EP4381578A1 - Dispositif de compensation electrique active avec structure a commutation rapide - Google Patents
Dispositif de compensation electrique active avec structure a commutation rapideInfo
- Publication number
- EP4381578A1 EP4381578A1 EP22761121.7A EP22761121A EP4381578A1 EP 4381578 A1 EP4381578 A1 EP 4381578A1 EP 22761121 A EP22761121 A EP 22761121A EP 4381578 A1 EP4381578 A1 EP 4381578A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- unit
- current
- power
- voltage
- linear
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
- H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
- H02J3/1821—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using shunt compensators
- H02J3/1835—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using shunt compensators with stepless control
- H02J3/1842—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using shunt compensators with stepless control having reactive elements actively controlled by bridge converters, e.g. active filters or static compensators [STATCOM]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
- H02J3/01—Arrangements for reducing harmonics or ripples
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2101/00—Supply or distribution of decentralised, dispersed or local electric power generation
- H02J2101/20—Dispersed power generation using renewable energy sources
Definitions
- the invention relates to the general field of power electronics and its applications on electrical distribution or on-board networks, intelligent buildings and micro-networks, and more particularly to filtering and compensation modules for electrical networks and to injection of power from renewable sources.
- the harmonic distortion, the phase difference between the voltage and the intensity, ie the reactive, as well as the imbalance of the currents and voltages are factors making it possible to express the quality of the energy transiting in this network.
- attitude is understood to mean a difference in the physical magnitudes of the signal between the different phases and/or amplitudes, for example voltage levels, intensity.
- Harmonic distortion is a measure of signal processing linearity, made by comparing a device's output signal to a sinusoidal input signal.
- the non-linearity of the system deforms this sinusoid.
- the output signal remains a periodic signal which can be analyzed as a sum of sinusoids of frequencies that are multiples of that giving the period, called the fundamental frequency.
- Each of these sinusoids is a harmonic of rank equal to the quotient of its frequency by the fundamental frequency.
- the harmonic distortion rate is the ratio of effective values between the fundamental frequency and the others.
- a device comprising non-linear loads connected to an electrical network receives power from the electrical network and feeds back a signal in the network, the signal reinjected into the network being degraded by the operation of the device.
- Non-linear load means a load based on power electronic components, or others, consuming active power from the power supply system (with or without reactive power) and reinjecting into the power supply network the distorting power (related to harmonics).
- These harmonics can be of conventional ranks (5, 7, 11, 13, etc.) for three-wire power supply systems: three-phase non-linear loads (widespread in industrial areas).
- three-phase non-linear loads widespread in industrial areas.
- third-order harmonics and their odd multiples (3, 9 , 15, etc.) will circulate in this network, in addition to the conventional harmonics.
- phase shift between the voltage and the intensity of the signal implies the appearance of a reactive power which leads, among other things, to the reduction of the active power transmissible in the network.
- Inverters most often consist of switches/power electronic components controlled on opening and closing and bidirectional, such as "classic" silicon components such as IGBTs (IGBTs, from English Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor or Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor), MOSFETs (MOSFETs, from the English Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor), GTOs (GTO, from the English Gate Turn-off Thyristor or gate-off thyristor) and recently fast (fast switching frequency) components.
- IGBTs IGBTs
- MOSFETs MOSFETs
- GTOs from the English Gate Turn-off Thyristor or gate-off thyristor
- the best known of these are power electronics switches made of silicon carbide SiC, (SiC, from English Silicon carbide) and gallium nitride GaN (GaN, from English Gallium nitride).
- the source is modulated to obtain an AC signal of the desired frequency.
- the switching frequencies of the power electronics components of the inverters generally induce high frequency harmonic components in the signal injected into the network, which degrades the quality of the signal passing through the network.
- FIG. 1a In an assembly as represented in FIG. 1a, comprising a general network 1, a nonlinear and/or linear load 2, and a DC energy storage element 3 connected to an inverter 4, it is known to connect at the output of the inverter 4 a filter 5 configured to block the high switching frequency components contained in the signal to be injected into the electrical network 1.
- the high frequency harmonics of the signal caused by the switching of the inverter 4 are not transmitted via the filter 5 to the network 1; only the desired signal is generated by the inverter and injected into grid 1 or load 2.
- a first-order filter composed of a simple inductance of practically negligible internal resistance (hereinafter called L-Classic), as represented in figure lb, does not in particular allow this function to be fulfilled when the voltage inverter employed is at basis of conventional silicon power electronics components (eg IGBTs, MOSFETs, GTOs); the switching frequency of these components, for high switched powers, is industrially limited, for reasons of losses and reliability, to approximately 16 kHz.
- L-Classic a simple inductance of practically negligible internal resistance
- the higher the inductance of such a filter the higher the ability of the filter to prevent the components due to the switching from being injected into the network 1.
- the higher the inductance the faster the speed variation in the intensity passing through the filter is reduced and the more the filter will cause a phase shift/delay between the desired real intensity and the intensity to be injected into the network 1 - load 2 assembly via filter 5.
- a low value of the inductance allows the majority of the components due to the switching to be injected into the network and consequently to affect the installations and the electrical equipment.
- the correct sizing of the first-order output filter will therefore depend on the compromise to be found between the dynamics and the efficiency of the device based on the inverter with conventional silicon components (hereinafter called Ond-Classique), especially when it operates. as an active parallel filter with harmonic depollution.
- this auxiliary filter 6 can cause unwanted side effects, such as resonance with other passive elements installed on the electrical network 1.
- This auxiliary filter also causes active power consumption, through its damping resistor.
- the filtering quality of these auxiliary filters deteriorates over time, due to the aging of its passive elements.
- a second structure of the filter is a third-order output filter of the LCL type associated with an inverter with conventional silicon components (Ond-Classic).
- This easy-to-size filter is an alternative to the heavy, bulky, expensive and difficult-to-size first-order (L-Classic) filter.
- This LCL filter consists of two inductors (LH, Lf2 whose sum is ten to twenty times less than L-Classic), respective internal resistors (H, Rfz) and a capacitor Cf with a small resistance damping f (see figure 11a) whose effect can be replaced by an appropriate command.
- (L s , R s and e s ) represent respectively the inductance, the resistance as well as the electromotive force of the electrical network upstream.
- This type of filter thanks to the additional degree of freedom provided by the capacitor Cf, makes it possible to avoid the problems mentioned above in the case of the first-order output filter.
- the presence of the capacitor Cf makes it possible to reduce the values of the chokes of the two inductors significantly (a ratio of 10 or even more, depending on the switching frequency of Ond-Classic, compared to L-Classic, can be accomplished). In this case, the components due to the switching frequency are blocked on the inverter side, without slowing down the overall dynamics of the system.
- the inverter must inject both fundamental (reactive and unbalanced) and harmonic components into the electrical network, which implies total control of a very wide frequency bandwidth.
- AIRD an artificial increase in relative degree, followed by an integrator
- three other nonlinear controllers based on the higher order sliding mode method are also used. These are the 2-SMC Twisting and 2-SMC super-Twisting second-order sliding mode control algorithm as well as the C-HOSMC continuous higher-order sliding mode control algorithm.
- One of the aims of the invention is to "clean up" the current consumed by a non-linear load, by canceling, on the network side, its harmonic content, the unbalanced content as well as the reactive content of the current, with the aim of improving the quality of the voltage on the grid side.
- This invention having a four-wire structure, is adapted to the harmonic spectrum containing the conventional ranks (5, 7, 11, 13, etc.) of industrial areas as well as those of rank 3 and their odd multiples (3, 9, 15 , etc.) residential, commercial or administrative areas.
- Another object is to maximize the active power producible by a renewable energy generating power unit 100 of Figures 1a, 1b.
- Another goal is to optimize the energy consumption of a smart building.
- Another aim is to optimize the energy production of a conventional energy production unit (of fossil origin: oil, gas, etc.) within a micro-grid.
- Another goal is to optimize the management of the energy transiting between the production units (renewable and conventional) and the consumption units.
- a parallel active filter with renewable generation is proposed based on an inverter with two voltage levels, with four arms (3 phases with the neutral), with fast switching components (SiC or GaN), with DC bus capacitor (without point medium), to one output filter per phase, including the neutral, with a light inductance, not bulky, economical and easy to size.
- Several capacitors can be connected in series or in parallel, without being separated by a midpoint, the network seeing in this case only one equivalent capacitor.
- the device is equipped with linear or non-linear controllers, which ensure a minimum phase shift between the disturbance currents identified and those compensators injected by the device.
- This device makes it possible, thanks to an extended instantaneous power identification method that is very easy to implement, to ensure the compensation, on the network side, of disturbing currents (harmonics, reactive, unbalanced, etc.), as well as the generation of current maximum renewable energy sources in a complete, partial or individual way, according to the specifications requested.
- the extended identification method is generalized thanks to a proposed advanced PLL, based on an adapted sixth-order R.ST type controller. Indeed, with this PLL, the device is capable of operating in a voltage medium strongly distorted by harmonics and disturbed by an imbalance.
- the advanced PLL together with the extended identification method as well as the proposed linear and non-linear controllers allow the device of the parallel active filter with renewable energy generation to adapt with two fundamental frequencies (50 and 60 Hz), with a variation of more than 10% up to 800 Hz, for a voltage between 115 and 400 V, to understand the cases of main networks, generators as well as the networks of on-board systems (aircraft, boats, trains, etc.) .).
- the advanced PLL not only extracts the phase of the direct voltage component, as is the case with conventional/classical PLLs, but also the amplitude of this component. This ensures equality between the DC bus capacitor charging current and the maximum power current produced by the renewable energy source, while ensuring that this maximum injected current is in phase with the direct component of the network voltage. electricity, so as not to require additional consumption of reactive power.
- the proposed structure is able to avoid: a- the use of an inverter structure with two voltage levels easy to manufacture, to control and to maintain, but associated with a heavy, expensive first order output filter, bulky and very difficult to design; b- the use of a new inverter structure other than that with two voltage levels; c- the problem of phase shift between the disturbing currents identified and those injected into the network due to the LCL type filter associated with a linear controller; f- the resonance problem caused by the use of the LCL filter; e- the destructive problem linked to the “chatering” of the inverter when using a conventional non-linear control; f- the use of an LCL output filter associated with an advanced but complicated to design non-linear control.
- the solution proposed in the invention consists in sufficiently increasing the switching frequency of the inverter, thus allowing the use of a simple first-order output filter (with minimal constraints), and consequently in simplifying the method of inverter current control. Indeed, a sufficient increase in the switching frequency of the inverter limits the constraints imposed on the output filter, and a simple inductor thus becomes able to prevent the propagation of the components of the switching frequency of the inverter towards the side. network, without affecting the overall dynamics of the system.
- inverters based on fast-switching power electronic components for example SiC in silicon carbide and GaN in gallium nitride (transistors), are proposed. in the present invention.
- a very low value inductor (a few hundred micro-Henrys, for example 200 micro-Henrys), can be used to block the harmonic components due to the switching of the inverter, without degrade the dynamics of the device.
- the output filter used in the present invention is a first-order filter of inductance L type, avoiding resonance between an LCL filter and the network of state-of-the-art devices, and at least 10 times lower, and advantageously at least 20 times lower than the inductance of a first-order filter connected at the output to an inverter with silicon power electronics components of state-of-the-art devices.
- the invention proposes, according to a first aspect, a current compensation device of the parallel active filter type, capable of be connected: at its input, downstream of at least one capacitive energy storage element, and at its output, upstream to a connection point between on the one hand a given electrical network, and on the other hand non-linear and/or linear electrical loads.
