EP4399756A1 - Verschaltungs- und brennstoffzelleneinrichtung für eine effiziente verschaltung von brennstoffzellen sowie kraftfahrzeug - Google Patents
Verschaltungs- und brennstoffzelleneinrichtung für eine effiziente verschaltung von brennstoffzellen sowie kraftfahrzeugInfo
- Publication number
- EP4399756A1 EP4399756A1 EP22783325.8A EP22783325A EP4399756A1 EP 4399756 A1 EP4399756 A1 EP 4399756A1 EP 22783325 A EP22783325 A EP 22783325A EP 4399756 A1 EP4399756 A1 EP 4399756A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- switch
- connection
- cell modules
- battery
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
- B60L50/70—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by fuel cells
- B60L50/72—Constructional details of fuel cells specially adapted for electric vehicles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/30—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
- H01M16/003—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers
- H01M16/006—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers of fuel cells with rechargeable batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/249—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells comprising two or more groupings of fuel cells, e.g. modular assemblies
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L2200/00—Type of vehicles
- B60L2200/40—Working vehicles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an interconnection device for electrically interconnecting a plurality of fuel cell modules.
- the invention further relates to a corresponding fuel cell device and a motor vehicle equipped therewith.
- Batteries are used for this purpose, for example. These are typically composed of a large number of individual battery cells in order to generate a sufficiently high voltage. However, this is associated with the risk that individual battery cells can fail, which can affect the functionality or voltage level of the entire battery. Appropriate measures, such as voltage adjustments or the like, can, however, be complex and costly and in turn represent further sources of error. Hybrid systems are also known in which several energy sources are combined with one another. However, this can often require cost-intensive, time-consuming and complex adaptation of the subsystems to one another, and in certain situations it can be difficult to achieve efficient and effective interaction of the subsystems.
- a buffer battery can be used, which, however, typically has to be coupled to the fuel cell via an expensive and complex DC-DC converter and can also provide different voltages depending on its state of charge and/or make varying demands on an energy source for charging, which makes corresponding systems challenging overall .
- the object of the present invention is to enable efficient use of fuel cells, in particular in a motor vehicle. According to the invention, this object is achieved by the subject matter of the independent patent claims. Possible refinements and developments of the present invention are disclosed in the dependent patent claims, in the description and in the figures.
- the interconnection device serves, ie is set up, for the electrical interconnection of a plurality of fuel cell modules.
- a fuel cell module in the present sense can include one or more fuel cells, which can be electrically connected in series in particular within the respective fuel cell module, so that the fuel cell module can accordingly provide a higher output or nominal voltage than a single fuel cell.
- the switching device also has a base element, several connecting elements, two busbars and at least one diode device.
- the base element provides a matrix of connection or contact points, which can be equipped with connection elements to implement different electrical interconnections.
- the base element also has two input connections for connecting the positive pole and the negative pole of the respective fuel cell module for each fuel cell module to be connected or connected or to be connected.
- the base element has output connections via which an electrical connection to an electrical consumer to be supplied or connected during operation via the interconnection device to the fuel cell modules connected thereto can be made or realized, ie can run.
- the base element can be, for example, a mounting plate, a mounting block or a three-dimensional, ie not necessarily flat or planar, device.
- the base element can—for example in the form of the contact points or as part thereof—have mounting points or mounting bores for fastening or connecting at least the parts or components mentioned.
- the contact points can in particular be or include electrical connection points. These electrical connection points can, for example, be or provide an electrically conductive contact element, via which several parts or components connected to the respective contact point or connection point, in particular the connecting elements, can be electrically conductively connected to one another.
- the contact points can be formed in a main body or base body of the base member, which itself consists of an electrically non-conductive or electrically insulating material can be made to avoid short circuits.
- the connecting elements can be or include, for example, continuous conductor or line pieces for permanent electrically conductive connections, electrical switches and/or semiconductor elements.
- connection elements By equipping the base element with such connection elements, different electrical interconnections, ie connection configurations or electrical paths, can be implemented flexibly or as required due to the matrix-like arrangement of the contact points.
- different fuel cell devices or different interconnections or interconnection configurations of a fuel cell device can be implemented particularly easily using the base element.
- no adjustment or suitable selection or assembly of the fuel cell modules themselves is necessary for this, since the corresponding functionality is outsourced here to or in the base element. This also makes it particularly easy to maintain or repair, for example by replacing individual damaged connecting elements without opening a fuel cell module or its housing.
- a matrix-like arrangement of the contact points can mean, for example, that these are distributed over at least one surface of the base element, in particular in a regular pattern.
- the contact points can be spaced apart from one another in order to avoid space conflicts between the connecting elements when the base element is equipped.
- two adjacent contact points can be at least several millimeters or, for example, one centimeter or the like apart from one another.
- n fuel cell modules By appropriate arrangement and/or by appropriate switching of switches provided as part of the connecting elements, one or more different n s m p configurations of the fuel cell modules, in which n fuel cell modules are connected in series and m fuel cell modules are connected in parallel, can be implemented or set, for example, where n and m are predetermined integers.
- Such an interconnection of the fuel cell modules takes place here by appropriate interconnection of the input connections and/or the output connections or the components connected to these connections, in that the connection elements are connected or will be connected to at least some of the contact points.
- simple, ie, for example, non-switchable, optionally fixed or permanent electrical connections or paths can be implemented on the base element.
- outputs of each provided parallel branch of input connections or fuel cell modules can be connected to the busbars.
- some or all of the connecting elements can be releasable and can be arranged in other positions or configurations on the base element in order to implement a specific or other connection if required.
- a connecting element or part of the connecting elements can in each case connect two of the contact points to one another in an electrically conductive manner.
