EP4388350A1 - Wellenfrontmanipulator und optisches gerät - Google Patents
Wellenfrontmanipulator und optisches gerätInfo
- Publication number
- EP4388350A1 EP4388350A1 EP22764706.2A EP22764706A EP4388350A1 EP 4388350 A1 EP4388350 A1 EP 4388350A1 EP 22764706 A EP22764706 A EP 22764706A EP 4388350 A1 EP4388350 A1 EP 4388350A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- optical
- wavefront
- manipulator
- optical component
- wavefront manipulator
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B3/0081—Simple or compound lenses having one or more elements with analytic function to create variable power
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/08—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
- G02B26/0875—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more refracting elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/0025—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for optical correction, e.g. distorsion, aberration
- G02B27/0068—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for optical correction, e.g. distorsion, aberration having means for controlling the degree of correction, e.g. using phase modulators, movable elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B3/0087—Simple or compound lenses with index gradient
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B3/02—Simple or compound lenses with non-spherical faces
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B7/00—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements
- G02B7/02—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements for lenses
- G02B7/04—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements for lenses with mechanism for focusing or varying magnification
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B2003/0093—Simple or compound lenses characterised by the shape
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a wavefront manipulator having at least a first optical component and a second optical component which are arranged one behind the other along a reference axis, the first optical component and the second optical component being arranged to be movable relative to one another perpendicularly to the reference axis.
- the invention relates to a use of the wavefront manipulator and an optical device with a wavefront manipulator.
- Alvarez describes optical elements with at least a first optical component and a second optical component, which are arranged one behind the other along an optical axis, each have a refractive free-form surface and are mutually displaceable perpendicular to the optical axis .
- the refractive power effect of an optical element made up of the two components can be varied by lateral displacement of the optical components with the free-form surfaces.
- Such optical elements are therefore also called Alvarez elements or vario lenses.
- a variable refractive power corresponds to a variable focal position, which can be described by a change in the parabolic component of the wavefront of a beam bundle that is incident parallel to the axis. In this sense, a varifocal lens can be viewed as a special wavefront manipulator.
- zoom optics based on a plurality of wavefront manipulators are disclosed, with the wavefront manipulators consisting of Alvarez elements.
- zoom lenses can be implemented for a miniature camera, which can be used, for example, in a compact mobile handheld device such as a smartphone or a laptop.
- the document WO 2013/079312 A1 describes a polychromatic wavefront manipulator which has the same basic structure as the wavefront manipulator from reference [1], the manipulator being able to be used in a wavelength range min ⁇ max and a diffractive one optical element (DOE) is used for color correction.
- the grooves of the DOE are now selected in such a way that the above-described dependency of the wave front deformation W ⁇ , ⁇ (x,y) on the wavelength ⁇ is compensated. In this way, for example, a longitudinal chromatic aberration can be corrected.
- the document WO 2013/120800 A1 describes a polychromatic wavefront manipulator which has the same basic structure as the wavefront manipulator from reference [1], but a liquid is used between the plates instead of air.
- this liquid is adapted to the refractive index profile of the plate material n( ⁇ ) in such a way that the dependency of the wave front deformation W ⁇ (x, y) on the refractive index n( ⁇ ) and thus on the wavelength ⁇ is compensated by the liquid. In this way, for example, a longitudinal chromatic aberration can be corrected.
- the wavefront manipulator is designed not to bring about any wavefront deformation at a fixed, predetermined fundamental wavelength, but rather only in the secondary wavelengths.
- the course of the refractive index of the immersion liquid is adapted in such a way that it corresponds as exactly as possible to that of the plate material for the fundamental wavelength and only has a defined deviation for the secondary wavelengths.
- an adjustable phase mask which consists of two phase plates, which can consist of several materials, so that a path difference and a phase shift are achieved independently of the wavelength is the same up to integer multiples of the wavelength or integer multiples of 2TT.
- the wavefront manipulators used consist of plates made of only one material, which has a wavelength-dependent refractive index ( ⁇ ). It is thus clear that the wavefront deformations W ⁇ , ⁇ (x,y) are strongly dependent on the wavelength, which is noticeable in the zoom optics as longitudinal and transverse chromatic aberrations. The imaging quality of these zoom optics is therefore severely limited.
- the use of only one material on one plate of the wavefront manipulator thus severely limits the applicability of the zoom concept for cameras that require good imaging performance over an entire spectrum.