- a power conversion unit comprising at least one power inverter with fast switching voltage structure with silicon carbide (SiC) or gallium nitride (GaN) components (hereinafter called Ond-Cr), the conversion unit generating an alternating current, with a frequency band ranging from 50 to 2500Hz, covering the entire frequency band of a non-active disturbing current which presents: all or part of the harmonics, and at the fundamental frequency all or one part of reactive power and/or current unbalance;
- SiC silicon carbide
- GaN gallium nitride
- an output filtering unit comprising an output filter for each of the phases and a neutral, and connected: on the one hand downstream of the inverter, and on the other hand at the connection point between the given electrical network and non-linear and/or linear electrical loads, the output filter being dimensioned to block the harmonic components due to the switching of the inverter;
- the output filter is a first-order filter of inductance L type, avoiding resonance between an LCL filter and the given electrical network, with an inductance of less than 1000p.H;
- control-command unit comprising a unit for calculating reference currents, the reference currents comprising:
- the control-command unit also comprising a switching piloting device which controls the switching of the inverter and which provides closed-loop control of the entire frequency band from 50 to 2500 Hz for injection by the inverter , the non-active disturbance current and the active current, depending on the identification of the reference currents by the calculation unit, the switching control of the inverter being carried out in such a way as to pass through the filter unit output at the connection point some or all of the non-active disturbance currents injected in phase opposition including harmonic currents, as well as reactive and unbalanced currents at the fundamental frequency, in non-linear and/or linear electrical loads, for satisfy the demand for non-active energy consumption of non-linear and/or linear electrical loads, while decontaminating the given electrical network of these disturbance currents non-active ators.
- a switching piloting device which controls the switching of the inverter and which provides closed-loop control of the entire frequency band from 50 to 2500 Hz for injection by the inverter , the non-active disturbance current and the active current, depending on
- the switching frequency of the inverter is greater than 70 kHz.
- the first-order filter of inductance type L has a value of less than 400 p.H.
- the switching frequency of the inverter is greater than 100 kHz, and the inductance type first-order filter L has a value less than 200 p.H.
- the voltage upstream of the inverter is greater than 800 V, and even more advantageously greater than 1000 V.
- the device has only two voltage levels.
- the device has a so-called digital implementation target processor for the calculations contained in the control command unit, including that of the injected current, having a frequency of less than 100 MHz, a flash memory of less than 2 Mb and a RAM less than 2 Mb.
- the control-command unit comprises a calculation unit (linked to the control of the injected current) corresponding to the filter L, less powerful in calculation than the calculation unit of a control-command unit associated with a filter LCL.
- the device operates at a fundamental frequency between 40 and 70 Hz.
- a conventional fundamental frequency between 50 and 60 Hz.
- the nominal voltage of the given electrical network according to the present invention is between 180 and 480 V.
- the nominal voltage of the given electrical network is between 230 and 400 V.
- the fundamental frequency is between 50 and 60Hz and the nominal voltage of the given electrical network is between 230 and 400V.
- the nominal voltage is a phase-to-phase voltage.
- the capacitive energy storage element is connected upstream to a renewable energy generation power unit, the conversion unit generating an alternating current, with a frequency band ranging from 50 to 2500 Hz, covering in plus the maximum active current generated by the renewable energy generation power unit, the filter unit passes the active current corresponding to the maximum power point available within the renewable energy generation power unit , to satisfy the demand for active energy consumption of the non-linear and/or linear electric loads, while ensuring the recharging of the capacitive energy storage element.
- the switching piloting device controls the switching of the inverter, by a controller which is: non-linear by first-order or higher-order continuous sliding mode, or linear and takes account of the phase difference between the reference current and the injected current.
- the reference currents calculation unit includes an advanced phase-locked loop unit, which extracts, in addition to the angle provided by a phase-locked unit conventional, the amplitude of the direct component of the voltage at the connection point of the given electrical network.
- the switching control of the inverter is made such that part of the active current, in the given electrical network devoid of non-active disturbance currents, passes through the output filter unit, when the output of the renewable energy generating power unit is greater than the power consumed by the non-linear and/or linear electrical loads.
- the renewable energy generating power unit is coupled without a chopper or other power electronics devices to the capacitive energy storage element.
- control-command unit comprises:
- a chopper configured to maintain a constant predefined DC voltage at the terminals of the energy storage element of the inverter, independently of the voltage level of the renewable energy source to ensure unchanged harmonic filtering
- control-command unit comprises one of the following two controllers:
- the switching control device comprises a pulse-width modulation (PWM) device, in which the command is modulated, in order to make the inverter operate at a fixed switching frequency and adapted to the fast switching of the components. of power electronics constituting the inverter.
- PWM pulse-width modulation
- control unit includes a PI type regulator, with an output that represents the maximum power of the renewable energy generation power unit, to regulate the DC voltage of the element capacitive energy storage, while ensuring tracking of the maximum active power point of the renewable energy generation power unit, the compensation device comprising a DC voltage regulation loop across the terminals of the capacitive energy storage element which supplies the output of the regulator the maximum power, the voltage across the terminals of the capacitive energy storage element being equal to the voltage of the maximum power of the renewable energy generation power unit.
- the device comprises a unit for calculating the reference currents, configured to determine the non-active disturbing current flowing in the load, and a unit for calculating the reference currents, configured to calculate, based solely on the power, the voltage of the maximum active power point of the renewable energy generation power unit, the reference calculation unit delivering the non-active/disturbance currents of the unit and/or the maximum active current from the unit and the regulator, which ensures at its output the maximum power of the unit.
- the fast switching improves the overall dynamics of the active filter, which consequently improves the filtering quality.
- the upstream voltage (on the Ond-Cr inverter side) reaches higher values, advantageously greater than 800 V (more advantageously, greater than 1000V), compared to 800 V maximum for conventional Ond-Classic silicon inverters operating, for the same switched power, at a switching frequency of 16 kHz and with an efficiency of 95%.
- This DC voltage increase improves the dynamics of the active filter, and therefore the filtering quality.
- the first-order output filter is composed of a simple inductance of minimum stresses, subsequently called L-Ond-Cr.
- the device according to the present invention has the advantage of being light, economical and very easy to dimension compared to conventional L-filters of the state of the art, in particular thanks to the first-order output filter associated with the inverter. fast switching.
- the invention proposes a current compensation device of the parallel active filter type capable of being connected: at its input, downstream of at least one renewable energy generation power unit coupled to a capacitive energy storage element, and at its output, upstream at a connection point C between on the one hand a given electrical network, and on the other hand non-linear and/or linear electrical loads, the current compensation device having:
- a power conversion unit comprising at least one power inverter with fast switching voltage structure with silicon carbide SiC or gallium nitride GaN components, the conversion unit generating an alternating current at the frequency of 50Hz, covering the maximum active current generated by the renewable energy generation power unit;
- an output filtering unit comprising an output filter for each of the phases and a neutral, and connected: on the one hand downstream of the inverter, and on the other hand at the connection point C between the given electrical network and non-linear and/or linear electric loads, the output filter being dimensioned to block the harmonic components due to the switching of the inverter;
- the output filter is a first-order filter of the inductance L type, avoiding resonance between an LCL filter and the given electrical network, and an inductance of less than 1000p.H, advantageously less than 400p.H, more advantageously less than 200p. H as a function of the fast switching frequency;
- control-command unit comprising a unit for calculating reference currents, the reference currents comprising:
- control-command unit also comprising:
- a switching control device which controls the switching of the inverter and which provides closed-loop control at the fundamental frequency of 50 Hz for the injection by the inverter of the active current and the non-active disturbing current (reactive and unbalanced), depending on the identification of the reference currents by the calculation unit,
- PI type regulator which ensures at its output the maximum power of the unit, the switching control of the inverter being carried out in such a way as to pass through the output filtering unit at the connection point C, an active current corresponding to a maximum power point available within the renewable energy generation power unit, to satisfy the active energy consumption demand of the non-linear and/or linear electrical loads, while ensuring the charging the capacitive energy storage element; to satisfy the demand for reactive energy consumption of non-linear and/or linear electrical loads, while decontaminating the given electrical network of these non-active disturbing currents.
- the inverter switching control is carried out in such a way as to also let pass through the output filtering unit at the connection point C, some or all of the non-active disturbing currents injected in phase opposition comprising reactive and unbalanced currents at the fundamental frequency, in nonlinear and/or linear electrical loads.
- the switching frequency of the inverter is greater than 50 kHz, advantageously greater than 60 kHz, advantageously greater than 70 kHz and even more advantageously greater than 80 kHz.
- the voltage upstream of the inverter is greater than 800V, and even more advantageously greater than 1000V.
- control-command unit comprises a calculation unit corresponding to the filter L, less powerful in calculation than the calculation unit of a control-command unit associated with an LCL filter.
- the calculation unit is a digital implementation target corresponding to the injected current control unit associated with the filter L.
- the renewable energy generation power unit is also coupled without a chopper or other power electronic devices, to the capacitive energy storage element.
- control-command unit comprises:
- a chopper configured to maintain a constant predefined DC voltage at the terminals of the energy storage element of the inverter, independently of the voltage level of the renewable energy source to ensure unchanged harmonic filtering
- the invention proposes an electrical system comprising a given electrical network, non-linear/linear loads, and a compensation device as presented above.
- system according to the invention may have the following characteristics, taken alone or in combination:
- the renewable energy generation power production unit is:
- photovoltaic panels • chosen from the following list: one or more photovoltaic panels, wind turbine(s), fuel cell(s), or other
- the renewable energy generation power production unit is coupled without a chopper or without other power electronic devices;
- the given electrical network is chosen from the following list: a main electrical network, a local electrical micro-grid that is islanded or connected to the main electrical network, or an on-board electrical network;
- the system further comprises an intelligent building, and in which the control-command unit is connected to a centralized management unit of the intelligent building, the control-command unit compares the maximum available power of the power unit renewable energy generation with the total load of the intelligent building;
- the control-command unit is configured to optimize the consumption of the various devices operating within this intelligent building by distributing the loads corresponding to the non-linear/linear loads according to at least two operating modes: o a first distribution mode , called adapted consumption mode, in which the control-command unit controls the decentralized management unit of the intelligent building so as to adapt the consumption of the intelligent building with the production of the renewable energy generation power unit , so that the total load curve of the intelligent building has a maximum simultaneity factor corresponding to the operation of all the payloads of the building at the same time, within the limit of the renewable energy produced, o in the event of insufficient production d renewable energy, a second distribution mode, called modulated consumption mode, in which the control-command unit pilot the decentralized management unit of the intelligent building so as to modulate the consumption of the apparatuses of the intelligent building in order to tend to a substantially constant total load curve of the intelligent building as a function of time; advantageously, the first mode of distribution takes priority; advantageously, in the second distribution mode, the total load curve of the
- the system also includes:
- each compensation device being connected to the semi-decentralized management system to which it communicates information concerning the energy production, current and future, of each of the renewable energy generation power production units, and
- the semi-decentralized management system is also configured to ensure the economic distribution of production of conventional energy production units
- the semi-decentralized management system is also configured to intervene when the total energy demand within the local network is greater than the total production, with the decentralized control units of the intelligent buildings, via the control-command units compensation devices, to make them switch to a modulated consumption mode;
- the semi-decentralized management system is also configured to control the distribution on the local network of the power coming from the given electrical network if the estimated total production does not cover the demand.