- a connecting element or part of the connecting elements can be connected to one of the contact points with only one side or one end, while the other side or the other end of the respective connecting element can be connected to another component, for example one of the busbars or one of the fuel cell modules or can be connectable or forms an open contact or connection point, for example one of the input connections.
- the busbars are each electrically connected to disjunctive halves of the output connections and each provide an external contact for connecting an electrical load to be supplied by the fuel cell modules, ie via the interconnection device, or form such external contacts.
- the busbars thus connect or collect at least the output connections used in each case.
- a consumer connected to it or to be supplied via it can be or include, for example, an on-board network or an electric motor of a motor vehicle or the like.
- the output connections can also transition into the busbars in one piece or in one piece, that is to say each can be defined as a corresponding transition region.
- One, in particular precisely one, diode device is provided for each provided parallel branch—also referred to as a parallel strand—of input connections or fuel cell modules. This is in each case connected between one of the input connections and one of the busbars or arranged in a corresponding electrical path. At least in normal operation, the diode device allows a current flow only in the direction from the input connection to the busbar, in particular to that busbar which forms a positive external contact.
- the diode device can therefore be unidirectionally current-carrying or electrically conductive and can thereby protect the fuel cell modules from a harmful inflow of current protection.
- a diode device of this type no longer has to be provided in the individual fuel cell modules themselves, but is located here in the interconnection device according to the invention. As a result, the fuel cell modules can have a simpler design or different types or differently constructed fuel cell modules can be used flexibly, regardless of whether they have a corresponding protective mechanism or not.
- the diode device can have or simulate the function of an ideal diode.
- the diode device can thus be or comprise an active electronic component which represents the behavior of an ideal diode.
- a parallel branch describes an electrical path or circuit branch that is or can be connected in parallel to other corresponding branches or paths, ie to other parallel branches, with regard to the external contacts.
- Such a parallel branch can in each case comprise a plurality of series-connected pairs of input connections, ie a total of a number of series-connected fuel cell modules in the fuel cell device.
- These can be parallel branches that are actually connected in a specific application, i.e. in a specific fuel cell device or a specific application of the present invention, or can be switched or adjusted using the present invention, in particular using the switching device according to the invention.
- the interconnection device thus provides an electrical interconnection, i.e. corresponding electrical connections, which, when the fuel cell modules are connected to the input connections of the interconnection device, electrically connects or can connect the fuel cell modules to one another in the desired, i.e. predetermined, manner configured on the interconnection device.
- the present invention allows a particularly simple and flexible realization of different interconnections without, for example, a wiring harness of direct connecting lines between the fuel cell modules that is otherwise often used having to be adapted at great expense.
- fuel cell modules of different voltage levels can be combined with one another in a particularly simple manner using the present invention, so that a corresponding Overall system, ie a corresponding fuel cell device, is able to supply energy to an associated battery over its entire SoC, ie state of charge range (SoC: State of Charge).
- SoC state of charge range
- This can be implemented for or in connection with almost any battery, for example from buffer batteries to full-fledged traction batteries of an electric motor vehicle.
- a fuel cell range extender system in a motor vehicle that also has a battery, in particular a traction battery connected in parallel with the fuel cell device with respect to a traction motor of the motor vehicle, can be implemented particularly simply, effectively and efficiently.
- the present invention also makes it possible, for example in the event of a failure of individual fuel cell modules, to electrically isolate them or to bypass or bridge them, so that a corresponding fuel cell device then remains at least partially operational.
- a corresponding bridging or bridging option can advantageously be provided centrally here by the interconnection device according to the invention.
- the switching device in order to decouple a failed fuel cell module, only the switching device has to be activated and not the fuel cell module itself.
- the corresponding functionality can thereby be implemented in a particularly simple, inexpensive, compact and reliable manner.
- a further advantage of the present invention lies in the outsourcing or central provision of the diode devices in the interconnection device according to the invention.
- the individual fuel cell modules do not have to include such a diode device, so that the total number of diode devices can be reduced compared to conventional fuel cell systems, especially when several fuel cell modules are connected in series, since only one diode device has to be used for each parallel branch provided.
- the connecting elements are arranged to implement a parallel connection with at least two parallel branches of the input connections. At least two input connections provided for different fuel cell modules are therefore connected in parallel by the connecting elements.
- the connection elements here comprise at least one bidirectional cross-connection switch. This at least one bidirectional cross-connection switch is in each case between arranged in the two parallel branches. The cross-connection switch can therefore create or disconnect an electrical connection between the two parallel branches, in particular between two series-connected pairs of input terminals or fuel cell modules and/or directly in front of the respective diode device, which can then form the connection to the busbar on the output side.
- the cross-connection switch can therefore form a corresponding cross-connection between the parallel branches or be arranged in such a cross-connection.
- the cross-connection switch can also be referred to as an SQ switch for short.
- at least one such bidirectional cross-connection switch can be provided for each parallel branch.
- Exactly one or at least one cross-connection switch can then be arranged between each two adjacent parallel branches or, for example, in the case of two parallel branches, two cross-connection switches can be arranged between them.
- the number of cross-connection switches per parallel branch can preferably correspond to the number of fuel cell modules or pairs of input connections connected in series in the parallel branch or be 1 less than this.
- a cross-connection switch can thus be connected or arranged between two fuel cell modules or pairs of input connections that are adjacent in a series connection device.
- the cross-connection switches enable additional interconnections or combinations that could not be realized, for example, solely by electrically isolating or decoupling or bridging individual pairs of input connections or individual fuel cell modules.
- a voltage level present at the output terminals can be set particularly flexibly or adapted to a particularly large number of different situations or requirements, for example different states of charge of a battery connected in parallel.