- the monochromatic wavefront manipulator For polychromatic optical systems in the wavelength range min ⁇ ⁇ max , the monochromatic wavefront manipulator according to reference [1] generates a wavefront deformation W ⁇ , ⁇ (x,y) that is dependent on the wavelength ⁇ and is predetermined by the refractive index curve n( ⁇ ). In most spectrally broadband applications, this dependency leads to undesired color errors, so that the wavefront manipulator cannot be used there.
- the disadvantage of the polychromatic wavefront manipulator according to WO 2013/079312 A1 is that the DOEs used have scattered light from undesired diffraction orders. Although this scattered light can be reduced by using so-called "efficiency achromatized DOEs" (EA-DOEs), it cannot be made to disappear. In particular, EA-DOEs exhibit tolerance-induced stray light. In applications that are sensitive to scattered light, such as in all types of cameras, microscopes, binoculars, spotting scopes, etc., the use of polychromatic wavefront manipulators according to WO 2013/079312 A1 is therefore excluded.
- the disadvantage of the polychromatic wavefront manipulator according to WO 2013/120800 A1 is that there is a liquid between the plates.
- the course of the refractive index of the liquid and its transparency should not change over the life of the product, so that corresponding requirements must be made of the liquid.
- the manipulator should only be operated in a temperature range in which the liquid remains in the liquid state. In order to prevent the liquid from leaking out during the service life of the product, a high level of design effort must be made, which leads to costs and increases Space requirements leads. For these reasons, the use of polychromatic wavefront manipulators is restricted according to WO 2013/120800 A1.
- phase plates that are twisted against each other. According to paragraph [0064], such elements are particularly suitable for phase contrast microscopy.
- the exemplary embodiments are therefore limited to phase rings or to the generation of wave front deformations W ⁇ , ⁇ (x,y), which are not dependent on the spatial coordinates x or y.
- a first object of the present invention to provide an advantageous wavefront manipulator having at least a first optical component and a second optical component which are arranged one behind the other along a reference axis and can be moved relative to one another perpendicularly to the reference axis. It is a second object of the present invention to provide an advantageous optical device.
- a third object of the present invention is to specify an advantageous use for the wavefront manipulator according to the invention.
- the first object is achieved by a wavefront manipulator according to claim 1, the second object by an optical device according to claim 12 and the third object by using a wavefront manipulator according to claim 13.
- the dependent claims contain advantageous refinements of the invention.
- a wavefront manipulator comprises at least a first optical component and a second optical component.
- the first optical component and the second optical component are arranged one behind the other along a reference axis.
- the first optical component and the second optical component are in one Direction of movement perpendicular to the reference axis arranged to be movable relative to one another.
- either the first optical component or the second optical component can be arranged so as to be movable in relation to the other optical component in each case.
- Both optical components are preferably arranged to be movable in at least one direction of movement in a plane perpendicular to the reference axis.
- the reference axis is understood to mean an axis, for example a z-axis of a Cartesian or cylindrical coordinate system, with respect to which the deformation of the wavefront profiles caused by the wavefront manipulator is defined.
- the reference axis is the axis with respect to which the wavefront profile is deformed by the wavefront manipulator.
- the reference axis can run parallel to a normal of a plane in which the first optical component and the second optical component can be moved relative to one another.
- the reference axis can run parallel to an optical axis or coincide with it, which is defined by a rotationally symmetrical optics comprising the wavefront manipulator.
- the reference axis may also be oriented relative to a reference axis of an optics assembly in which the wavefront manipulator is used.
- a reference axis of the optics structure can be selected in such a way that it corresponds to an optical axis.
- the first optical component and the second optical component each comprise a first and at least one further optical element, ie at least two optical elements.
- the optical elements have different refractive index profiles m( ⁇ ) and m( ⁇ ) (m( ⁇ )+m( ⁇ )).
- the index i identifies the at least one further optical element.
- the magnitude of the difference between the refractive index profiles m( ⁇ ) and m( ⁇ ) is preferably greater than a specified limit value for at least one specified wavelength, for example greater than or equal to at least 0.01.
- the optical elements can be made of materials numbered i and j can be constructed such that for a wavelength with ⁇ max ln i ( ⁇ 1 ) n j ( ⁇ 1 ) >0.01 applies
- the optical elements are arranged one behind the other along the reference axis, preferably arranged directly connected to one another, ie without a spacing or gap between them.
- the first and the at least one further optical element advantageously have a contact surface which is preferably designed as a free-form surface.
- the optical elements have a location-dependent extension or thickness or length (hereinafter referred to as length) in the z-direction parallel to the reference axis Az(x,y). In other words, the length is not constant.
- the local coordinates x and y are preferably coordinates of a Cartesian coordinate system.