- FIG. la is a diagram representing an electrical network supplying a load and a renewable energy generation power unit connected to an inverter, via one or more energy storage elements, comprising a filter according to the prior art;
- FIG. 2a is a diagram representing an electrical network supplying a load with an inverter, according to the state of the art, with silicon power electronics components associated with an LCL output filter;
- FIG. 2b (state of the art) is a diagram representing an electrical network supplying a load with an inverter, according to the state of the art, with silicon power electronic components associated with an output filter L -Classic;
- FIG. 2c is a diagram representing an electrical network supplying a load with an inverter, according to the invention, with power electronic components in fast switching silicon carbide associated with an L-Ond-Cr output filter with minimal constraints;
- FIG. 3a is a diagram representing the structure of an active compensation device (inverter, according to the state of the art, conventional silicon power electronic components associated with a LCL or L-Classic output filter), in particular the structure of the control-command unit;
- FIG. 3b is a diagram representing the structure of an active compensation device (with inverter, according to the invention, of power electronic components in silicon carbide for switching fast associated with an L-Ond-Cr output filter with minimal constraints), in particular the structure of the control-command unit;
- FIG. 4 is a diagram representing the advanced PLL phase-locked system according to the invention.
- FIG. 5a (state of the art: conventional inverter and LCL) is a diagram representing an electrical system according to the state of the art, in which the compensation device is inserted, in parallel, between a production unit renewable energy, within a self-consumption building, and the network-loads set;
- FIG. 5b is a diagram representing an electrical system, according to one embodiment of the invention, in which the compensation device is inserted, in parallel, between a renewable energy production unit, within a self-consumption frame, and the network-load assembly;
- FIG. 6a (state of the art: conventional inverter and LCL) is a diagram representing an electrical system according to the state of the art, in which the system is connected to a positive energy intelligent building;
- FIG. 6b (inverter, according to the invention with fast switching and L-Ond-Cr with minimal constraints) is a diagram representing an electrical system according to one embodiment of the invention, in which the system is connected to a building positive energy smart;
- Fig. 7a represents the regulation loop of the energy storage element with the objective, among others, of extracting the maximum active power from the renewable energy generation power unit;
- Fig. 7b represents the regulation loop of the energy storage element with the objective with the advanced PLL system, among other things, of extracting the maximum active power from the renewable energy generation power unit;
- figure 8a represents the integration of the method for calculating this maximum active power in the algorithm for identifying/calculating non-active currents (e.g. harmonics, reactive and unbalanced);
- Fig. 8b represents the integration of the method for calculating this maximum active power in the algorithm for identifying/calculating non-active currents (e.g. harmonics, reactive and unbalanced) by using the Advanced PLL; the identified output currents include the neutral wire current;
- non-active currents e.g. harmonics, reactive and unbalanced
- Fig. 9a is a diagram representing an electrical system according to the state of the art (based on conventional inverter and LCL), in which the electrical system comprises a management system semi-centralized which manages the conventional energy production of the network as well as, in case of emergencies, the operating mode of the centralized units via the active compensation devices connected, in turn, to the renewable energy production units ;
- FIG. 9b is a diagram representing an electrical system according to an embodiment of the invention (based on fast switching inverter in silicon carbide and L-Ond-Cr of minimum stresses ), in which the electrical system includes a semi-centralized management system which manages the conventional energy production of the network as well as, in the event of emergencies, the operating mode of the centralized units via the connected active compensation devices, in turn, to renewable energy production units;
- Fig. 10 represents a general structure of the parallel active filter, according to an implementation of the invention.
- FIG. 11a represents an equivalent diagram per phase of the third order output filter LCL, according to the state of the art
- Fig. 11b represents an equivalent diagram per phase of the output filter of L-Classic, according to the state of the art or of L-Ond-Cr with minimal constraints, according to an implementation of the invention
- Fig. 12a represents the diagram of the gain of the third order output filter LCL, according to the state of the art
- Fig. 12b represents the gain diagram of the L-Ond-Cr first order output filter with minimal constraints, according to an implementation of the invention
- FIG. 13a represents, according to the state of the art, a general block diagram of the current control algorithm of the active filter
- FIG. 13b (state of the art: Classical & L-classical inverter with a Proportional Integral (PI) controller) represents, according to the state of the art, a general block diagram of the active filter current control algorithm;
- FIG. 13c (according to an implementation of the invention: Fast switching inverter & L-Ond-Cr of minimum constraints with an RSTam or continuous SMC controller with sigmoid function) represents, according to an implementation of the invention , a general block diagram of the active filter current control algorithm;
- Fig. 14b represents an effect of the phase shift on the quality of compensation of the active filter; and more particularly the setpoint current and the injected current;
- Fig. 14c represents an effect of the phase shift on the quality of compensation of the active filter; and more particularly the network current with the effect of the phase shift as well as the estimated ideal current without the effect of the phase shift;
- FIG. 15a represents the diagrams of the gain and the phase of the transfer function of the control loop of the active filter with RST which is a linear controller based on a placement of the poles of the closed loop (control loop);
- FIG. 15b represents the gain and phase diagrams of the transfer function of the control loop of the active filter with RST which is a linear controller based on a placement of the poles and RSTam, according to an implementation of the invention, which is based, in addition, on the placement of the zeros, of the closed loop (control loop);
- FIG. 16a shows the tracking and single-phase control signal with sliding mode controllers using Sign, Sigmoid and artificial relative degree increase control functions
- Fig. 16b shows the tracking and the single-phase control signal with the control algorithms SMC, C-HOSM, 2-SMC Twisting, 2-SMC Super-Twisting and the Lyapunov approach
- SMC control algorithms
- C-HOSM Control algorithms
- 2-SMC Twisting 2-SMC Super-Twisting
- Lyapunov approach the Lyapunov approach
- FIG. 16c shows the single-phase tracking and control signal with the Sign function discontinuous sliding mode and Sigmoid function continuous sliding mode controllers as well as the improved pole placement controller RSTam;
- Fig. 18 shows the harmonic spectrum of the current on the load side
- Fig. 19a represents the simulation for the case of a continuous SMC controller with sigmoid function associated with a fast switching inverter and L with minimum constraints of 200 pH: the temporal analysis before and after filtering of the network current Is, of the identified currents Iref and injected linj superimposed as well as THD of the current Is;
- Fig. 19b represents the simulation for the case of a continuous SMC controller with sigmoid function associated with a fast switching inverter and L of minimum constraints 200 pH: spectral analysis after filtering of the network current Is;
- Fig. 20a represents the simulation for the case of an RSTam controller associated with a fast switching inverter and L with minimum constraints of 200pH: the time analysis before and after filtering of the network current Is, of the identified currents Iref and injected linj superimposed as well that of the THD of the current Is;
- Fig. 20b represents the simulation for the case of an RSTam controller associated with a fast-switching inverter and L with minimum constraints of 200pH: spectral analysis after filtering of the network current Is;
- Fig. 21a represents the simulation for the case of a continuous SMC controller with sigmoid function associated with a conventional inverter with a switching frequency of 16 kHz and L with minimum constraints of 200 p.H: the temporal analysis before and after filtering of the network current Is, identified currents Iref and injected linj superimposed as well as the THD of the current Is;
- Fig. 21b represents the simulation for the case of a continuous SMC controller with sigmoid function associated with a conventional inverter with a switching frequency of 16 kHz and L with minimum constraints of 200 p.H: the spectral analysis after filtering the network current Is (components due to the hash);
- Fig. 22 represents the current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics of a photovoltaic generator
- Fig. 23 shows a DC voltage regulation loop of the inverter storage element unit
- Fig. 24a represents an algorithm for identifying disturbance currents (not active) integrating the tracking of the maximum power point
- Fig. 24b shows a (non-active) disturbance current identification algorithm integrating maximum power point tracking with, according to one implementation of the invention, the advanced PLL system;
- FIG. 25 shows the control diagram of the advanced PLL system, according to an implementation of the invention
- Fig. 26 represents the characteristics of the photovoltaic generator (PVG) for different illuminations and temperatures;
- PVG photovoltaic generator
- Fig. 27 represents the time analysis of the voltages of the maximum power Vmp of the PV generator and of the capacitor of the inverter Vdc;
- Fig. 28 represents the active and reactive power balance of the Active Filter-GPV-Network-Load assembly.
- the invention relates to electrical systems represented in figures 2-3, comprising a given electrical network 1 with three phases and a neutral, a load 2 non-linear or linear or both, connected to the given electrical network 1; a capacitive energy storage element 3; and a compensation device 7 connected on the one hand at its input, downstream, to the capacitive storage element 3 and on the other hand at its output, upstream to a connection point C located between the given electrical network 1 and load 2.
- the current compensation device 7 of the active filter type is adapted to be connected: at its input, downstream of at least one capacitive energy storage element 3, and at its output, upstream of a connection point C between on the one hand a given electrical network 1, and on the other hand non-linear and/or linear electrical loads 2.
- the compensation device 7 has:
- a power conversion unit 8 comprising at least one voltage structure power inverter 9 with fast switching with silicon carbide (SiC) or gallium nitride (GaN) components, (or in other technological materials fast power electronics), the conversion unit 8 generating an alternating current, with a frequency band ranging from 50 to 2500 Hz, covering the entire band of frequencies of a non-active disturbing current which presents: all or part of the harmonics, and at the fundamental frequency all or part of the reactive power and/or the current unbalance;
- SiC silicon carbide
- GaN gallium nitride
- an output filtering unit 10 comprising an output filter 11 for each of the phases and a neutral, and connected: on the one hand downstream of the inverter 9, and on the other hand at the connection point C between the given electrical network 1 and the non-linear and/or linear electrical loads 2, the output filter 11 being sized to block the harmonic components due to the switching of the inverter 9, the output filter 11 is a first order filter of inductance type L, avoiding resonance between an LCL filter and the given electrical network 1 and an inductance less than 600 p,H;
- control-command unit 12 comprising a unit 25 for calculating reference currents, the reference currents comprising:
- the control-command unit 12 also comprising a switching piloting device 21 which controls the switching of the inverter 9 and which provides closed-loop control of the entire frequency band from 50 to 2500 Hz for the injection by the inverter, of the non-active disturbing current and of the active current, according to the identification of the reference currents by the calculation unit 25, the control-command unit 12 requiring a calculation unit corresponding to a filter L ; the switching control of the inverter 9 being carried out in such a way as to let pass through the output filter unit 10 at the point of connection C some or all of the non-active disturbance currents injected in phase opposition including harmonic currents, as well as reactive and unbalanced currents at the fundamental frequency, in the non-linear and/or linear electrical loads 2, to satisfy the demand non-active energy consumption of the non-linear and/or linear electrical loads 2, while depolluting the given electrical network 1 from these non-active disturbing currents.
- a switching piloting device 21 which controls the switching of the inverter 9 and which provides closed-loop control
- the calculation unit of the control-command unit 12 is adapted to the control unit 23 associated with a filter L.
- the switching control of the inverter 9 and the output filtering unit 10 at the connection point C form a compensator against disturbing currents.
- the device has a so-called digital implementation target processor for the calculations, having a frequency of less than 100 MHz, a flash memory of less than 2 Mb and a RAM of less than 2 Mb.
- the control-command unit 12 comprises a PI-type regulator 62, with an output which represents the power delivered via the given electrical network, necessary to regulate the DC voltage of the capacitive energy storage element 3 around a reference voltage greater than 800 V.
- the compensation device 7 is equipped with a fast-switching inverter 9 Ond-Cr and an L-type output filter 11 Ond-Cr, which can operate according to the reference currents provided by the calculation unit 25, as a parallel active filter, to ensure the filtering of all or part of the harmonics, while offering the possibility of compensating all or part of the reactive power and/or unbalanced current.
