dispense with the throttle valve or the pressure control valve and move the function entirely into the expander.
- the expander is coupled to an electrical machine by means of the expander shaft, with the electrical machine being able to be operated either as a motor or as a generator.
- the control unit arrangement is set up to activate the electric machine in a normal operating mode for generator drive and to activate it as a motor in an auxiliary mode.
- This embodiment relates to an operating state of the fuel cell system in which the compressor cannot provide enough power or has failed.
- the expander can become an additional compressed air supplier by appropriate control of the electrical machine and appropriate fluid-technical connection of energy-absorbing instruments. Since the electric machine drives the expander shaft as a motor, the rotor blades arranged on the expander shaft can work like a compressor and then compress the air drawn in from the environment and feed it to the fuel cell or to the compressor. If the compressor is still functional, both can be operated together as a multi-stage or additive compressor arrangement.
- the control unit arrangement is set up to control the electric machine as a motor during an acceleration process of the compressor .
- a multi-way valve is preferably provided in the fuel cell system for the selective fluid-conducting connection of the inlet of the expander to the outlet of the fuel cell or to the inlet of the fuel cell, with the control unit arrangement being set up to control the multi-way valve in such a way that in normal operating mode the inlet of the expander is connected to the outlet of the fuel cell, and in the auxiliary mode the inlet of the expander, which then serves as the outlet, is fluidly connected to the inlet of the fuel cell or the inlet of the compressor.
- the independent storage and control of the compressor and expander has other advantages.
- the expander is designed in such a way that it operates at lower speeds in its operating range than the compressor in its operating range, where in particular the speed of the expander at nominal output is lower than the speed of the compressor at nominal output . If the control is implemented flexibly compared to the compressor, the expander can be designed differently than the compressor so that it works at lower speeds due to the principle.
- the difference in speed can amount to several tens of thousands of revolutions per minute, so that with a corresponding design of the expander it is sometimes possible to switch to a more favorable type of bearing for the expander shaft, for example to roller bearings instead of the constructively complex aerostatic or aerodynamic air bearings. This makes the system even more economical without reducing performance.
- control unit arrangement has a first control unit for controlling the compressor and a second control unit for controlling the expander.
- the two control units are preferably connected to one another in a signal-conducting manner. They can be housed in a common housing or in several individual housings.
- the control device arrangement can be made up entirely of dedicated control devices, or it can be partially or fully integrated into other control devices already present in the vehicle system, either in terms of hardware or software as a corresponding function module.
- the control unit arrangement can be partially or completely integrated into the fuel cell control, the compressor control, the expander control, or into the control of a DC/DC converter for the fuel cell system.
- the DC/DC converter is set up to adapt the voltage generated by the fuel cell to a predetermined voltage for the vehicle's electrical system.
- the background is that the fuel cell has ohmic properties, i. H. has the lowest voltage at full load.
- a DC/DC converter is preferably connected between the vehicle electrical system and the fuel cell. It ensures that the load-dependent voltage of the fuel cell is always converted to the on-board voltage.
- Many components in a DC/DC converter and the power electronics of a compressor - such as an inverter - and/or an expander are the same. Therefore, physical integration can reduce component redundancies.
- control device arrangement can also have a single control device for controlling the compressor and the expander.
- control unit arrangement can be designed as a dedicated control unit in the manner described above, or it can be implemented in hardware or software in one of the control units from the commercial vehicle system, see the above explanations in this regard.
- the invention also relates to a method for operating a fuel cell system, in particular a fuel cell system for a vehicle, in particular a commercial vehicle, with a fuel cell having a cathode-side inlet and a cathode-side outlet, a compressor which is fluidly connected to the inlet is connected to the fuel cell and has a compressor shaft, an expander, which has an expander shaft and is connected to the outlet of the fuel cell in a fluid-conducting manner, and a control unit arrangement for controlling the compressor and the expander, the expander shaft and the compressor shaft being mechanically decoupled from one another.