- the connecting elements include at least one bypass switch, in particular at least one or precisely one bypass switch for each pair of input connections.
- This at least one bypass switch is connected in parallel to the respective pair of input connections, ie possibly parallel to the fuel cell module connected to it, between this and one of the output connections, ie arranged accordingly in order to establish or separate a bridging of the respective pair of input terminals or of the respective fuel cell module, depending on the switching state of the bypass switch.
- the bypass switches can be closed in order to provide a conductive connection, for example in place of a fuel cell module that has failed or has been decoupled or bypassed to adjust an output voltage, ie the voltage level at the output connections.
- bypass switches are each connected or arranged in parallel to a pair of input connections or to a fuel cell module and are therefore also referred to as SP switches.
- the fuel cell modules can also have at least one decoupling switch, in particular one on the input side and one on the output side, in order to decouple the respective fuel cell module from the electrical interconnection, i.e. the circuit network of the fuel cell modules, i.e. galvanically separate. A current provided by the remaining fuel cell modules can then flow through the associated closed bypass switch, bypassing or bypassing the fuel cell module that is decoupled in this way.
- the decoupling switches can preferably be designed as contactors. The decoupling switches inside the fuel cell module can be used to achieve a defined electrical behavior of the respective bypass in a particularly reliable manner, which could otherwise be influenced in an unpredictable manner, for example by an unknown effective resistance of a failed or damaged fuel cell module.
- the connecting elements include at least one controllable switch.
- This can be, for example, the at least one cross-connection switch and/or bypass switch mentioned.
- the interconnection device here also has a control unit that is set up to, during operation of the interconnection device or the fuel cell device equipped or operated with it, a respective current state of charge of an external electrical consumer to the interconnection device or the latter to detect comprehensive fuel cell device connected in parallel battery.
- the control unit is also set up to activate, ie to switch, the at least one controllable switch as a function of the detected state of charge in order to provide a voltage which is adapted to the detected state of charge at the external contacts of the switching device.
- control device for example, correspondingly different numbers of fuel cell modules—and thus ultimately of fuel cells—can be integrated.
- a fuel cell stack connected directly to a battery with a number of fuel cells adapted to the battery can only deliver electrical power to the battery when the battery is within a specific state of charge window. If the state of charge of the battery is outside of this state of charge window, the fuel cell stack can no longer supply electrical energy to the battery.
- This problem can be circumvented here in that the number of fuel cells contributing to the output voltage can be varied by appropriate activation of the at least one controllable switch.
- Various interconnections can thus be implemented in order to be able to provide, ie deliver, energy to the battery through the fuel cell modules via the interconnection device over a broader, in particular the entire, state of charge range of the respective battery.
- the switching device has on the output side a pre-charging circuit for adjusting a voltage provided at the external contacts and a voltage of a battery which is electrically connected to the external contacts during operation of the switching device without a voltage converter (DCDC converter) connected in between.
- This pre-charging circuit can be designed in particular as a switching unit with at least one semiconductor transistor switch.
- the precharging circuit can, for example, be in the form of an integrated semiconductor component or include such a component or, for example, a circuit board with a plurality of components arranged thereon, such as at least one integrated semiconductor component or integrated circuit and/or at least one SMD (Surface-Mounted Device) and/or the like, more be or include.
- the pre-charging circuit can, for example, comprise a housing in which the remaining components of the pre-charging circuit can be arranged, for example cast.
- the fact that the pre-charging circuit is arranged on the output side can mean, in particular, that the pre-charging circuit is on one of the side of the busbars or one of the output contacts facing in the direction of current flow Input terminals or the fuel cell module is arranged and there is no input terminal or no fuel cell module between the pre-charging circuit and the respective external contact in the direction of current flow.
- the precharging circuit can be set up to close the semiconductor transistor switch in a controlled manner in a secondary branch and, after the voltages have been equalized, to close a main switch arranged in a main branch and then to open the semiconductor transistor switch.
- a single or common pre-charging circuit can also be provided, which can then be arranged in a current or line path which brings together all parallel branches on an input side of the pre-charging circuit remote from the respective external contact.
- the voltages can be adjusted, for example, by a resistor in the precharging circuit or by controlled or regulated switching of the semiconductor transistor switch, for example with a gradual or staged increase in permeability or an increasing pulse duty factor or the like.
- the pre-charging circuit has a dedicated inductor. So here is an electrical or electronic component provided that serves as an inductance in the pre-charging circuit, so that not only unavoidable parasitic inductances of the other parts or components are used.
- An inductive component of a total impedance can be increased by such an inductance, in particular connected in series with the semiconductor transistor switch.
- the inductance can therefore function as a frequency-dependent resistor, for example in combination with a fundamental frequency of a PWM controller or a PWM signal for driving the semiconductor transistor switch for adjusting the voltages, which can be set by controlling or regulating the precharging circuit, in particular the semiconductor transistor switch.
- the main switch can be arranged in the main branch and a resistor, the inductor and a switch, for example the semiconductor transistor switch, can be arranged in parallel in the secondary branch.
- the pre-charging circuit comprises at least one switch or one switching device, for example instead of the mentioned resistor in the secondary branch.
- the precharging circuit here includes a control device or a regulator for driving the at least one switch, in particular for controlling or regulated driving of the switch.
- the control device is set up to control or switch the switch gradually or in stages, ie little by little or via at least one or more intermediate steps or intermediate stages, from permanently open to permanently and completely closed. This can take place in particular as a function of a current flowing from the input connections or the fuel cell modules to the pre-charging circuit when the voltages are equalized.
- the pre-charging circuit or the switching device can also have a corresponding current measuring device.
- the current flowing to the precharging circuit can therefore be used here as a control or regulation variable.