- a free-form surface is to be understood in the broader sense as a complex surface that can be represented in particular by means of functions defined in certain areas, in particular functions defined in different areas that can be continuously differentiated twice.
- suitable area-wise defined functions are (particularly piecewise) polynomial functions (particularly polynomial splines, such as bicubic splines, higher-degree splines of fourth degree or higher, or polynomial non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS)).
- NURBS polynomial non-uniform rational B-splines
- a distinction must be made between simple surfaces such as e.g. B. spherical surfaces, aspherical surfaces, cylindrical surfaces, toric surfaces, which are described at least along a main meridian as a circle.
- a free-form surface does not need to have axial symmetry and point symmetry and can have different values for the mean surface refractive index in different areas of the surface.
- the first optical component and the second optical component can each have at least one refractive free-form surface and/or at least one planar surface.
- the optical components can do so be arranged such that free-form surfaces of adjacent optical components face each other, or such that the free-form surfaces face away from each other. Thanks to the free-form surfaces, the strength of the refractive power of the optical element can be changed by lateral displacement (ie displacement perpendicular to the reference axis) of the two optical components relative to one another. Influencing the refractive power by lateral displacement is described in the document US Pat. No. 3,305,294 A1, to which reference is made in this context.
- the design of the individual optical components of the wavefront manipulator each with at least two optical elements made of different media, each of which has a location-dependent length in the z direction, has the advantage that a polychromatic, stray-light-free wavefront manipulator made of solid materials is provided, with which an incident light beam has a Wavefront deformation Wx(x,y) can be imposed, with Wx(x,y) being adjustable with a displacement path a and/or an angle of rotation a about an axis of rotation running parallel to the optical axis. Furthermore, it is possible to design the wavefront deformation for two different wavelengths almost identically by means of the multiple optical elements of the individual optical components, so that the wavefront manipulator can be designed as an achromat.
- the wavelength dependency of the wavefront deformation can be designed such that the different wavefront deformations for different wavelengths can be used beneficially in the overall system, in particular for correcting aberrations.
- the wave front deformation is not limited to a defocus, but can also consist, for example, of astigmatism, coma, spherical aberration or linear combinations thereof.
- the length of the at least one further optical element Azi(x,y) is preferably not constant and is linearly dependent on the length of the first optical element Az-i(x,y), in particular according to the formula:
- k>2 designates the number of optical elements.
- the i-th optical element with 1 ⁇ i ⁇ k then has, for example, the length ⁇ z 1 (x,y) and the refractive index n i ( ⁇ ).
- n i refractive index
- y 1 ,2 , c 2 , y 1,i and c i are any constants.
- the length ⁇ z 1 (x,y) can be freely selected depending on the application.
- a wavefront manipulator according to the invention can therefore also consist of individual optical components each having three or more different optical elements (k ⁇ 3). It should be pointed out here that the numbering of the media or the optical elements comprising them is arbitrary; it is only necessary to ensure that the medium 1 has a length ⁇ z 1 (x,y) that depends on the location (x,y).
- each of the at least two optical components that in at least 80% of all volumes V a of the respective optical component with the points (x,y,z), which in a displacement path a, for through which the wavefront manipulator is designed, is penetrated by light rays, for all materials i with arbitrary constants y 1 ,i and c i the following condition is fulfilled:
- the at least two optical components can be designed to be identical in terms of their optical characteristics, in particular the optical characteristics of the optical elements used. This has the advantage of being inexpensive to manufacture and maintain, including any repairs.
- the Alvarez principle can be usefully applied.
- an Alvarez element with two optical components can be implemented using a correspondingly designed wavefront manipulator, in which the materials used for the optical elements of each component differ and the lengths ⁇ zi (x, y) of the optical elements of each component also differ . Care must then be taken to ensure that the wavefront deformations of the two components are selected to match one another.
- at least one of the optical components can have at least one planar outer surface, which extends perpendicular to the reference axis.
- At least one optical component of the wavefront manipulator can be designed as a plate, in particular a plane-parallel plate.
- Particularly cost-effective wavefront manipulators are obtained if all the existing optical components of the wavefront manipulator are designed as plates, in particular plane-parallel plates. This has the further advantage that the distance between the optical components can be minimized and a robust design is realized.
- the optical components can be arranged to be movable relative to each other by translation in at least one direction perpendicular to the reference axis, ie in the x and/or y direction, in other words can be arranged to be displaceable.
- the optical components can be arranged so as to be movable relative to one another by rotation about an axis running parallel to the reference axis (z-direction), that is to say can be arranged to be rotatable.
- the variants mentioned allow the use of a plurality of degrees of freedom to correct aberrations or to implement focusing, for example in the form of a zoom function, in a very small space.