- the invention solves the task on which it is based and described at the outset in such a method in that the method includes controlling the compressor and the expander, and the expander is controlled in such a way that an operating state of the fuel cell system is directly influenced.
- the invention relates in particular to a method for operating a fuel cell system according to one of the preferred embodiments described above.
- the method according to the invention in the second aspect utilizes the same advantages and the same effects as the fuel cell system according to the invention of the first aspect.
- Preferred embodiments of the fuel cell system are at the same time preferred embodiments of the method and vice versa. In this regard, reference is therefore also made to the above statements.
- the method is advantageously further developed by one, several or all of the following steps:
- the invention relates to a control unit arrangement for a fuel cell system of a vehicle, in particular for a fuel cell system with a fuel cell having a cathode-side inlet and a cathode-side outlet, a compressor which is fluidly connected to the inlet of the fuel cell and has a compressor shaft , an expander, which has an expander shaft and is fluidly connected to the outlet of the fuel cell, and a control unit arrangement for controlling the compressor and the expander, wherein the expander shaft and the compressor shaft are mechanically decoupled from one another.
- control unit arrangement is set up to carry out the method according to one of the embodiments described above.
- control unit arrangement is also set up to control a fuel cell system according to one of the embodiments described above.
- control unit arrangement according to this aspect of the invention makes use of the same advantages and effects as the fuel cell system according to the invention and the method according to the invention.
- the preferred embodiments of the fuel cell system and of the method are at the same time preferred embodiments of the control device arrangement and vice versa. To avoid repetition, reference is made in this regard to the above embodiments.
- the invention is described in more detail below using a preferred exemplary embodiment with reference to the attached figure. It shows the figure shows a schematic representation of a commercial vehicle with a fuel cell system according to a preferred exemplary embodiment.
- a commercial vehicle 200 with a fuel cell system 100 is shown in the figure.
- the fuel cell system 100 has a fuel cell which has an inlet 3 on the cathode side and an outlet 5 on the cathode side.
- the inlet 3 is provided for supplying air on the cathode side.
- the reference symbol O2 is used for the supplied air, which means that pure oxygen does not have to be supplied, but that oxygen-containing mixtures of substances can be used which, in addition to oxygen, can also contain other gaseous components such as nitrogen, noble gases and other components. Ambient air, for example, can be supplied as a mixture of substances.
- Hydrogen is supplied to the fuel cell 1 on the anode side, but this has not been shown here for reasons of focusing on the features essential to the invention.
- a substance mixture depleted of the reacted components exits the outlet 5 as an exhaust air fluid flow O2 1 from the fuel cell 1 .
- the fuel cell system 100 has a compressor 7 with a compressor shaft 9 driven in rotation.
- the compressor 7 is set up to draw in air at a first pressure pi, for example ambient pressure, to compress it and to deliver it to the inlet 3 of the fuel cell 1 at a pressure p2 that is increased in accordance with the compressor output.
- the fuel cell system 100 also has an expander 11 which is mechanically decoupled from the compressor 7 .
- the compressor 7 and the expander 11 are shown offset in the figure for the sake of clarity.
- the mechanical decoupling results in far-reaching flexibility with regard to the positioning of the compressor 7 and the expander 11 relative to the fuel cell 1 and relative to one another.
- the compressor 11 and expander 7 can be in a common housing and be arranged, but they can also be arranged in separate, dedicated housings on the fuel cell 1 or separately from the fuel cell 1 .
- the expander 11 has an expander shaft 13 which is set up to absorb mechanical energy from the exhaust air stream of the fuel cell 1 by means of rotor blades (not shown in detail) and to cause the expander shaft 13 to rotate.