- This allows the voltages to be adjusted according to the situation and needs take place, for example as slowly as necessary and as quickly as possible. This therefore enables safe and, at the same time, particularly fast and efficient operation when the fuel cell device and battery are connected together.
- the control device can, for example, use or implement a linear or PWM-based open-loop or closed-loop control. The adjustment of the voltages can thus be implemented particularly easily and with little effort, and the associated reduction in the component loads when the fuel cell modules and battery are connected together can be achieved by the connection device.
- the precharging circuit has a switchable, in particular bistable, switchable bridging of the switch. In the closed, ie switched-through state, this bridging has a lower electrical resistance than the switch in its closed state.
- the pre-charging circuit is then set up to bridge the switch by closing the bypass after the switch or its control or regulation has reached the permanently and completely closed state.
- the switch can be implemented as a semiconductor transistor switch, while the bridging can be designed as an electromechanical switch or can include an electromechanical switch.
- the bridging can in particular be designed to be fail-safe and operationally safe, that is to say it can be set up to open automatically, that is to say to cancel the bridging, if an operating or supply voltage fails.
- This can be implemented, for example, by a corresponding electronic circuit that is connected to the bridging or is integrated into it.
- a capacitor can be provided therein, which is automatically activated, ie discharged, if the operating or supply voltage of the bypass or the pre-charging circuit fails, thereby providing energy to open the bypass. This can ensure that the bridging or the precharging circuit automatically switches to a safe state in the event of a corresponding error.
- the pre-charging circuit also forms an ideal diode, at least in addition to any other functions provided.
- the pre-charging circuit thus simulates the function or the electrical behavior of an ideal diode.
- the pre-charging circuit can have a transistor and an associated control unit, which is set up to implement the ideal diode function by means of appropriate control of the transistor.
- the pre-charging circuit can comprise, for example, two transistors connected in series in opposition to one another.
- a first of these transistors can be the mentioned switch, which can be controlled or regulated by the control device to equalize the voltages, while the other of the two transistors can be used or set up to implement or realize the ideal diode function.
- An ideal diode implemented in this way can, for example, have a reduced power loss compared to a real, elementary germanium or silicon diode and thus further reduce the energy requirement of the switching device, ie further improve its efficiency.
- the cross-connection switch mentioned is designed as a switching unit that is constructed in exactly the same way as the switching unit used as or for the precharging circuit.
- the same switching unit or assembly can be used here for the precharging circuit and for the or for each cross-connection switch.
- a common-parts strategy can thus be implemented, which enables the interconnection device according to the invention to be manufactured particularly cost-effectively and efficiently.
- the same module can also be used for the bypass switches mentioned. Because of their arrangement, however, current flows through them or has to carry current in only one direction, regardless of the specified or set wiring, the bypass switches can also have a simpler design, for example unidirectionally conducting current with only one of the semiconductor transistor switches or transistors mentioned.
- the simpler structure of the bypass switches can also save costs and/or energy in the operation of the switching device.
- the switching unit proposed here in particular an integrated semiconductor module comprised by it, can also have further integrated functionalities.
- the switching unit can have gate control to implement the ideal diode using transistors, the possibility of PWM or linear control of a transistor gate to map a switch functionality, control of a bipolar relay, i.e.
- bistable bridging current measurement, for example using a shunt and/or a Hall sensor, an overcurrent protection shutdown, an overvoltage protection shutdown, a configurability or configuration option via a bus connection or by appropriate IC external circuitry or by software in the flash process, a communication interface for communication with a higher-level control unit, for example via a bus connection, one or more interfaces for external circuitry, for Have or implement configuration or programming, a galvanically isolated power supply for safe use in the high-voltage range and/or the like.
- the fuel cell modules each have internally at least one, in particular at least two, decoupling switches, which is or are preferably designed as a bistable contactor.
- the decoupling switches are used or are set up to electrically isolate the respective fuel cell module from the rest of the fuel cell device. By opening the decoupling switch, the respective fuel cell module can thus be decoupled from an electrical circuit assembly of the fuel cell device.
- the decoupling switches can also be useful if there is a bypass or bridging for the respective fuel cell module, for example in the form of the bypass switch mentioned elsewhere, since then by opening the at least one internal decoupling switch of the respective fuel cell module, a defined electrical behavior of the corresponding branch , in particular the respective bridging, can be ensured.
- the fuel cell device thus comprises at least two, preferably several, fuel cell modules that have different numbers of internal individual fuel cells.
- the correspondingly different fuel cell modules can therefore have different voltages or voltage levels provide.
- this opens up even greater flexibility or range of connections and a broader range of settings or use of the fuel cell device. For example, it can be ensured in this way that a battery coupled to the fuel cell device is supplied with energy by the fuel cell device over its entire state of charge range, i.e. can be charged, by the output voltage of the fuel cell device being adapted or set by appropriate selection and connection of the different fuel cell modules.
- these fuel cell modules can then be arranged in the sequence A, B, C and in the other parallel branch, for example, in the sequence C, A, B or connected in series or can be connected.
- a particularly large number of different interconnections or output voltages of the fuel cell device can be implemented in a particularly simple and effective manner, for example using the cross-connection switches mentioned or also the bypass switches mentioned.