- the inductance of the output filter 11 is less than 1000 .H, advantageously between 10 pH and 800
- the inductance can be between 50 and 1000 ⁇ H, advantageously between 100 and 600 ⁇ H, more advantageously between 100 and 400 ⁇ H, even more advantageously between 100 and 200 ⁇ H, depending on the fast switching frequency greater than 50 kHz, advantageously greater than 70 kHz, even more advantageously greater than 100 kHz.
- the higher the switching frequency the smaller the inductance can be, within the physical and technological limit of the components.
- the output filter inductance can be chosen from the following list: 50 ⁇ H, 55 ⁇ H, 60 ⁇ H, 65 ⁇ H, 70 ⁇ H, 75 ⁇ H, 80 ⁇ H, 85 ⁇ H, 90 ⁇ H, 95 ⁇ H, 100 ⁇ H , 105 ⁇ H, 110 ⁇ H, 115 ⁇ H, 120 ⁇ H, 125 ⁇ H, 130 ⁇ H, 135 ⁇ H, 140 ⁇ H, 145 ⁇ H, 150 ⁇ H, 155 ⁇ H, 160 ⁇ H, 165 ⁇ H, 170 ⁇ H, 175 ⁇ H, 180 ⁇ H, 185 ⁇ H, 190 ⁇ H, 195 ⁇ H, 200 ⁇ H, 205 ⁇ H, 210 ⁇ H, 215 ⁇ H, 220 ⁇ H, 225 ⁇ H, 230 ⁇ H, 235 ⁇ H, 240 ⁇ H, 245 ⁇ H, 250 ⁇ H, 255 ⁇ H, 260 ⁇ H,
- the compensation device 7 can be connected to a system having a renewable energy generation power unit 100.
- the renewable energy generation power unit 100 is connected downstream to the capacitive energy storage element 3, that is to say that the renewable energy generation power unit 100 is located upstream in the structure, and that the output (downstream) of the renewable energy generation power unit 100 is connected to the input of the capacitive energy storage element 3.
- the command and control unit 12 is further configured to detect the maximum power point MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) of a renewable energy generation power unit 100 and to generate, via the inverter 9 , the active current corresponding to this maximum power; the voltage Vdc across the terminals of the capacitive energy storage element 3 being equal, in this case, to the voltage of the maximum power of the renewable energy generation power unit 100.
- MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
- the conversion unit 8 generates alternating current, with a frequency band ranging from 50 to 2500 Hz, additionally covering the maximum active current generated by the renewable energy generation power unit 100.
- the filter unit 10 passes the active current corresponding to the maximum power point available within the renewable energy generation power unit 100, to satisfy the demand for active energy consumption of the non-linear electrical loads 2 and/or linear, while ensuring the recharging of the capacitive energy storage element 3.
- the renewable energy generation power unit 100 is coupled without a chopper or other power electronic devices to the capacitive energy storage element 3.
- the device operates as a parallel active filter, the device in this case only injects non-active currents for harmonic filtering, with the possibility of compensating for reactive power and current imbalance.
- operation as a renewable energy system may be an option.
- a charge/discharge management option for a battery bank or other energy storage systems can be ensured.
- the device provides the two previous operating modes: injecting the maximum power of the renewable energy generation power unit 100, while providing harmonic filtering with the possibility of compensating the reactive power and /or current imbalance.
- a charge/discharge management option for a battery bank or other energy storage systems can be ensured.
- the power conversion unit 8 comprises, as represented in FIGS. 2c and 3b, the Ond-Cr inverter 9 with fast switching with three phases and a neutral which has a structure with two voltage levels.
- the 9 Ond-Cr inverter is based on SiC or GaN components or other technologies with a switching frequency greater than 50 kHz; advantageously higher than 80 kHz (depending on the technology of the components and its evolution), to gain in dynamics (in speed), which makes it possible to achieve high efficiency for a much less bulky inverter with good heat evacuation as well as better reliability, compared to an inverter with conventional Ond-Classic silicon components.
- the fast switching improves the global dynamics of the active filter which consequently improves the filtering quality.
- the use of fast switching components makes it possible to raise the voltage on the DC side of the inverter to more than 800 V; advantageously greater than 1000 V, which also improves the dynamic range of the device and consequently the filtering quality.
- the inverter 9, with four wires and four arms, comprises for each of the four arms, two switching devices 13 and 14 each connected on the one hand to an output terminal of the capacitive energy storage element 3 and on the other hand to a common connection point A to which one of the four wires is also connected.
- connection point A located, for each arm, between the first switching device 13 and the second switching device 14, forms a connection point for one of the four wires of the inverter 9 connected to the other end filter unit 10 whose output is connected to connection point C.
- Each switching device 13, 14 is composed of a power electronics switch D, controllable on opening and on closing (MOSFET SiC, HEMT in GaN or others) with or without conventional diode or with fast switching in antiparallel B (bi-directional operation).
- the inverter 9 may have a transistor structure (SiC or GaN), making it possible to achieve high efficiency for a much less bulky inverter, with good heat removal as well as better reliability in comparison with an inverter with conventional silicon components (Ond-Classic: IGBT, MOSFET, GTO).
- the inverter 9 emits, on each wire, a signal having an intensity Imj.
- the inverter 9 is configured to inject currents which cover a wide frequency band, usually between the frequency of the fundamental, for example 50 Hz, up to the harmonic order 50, having in the example a fundamental of 50 Hz a frequency of 2500 Hz.
- the power conversion unit 8 has a high-speed component structure with diodes in antiparallel.
- the power conversion unit 8 may not have diodes in antiparallel.
- the control-command unit 12 is configured to control the inverter 9 so that the inverter 9 generates a signal of intensity Imj configured in phase opposition to cancel, at the connection point C, the non-active disturbances of the signal generated by load 2 and injected into the given power grid 1.
- the control-command unit 12 is also configured to compensate for the imbalance of the signal passing through the non-linear or linear load 2.
- imbalance is meant a different current consumption (in amplitude and/or in phase) depending on the different phases of several single-phase 2 loads.
- control-command unit 12 is configured to compensate for the reactive power consumed in the non-linear or linear load 2.
- control-command unit 12 is configured to fi Itrer / com think the harmonics of the signal transiting on the given electrical network side 1.
- the control-command unit 12 is further configured to regulate (charge and maintain constant) the voltage Vdc across the terminals of the capacitive energy storage element 3.
- the voltage V dc thanks to the use of the fast component Ond-Cr inverter, can be higher than 1000V, which is conducive to the overall dynamics of the active filter.
- industrial limitations are imposed on the classic silicon inverter, in switching frequency at 16 kHz and in DC voltage at 800 V, for an efficiency between 95-97 %.
- the control-command unit 12 can include one of the following two controllers:
- RST am controller an improved linear controller of the RST am type
- the RSTam controller performs a placement of the poles in a closed loop, via the polynomials R and S, to ensure, among other things, the usual tracking, in amplitude, but also a placement of the zeros to ensure the tracking in phase.
- the problem of phase shift between the identified harmonics and those injected by the device 7 degrades the tracking aspect between its signals, in terms of phase, and consequently prevents the applicability of device 7 for harmonic filtering.
- control-command unit 12 comprises a PI type regulator 62, with an output which represents the maximum power of the renewable energy generation power unit 100, to regulate the DC voltage of the capacitive energy storage 3, while ensuring tracking of the maximum active power point of the renewable energy generation power unit 100.
- the compensation device 7 comprises a DC voltage regulation loop across the terminals of the capacitive energy storage element 3, which supplies the output of the regulator 62 with the maximum power, the voltage across the terminals of the capacitive energy storage element 3 being equal to the voltage of the maximum power of the unit of power to renewable energy generation 100.
- control-command unit 12 comprises:
- a chopper configured to maintain a constant predefined DC voltage across the terminals of the capacitive energy storage element 3 of the inverter 9, independently of the voltage level of the renewable energy generation power unit 100, to ensure unchanged harmonic filtering;
- the control-command unit 12 is configured to regulate the voltage across the terminals of the capacitive energy storage element 3 as well as to identify and control the current injected, via the filter unit 10, at the connection points C for the four wires and to control the inverter 9 to generate this current.
- the identification of the currents to be injected at the connection points C is done by the calculation unit 25 of the reference currents.
- the four wires (the three phases as well as the neutral) are controlled in a similar and independent manner by the control-command unit 12, which therefore comprises a control-command chain per wire.
- control-command unit 12 comprises two outputs, one connected to the trip pole of the first switching device 13, the other being connected to the trip pole of the second switching unit 14.
- arm denotes a part of the switching devices 13, 14 comprising at least one terminal serving entry or exit point for the electrical circuit.
- the two outputs can be connected jointly to the output of a logic comparator 18, so as to simultaneously control the switching of the two switching devices 13, 14.
- one of the outputs of the control-command unit 12 comprises a logic level inverter 19, so that the activation of one of the switching devices 13, 14 leads to the deactivation of the other, being able to be during a single control pulse thanks to their common connection, upstream of the logic level inverter 19, to the same comparator 18 logic.
- the logic comparator 18 emits a logic output signal, corresponding to the comparison between an output signal of a saturation element 20 and an output signal of a switching driver device 21.
- the switching pilot device 21 The switching pilot device 21
- the switching piloting device 21 controls the switching of the inverter 9, by a controller 23 which is: non-linear by first-order or higher-order continuous sliding mode, or
- the switching control device 21 may include a pulse width modulation (PWM) device, in which the command is modulated, in order to operate the inverter 9 at a fixed switching frequency and adapted to the rapid switching of the power electronic components making up the inverter 9.
- PWM pulse width modulation
- the switching control of the inverter 9 is made such that part of the active current, in the given electrical network 1 devoid of inactive disturbing currents, passes through the unit. output filter 10, when the production of the renewable energy generation power unit 100 is greater than the power consumed by the non-linear and linear electric loads 2 .
- the switching control device 21 emits a signal (called a carrier wave), at a very high frequency (above 80 kHz initially) predetermined, depending on the dimensioning of the components, so as to cause the switching of the switching devices. switching 13, 14.
- control laws designed to control voltage inverters that are connected to the given power grid 1 through an LCL filter, were originally established for renewable energy systems (photovoltaic and wind) .
- a chatering problem refers to the generation by the conventional SMC controller of a very high frequency command.
- the device to be controlled is based on an Ond-Cr inverter connected in parallel in the middle between the given electrical network 1 and the linear and non-linear loads, via an L-Ond-Cr inductance type filter.
- the controller 23 can be chosen from these two types of controllers:
- the first controller is R-STam enhanced pole placement type linear controller
- the second is a nonlinear controller of the continuous sliding mode type, as described in figure 13c.
- the classic RST controller (which provides only amplitude tracking) is based on pole placement, while the improved RST am method performs pole and zero placement, which allows the amplitude error to be minimized as much as possible and in phase between the identified signal/current and the injected one, as described in Figure 15b.
- the RST controller is composed of three polynomials R, S and T.
- these polynomials are of first order corresponding to the order of the output filter L-Ond-Cr.
- the polynomial T is a simple gain which makes it possible to make the error in amplitude, between the input and output signals of the control loop, tend to zero for the entire band of harmonic frequencies.
- the improved RST am controller preserves the same R and S polynomials, while placing zeros in the control loop to further minimize the phase error between the input and output signals.
- the controller 23 performs a control which makes it possible to ensure a desired dynamic response, a strong robustness in terms of stability and performance with a very good rate of rejection of disturbances in a wide range of operating conditions.
- a classic sliding mode control with a so-called Sign function, generates a command of the switches of the inverter at very high frequency (called Chattering) (discontinuous command) , to ensure finite-time convergence to the slip surface where the system states are subsequently maintained, even in the presence of bounded perturbations.