- At least one, preferably two, of the optical components includes at least two optical elements that have a relative partial dispersion that differs by less than a specified limit value.
- the specified limit value can be a value of less than 0.01, in particular less than 0.005.
- the wavefront manipulator can be designed as an apochromatic wavefront manipulator, that is to say correct color errors as far as possible.
- An aprochromat (or "trichromat") creates a wavefront deformation in which the parabolic part is the same for three different wavelengths.
- at least one, preferably two, of the optical components can comprise at least three optical elements. At least one of the optical elements can have an abnormal relative partial dispersion.
- a material with an Abbe number v d has an anomalous relative partial dispersion if the magnitude of the difference between the relative partial dispersion P g , F des material and a normal relative partial dispersion of the Abbe- number v d of the material is at least 0.005, in particular mi dt 0.01.
- the normal relative partial dispersion is through 0.6438 — 0.001682 v d , i.e. by a straight line in a diagram that depicts a dependency between the normal relative partial dispersion Abbe number v d .
- the relative Partial dispersion describes a difference between the refractive indices of two specific wavelengths in relation to a reference wavelength interval and represents a measure of the relative strength of the dispersion in the spectral range between these two wavelengths.
- the three wavelengths required for this are the wavelength of the g-line of mercury (435.83 nm), the wavelength of the hydrogen F-line (486.13 nm) and the hydrogen C-line (656.21 nm), so that the relative partial dispersion P g ,F by is given, where nF and nc are the same as for v d .
- Partial dispersion another definition can be used, in which e.g. the F and C lines of hydrogen are replaced by the F' and C' lines of cadmium.
- two optical elements of an optical component arranged directly one behind the other have a common contact surface in the form of a free-form surface.
- the length of the first optical element Az-i(x,y) can be used as a power series with However, summation limits of these equations can also be set higher.
- the length of the first optical element Az t can also be specified in polar coordinates.
- the length Az t is a function of the radius r and the polar angle ⁇ . This is particularly useful when the optical components are rotated in relation to one another, as is described in published application DE 102015 119255 A1.
- the wavefront deformation then contains a rotation angle a instead of the displacement path a and the spatial coordinates (x, y) are to be replaced by polar coordinates, so that the wavefront deformation is given by instead of W ⁇ , ⁇ (x, y).
- W ⁇ , ⁇ (x, y) the two optical components are both shifted against each other and rotated against each other.
- At least one optical element of at least one optical component can include or consist of one or more of the following materials: P-SF68 glass from SCHOTT AG, N-LASF44 glass from SCHOTT AG, N-FK58 or N-BK7 glasses from Manufacturer SCHOTT AG, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC).
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- PC polycarbonate
- An exemplary embodiment according to the invention contains optical elements made from the media N-LASF44 and P-SF68. Of course, other material combinations are also conceivable.
- a first optical element of the first optical component comprises or consists of the material PMMA and a second optical element of the first optical component comprises the material PC or consists of it.
- a second optical component configured identically to the described first optical component can be present, with the respective second optical elements, ie the optical elements comprising the material PC, being arranged facing one another.
- an optical device is provided.
- the optical device according to the invention can be, for example, an optical observation device such as a microscope, in particular a surgical microscope, a telescope, a camera or an optical instrument from the field of ophthalmology, etc.
- an optical device such as an optical measuring device.
- It is equipped with at least one wavefront manipulator according to the invention. The effects and advantages described with reference to the wavefront manipulator according to the invention can therefore be achieved in the optical device according to the invention.
- At least one wavefront manipulator according to the invention is used in the use according to the invention to bring about an adjustable change in a wavefront, for example any arbitrary but fixed linear combination of Zernike terms, and/or to bring about one or more of the corrections or reductions mentioned below: coma, astigmatism, dichromatic correction, trichromatic correction, reduction of the secondary spectrum, reduction of the tertiary spectrum.
- a wavefront manipulator in a further use of a wavefront manipulator according to the invention, it can be used to bring about a position-dependent correction of at least one wavefront error in a zoom lens.
- the wavefront manipulator can be arranged in particular in the area of an (approximately) collimated beam path in the zoom lens and can be deflected laterally depending on the position of the zoom lens in such a way that it compensates for a wavefront error (e.g. a longitudinal chromatic aberration, a spherical aberration, etc.) of the zoom lens .
- a wavefront error e.g. a longitudinal chromatic aberration, a spherical aberration, etc.
- Wavefront manipulator to be arranged in an area so that light beams from different field points illuminate approximately the same area of the wavefront manipulator according to the invention.