- the cross-connection switch or switches can be arranged here in particular in such a way that from all parallel branches those fuel cell modules that have the greatest number of fuel cells within their respective parallel branch can all be connected in series between an input and an output, i.e. the two output contacts of the fuel cell device . The same can apply to the fuel cell modules with the respectively smallest number of fuel cells.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a motor vehicle with a fuel cell device and a battery connected in parallel therewith;
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram representation for illustrating a control of a pre-charging circuit of the fuel cell device
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of the motor vehicle in a different configuration
- FIG. 4 shows a sectional schematic representation of the fuel cell device in three different configurations
- FIG. 6 shows a sectional schematic representation of a switching unit of the fuel cell device in a first variant
- FIG. 8 shows a sectional schematic representation of a switching unit of the fuel cell device in a third variant
- Fuel cell systems for example for vehicles, can include stacks of several fuel cells and thus a corresponding number of bipolar plates. one of one The total voltage UBZS generated or output by such a fuel cell system is then made up of the sum of the cell voltages Uz of the individual fuel cells.
- certain requirements must be met.
- electrical energy consumption can be very dynamic, with the result that either the fuel cell system has to meet corresponding highly dynamic performance requirements by correspondingly highly dynamic tracking of the media hydrogen and oxygen, or that at least part, in particular a large part, has to undergo corresponding dynamics a buffer memory, for example a high-voltage or traction battery of the vehicle.
- a fuel cell range extender In a corresponding combined system of fuel cells and a traction battery in a vehicle, one can speak of a fuel cell range extender, especially if a total contribution of a battery capacity of the traction battery to the range of the vehicle is at least in the range of the range gained by the fuel cell system. With such a combined system, however, there is the challenge of coupling the fuel cell system, the traction battery and the electrical consumers of the vehicle.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a detail of a motor vehicle 1 which is equipped with a fuel cell device 2 and a battery 3 which together provide electrical energy for supplying an on-board network 4 of the motor vehicle 1 .
- the fuel cell device 2 can provide a fuel cell current IBZS and the battery 3 can provide a battery current I Bat with its battery voltage Ußat, which results in a vehicle electrical system current IBN.
- UBN denotes a vehicle electrical system voltage in the vehicle electrical system 4.
- the fuel cell device 2 comprises a plurality of fuel cell modules 5 and a pre-charging circuit 6.
- the fuel cell modules 5 can each comprise a fuel cell stack 7 made up of a plurality of individual fuel cells connected in series, as well as decoupling switches 8 on the input and output sides.
- the decoupling switches 8 can be implemented as contactors, for example.
- Diode devices 9 are also provided here, which can ensure that the fuel cell current I BZS flows exclusively in the direction from the fuel cell device 2 into the battery 3 or to the vehicle electrical system 4 in order to avoid damage to the fuel cell stack 7 .
- the diode devices 9 can be implemented by Schottky diodes, for example, which have a lower forward voltage than germanium or silicon diodes and thus have or require lower power loss and associated comparatively lower cooling effort.
- An input contactor 10 is provided here on the input side of the fuel cell device 2 , through which the input side of the fuel cell device 2 can be isolated from the vehicle electrical system 4 and the battery 3 .
- C designates the parasitic capacitances contained in the two subsystems, that is to say the battery device 2 and the battery 3 .
- the input contactor 10 and a switch upstream or downstream of the resistor can then be closed when the main contactor 11 is open.
- a predetermined for example experimentally determined, time has elapsed, for example after t>>5T, the voltage equalization has at least essentially taken place, so that the main contactor 11 can then be closed and the switch connected upstream or downstream of the resistor can be opened. This can be carried out automatically by controlling the precharging circuit 6 accordingly.
- switches or contactors used can in particular be bistable, but be set up to open automatically if an operating voltage fails. In this way, reduced energy consumption, i.e. increased efficiency, can be achieved without restricting safety, since the coils of the contactors or corresponding relays do not have to be permanently energized in order to maintain a specific switching state.
- a semiconductor circuit can also be used instead of a simple resistor.
- the precharging circuit 6 has a series connection made up of an inductance 12, a first transistor 13 and a secondary contactor 14 in a secondary branch parallel to the main branch or the main contactor 11.
- the first transistor 13 can be switched or regulated automatically here by a control device 15, for example within the framework or in the form of a linear regulation or a PWM regulation, in which the gate-source path of the first transistor 13 is connected to one of the control device 15 generated PWM signal is applied.
- PWM regulation of the first transistor 13 it is therefore not linearly regulated but rather operated in a pulsed manner.
- the time constant T mentioned for the voltage adjustment can be varied.
- variable system parameters that can influence the time constant T can be taken into account or compensated for.
- system parameters or the time constant T can change, for example, as a function of a temperature of the overall system, ie one or more of the components described.
- the input contactor 10 and the auxiliary contactor 14 can then first be closed when the main contactor 11 is open.
- the first transistor 13 is then controlled or regulated by the control device 15, for example by means of PWM regulation.
- the mark-to-space ratio i.e. a time proportion of a running operating time, to which the first transistor 13 is closed, i.e. switched through and is therefore conductive, is increased until it has reached a value of 100%, which means that the first transistor 13 then switched on permanently and completely.
- the main contactor 11 can then be closed. This can then take place with particularly little stress and without a voltage jump, since at least essentially the same voltage level is already present on both sides of the main contactor 11 as a result of the preceding voltage equalization. If the main contactor 11 is closed, the secondary contactor 14 can be opened to a to achieve the most direct and low-resistance coupling of the fuel cell device 2 to the battery 3 or the vehicle electrical system 4.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram representation in which a PWM regulation of the first transistor 13 is illustrated.
- a voltage U is plotted against the time t, with five voltage or PWM signals present at different times, which are set or switched in succession during the voltage equalization, being shown.
- the first transistor 13 is driven with a first PWM signal 16 .
- the first transistor 13 is permanently blocked, corresponding to a mark-to-space ratio of 0%.
- the first transistor 13 is then driven with a second PWM signal 17 with a mark-to-space ratio of 25%.