- the voltage inverter is controlled by a fixed or variable frequency limited switching function. Switching at very high frequencies causes overheating, which can lead to the destruction of the inverter.
- the controller 23 operates with a sliding mode at continuous command associated with a Sign function approximated as a sigmoid function.
- This method consists in replacing the Sign function by a continuous approximation. It is a Sign function approximated to a Sigmoid function given by the formula: with s the thickness of the vicinity of the sliding surface.
- the system in this case, no longer converges towards the desired value, but towards a neighborhood of the latter, which makes it possible to limit switching at very high frequencies.
- the sliding mode controller with sigmoid function used according to one aspect of the invention, is much lighter and is easily realizable compared to that used for the LCL filter.
- the relatively high order (three) of the LCL filter implies a minimum slip surface (O of second order, which implies deriving the current tracking error (e) twice: with
- the control is in this case much easier to design, to manage and no longer requires a numerical target of powerful implementation.
- a digital implementation target denotes an electronic component, such as a processor, a microprocessor, a microcontroller, an FPGA, the calculation unit, etc., capable of carrying out tasks and calculations.
- the component is capable of executing the algorithms of the control-command part of the proposed device.
- the tasks can be the scanning of the alarms, the control of the ADCs (analogue and digital convention), the control of the drivers of the components, control of PWM/PWM signal generation drivers, etc.
- the calculations can be the execution of the calculation unit algorithms (the identification of disturbing currents), the detection algorithm of the MPPT, the algorithm of the advanced PLL, the calculations of the regulation loop of the voltage of the capacitive energy storage element 3, calculations of the injected current regulation loop, etc.
- This controller makes it possible to avoid a discontinuity of the command, in particular caused by variable commutations of the inverter at very high chatering frequencies, caused by a classic sliding mode control.
- the active filter structure based on a classic silicon inverter associated with a state-of-the-art L-Classic inductor is controlled by a proportional-integral (PI) linear PI type control, as described in Figure 13b.
- PI proportional-integral
- the switching control device 21 comprises a pulse width modulation device, in which the command is compared with a carrier wave at a switching frequency corresponding to the rapid switching of the predetermined Ond-Cr, as a function of the sizing the components of the compensation device 7.
- Ond-Cr 9 inverter This allows the Ond-Cr 9 inverter to operate at a fixed switching frequency (above 80 kHz initially).
- the 11 L-Ond-Cr filter will have a synergistic effect thereby improving the blocking of high frequency components, due to switches/hashes.
- One of the aspects of the invention is to associate with the Ond-Cr inverter 9 an output filter 11 of the L-Ond-Cr inductance type which is light, not bulky, economical and very easy to size, compared to the filter L -Classic associated with an inverter with classic silicon components (Ond-Classic: IGBT, GTO) of the state of the art.
- this inductance whose inductance has a size equal to or less than the sum of the inductances (Lfi+L f2 ) of the LCL filter, (described for example in Figure 11a), ensures a retention or blocking effect of the components due to the switching frequency very close to that of the LCL filter, without risk of resonance and with a control much less complicated to implement, and for a less powerful calculation unit.
- controller 23 Since the controller 23 is adapted to the filter used, in the case of the state-of-the-art LCL filter, the controller is very sophisticated and difficult to design, so a more powerful computing unit is required.
- the controller associated with the L-Ond-Cr filter is lighter and simpler, consequently the necessary calculation unit is less powerful.
- the digital implantation target is the processor which makes it possible to perform all the calculations of the device. This means that all the algorithms, unit 25, controllers 23, 62, 26, etc. of the command and control part 12 are executed by the digital implementation target.
- the digital implementation target may have a frequency of less than 100 MHz, a flash memory of less than 2 Mb, for example of a few hundred kb and a RAM of less than 2 Mb, for example of a few tens of kb.
- the device needs a target which has the following characteristics:
- the fast component inverter technology allows the voltage on the inverter side to reach high values (over 1000 V), compared to 800 V maximum for conventional Ond-Classic silicon inverters operating, for the same power switched, at a switching frequency of 16 kHz.
- This DC voltage increase improves the dynamics of the active filter, and therefore the filtering quality. This improvement in the dynamics of the active filter is accentuated thanks to the rapid switching of the components of the Ond-Cr inverter.
- a saturation element 20 is conventionally configured to impose high and low limits on the control signal. These limits are determined by the amplitude of the carrier wave which is related, in turn, to the voltage of the capacitive energy storage element 3.
- the input signal of the saturation element 20 comes from the output of an adder 22, the output signal of which is the sum of a control voltage u emitted by a controller 23 and the voltage Vs of the connection point C.
- the addition of the voltage V s in the control loop of the injected current Imj prevents a strong inrush of reactive current from the inductance L-Ond-Cr of the filter 11.
- the calculation unit 25 of the reference currents comprises an advanced phase locked loop unit 26 (advanced PLL, in English “Phase Locked Loop”), which extracts, in addition to the angle provided by a locking unit from conventional phase, the amplitude of the direct component of the voltage at the connection point C of the given electrical network 1.
- This advanced PLL has the ability to operate in an environment/network already disturbed in harmonics and voltage unbalance, with two center frequencies (50 and 60 Hz ⁇ 10%), as well as with a variation in fundamental voltage amplitude of ⁇ 15%, to cover the operation of the given electricity network 1 and generators.
- the advanced PLL is adapted to operate in the electrical network at a fundamental frequency that varies between 360 Hz and 800 Hz, advantageously the fundamental frequency is 400 Hz, for a voltage comprised between 115 and 200V.
- the electrical network is an on-board electrical network such as an airplane, a ship, etc.
- the fundamental voltage is a phase-to-phase voltage.
- the advanced PLL 26 allows:
- the compensation device 7 ensures synchronization between the maximum fundamental current generated by the renewable energy generation power unit 100 and the direct component of voltage of the given electrical network 1 of the connection point C. This avoids, on the one hand, an additional consumption of the reactive power and makes it possible, on the other hand, to ensure a charging current of the storage element d the capacitive energy 3 not exceeding the maximum current of the renewable energy generation power unit 100.
- the calculation unit 25 of the reference currents comprises a plurality of measured inputs.
- the quantities of the system that are measured include at least:
- the voltage of the given electrical network 1 has a positive three-phase component V di2 3 useful for efficient operation of the calculation unit 25.
- the advanced PLL offers, in addition to the phase provided by a classic/conventional PLL, the amplitude (V d ) of the direct component of the connection voltage of the given electrical network 1, as described in Figures 4 and 25.
- direct voltage ensures effective performance of the method for identifying disturbance currents, even in the case of operation of the active filter in a disturbed environment of the given electrical network 1 (distorted network voltage with the presence of harmonics) and/or unbalanced.
- extracting the amplitude of the voltage direct component of the given electrical network 1 allows the charging of the capacitor by an equal optimum current, in the case of a generation of renewable energy, aware of the maximum power of the renewable energy generation power unit 100.
- this current of the maximum power I mp will be injected into the given electrical network 1, thanks to the advanced PLL, in phase with the positive sequence component of connection point C. This prevents additional consumption of reactive power.
- the calculation unit is split into three:
- a reference current calculation unit 25-A (Upstream), configured to determine the non-active disturbance current flowing in load 2, and
- a reference current calculation unit 25-B configured to calculate, based only on the power, the voltage of the maximum active power point of the renewable energy generation power unit 100,
- the current to be injected at the connection point C comprises the active current of the renewable energy generation power unit 100, as well as disturbing non-active currents, which may present harmonics, unbalance, and reactive, configured in phase opposition to oppose the harmonics, unbalance and reactive of the signal passing through load 2, so as to reduce them , or even cancel them on the given electrical network side 1.
- the switching control of the inverter 9 Ond-Cr is carried out in such a way as to let pass through the output filtering unit 10 at the connection point C at least: • some or all of the non-active disturbance currents injected in phase opposition including: harmonic currents, as well as reactive and unbalanced currents at the fundamental frequency, in the non-linear and linear electrical loads 2, to meet the consumption demand non-active energy of the non-linear and linear electrical loads 2, while depolluting the given electrical network 1 from these non-active disturbing currents; and or
- the controller 23 ensures the continuation of the current between the injected current Imj and the reference current from the unit 25.
- the regulator 62 ensures the continuation of the voltage between the voltage V dc at the terminals of the element of capacitive energy storage 3 and the voltage of the maximum power of the renewable energy generation power unit 100, delivered by the reference current calculation unit 25-B; the capacitive energy storage element 3 will therefore be charged.
- the switching control device 21 controls the switches of the inverter 9 in order to generate I in j.
- the reference current calculation unit 25 comprises an output for each phase, each output corresponding to the control-command chain of the associated phase (including the neutral), said control-command chain comprising a comparator 24 , a controller 23, an adder 22, a saturation element 20 and a logic comparator 18 whose output is divided into two branches, one of which comprises a logic level inverter 19.
- the calculation unit 25 of the reference currents therefore emits a setpoint signal per phase, including the neutral, having an intensity I ref .
- the intensity Imj of each phase, including the neutral, of the signal emitted by the inverter 9 is returned to the control-command unit 12 and compared, via the comparator 24 with the setpoint I ref f of the control-command chain of the corresponding phase, delivered by the calculation unit 25.
- the difference between I ref and Imj is corrected via the controller 23 which issues the command u .
- the voltage V dc applied to the terminals of the capacitive energy storage unit 3 is regulated (maintained constant) by comparing it, via a comparator 60, with a reference voltage V dc -ref, which is equal to the voltage of the maximum power point V MP p of the renewable energy generation power unit 100, calculated by the calculation unit 25-B, described as in Fig. 24b.
- the measured signal of the voltage V dc is filtered from fluctuations at 300 Hz or other fluctuations, via a second order low-pass filter 61.
- the error signal (V dc - ref- V dc ) is controlled by a PI (Proportional Integral) regulator 62 or another suitable controller, in order to obtain the maximum power PMPP.
- PI Proportional Integral
- the voltage V s of the given electrical network 1 is added in the adder 22 to the command u, the output of the adder 22 being limited in the saturation element 20, the output of the saturation element 20 being compared via the comparator 18 logic with the signal delivered by the pulse width modulation device (the carrier).
- the output signal of logic comparator 18 is at a level 1 if the output signal of saturation element 20 is greater than the carrier. Otherwise it is at level 0.
- the switching devices 13 or 14, which do not include a logic level inverter 19, are respectively closed or open (the other device operating in a complementary manner) .
- the control-command unit 12 comprises at least one processor and at least one memory, the memory comprising a program executed by the processor so as to implement the method for determining the setpoint signal I ref , containing the current not active as well as the current I MPP of the maximum power point MPPT, via the calculation unit 25 of the reference currents, of the injected current control Imj via the controller 23, to regulate the voltage V dc at the terminals of the unit of energy storage capacitor 3 via the regulator 62 and to generate this injected current by controlling the switching devices 13, 14 of each wire/arm of the inverter 9 via the switching control device 21.
- the processor required thanks to the simplified controller 23 associated with the L-Ond-Cr output filter 11 and the Ond-Cr inverter 9, is much less powerful than that required by the nonlinear control. quite sophisticated associated with an LCL type output filter and an inverter with classic Ond-Classic silicon components.
- the processor is a digital implementation target.
- the method for determining the reference signal I ref delivered by the calculation unit 25 of the reference currents, comprises the following steps:
- the reference current calculation unit 25 is configured to identify, via the unit 25-B, the point of maximum operating power MPPT of the renewable energy generation power unit 100, installed within of a renewable energy production field, a building or a self-consumption plant 99, as follows:
- the P&O algorithm of the calculation unit 25-B is adapted to an embodiment of the invention, which ensures connection without a chopper of the renewable energy generation power unit 100 to the element capacitive energy storage 3; the output of the P&O algorithm is, in this case, the maximum power voltage V mpp and not the chopper control signal, usually associated with the maximum power detection algorithm, P&O or others.