- the free-form surface can preferably be described by a polynomial in the case of explicit surface representation in the form z(x,y) which has only even powers of x in a direction x orthogonal to the direction of movement of the optical components and only odd powers in a direction y parallel to the direction of movement of y.
- the free-form surface z(x,y) can initially be general, for example, by a polynomial expansion of the form be described, where C m,n represents the expansion coefficient of the polynomial expansion of the free-form surface in order m with respect to the x-direction and order n with respect to the y-direction.
- x, y and z denote the three Cartesian coordinates of a point lying on the surface in the local surface-related coordinate system.
- the coordinates x and y are to be used in the formula as dimensionless numbers in so-called lens units.
- Lens units here means that all lengths are initially specified as dimensionless numbers and later interpreted in such a way that they are continuously multiplied by the same unit of measurement (nm, pm, mm, m).
- the background is that geometric optics is scale-invariant and, in contrast to wave optics, does not have a natural unit of length. According to the teaching of Alvarez, a pure defocusing effect can be achieved if the free-form surface of the optical components can be described by the following third-order polynomial:
- the lateral displacement of the optical components by a distance a
- the surface power of such a vario lens is given by the following formula: where s is the lateral displacement of an element along the y-direction, K the scaling factor of the profile depth and n the refractive index of the material from which the lens is formed at the respective wavelength.
- the term "and/or" when used in a series of two or more items means that each of the listed items can be used alone, or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be used.
- composition A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination when describing a composition containing components A, B and/or C, composition A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a wavefront manipulator according to the invention in a longitudinally sectioned view.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows the length profile of the optical elements of an optical component of a wavefront manipulator according to the invention in the z-direction.
- FIG 3 shows the beam path through a wavefront manipulator according to the invention for different displacement paths for varying the defocus.
- FIG. 4-18 schematically show a first exemplary embodiment of an optical device according to the invention with a wavefront manipulator according to the invention for different input focal lengths and displacement paths and the associated transverse aberrations.
- 19-33 schematically show a second exemplary embodiment of an optical device according to the invention with a wavefront manipulator according to the invention for different input focal lengths and displacement paths and the associated transverse aberrations.
- 34-48 schematically show a third exemplary embodiment of an optical device according to the invention with a wavefront manipulator according to the invention for different displacement paths and the associated transverse aberrations.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a wavefront manipulator according to the invention.
- the wavefront manipulator 1 comprises a first optical component 2 and a second optical component 3.
- the first optical component 2 and the second optical component 3 are arranged one behind the other along a reference axis, which corresponds to the optical axis 9 in the example shown and in the following examples.
- the optical axis 9 runs parallel to the z-direction of a Cartesian coordinate system.
- the optical components 2, 3 each have a central axis 8, which preferably runs parallel to the optical axis 9.
- the first optical component 2 and the second optical component 3 are arranged to be movable relative to one another in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis 9, ie in an xy plane.
- the first optical component 2 and the second optical component 3 can thus be arranged to be movable in relation to one another in an xy plane by translation and/or rotation.
- the first component 2 and the second component 3 each comprise a first optical element 4 and at least one further optical element 5.
- the first optical element 4 and the at least one further optical element 5, in the example shown the second optical element 5, have different characteristics Refractive index curves m( ⁇ ) and ni(A), in this case n2( ⁇ ).
- the first optical element 4 and the second optical element 5 form a contact surface 6 which is preferably designed as a free-form surface.
- the two optical components 2 and 3 are configured identically, with corresponding optical elements 4, 5 being arranged facing one another; in the variant shown, the second optical elements 5 are arranged facing one another.
- the optical components 2 and 3 preferably comprise a planar outer surface 7, the planar outer surfaces being arranged facing away from one another and being formed by the first optical element 4 in each case.
- There is a gap between the first and second optical components which is at least wide enough for the two components to be able to be moved relative to one another without coming into mechanical contact. It is useful to choose this gap as small as possible.
- the optical elements 4 and 5 have a location-dependent length ⁇ z i (x,y) in the z-direction parallel to the optical axis 9 with respect to the local coordinates x and y of the optical component 2 or 3 . This is shown schematically in FIG.
- the numbering is arbitrary.
- the optical element 5 can also be the first optical element and the optical element 4 can be the second optical element. It is only necessary to ensure that the first optical element 1 has a length ⁇ z 1 (x, y) that is dependent on the location (x, y).
- a planar outer surface 7 of the optical components 2, 3, which are directed outwards as shown in FIG. 1 can also be used.