- the expander 11 has an inlet 12 via which the expander 11 is connected in a fluid-conducting manner to the outlet 5 of the fuel cell 1 . Due to the energy transfer to the expander shaft 13, the exhaust air fluid flow O2 1 exiting the fuel cell 1 with a pressure ps is further expanded and leaves the expander 11 via an outlet 14 with a pressure p4, which can be, for example, the ambient pressure pi, but does not have to be .
- the expander shaft 13 is coupled to a shaft 17 of an electrical machine 15 by means of a clutch 19 .
- the electric machine 15 is set up to be operated as a generator in a first operating mode and as a motor in a second operating mode.
- a pressure control valve 21 is arranged between the outlet 5 of the fuel cell 1 and the inlet 12 of the expander 11, which can be variably controlled between an open position and a closed position in a large number of intermediate positions and can be used to control the pressure on the side of the outlet 5 of the fuel cell 1 is.
- a multi-way valve 23 for example a 3/2-way valve, is arranged, with which the inlet 12 of the expander 11 can optionally be fluidly connected to the outlet 5 of the fuel cell 1, such as shown in the figure, or connected to the inlet 3 of the fuel cell 1 or an inlet 2 of the compressor 7, in which case the inlet 12 acts as an outlet.
- the fuel cell system 100 also has a control unit arrangement 25, designed in the present exemplary embodiment as a single control unit with a data memory 27 and a processor 29.
- the control unit arrangement 25 is set up to control the compressor 7 and the expander 11 independently of one another in such a way that by means of the control of the expander 11 one or more operating states of the fuel cell system 100 are influenced directly.
- the control unit arrangement 25 is connected to the compressor 7 and the expander 11 in a signal-conducting manner.
- control unit arrangement 25 is connected to the electrical machine 15 in a signal-conducting manner and is set up to activate the machine either in the first operating mode or in the second operating mode.
- the electric machine 15 and the expander 11 can also be an integrated unit that is controlled by the control unit arrangement 25 as such.
- the control unit arrangement 25 is preferably also configured to engage and disengage the clutch 19 between the expander 11 and the electric machine 15 .
- the control unit arrangement 25 is preferably also set up to switch the multi-way valve 23 in such a way that, in a normal operating mode as shown in the figure, it fluidly connects the outlet 5 of the fuel cell 1 to the inlet 12 of the expander 11, or in an auxiliary mode the inlet 12 of the expander 11, which then acts as an outlet, with either the inlet 3 of the fuel cell 1 or the inlet 2 of the compressor 7.
- control unit arrangement 25 is set up to control, preferably to regulate, the pressure regulating valve 21 for setting a desired pressure at the outlet 5 of the fuel cell 1 . If, for example, the fuel cell 1 has its own fuel cell controller 6, and that fuel cell controller 6 specifies what kind of pressure should be present on the side of the outlet 5 of the fuel cell 1, the control unit arrangement 25 is preferably signal-conducting with the Connected to the fuel cell controller 6 and set up to receive corresponding control commands from the fuel cell controller 6 of the fuel cell 1 .
- control unit arrangement 25 can be a dedicated control unit, or it can be designed as an arrangement of a plurality of control units.
- the control unit arrangement 25 can be implemented in hardware or software in the fuel cell 1, then preferably as part of the fuel cell control 6.
- control unit arrangement 25 can also be implemented in hardware or software in the compressor control, the expander control or the control of the electric machine 15. Implementation in a control device external to the fuel cell system 100 within the architecture of the commercial vehicle 200 is also possible.
- Commands for executing the method according to the invention are preferably stored in the data memory 27, and the processor 29 is set up to execute these commands.
- the control unit arrangement 25 can have an interface to an external data memory in which those commands are stored.
- the expander shaft 13 and the compressor shaft 9 can be operated at different speed levels, it being preferred to select the speed level of the expander shaft 13 significantly lower than the speed level of the compressor shaft 9.
- the expander shaft 13 and the Shaft 17 of the electrical machine 15 can be coupled directly to one another or connected to one another via a gear, with the gear preferably being a multiplying gear. More preferably, the transmission can be switched either as a stepping-up transmission in the normal operating mode, or as a stepping-down transmission, which then in the auxiliary mode, i.e.