- the algorithm for calculating the maximum power point (unit 25-B) is to be integrated into unit 25, via the algorithm for identifying disturbing currents (unit 25-A).
- the capacitor voltage regulation loop (capacitive energy storage element 3) of the inverter is already provided in the 25-A unit to charge the inverter capacitor during pure filter operation active, in order to compensate for the losses caused by the components of the Ond-Cr inverter as well as the L-Ond-Cr filter.
- the reference voltage Vdc-ref becomes the voltage of the maximum power, delivered by the unit 25-B, instead of being predefined according to specifications oriented pure filtering.
- This methodology lightens, minimizes and improves the precision, in a notable way, during the implementation of the control-command part, in comparison with the state of the art which provides for an additional loop of each injected current which imposes also the use of a chopper.
- the control-command unit 12 is further configured to perform the regulation of the voltage Vdc across the terminals of the capacitive energy storage element 3, and therefore ensure the charging of the capacitor (capacitive energy storage element). capacitive energy 3).
- the capacitor (capacitive energy storage element 3) has, among other things, the role of covering the losses of the inverter 9 and the filtering unit 10 as well as providing the maximum active current I MPP of the renewable energy generation power unit 100 to the connection points C, via the Ond-Cr inverter 9 and the filter unit 10 of the L-Ond-Cr filter 11.
- the rest of the process within the control-command unit 12 comprises:
- the calculation unit 25 of the reference currents is configured to integrate the calculation of the current of the maximum power, via the unit 25-B, in the algorithm of the calculation of the non-active currents, ensured by the unit 25-A .
- the process of this integration can follow the following way: the output of the regulator 62 being the maximum power PMPP of the renewable energy generation power unit 100, this signal is added to the adder 63, which has, at its second input , the active disturbing power P resulting from unit 25-A (Upstream) from the calculation of the instantaneous disturbing powers (active P, reactive Q and homopolar P o ).
- Unit 25-A (Upstream) calculates, from the voltages V s at the connection points C and the currents II of load 2, the instantaneous disruptive powers (active P, reactive Q and zero sequence P o in the reference a, p and 0) caused by the non-active disturbance currents present in the load current 2 II.
- the calculation of the currents of the setpoint/reference I ref is done via a reverse passage, with respect to the unit 25-A (Upstream), through the unit (25-A Downstream).
- This reference current contains the non-active currents as well as the current of the maximum power, first calculated in the same reference a, p and 0 then in the three-phase reference with four wires.
- the advanced PLL 26, used in the disturbance current calculation unit 25-A extracts both the amplitude V d as well as the angle 0d and consequently the three-phase direct component V di23 of the connection voltage (point C) V s .
- precise identification of disturbing currents is ensured, even in the case of a network disturbed by harmonics and voltage unbalance.
- the 25-A(Upstream) units including the advanced PLL 26 and 25-A(Downstream) are configured to identify disturbance currents; units 25-A(Upstream), 25-A(Downstream) and 25-B represent the reference current calculation unit 25.
- the device 7 is adapted to two fundamental frequencies between 40 and 70 Hz, to understand the case of a generator.
- the device is suitable for a nominal voltage of the given electrical network 1 between 180 and 480 V.
- device 7 is adapted to operate in the electrical network at a fundamental frequency that varies between 360 Hz and 800 Hz, advantageously the fundamental frequency is 400 Hz, for a voltage comprised between 115 and 200V.
- the electrical network is an on-board electrical network such as an airplane, a ship, etc. Then, the control-command unit 12 having the setpoint current I ref , coming from the calculation unit 25, as well as that injected Imj controlled in turn via the controller 23, the Ond-Cr inverter 9 is controlled via the switching driver device 21 to generate the current Imj.
- the Ond-Cr inverter imposes in this case the voltage on the DC side.
- Cala represents an additional reliability of the device of the parallel active filter as well as a significant financial gain.
- control-command unit 12 can manage the control of a chopper configured to maintain a predetermined DC voltage across the terminals of the capacitive energy storage element 3 of the Ond-Cr inverter.
- control-command unit 12 can comprise:
- control of a chopper configured to maintain a constant predefined direct voltage at the terminals of the capacitive energy storage element 3 of the Ond-Cr inverter, independently of the voltage level of the generation power unit of renewable energy 100 to ensure an unchanged harmonic filtering quality
- the second chopper can provide, for the case of the island network, a micro-grid and for other applications, an additional level of the DC voltage, including for the case of a charge/discharge management of a park batteries or other capacitive energy storage system.
- the inverter in the case of an island network, imposes the voltage and frequency on the AC side.
- the filter unit 10 comprises, in one embodiment, a filter 11 of the inductance type with a low inductance L-Ond-Cr (equal to or less than Lfi + Lf 2 of the LCL filter and ten to twenty times less than that of the filter L-Classic related all both to a conventional Ond-Classic silicon inverter: of the order of 200 to 500
- L-Ond-Cr equal to or less than Lfi + Lf 2 of the LCL filter and ten to twenty times less than that of the filter L-Classic related all both to a conventional Ond-Classic silicon inverter: of the order of 200 to 500
- the output filter retains the filtering efficiency of the harmonic components, due to chopping, of an LCL filter connected to the output of an inverter made of conventional silicon components which generates these harmonic components, the filter L avoiding the resonance between the filter LCL and the given power grid 1.
- the filter 11 therefore comprises, on each of the four wires (three phases with the neutral), an inductor 15 connected on the one hand to an input wire of the filtering unit 10 (outgoing from one of the four connection points common A), and on the other hand to one of the four connection points C via an output wire the filter unit 10.
- the filter 11 makes it possible to prevent the propagation of the components due to the switching frequency of the inverter 9 to the given electrical network 1, without degrading the dynamics of the compensation system 7. It therefore makes it possible to limit the risk of resonance in the case of an LCL filter as well as in the case of an auxiliary passive filter associated with an L-Classic intended to limit this propagation.
- the signal emitted by the filtering unit 10 presents an inverse voltage value (in phase opposition) to the voltage value of the signal from non-linear load 2 at this harmonic of rank n.
- the output signal of the compensation device 7 has, for the fundamental frequency, a phase shift configured to generate an inverse reactive power (in phase opposition) to the reactive power of the disturbing signal of the load 2.
- any disturbance current at a frequency included in the frequency band of the injected current control loop ranging from 0 Hz to 2500 Hz, can be compensated/filtered by the device 7, as described in FIG. 15b.
- Unconventional harmonics can be included.
- the capacitive energy storage element 3 comprises the capacitor or capacitors, connected upstream to the DC input of the inverter and downstream to the DC output of the renewable energy generation power unit 100.
- the DC voltage applied to the terminals of the capacitive energy storage element 3 V dc is to be kept constant by the control-command unit 12. This voltage may be greater than 1000 V when using the Ond inverter -Fast component cr (over 80 kHz), which favors the overall dynamics of the active filter.
- a renewable energy generating device ensures the production of the maximum active power of the renewable energy generating power unit 100, while offering the possibility of compensating all or part of the reactive power and/or the unbalanced current.
- This operating mode provides, as an option, charge/discharge management the energy storage system (batteries or other energy storage technologies).
- the device operates as a renewable energy system.
- the device in this case injects only the maximum power of the renewable energy generation power unit 100, with the possibility of compensating reactive power and current imbalance.
- the output filter 11 can be an LCL or L-Ond-Cr with L-Ond-Cr less than or equal to Ln+Lfz of the LCL filter.
- active filter operation may be an option.
- the renewable energy production device can be associated with the parallel active filter, the management of the charge/discharge of the energy storage system (batteries or other energy storage technologies) is an option.
- the current compensation device 7 having:
- a power conversion unit 8 comprising at least one voltage structure power inverter 9 with fast switching with components made of silicon carbide SiC or gallium nitride GaN, the conversion unit 8 generating an alternating current at the frequency 50 Hz, covering the maximum active current generated by the renewable energy generation power unit 100;
- an output filtering unit 10 comprising an output filter 11 for each of the phases and a neutral, and connected: on the one hand downstream of the inverter 9, and on the other hand at the connection point C between the given electrical network 1 and the non-linear and/or linear electrical loads 2, the output filter 11 being sized to block the harmonic components due to fast switching of the inverter 9;
- the output filter is an L-inductance type first-order filter, avoiding resonance between an LCL filter and the given power grid 1 and at least 10 times lower than the inductance of a first-order filter connected at the output to a silicon component inverter;
- control-command unit 12 comprising a unit 25 for calculating reference currents, the reference currents comprising:
- control-command unit 12 also comprising:
- a switching control device 21 which controls the switching of the inverter 9 and which provides closed-loop control at the fundamental frequency 50 Hz for the injection by the inverter of the non-active disturbance current (reactive and unbalanced) and the active current, depending on the identification of the reference currents by the calculation unit 25,
- PI type regulator 62 which ensures at its output the maximum power of the renewable energy generation power unit 100, the switching control of the inverter 9 being carried out in such a way as to let pass through the output filter unit 10 at the connection point C:
- the device has only two voltage levels.
- one of the embodiments of the compensation device 7 is included in an electrical system comprising a given electrical network 1, non-linear and/or linear loads 2.
- the system is connected upstream to a renewable energy generation power unit 100.
- the renewable energy generation power unit 100 can be:
- photovoltaic panels one or more photovoltaic panels, wind turbine(s), fuel cell(s), and
- the given electrical network 1 can be chosen from the following list: the main electrical network, a local electrical micro-network islanded or connected to the main electrical network, or an on-board electrical network.
- the system further includes a smart building 27.
- one of the embodiments of the compensation device 7 is installed within the so-called smart building 27, that is to say that the electrical appliances contained in the smart building 27 can, among other things, be controlled and activated selectively by a decentralized management unit 70, for example to operate during so-called off-peak periods of the day, during which the energy demand of the given electrical network 1 is low and the cost of energy, from the consumer's point of view, decreases .
- the control-command unit 12 is connected to the decentralized management unit 70 of the intelligent building 27.
- the decentralized management unit 70 communicates in real time to the control-command unit 12 the powers of the loads (electrical appliances) in working order or not of building 27; the control-command unit 12 can compare the maximum available power of the renewable energy generation power unit 100 with the total load of the intelligent building 27.
- the control-command unit 12 having in real time the maximum power of the renewable energy generation power unit 100 delivered by the unit 25-B and the regulator 62 as well as the powers of the loads in the state of operation or not of the building 27 communicated by the decentralized management unit 70, is configured to regulate the consumption of the various devices, according to at least two modes of economic distribution of the loads.
- control-command unit 12 is configured to optimize the consumption of the various devices operating within this intelligent building 27, by distributing the loads corresponding to the non-linear/linear loads according to at least two operating modes: - a first distribution mode, called adapted consumption mode, in which the control-command unit 12 controls the decentralized management unit 70 of the intelligent building 27 so as to adapt the consumption of the intelligent building with the production of the renewable energy generation power unit 100, so that the total load curve of the intelligent building has a maximum simultaneity factor corresponding to the operation of all the payloads of the building at the same time, within the limit of the renewable energy produced , the first mode has charge/discharge management of the batteries or other energy storage systems within the same positive energy intelligent building 27, or between the buildings 27 interconnected via the control-command units 12 of the compensation devices 7 (this first mode of operation provides, according to the strategy adopted by the producer/cons-producer);
- modulated consumption mode in which the control-command unit 12 controls the decentralized management unit 70 of the intelligent building 27 so as to modulate the consumption of the devices of the intelligent building 27 to tend to a substantially constant total load curve of the intelligent building as a function of time;
- system further comprises:
- each compensation device 7 being connected to the semi-decentralized management system 29 to which it communicates information concerning the energy production, current and future, of each of the power units with renewable energy generation 100, and
- each of the consumption stations being connected to the local network 28 and equipped with a compensation device 7, connected to the semi-decentralized management system 29 to which it communicates information concerning instantaneous consumption and future consumption, depending on the programmed operation of the consumption items,
- inventions designates nuclear energy and fossil fuels such as coal, gas, oil, etc.