- a planar outer surface 7 is favorable, however, because the distance between the surfaces 13 of the wave front manipulator 1 that have a curvature is thereby reduced and fewer aberrations arise. It can materials of the optical elements 4 and
- FIG. 3 shows the beam path through a wavefront manipulator 1 according to the invention for different displacement paths a of the two optical components 2 and 3 relative to one another perpendicular to the optical axis 9 for varying the defocus.
- the aperture is marked with the reference numeral 10.
- the drawn light beams 11 correspond to a plane wave that falls on the aperture 10 . In the case of negative displacement paths a, the rays 11 running to the right are extended to the left, so that the focus 12 is to the left of the wave front manipulator 1 .
- the exemplary embodiments show how the length z 1 x, y) and the constants y 1, i and c i can be selected depending on the refractive index curves of the materials involved, so that wavefront manipulators can be implemented which have the wavefront deformations desired in an optical system generate W a, ⁇ (x,y).
- the length ⁇ z 1 (x, y) can be selected in accordance with Table 1 on page 88 of Reference 1 cited at the outset. For example, tilt (Tiit), focusing, astigmatism, coma, spherical aberration or linear combinations thereof can be generated.
- the basic structure of the achromatic wavefront manipulator according to the invention is described below, which generates almost identical wavefront deformations ⁇ z 1 (x, y) at at least two wavelengths ⁇ I and ⁇ III with ⁇ I ⁇ III . It consists of two identical optical components 2 and 3, which are each constructed from two optical elements 4 and 5 with a refractive index progression n 1 ( ⁇ ) and n 2 ( ⁇ ), as shown schematically in FIG.
- the two dashed lines parallel to the y-axis illustrate the position of two planes at a distance d, which run parallel to the xy-plane and between which one of the two optical planes Components 2 and 3 of the wavefront manipulator 1 is located.
- a wavefront manipulator for focusing is now designed for the visual spectrum.
- the value y 1.2 -0.3613 results for the proportionality factor y 1.2 .
- the coefficient c 0,0 just corresponds to the length Az 1 (0,0) along the z-axis.
- the coefficients c 2.1 and c 0 3 generate the defocus terms in the wavefront W ⁇ , ⁇ (x,y).
- the term c 0,1 serves to reduce the range of values of the length ⁇ z 1 (x,y) and allows reducing the thickness of the medium 2 as well as the air gap between the components. Deviations of the realized wavefront deformation from the desired wavefront deformation can thus be reduced.
- the higher polynomial coefficients c 4.1 , c 2.3 and c 0.5 are used to give the generated wavefront W ⁇ , ⁇ (x,y) for all displacement paths a as spherical a shape as possible, so that the transverse aberrations of the overall system remain small.
- Az 2 (x,y) -0.3613 • ⁇ z 1 (x,y) + 1.5226 mm.
- the outer boundary surfaces of the wave front manipulator between air and the first optical element is a plane surface.
- the air thickness between the two optical components of the wavefront manipulator which are preferably designed as plates, is 0.2mm.
- the displacement path a is in the range — 5.035mm ⁇ a ⁇ +4.921mm.
- the air gap between the wavefront manipulator and the aperture is 1 mm. This completely describes the geometric structure of the wavefront manipulator.
- FIGS. 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 schematically show an optical device according to the invention with a wavefront manipulator 1 according to the invention, which is used for adapting to different input focal lengths.
- a rotationally symmetrical lens 21 consisting of a diaphragm (not shown) and two cemented elements 22 and 23 is located behind the wave front manipulator 1 in the direction of radiation. The structure of this lens is shown in Table 1 attached.
- Table 1 illustrates the structure of the rotationally symmetrical lens 21 of the first embodiment from the aperture to the image plane.
- the surfaces of numbers 2 and 6 represent rotationally symmetrical aspheres whose surface geometry is given by the following polynomial:
- one of the optical elements 4 or 5 comprises the material N-LASF44 or consists of it, and the other, for example further or second optical element comprises the Material P-SF68 or consists of this.
- Each of the optical components 2 and 3 shown can be between 2 mm and 3 mm thick in the z-direction.
- the ones shown Cemented elements 22 and 23 can each be between 5 and 15 mm thick, for example about 10 mm thick or long in the z-direction.
- FIGS. 5 and 6 show the transverse aberrations associated with the setting in FIG. y direction.
- the curves associated with a wavelength of 587.6 nm are identified by reference numeral 31
- the curves associated with a wavelength of 656 nm are identified by reference numeral 32
- the curves associated with a wavelength of 486.1 nm are identified by reference numeral 33 .
- the scale in the diagrams shown is 2 pm and corresponds to the Airy diameter.