- the first transistor is then gradually supplied with a third PWM signal 18 with a duty cycle of 50% and then with a fourth PWM signal 19 with a duty cycle of 75% and finally with a fifth controlled by a PWM signal with a mark-to-space ratio of 100%, so that it is then fully switched on.
- a change from one PWM signal or mark-to-space ratio to the next can be carried out in each case after a predetermined period of time or after a period of time depending on the fuel cell current IBZS that is set according to the regulation.
- the specific mark-to-space ratios shown here are only to be understood as examples. Likewise, other mark-to-space ratios can be used or set.
- FIG. 3 shows a further schematic representation of the motor vehicle 1 in which the fuel cell modules 5 are arranged in a 3s2p interconnection or configuration.
- each parallel branch 21 on the output side arranged diode device 9 is provided.
- each fuel cell module 5 can be bypassed by closing a respective bypass switch 22 .
- two cross-connection switches 23 are provided here, which can connect the parallel branches 21 to each other between two serially connected or switchable fuel cell modules 5 .
- a conventional fuel cell system can typically supply electrical power or energy to an energy store, in this case, for example, to the battery 3, only in a limited state of charge window if the fuel cell system is directly connected to the battery with a number of fuel cells adapted to a voltage level of the battery 3 3 is connected or interconnected.
- This state of charge window in which the fuel cell device 2 can deliver energy to the battery 3, is extended here, since opening or closing a corresponding selection of the bypass switches 22 and/or the cross-connection switches 23 effectively increases the number of Fuel cells of the fuel cell device 2 can be adjusted.
- FIG. 4 shows three different possible interconnections of the fuel cell device 2 or the fuel cell modules 5, by means of which different voltages or voltage levels can be provided at or between external connections 24, by way of example and in a schematic detail.
- This is supported here by the fact that the individual fuel cell modules 5 in each parallel branch 21 have different numbers of fuel cells.
- a fuel cell module 5 with a first number of fuel cells A, a second number of fuel cells B and a third number of fuel cells C are arranged in a first parallel branch 21 .
- the fuel cell modules 5 of the other parallel branch 21 have, for example, the same number of fuel cells A, B, C, but are arranged in a different order between the external connections 24 when viewed in the serial connection direction.
- the digits 1, 2 following the numbers of fuel cells A, B, C indicate in each case whether the respective fuel cell module 5 is part of the first or the second parallel branch 21. Examples are here in a first interconnection 25 by closing a Cross-connection switch 23 and opening the other cross-connection switch 23 and decoupling three of the fuel cell modules 5, the fuel cell modules 5 with the fuel cell numbers B, C of the first parallel branch 21 and the fuel cell module 5 with the third fuel cell number C of the second parallel branch 21 are connected in series.
- the control unit can set the first interconnection 25 to supply the battery 3 from the fuel cell device 2 with maximum power until a state of charge SoC, marked here by a first switching point 31, for example about 12% is.
- a state of charge SoC marked here by a first switching point 31, for example about 12% is.
- the control unit can then automatically switch the fuel cell device 2 to the third connection 27 until a second switchover point 32—in the present example approximately corresponding to a state of charge SoC of 70%—is reached.
- the control device can then automatically set the second connection 26 in order to be able to fully charge the battery 3 .
- control unit can be set up to automatically switch between different interconnections, i.e. different switching states or switch positions of the decoupling switch 8, the bypass switch 22 and/or the cross-connection switch 23, depending on the current state of charge SoC of the battery 3.
- interconnections i.e. different switching states or switch positions of the decoupling switch 8, the bypass switch 22 and/or the cross-connection switch 23, depending on the current state of charge SoC of the battery 3.
- a corresponding characteristic diagram, a criterion, a guideline or the like can be specified, for example stored in a data memory of the control device.
- an interconnection can be set for maximum power output from the fuel cell device 2 to the battery 3, charging the battery 3 as evenly or gently as possible, the lowest possible degradation, compliance with a temperature criterion or the like.
- the diode devices 9, in particular in their form or functionality as an ideal diode, and the precharging circuit 6 can be implemented or combined in a circuit or assembly that can be at least partially manufactured using semiconductor technology or as an integrated circuit.
- 6 shows a partial schematic representation of a corresponding switching unit 33.
- the control device 15 can be connected to a gate G of the first transistor 13 for PWM control or PWM regulation and a gate reference potential to the source S of the first transistor 13 provide or collect.
- a bridging relay 34 that can also be controlled or switched by the control device 15 is provided here, which can bridge the first transistor 13 with a connection of its drain and source side that has a lower resistance or lower loss than the first transistor.
- the bridging relay 34 can in particular be made bistable here, in order to save energy as a result of the coil not having to be permanently energized due to the principle involved.
- the control device 15 can automatically close the bridging relay 34 for bridging the first transistor 13 or drive it to close a corresponding switch when the first transistor 13 has reached the mark-to-space ratio of 100% within the scope or after the voltage adjustment. As a result, losses that otherwise occur as a result of the contact resistance of the first transistor 13, which is switched on fully, can be avoided or reduced.
- a bus connection 35 is provided here, for example, to activate the switching unit 33 or the control device 15 and for any communication or data transmission that may occur with or from a higher-level host system or a higher-level control unit, for example the aforementioned control unit or electronics of the motor vehicle 1 .
- This can in particular be galvanically isolated, for example opto-decoupled.
- the switching unit 33 also includes a second transistor 36, which is controlled or operated by a diode regulator 37 in order to implement the ideal diode function.
- the diode control 37 may be based on or include a device or circuit designed to implement an ideal diode by driving the second transistor 36 - is designed - for example, a field effect transistor. Since such a module or such a circuit can contain a charge pump, a capacitor 38 is also indicated here.