- the expander 11 is set up to operate at a variable operating point, i.e. at a variable rate of its rated power, and the control unit arrangement 25 is set up to control the expander 11 accordingly in order to operate the fuel cell system 100 in different ways to support operating conditions.
- a variable operating point i.e. at a variable rate of its rated power
- the control unit arrangement 25 is set up to control the expander 11 accordingly in order to operate the fuel cell system 100 in different ways to support operating conditions.
- a first exemplary operating state relates to the ramping up or loading of the fuel cell 1 from a lower power level, for example standstill, to a relatively higher power level. If such an increase command is registered, for example coming from the fuel cell controller 6, the control unit arrangement 25 controls the compressor? corresponding to an increase in the rotational speed of the compressor shaft 9 in order to be able to supply more air to the fuel cell 1 . Furthermore, in a first variant, the control unit arrangement 25 controls the expander 11 into an idle operating mode. For example, the clutch 19 can be opened for this purpose, as a result of which the expander shaft 13 continues to rotate, but without any significant rotational resistance, as a result of which no significant dynamic pressure builds up at the outlet 5 of the fuel cell 1 .
- the expander can absorb energy from the exhaust air fluid flow O2 1 and convert it into electrical energy by means of the electric machine 15, which is operated as a generator in the normal operating mode.
- the operating state of increasing the fuel cell power can be supported in that the control device arrangement 25 does not put the expander 11 in an idle operating mode, but rather the operating point of the expander 11 in a lower end range of the nominal power provided for expander operation.
- the expander 11 offers little resistance to the incoming exhaust air fluid flow O2 1 , and the acceleration of the compressor shaft 9 is correspondingly easy, as described above.
- the operating point can be shifted either by adjusting the pitch angle of the rotor elements (not shown) in the expander 11, if present, or by selectively activating the electrical machine 15, for example by activating an inverter or the like assigned to the electrical machine 15 Elements of power electronics. This can be done in a generally known manner.
- a further operating state relates to the reduction in the electrical power to be generated by the fuel cell 1 . If the electrical power delivered by the fuel cell 1 is to be reduced, for example to a standstill, or at least starting from the current power level to a relatively lower power level, a command to decelerate the compressor shaft 9 is sent, for example by the fuel cell controller 6, to the control unit arrangement 25. The control unit arrangement 25 then controls the expander 11 in such a way that its operating point is shifted to an upper end range of the rated power specified for the expander 11.
- a comparatively high dynamic pressure is generated at the outlet 5 of the fuel cell 1 , which represents a high resistance for the compressor 7 .
- the fuel cell 1 is directly supported by the control of the expander 11 in that the expander 11 is controlled by the control unit arrangement 25 in such a way that the pressure on the side of the outlet 5 of the fuel cell 1 is specifically controlled, preferably regulated.
- the magnitude of the back pressure on the outlet 5 side of the fuel cell 1 affects the degree of reactant depletion in a fuel cell, particularly a multi-stack fuel cell, and particularly the stacks through which the air O2 later passes.
- This activation of the expander 11 for influencing the dynamic pressure can be carried out in support of an activation of the pressure control valve 21, or as a bridging measure in the event of a defect in the pressure control valve 21. If the expander 11 is dimensioned appropriately and the control algorithm is configured accordingly, the pressure control valve 21 can even be dispensed with.
- the pressure control valve 21 can also be structurally assigned to the fuel cell 1 or be a separate component in the fuel cell system 100. According to the invention, however, it can also be assigned to the expander 11, for example mounted at its inlet 12.
- the control unit arrangement 25 controls the multi-way valve 23 to switch from the normal operating switching position shown in the figure to an auxiliary mode switching position in which the inlet 12 of the expander 1 1 is fluidly connected to the inlet 3 of the fuel cell 1, or alternatively to the inlet 2 of the compressor 7.