- the semi-decentralized management system 29 is configured to ensure the economic distribution of production from the conventional energy production units 80.
- the semi-decentralized management system 29 is configured to intervene when the total demand for energy within the local network 28 is greater than the total production, with the decentralized control units 70 of the intelligent buildings 27, via the control units control-command 12 of the compensation devices 7, to make them switch to a modulated consumption mode.
- the semi-decentralized management system 29 is configured to control the distribution on the local network 28 of the power coming from the given electrical network 1 if the estimated total production does not cover the demand.
- the intelligent building 27 comprising a renewable energy generation power unit 100 and in the event of high availability of renewable primary sources, the control-command unit 12 is configured to control the decentralized management unit 70 so as to activate most of the useful devices of the intelligent building 27 according to the production of the renewable energy generation power unit 100; this mode of consumption is called adapted mode.
- This mode of distribution provides for storage of excess energy in a battery bank or in another energy storage system.
- control-command unit 12 is configured to control the decentralized management unit 70 so as to selectively activate the devices of the intelligent building 27, so as to to present a flat or other load curve, depending on the producible power of the given electrical network 1; this mode of consumption is called modulated mode.
- management of the energy stored in the batteries is provided to supplement the energy of renewable origin produced by the generation power unit of renewable energy 100 and best meet the demand of the activated loads of building 27.
- the compensation devices 7 as well as the decentralized management units 70 of the neighboring buildings 27 are interconnected, which makes it possible to ensure management of the cycles charging/discharging batteries or other energy storage systems installed within buildings 27.
- the surplus energy of the renewable energy generation power unit 100 installed within a building 27 can be supplied, via the units 12 of the devices 7 and the management units decentralized 70 concerned, to other neighboring buildings 27, to cover their energy demands and/or to store energy in their storage systems (batteries or other).
- the energy stored in a storage system (batteries or other) of a building 27 can be supplied, via the units 12 of the devices 7 and the decentralized management units 70 concerned, to the other buildings 27 neighbours, to cover their energy demands and/or to store energy in their storage systems.
- the energy stored in the storage systems (batteries or other) of the buildings 27 can be supplied, via the units 12 of the devices 7 and the decentralized management units 70 concerned, to the local network 28 via the semi-decentralized management system 29 to which the compensation devices 7 are computer-connected.
- the compensation device 7 is installed between the given electrical network 1 and an industrial site or a residential, administrative or commercial building, each of these frames being comparable from the point of view of the given electrical network 1 to a load nonlinear/linear disturbance 2.
- the system comprises a plurality of renewable energy generation power units 100, for example of the wind or photovoltaic type, each connected, directly or via a device 7, to a local network 28, itself even connected to the given power grid 1.
- the local network 28 corresponds to producers, consumers and consumer-producers (self-consumption or positive energy buildings).
- each renewable energy generating power unit 100 is connected to the local network 28 by means of a compensation device 7 configured to maximize the power production of the renewable energy generating power unit.
- renewable 100 as well as to prevent the propagation of electrical disturbances, in the event of their presence, on the upstream side of the compensation device 7 towards the local network 28 and the given electrical network 1.
- Each compensation device 7 is connected, by computer, to a semi-decentralized management system 29, to which it communicates, in real time, information concerning the consumption as well as the energy production of the power units with renewable energy generation. 100 actual and forecast.
- the semi-decentralized management system 29 receives real-time information on the energy producible from the conventional (fossil) energy production units 80, installed within the local network 28.
- the semi-decentralized management system 29 manages the economic distribution of conventional (fossil) energy generators within the local network 28, according to the total production of renewable origin as well as the total consumption within the same local network 28.
- the semi-decentralized management system 29 receives real-time information on the powers of renewable and conventional origin available at any time on the local network 28.
- the system also comprises a plurality of consumption stations, for example an intelligent building or an intelligent industrial site, each consumption station being comparable from the point of view of the network to a non-linear/linear load 2, each of the consumption stations being connected to the local network 28, and being equipped with a compensation device 7 configured to clean up the current circulating on the local network 28 side of the disturbances caused by the load 2 and to control the activation of the various devices of the consumption station, via the decentralized management unit 70.
- a compensation device 7 configured to clean up the current circulating on the local network 28 side of the disturbances caused by the load 2 and to control the activation of the various devices of the consumption station, via the decentralized management unit 70.
- Each compensation device 7 is connected to the semi-decentralized management system 29, to which it communicates information concerning the instantaneous consumption and the consumption to come, according to the programmed operation of the consumption stations, so as to estimate the energy demand.
- the semi-decentralized management system 29 receiving at any time all the data (actual and forecast) of the energy that can be produced as well as that to be consumed by the various actors of the local network 28 (producer, consumers, consumer-producers), it can intervene, only if necessary when the total energy demand within the local network 28 is much greater than the total production, with the pilots of the decentralized control units of the intelligent buildings 27, to switch the consumption mode in modulated mode (flat load curve) for the benefit of the overall system.
- the term “consumer-producer station/actor” is understood to mean a self-consumption or positive energy building.
- the semi-decentralized management system 29 is therefore configured to estimate, over a given period, the total energy demand of the local network 28 that it supervises.
- the semi-decentralized management system 29 is configured to:
- the management system 29 is therefore empowered to prioritize the operation of certain consumption items with respect to others, in order to distribute the energy demand over the given period.
- the semi-decentralized management system 29 can spread the power demand over time, so that when power from the given electrical network 1 is needed, it is consumed during periods of low demand, so as to minimize costs and avoid loading the given electrical network 1 during demand peaks.
- the semi-decentralized management system 29 is so called because it is called upon only to ensure the economic distribution of production of the conventional energy production units 80, and to rectify consumption if necessary .
- Figure 10 presents the general structure of the parallel active filter, which is presented in the form of two blocks: the power circuit and the control-command circuit.
- the power circuit consists of:
- the control-command circuit is made up of:
- the output filter is a passive filter used to connect the voltage inverter to the given electrical network 1.
- the output filter is sized to satisfy the following two criteria:
- a first-order output filter and a third-order output filter, both associated with an inverter with two voltage levels with conventional silicon components (Ond-Classic: IGBT, GTO , etc.) whose switching frequency is of the order of 16 kHz.
- a filter of this type does not make it possible to simultaneously satisfy the two dimensioning criteria of the output filter. Indeed, only a relatively low value of Lf can achieve good dynamics of the active filter by satisfying the equality above.
- the correct dimensioning of the first-order output filter will therefore depend on the compromise to be found between the dynamics and the efficiency of the parallel active filter.
- the L-Classic inductance is heavy, bulky, expensive and difficult to dimension.
- the Ond-Classic & L-Classic active filter on the market sized to inject a current of 50 A, has a weight of 75 kg, mainly caused by the output filter.
- this auxiliary filter can cause unwanted side effects, such as resonance with other passive elements installed on the given power grid 1.
- the third-order output filter is an alternative to a heavy, bulky, expensive and difficult-to-size first-order (L-Classic) filter, making it possible to avoid the problems mentioned in the case of the first-order output filter.
- This output filter consists of two inductors (Ln, L f2 ) with respective internal resistances (RH, Rf 2 ) and a capacitor Cf with a small damping resistor Rf (see Figure l ia), which we will neglect hereafter. It should be noted that (L s , R s and e s ) represent respectively the inductance, the resistance as well as the electromotive force of the given electrical network 1 upstream.
- This type of filter thanks to the additional degree of freedom provided by the capacitance Cf, for inductors L f i, L f2 that are economical, light and not bulky: the sum Lfi+Lf 2 is ten to twenty times lower than L- Classic, can ensure the two criteria for sizing the output filter mentioned above.
- Equations that model the output filter are: (Maths. 1) with Vf the output voltage of the inverter, Bi(s)/A(s) the transfer function of the output filter with the given electrical network 1 corresponding to the original system (to be controlled), and B 2 (s )/A(s) the transfer function corresponding to the disturbance model.
- the LCL output filter is sized to reject the components due to the switching frequency of the inverter, which has been fixed at 16 kHz, to correspond to an industrial application case.
- the LCL-type filter involves a very sophisticated non-linear control which is quite complex to manage, and therefore a fairly powerful calculation unit.
- the control of the antiresonance between the LCL filter and the given electrical network despite the solution proposed in document WO 2020/007884 A1, remains a point of which manufacturers are skeptical.
- This inverter is based on fast-switching power electronic components of the order of 80 to 100 kHz or more, depending on the evolution of technology. These components are silicon carbide (SiC) transistors and diodes, the most common currently being SiC MOSFETs. These components can also be of HEMT technology (“High electron mobility transistor”, in French “High Electronic Mobility Transistor”) in gallium nitride (GaN) or other technologies.
- This Ond-Cr inverter is efficient, reliable, light, less bulky and with good heat dissipation, compared to the inverter with conventional silicon components (IGBT, GTO etc.) Ond-Classic.
- inverters based on MOSFET components and silicon carbide (SiC) diodes, with continuous or fundamental generation, have already been proposed.
- the dynamics of the active filter improves more with the increase of the switching frequency, which promotes the adoption of the Ond-Cr inverter in the structure of the active filter compared to the Ond inverter -Classic.
- the industrial switching frequency of Ond-Cr inverters is 100 kHz, with a rapid and promising rise in power of this frequency, against a high threshold of the switching frequency of active filters, based on an Ond-Classic inverter. , marketed from 16 kHz.
- L-Ond-Cr First order filter
- the use of the Ond-Cr inverter allows the use of a first-order output filter of the simple inductance type, with minimal constraints (light, economical, not bulky and very easy to size, compared to the type L filter -Classic associated with the Ond-Classic inverter) called (L-Ond-Cr).
- L-Ond-Cr the type L filter -Classic associated with the Ond-Classic inverter
- a simple inductor with a very low value of the choke: ten to twenty times lower than L-Classic
- this inductance L-Ond-Cr whose inductance has a size less than or equal to the sum of the inductances (Lfi+L f2 ) of the LCL filter, ensures almost the same retention effect of the high switching frequency components as the LCL filter, without risk of resonance and with a much less complex control to implement, for, consequently, a less powerful calculation unit, compared to the LCL filter.
- the L-Ond-Cr filter is composed of a simple inductance L f of practically negligible internal resistance.
- the L-Ond-Cr inductance is sized such that:
- L-Ond-Cr ⁇ L f i+Lf 2 200 to 500 pH, while the L-Classic inductance is between 2 to 5 mH depending on the switching frequency of the Ond-Classic inverter.
- the control strategy is based on the estimation of current disturbances by means of an identification algorithm. Then, the conventional silicon component (IGBT, GTO, etc.) Ond-Classic voltage inverter, controlled by the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) command, generates the currents Imj injected into the given electrical network 1, which must follow the identified reference currents I re f (Jmj).
- the closed control loop is designed to ensure high precision tracking.
- the given grid connection point voltage 1 Vs here represents an external disturbance, the effects of which are compensated by adding the same given grid voltage 1 to the control signal (u). This will prevent the reactive fundamental current from flowing from the network to the active filter via the L-Classic filter inductor.