- an integrated circuit of the type LM74700-Q1 which was designed for the automotive environment, can be used for the diode control 37 .
- the diode control 37 can measure a voltage difference occurring at the gate G and the source S of the second transistor 36 and either switch the second transistor 36 on completely or block a current flow through the second transistor 36 .
- the switching unit 33 can also include a galvanically isolating DC converter or galvanic isolation, referred to here as galvanic isolation 39, in order to enable simple control and supply of the components described even if they are used or operated in the high-voltage environment of the fuel cell device 2 and the battery 3 become.
- the galvanic isolation 39 can be, for example, a galvanically separated or galvanically isolating circuit for supplying energy to the remaining components of the switching unit 33 .
- the switching unit 33 can combine the function of an ideal diode and the function of the described adjustment or precharging circuit 6 and can therefore also be referred to as an AID. Such a switching unit 33 or AID can be arranged, in particular exactly once, in each parallel branch 21 .
- the switching unit 33 can function on the one hand as an ideal diode and on the other hand as a control element for controlling or regulating the respective current through the respective fuel cell module 5 or the respective series connection of the fuel cell modules 5 of the respective parallel branch 21 .
- the switching unit 33 is to be understood here as a component or an assembly, for example on a single circuit board or in a single common housing, which can be constructed as compactly as possible, so that it can be mounted, for example, on a mounting plate, a mounting block or a three-dimensional assembly device or the like plugged in, so that it can be screwed or fixed in a similar way in an electrically conductive and mechanically stable manner as intended.
- the diode devices 9 can then be removed from the fuel cell modules 5 and used or arranged particularly easily and flexibly for different connections or configurations of the fuel cell modules 5 or the fuel cell device 2 .
- FIG. 7 shows a schematic representation of a detail of an at least partially semiconductor-based switch device 40 as can be used, for example, as or for the bypass switch 22 and/or the cross-connection switch 23 .
- the switch device 40 has a similar structure to the switching unit 33.
- the first transistor 13 and the second transistor 36 for example field effect transistors or other suitable semiconductor switches, can also be used here, and at least the first transistor 13 can be combined with a bypass relay 34, in particular a bistable one become.
- the first transistor 13 and the second transistor 36 are arranged in opposite directions between an input and an output of the switch device 40 and form an adjustable semiconductor switch which can be controlled or regulated by the control device 15 by means of linear regulation or PWM regulation.
- a current flowing through the transistors 13, 36 or the switching device 40 can thus be set by the control device 15.
- not only binary switching into a completely switched through, that is to say conducting, or completely blocked switching state is possible, but also modulation or regulation with conducting states lying in between.
- semiconductor switches proposed here instead of conventional electromechanical switches, at least for the bypass switches 22 and/or the cross-connection switches 23, can at least almost completely avoid wear and tear on switching contacts that occurs in electromechanical switches, which means that the service life and robustness can be improved.
- the semiconductor switches allow controllable or gradual, ie in a certain way gradual switching in contrast to a sudden or abrupt switching in the case of electromechanical switches. This can also have a positive effect on the service life of the overall system and facilitate pilot control of the connections or material bonds in the fuel cell device 2 or the electrical system of the motor vehicle 1 .
- the potential disadvantage of the semiconductor switches that they can have a higher electrical resistance than a conventional electromechanical switch even when switched through, i.e. closed, can be eliminated by the respective bypass relay 34 be balanced or minimized.
- Such a bridging relay 34 can be provided, controlled by the control device 15, if necessary also for bridging the second transistor 36, in contrast to what is shown here.
- a semiconductor switch or transistor can be combined with an electromechanical switch here, the latter only being closed or being closed when the semiconductor switch or transistor has reached its fully switched state, ie its maximum electrical conductivity. As a result, a contact resistance can be minimized at a corresponding point or route.
- the transition relay 34 or an electromechanical switch actuated by it With such a closing of the corresponding electromechanical switch, in this case, for example, the transition relay 34 or an electromechanical switch actuated by it, with the semiconductor switch or transistor switched through, the aforementioned wear on the switching contacts of the electromechanical switch can also be minimized, since between the two sides of the by the electromechanical switch bridged semiconductor switch or transistor then no significant voltage drops, so no significant voltage difference is present.
- the electromechanical switch can first be opened in reverse order in order to minimize wear, i.e. contact erosion, and then the semiconductor switch or transistor can be opened or blocked completely or partially.
- the control device 15 can be implemented here as an integrated circuit, through which the gate control for the first transistor 13 and the second transistor 36, the relay control of the at least one bypass relay 34 and the provision or tapping of a gate reference potential between the transistors 13, 36 as well as connections for the bus connection 35 and a voltage supply, in particular potential-free, can be implemented via the galvanic isolation 39 .
- the second transistor 36 and accordingly also its gate control can be saved, that is to say omitted.
- costs and energy consumption can be saved where appropriate.
- a reduced or simplified version can only be set up for unidirectional flow.
- FIG. 8 shows a detail and diagrammatically of a corresponding compact switching unit 41.
- the compact switching unit 41 here is basically constructed in a manner similar to the switching unit 33 and the switching device 40. In this case, however, other or further functions are integrated in the control device 15 .
- the control device 15 can therefore have or integrate at least the following functionalities: gate control for realizing an ideal diode with transistors, possibility of linear or PWM control of at least one gate for mapping a switch functionality, control of a bipolar relay, current measurement, in particular by means of a Shunts and/or Hall sensors, overcurrent protection shutdown, overvoltage protection shutdown, configurability via software in the flash process or through a corresponding external circuit or via bus via the bus connection 35 and communication with a higher-level control unit via a corresponding communication interface and/or the bus connection 35.