- FIGS. 8 and 9 show the transverse aberrations associated with the setting in FIG. y direction.
- FIGS. 11 and 12 show the transverse aberrations associated with the setting in FIG. y direction.
- FIGS. 14 and 15 show the transverse aberrations associated with the setting in FIG. y direction.
- FIGS. 17 and 18 show the transverse aberrations associated with the setting in FIG. y direction.
- FIGS. 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18 illustrate the aberrations of the overall system.
- the Airy diameter is around 2pm. Regardless of the wavelength, the transverse aberration curves usually have a smaller amount than the Airy diameter, so that the longitudinal chromatic aberration is well corrected and the axially imaged points are imaged practically diffraction-limited.
- an achromatic wavefront manipulator is also used in the second exemplary embodiment to compensate for different input focal lengths, so that axial points at different distances are focused on the same point.
- condition (1) results in the length ⁇ z 2 (x, y) for a wavefront manipulator according to the invention
- ⁇ z 2 (x,y) -0.4328 • ⁇ z 1 (x,y) + 0.8328 mm.
- the displacement path a is in the range — 3.013mm ⁇ a ⁇ +2.864mm.
- the air gap between the wavefront manipulator and the aperture is 1 mm. This completely describes the geometric structure of the wave front manipulator.
- FIGS. 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 schematically show an optical device according to the invention with a wavefront manipulator 1 according to the invention, which is used for adapting to different input focal lengths.
- a rotationally symmetrical lens 21 consisting of an aperture, which is located between the wave front manipulator 1 and lens 21, and two cemented elements 22 and 23.
- the structure of this lens is shown in Table 2 attached. This describes the structure of the rotationally symmetrical lens of the second exemplary embodiment from the aperture to the image plane.
- the aspherical surface can be calculated using the expression given above for z asph(x,y).
- FIGS. 20 and 21 show the transverse aberrations associated with the setting in FIG. y direction.
- FIGS. 23 and 24 show the transverse aberrations associated with the setting in FIG. y direction.
- FIGS. 26 and 27 show the transverse aberrations associated with the setting in FIG. y direction.
- FIG. 20 and 21 show the transverse aberrations associated with the setting in FIG. y direction.
- FIGS. 23 and 24 show the transverse aberrations associated with the setting in FIG. y direction.
- FIGS. 29 and 30 show the transverse aberrations associated with the setting in FIG. y- Direction.
- FIGS. 32 and 33 show the transverse aberrations associated with the setting in FIG. y direction.
- FIGS. 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32 and 33 illustrate the aberrations of the overall system.
- the Airy diameter is around 2pm.
- the transverse aberration curves usually have an amount smaller than the Airy diameter, so that the longitudinal chromatic aberration is well corrected and the axially imaged points are imaged with practically diffraction limitation. Again, the correction of the longitudinal chromatic aberration is clearly visible.
- This wavefront manipulator is suitable, for example, for focusing in a miniature camera - object distances from infinity to 62.5mm are possible.
- This wavefront manipulator can then be combined with a fixed focal length lens at a fixed distance from the image sensor. The imaging quality is equally good for all object distances.
- the third exemplary embodiment described below relates to a CHL manipulator without refractive power, in which the position of the focus remains almost constant at a central wavelength, while the focus positions shift at the outer wavelengths.
- a manipulator with which the longitudinal chromatic aberration can be variably adjusted is referred to as a CHL manipulator.
- the refractive power of the wavefront manipulator is almost independent of the displacement path a.
- the refractive power has an opposite sign and is dependent on the displacement path a. It is thus possible to shift the focal positions in relation to one another for the outer wavelengths.
- Such an optic can be used, for example, to correct the longitudinal chromatic aberration of another optic, not shown in FIGS. 34, 37, 40, 43 and 46, which is located between the object point and the wave front manipulator.
- the optics (not shown) can also be arranged between the wave front manipulator 1 and the image point or can also completely replace the lens 21 . It is also possible to mount the wavefront manipulator 1 in the middle of the optics, which are not shown.
- These optics, which are not shown can also be a zoom lens which, depending on the zoom setting, has a different longitudinal chromatic aberration, which is compensated for with the wave front manipulator according to the invention.
- Equation (A-1) is used again for this purpose.
- W ⁇ , ⁇ (x,y) f(a) with any function f(a) which does not depend on the spatial coordinates x and y depends. This is the case when the optical path length l of an optical component according to equation (A-1) for the wavelength is a constant c' independently of the spatial coordinates (x, y), so that applies
- ⁇ ( ⁇ d ) ⁇ z 1 (x, y) • n1( ⁇ d ) + ⁇ z 2 (x, y) • 2 ( ⁇ d ) + [d - ⁇ z 1 (x, y) -
- the constant of proportionality ⁇ 1.2 thus results in ⁇ 1.2 — — 0.800.