- the outlet 14 of the expander from which normally the expanded fluid flow of the reacted exhaust air fluid flow O2 1 exits, then serves as an inlet, and because the electric machine 15 operates as a motor in the now triggered auxiliary mode, the expander shaft 13 is driven by the shaft 17 of the electric machine 15 and provides compression inside of the expander, which then works like a compressor.
- the inlet 12 of the compressor then acts as an outlet and supplies compressed air at a pressure ps to the corresponding inlet 3 of the fuel cell 1 or the inlet 2 of the compressor 7 .
- the expander acts like a first compressor stage in a pre-compressing manner and the compressor 7 acts as a second compressor stage. If the compressor 7 has failed, the expander 11 can at least temporarily take over the supply of compressed air for the fuel cell 1, at least as a “limp home” function.
- the multi-way valve 23 can be a dedicated valve in the fuel cell system 100, but it can also be structurally connected to the expander 11.
- the expander can provide a variety of functions that go far beyond the mere generation of electrical energy from the exhaust air fluid flow O2 1 of the fuel cell 1, and that the expander supports the fuel cell system 100 in many ways in its general functioning and can be made more efficient.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102021211527.6A DE102021211527B4 (de) | 2021-10-13 | 2021-10-13 | Brennstoffzellensystem für ein Fahrzeug und Verfahren zu dessen Betrieb |
| PCT/EP2022/076927 WO2023061756A1 (de) | 2021-10-13 | 2022-09-28 | Brennstoffzellensystem für ein fahrzeug und verfahren zu dessen betrieb |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4416779A1 true EP4416779A1 (de) | 2024-08-21 |
Family
ID=84045068
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22798071.1A Withdrawn EP4416779A1 (de) | 2021-10-13 | 2022-09-28 | Brennstoffzellensystem für ein fahrzeug und verfahren zu dessen betrieb |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20240413360A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4416779A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN118077076A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102021211527B4 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023061756A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102023110451A1 (de) * | 2023-04-25 | 2024-10-31 | Zf Cv Systems Global Gmbh | Strömungsmaschinenanordnung für ein Brennstoffzellensystem für ein Fahrzeug, Brennstoffzellensystem für ein Fahrzeug, und Fahrzeug, insbesondere Nutzfahrzeug |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3473436B2 (ja) | 1998-09-16 | 2003-12-02 | 株式会社豊田自動織機 | 燃料電池装置 |
| JP2005310429A (ja) | 2004-04-19 | 2005-11-04 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 燃料電池システム |
| JP2008293706A (ja) * | 2007-05-22 | 2008-12-04 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 燃料電池システム及びその運転方法 |
| US8795907B2 (en) * | 2010-02-19 | 2014-08-05 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Compressor system with a freewheeling expander |
| DE102012001602A1 (de) | 2012-01-26 | 2013-08-01 | Daimler Ag | Anodenkreislauf für ein Brennstoffzellensystem |
| DE102014115096B4 (de) | 2014-10-16 | 2021-01-14 | Eberspächer Climate Control Systems GmbH | System zur versorgung eines fahrzeugs mit elektrischer energie |
-
2021
- 2021-10-13 DE DE102021211527.6A patent/DE102021211527B4/de active Active
-
2022
- 2022-09-28 WO PCT/EP2022/076927 patent/WO2023061756A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2022-09-28 EP EP22798071.1A patent/EP4416779A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2022-09-28 US US18/701,022 patent/US20240413360A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2022-09-28 CN CN202280068100.0A patent/CN118077076A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN118077076A (zh) | 2024-05-24 |
| DE102021211527A1 (de) | 2023-04-13 |
| WO2023061756A1 (de) | 2023-04-20 |
| DE102021211527B4 (de) | 2023-05-11 |
| US20240413360A1 (en) | 2024-12-12 |
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