- Other interfaces can also be used for external circuitry , Provided for programming and / or configuration, so be integrated into the control device 15 or the compact switching unit 41.
- the compact switching unit 41 can therefore be used as or for the pre-charging circuit 6, the diode device 9, the bypass switch 22 and/or the cross-connection switch 23. Therefore it can also be referred to as S-AID.
- a connection device 42 is provided centrally here, via which the connection or the various connections of the fuel cell modules 5 are implemented or can be implemented and which establishes or forms the connection between the fuel cell modules 5 and the battery 3 or the vehicle electrical system 4 .
- the interconnection device 42 here includes a base element 43, which can be, for example, an electrically non-conductive mounting plate or a three-dimensional mounting structure or the like.
- the base element 43 is connected to a busbar 44 on the output side via a plurality of compact switching units 41 .
- a further busbar 44 forming the other pole can be connected to the base element 43 directly or via corresponding direct lines.
- a 3s2p interconnection or configuration of the fuel cell modules 5 is shown here as an example. Since one, in particular exactly one, compact switching unit 41 can be provided for each parallel branch 21 for connection to the output-side busbar 44, this busbar 44 is electrically connected here via exactly two compact switching units 41 to the base element 43 or, above that, to the fuel cell modules 5. With other interconnections or configurations, more or fewer compact switching units 41, ie AIDs or S-AIDs, can be provided accordingly.
- the busbars 44 form external contacts 45 for connecting to the battery 3 and the vehicle electrical system 4 .
- input connections 46 for electrically connecting the fuel cell modules 5 are provided on the side of the fuel cell modules 5 .
- These input connections 46 can be realized, for example, by means of appropriately set up contact points 47, plugs, sockets, sliding contacts or the like.
- the base element 43 here has a large number of corresponding contact points 47, of which only a selection is explicitly marked here for the sake of clarity.
- the contact points 47 can, for example, have mounting holes, Be or include plug-in mounts, electrical connection points or the like.
- the parts or components mentioned can be fastened to these contact points 44, for example plugged in or plugged in, screwed or fastened in some other way.
- the realization or implementation described here allows a particularly simple, effective, efficient and flexible combination of a fuel cell device 2 and a battery 3 in a directly connected parallel connection to supply an electrical consumer, represented here by the vehicle electrical system 4, to be implemented.
- the switching device 42 i.e.
- the examples described show a system and a method for low-loss electrical combination of fuel cells and their controlled or controlled coupling to a battery device, for example for an electric vehicle.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102021123774.2A DE102021123774A1 (de) | 2021-09-14 | 2021-09-14 | Verschaltungs- und brennstoffzelleneinrichtung für eine effiziente verschaltung von brennstoffzellen sowie kraftfahrzeug |
| PCT/EP2022/075549 WO2023041595A1 (de) | 2021-09-14 | 2022-09-14 | Verschaltungs- und brennstoffzelleneinrichtung für eine effiziente verschaltung von brennstoffzellen sowie kraftfahrzeug |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4399756A1 true EP4399756A1 (de) | 2024-07-17 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22783325.8A Withdrawn EP4399756A1 (de) | 2021-09-14 | 2022-09-14 | Verschaltungs- und brennstoffzelleneinrichtung für eine effiziente verschaltung von brennstoffzellen sowie kraftfahrzeug |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20240375526A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4399756A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102021123774A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023041595A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3167008A1 (fr) * | 2024-09-27 | 2026-04-03 | Safran Electrical & Power | Architecture électrique pour aéronef comprenant une pile à combustible à plusieurs stacks et un système de distribution d’énergie électrique adapté pour alimenter au moins un moteur électrique de propulsion de l’aéronef et des charges accessoires |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FI123172B (fi) * | 2009-07-08 | 2012-12-14 | Waertsilae Finland Oy | Menetelmä ja järjestely rinnakkain kytkettyjen polttokennojen kehittyneeksi ohjattavuudeksi |
| TW201128845A (en) * | 2010-02-12 | 2011-08-16 | Chung Hsin Elec & Mach Mfg | Parallel fuel cell electrical power system |
| AU2010362640B2 (en) * | 2010-10-18 | 2015-04-09 | Conspec Controls Limited | Intrinsically safe backup power supply for combustible environments |
| KR102063946B1 (ko) * | 2013-09-05 | 2020-01-09 | 에스케이이노베이션 주식회사 | 연료전지 시스템 제어 장치 및 제어 방법 |
| GB2534596A (en) | 2015-01-29 | 2016-08-03 | Intelligent Energy Ltd | A voltage waveform generator |
| CN106541846B (zh) * | 2016-11-22 | 2019-08-20 | 中车株洲电力机车有限公司 | 一种电动车辆及其电池组 |
| JP6834674B2 (ja) * | 2017-03-27 | 2021-02-24 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池ユニット |
| DE102017107070A1 (de) | 2017-04-03 | 2018-10-04 | AccuPower Forschungs-, Entwicklungs- und Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH | Kaskadierbare anordnung zum verschalten einer vielzahl von energiespeichern sowie verfahren zur steuerung der energieversorgung bei diesen energiespeichern |
| DE102018106306B4 (de) | 2018-03-19 | 2025-02-06 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Fahrzeug mit einem Energiespeicher |
-
2021
- 2021-09-14 DE DE102021123774.2A patent/DE102021123774A1/de active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-09-14 WO PCT/EP2022/075549 patent/WO2023041595A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2022-09-14 US US18/691,662 patent/US20240375526A1/en active Pending
- 2022-09-14 EP EP22783325.8A patent/EP4399756A1/de not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2023041595A1 (de) | 2023-03-23 |
| DE102021123774A1 (de) | 2023-03-16 |
| US20240375526A1 (en) | 2024-11-14 |
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