- Figures 34, 37, 40, 43 and 46 show the construction of the optical device of the third embodiment.
- the input focal width is 250mm, regardless of the displacement path a.
- the light beams 11 shown correspond to the wavelength of light these light beams run behind the wavefront manipulator approximately independently of the displacement path a. This behavior can also be seen from the transverse aberrations in FIGS. 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47 and 48.
- the transverse aberration curve 31 for ⁇ d runs approximately along the abscissa and thus shows that the image plane is always properly focused for this wavelength, regardless of the displacement path. In contrast, a different picture emerges for the outer wavelengths ⁇ c and ⁇ F .
- the transverse aberrations 32 and 33 at these wavelengths are straight lines to a good approximation, the slope of which depends on the displacement path a and have different signs.
- This transverse aberration at wavelengths ⁇ c and ⁇ F thus corresponds to a defocusing which depends on the displacement path.
- This exemplary embodiment thus describes a CHL manipulator.
- blank pressed glasses or plastics can be used as optical elements. These options are particularly inexpensive.
- one of the two media can first be shaped and then the second medium can be introduced into the mold in a precision molding or plastic injection molding machine and used as a stamp.
- an apochromatic wavefront manipulator can be implemented if two media with the same relative partial dispersion P are used for the at least two optical elements.
- Such a device is characterized in that an equation analogous to (A-2) is valid for a further wavelength.
- an apochromatic wavefront manipulator for focusing can be implemented if three media are used, with at least one medium having an anomalous partial dispersion.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102021121561.7A DE102021121561A1 (de) | 2021-08-19 | 2021-08-19 | Wellenfrontmanipulator und optisches Gerät |
| PCT/EP2022/072431 WO2023020910A1 (de) | 2021-08-19 | 2022-08-10 | Wellenfrontmanipulator und optisches gerät |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4388350A1 true EP4388350A1 (de) | 2024-06-26 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22764706.2A Pending EP4388350A1 (de) | 2021-08-19 | 2022-08-10 | Wellenfrontmanipulator und optisches gerät |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20240353671A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4388350A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN117501155A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102021121561A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023020910A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3305294A (en) | 1964-12-03 | 1967-02-21 | Optical Res & Dev Corp | Two-element variable-power spherical lens |
| EP2764393A4 (de) | 2011-10-07 | 2015-09-30 | Univ Singapore | Mems-basiertes zoomobjektivsystem |
| DE102011055777B4 (de) | 2011-11-28 | 2015-02-26 | Carl Zeiss Ag | Optisches Gerät, optisches Element und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
| DE102012101262B3 (de) | 2012-02-16 | 2013-04-04 | Carl Zeiss Ag | Wellenfrontmanipulator und optisches Gerät |
| DE102013100680B4 (de) | 2013-01-23 | 2015-02-05 | Carl Zeiss Ag | Wellenfrontmanipulator und Optisches System mit einem Wellenfrontmanipulator |
| DE102013101711B4 (de) | 2013-02-21 | 2026-06-18 | Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh | Mikroskopobjektiv und Mikroskop |
| CN113960702A (zh) * | 2014-01-08 | 2022-01-21 | 威动光有限公司 | 光学系统的透镜组件和致动器及其方法 |
| DE102014118383B4 (de) * | 2014-12-11 | 2018-09-13 | Carl Zeiss Ag | Objektiv für eine Foto- oder Filmkamera und Verfahren zum gezielten Dämpfen bestimmter Raumfrequenzbereiche der Modulations-Transfer-Funktion eines derartigen Objektivs |
| DE102015119255A1 (de) | 2015-11-09 | 2017-05-11 | Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh | Einstellbare Phasenmaske, Mikroskop und Verfahren zur Phasenkontrastmikroskopie |
-
2021
- 2021-08-19 DE DE102021121561.7A patent/DE102021121561A1/de active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-08-10 EP EP22764706.2A patent/EP4388350A1/de active Pending
- 2022-08-10 CN CN202280043624.4A patent/CN117501155A/zh active Pending
- 2022-08-10 US US18/684,113 patent/US20240353671A1/en active Pending
- 2022-08-10 WO PCT/EP2022/072431 patent/WO2023020910A1/de not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN117501155A (zh) | 2024-02-02 |
| WO2023020910A1 (de) | 2023-02-23 |
| DE102021121561A1 (de) | 2023-02-23 |
| US20240353671A1 (en) | 2024-10-24 |
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