- Fig. 13b The general diagram of the current control system is shown in Fig. 13b.
- the Ond-Classic voltage inverter (controlled by the PWM) is connected to the given electrical network 1 via an L-Classic filter, with a controller of the PI type, and the instantaneous or other power method for the identification of current disturbances.
- K p and Ki are chosen to ensure good tracking, for the entire band of harmonic frequencies, between the injected currents and those identified, with a minimum response time as well as rejection of disturbances (the network voltage V s ) maximum.
- R(s), T(s) and S(s) being the controller polynomials, as depicted in Figure 13a.
- ⁇ (s) and S(s) are the same as the order of the L-Classical system (so the polynomials ⁇ (s) and S(s) are of first order.
- T(s) can be a simple gain in this case.
- the common denominator D(s) (SA + R BiXs), named arbitrary stability polynomial, contains the poles of the closed loop. These poles are placed in a sector of (2 x 45°), to ensure a damping of 0.7. Finally, the poles of the control loop are placed in order to ensure a fast and precise response, with good rejection of disturbances. Note that the pole values are limited by the closed loop cutoff frequency.
- the RST controller can be used when the references to be tracked consist of constant signals or at a single and relatively low frequency (case of reactive compensation or unbalance at the fundamental frequency 50 Hz). At this frequency, the phase shift between the identified references and the output of the injected closed loop (/ m/ ) is acceptable. On the other hand, if the reference to be followed is composed of signals at several frequencies, the phase shift is no longer negligible. Indeed, the phase shift increases with the frequency.
- the effect of the phase shift of the structure shown in FIG. 13a is presented in Figure 14. From this figure, we can observe that the disturbed current (/ L ) is not well compensated for (/ re( : compensation with phase shift), compared to the ideal form ⁇ l ide ai- compensation without phase shift).
- the gain and phase of the closed-loop transfer function are given via Table I, for multiples of the fundamental frequency ranging from 50 Hz up to (23x50) Hz. their inductance, high order harmonic currents.
- the linear controller of RST provides unity gain (0 dB) for virtually the entire frequency band (50-2500 Hz), as depicted in Figure 15a.
- the R.ST is only used to compensate for unbalanced and/or reactive currents at the fundamental frequency.
- Nonlinear control (by sliding mode - first order)
- SMC Sliding Mode Control
- the voltage inverter is controlled by a limited/fixed frequency switching function.
- variable commutations chattering'
- overheating which could lead to the destruction of the inverter.
- the strategy is based on the estimation of current disturbances by means of an identification algorithm.
- the change concerns the structure of the inverter, the output filter and therefore the control loop.
- the voltage inverter is with fast switching components (SiC, GaN, etc.) Ond-Cr, controlled by the MLI command, generates the currents injected into the Imj network through the L-Ond-Cr filter, which must track the identified reference currents I re f Uinj -» Ae/)-
- the control loop thus closed is designed to ensure high-precision tracking, but for an extended bandwidth given the increase in the switching frequency (here 100 kHz).
- the network voltage Vs, at the connection point C, here represents an external disturbance, the effects of which can also be compensated by adding the same network voltage to the control signal (u). This will prevent the reactive fundamental current from flowing from the network to the active filter via the inductance of the L-Ond-Cr filter.
- the controller used is the improved RST am method which proposes a placement of the poles and zeros, in order to minimize the error in amplitude but especially in phase between the signal/current identified and that injected.
- the improved RST am controller preserves the same first-order R and S polynomials of the conventional RST, calculated for the L-Ond-Cr system whose model is presented by the equation (Maths. 2), while placing zeros in the control loop in order to minimize, above all, the error in phase.
- the numerator of eq. (Maths. 6) must tend to zero. Since the polynomials R(s) and S(s) are already defined, only T(s) can be judiciously selected in order to minimize the error e(s). Moreover, the order of T(s) must be chosen so that the transfer function T(s)/R(s) is causal (degree (T) ⁇ degree (R)).
- T (s) t ⁇ s n + t ⁇ - S n 1 + ••• + t n s + t n+ - ⁇ (Math. 7)
- T(s) is a first-order polynomial. Indeed, as the order of R(s) is one, a polynomial T(s) is of first order, which is the maximum order satisfying the causality of the transfer function T(s)/R(s). Given the unknown parameters (ti, tz) of the polynomial T(s), only one frequency must be chosen. Zero should be placed near the slowest pole of the closed loop transfer function.
- the classic sliding mode controller causes discontinuous control, which results in a chatering effect that can be destructive to the voltage inverter.
- control of the active filter generated by the DC SMCs will be modulated by a PWM, in order to allow the active filter to operate at a fixed, high switching frequency adapted, on the one hand, to a nominal operation of the fast switching components.
- a PWM pulse width modulation
- the Ond-Cr inverter power electronics of the Ond-Cr inverter and easy, on the other hand, to be filtered by the L-Ond-Cr, which facilitates, among other things, the blocking of high frequency components by the L-Ond-Cr filter.
- the angle of the direct voltage component and that estimated are equal, so we can write, as described in Figure 4:
- the tracking of the phase is ensured by a controller of the RST pole placement type adapted to the case of an active filter.
- this controller which must be designed to offer robust performances in a wide band of variation in frequency and in voltage (50, 60 Hz ⁇ 10%), (230/400 ⁇ 15%) respectively, must filter the disturbances external (caused by the unbalance and the harmonic components of the network voltage V s ) in the closed loop.
- the polynomials R(s) and S(s) are respectively of fifth and sixth order, while T(s) is a simple gain such that
- the polynomial R(s) double zeros at the frequencies 100 Hz and 300 Hz, corresponding respectively to the components due to the imbalance as well as to the first dominant harmonic (the harmonic of rank five).
- a slope of -20dB/decade of the adapted RST regulator has been achieved by choosing a strictly clean RST controller. Therefore, the polynomial R(s) being of degree 5 and in order to ensure a strictly proper controller Rs(s)/S(s) (degree (R) ⁇ degree (S)), the polynomial S(s) is degree 6.
- the simulations are carried out, initially, via a simple Simulink diagram.
- the reference harmonic currents identified I ref are modeled by current sources of orders 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 25, which represent the same harmonic spectrum of the current that we will analyze via a study of an industrial load below.
- the simulations are carried out using first the classical SMC (with sign function), then the SMC with a sigmoid function and finally with the improved pole placement method RST am .
- Figure 16c plots the single-phase currents I ref , l inj (identified and injected respectively) as well as the inverter control signal u.
- control by RST am as well as any linear controller provide continuous control at a frequency adapted to the power electronic components, imposed here by the PWM.
- the simulations are carried out, for the case of an Ond-Classique associated with an LCL filter, by employing this time, first, in the case of the figure 16a, the classic SMC then the SMC with sigmoid function then the AIRD method (an artificial increase in the relative degree, followed by an integrator), then in the case of Figure 16b and in order, the classical SMC, the C-HOSM, the 2-SMC Twisting, the 2-SMC Super-Twisting and finally the Lyapunov approach.
- Figures 16a and 16b plot the single-phase currents I ref , l inj (identified and injected respectively) as well as the inverter control signal u. We can see that very precise tracking is ensured by all the controllers, with a discontinuous command signal for the classic SMC and for the Lyapunov approach.
- the industrial non-linear load is a complete six-diode 42 kVA rectifier with a DC-side R//C load and an AC-side inductance of 2 mH.
- Matlab-Simulink-Simscape Electrical software libraries do not offer models of fast-switching power electronics components.
- the Matlab-Simulink-Simscape Electrical & PLECS hybrid simulation was used; the PLECS software, which can be installed under MATLAB, offers the possibility of using models of fast-switching power electronic components.
- Figure 17(a, b) shows the spectral analysis of the injected current Imj in the cases of L Ond-Cr & Ond-Cr and L-Classic & Ond-Classic structures, focusing on the frequency band related to the switching frequency of each case.
- Figure 18 presents the harmonic spectrum of the load current (the given power grid current 1 without filtering). From this figure, we see that the effective fundamental current of the polluting load is 65 A and the THD of the current is 24.29%.
- Figure 19a presents the simulation of phase 1 (before and after filtering) of the current on the network side of I s , of the identified currents I ref and injected Imj as well as the THD of the current (THD - I s ).
- the active filter is initiated after 6 periods of the sector (up to 0.12 s).
- the algorithm of improved pole placement control R-STam- Figure 20a presents the simulation of phase 1 (with and without filtering) of the current on the network side of Is, of the identified currents I ref and injected linj as well as the THD of the current (THD - I s ⁇ .
- the active filter is deactivated after 6 periods of the sector (at 0.12 s).
- Figure 21a presents the simulation of the structure of the active filter based on a classic inverter in Ond-Classic silicon with a switching frequency of 16 kHz, combined with an undersized L-Classic output filter of 200 p.H. From this figure, we observe the inability of an undersized output filter to prevent the hash components from propagating towards the given electrical network 1. This observation is validated, via Figure 27, by a current THD of the grid side given 1 after 8.20% filtering.
- the algorithm used for the extraction of the maximum power point is the P&O algorithm (in English “Perturb and Observe”), which is based on the disturbance and the observation of the voltage of the PV generator, until reaching the maximum voltage which will correspond to the MPPT point.
- This P&O algorithm is adapted to the configuration of the invention, which ensures a chopper-free connection of the renewable energy generation power unit 100 to the capacitive energy storage element 3; the output of the P&O algorithm is, in this case, the maximum power voltage V mp p and not the chopper control signal, usually associated with the maximum power detection algorithm, P&O or others.
- the capacitor voltage regulation loop on the DC side of the inverter, to ensure the continuation of the maximum power of the PV generator.
- the energy storage capacitor regulates itself (charges with a maintenance of a constant voltage) via the given electrical network 1 , through the inverter, to compensate for losses by Joule effect of the power electronics components of the inverter and of the L-Ond-Cr output filter.
- the voltage of the capacitor V dc must follow a reference voltage V dc -ref, the amplitude of which is chosen to reinforce the dynamics of the system, while respecting the dimensioning of the electrical components of the parallel active filter.
- the same capacitor voltage regulation loop is used to ensure the tracking of the maximum power point, based on the tracking of the power PMPP and not on the tracking of the current IMPP.
- this method will directly extract the maximum power from the PV generator.
- the advantage of PMPP tracking is to be able to integrate (with the fewest possible calculation operations) the PMPP tracking loop into the disturbance current identification algorithm of the control- parallel active filter control.
- this algorithm ensures, initially, the calculation of the disturbing instantaneous powers, caused by the non-active disturbing currents (harmonics, reactive and unbalanced or other) present in the current of the load II, in the reference mark a, p and 0.
- the calculation of the reference currents I re fi23 is done via a reverse passage, first calculated in the same frame a, p and 0 then in the three-phase frame.
- These reference currents of the active filter (Irefizs) then contain the disturbing currents as well as the maximum current of the PV generator: I MPP.
- an advanced PLL extracts, in addition to the angle provided by a conventional PLL, the amplitude of the direct component of the voltage at the connection point C of the given electrical network 1.
- on-board electrical network designates an autonomous electrical system having a limited size and having a limited energy consumption, such as on airplanes, ships, etc.
- Table IV and Figure 26 show the PV characteristics of the photovoltaic generator (GPV) under STC conditions; the parameters for different irradiations and temperatures are also given by Figure 26.
- This Figure 26 shows that the maximum power, voltage and current of the maximum power of the GPV photovoltaic generator, under STC conditions, where the illumination is 1000 W/m2 and the temperature is 25°, are respectively 44.7615 kW, 870 V and 51.45 A.
- the FAP/GPV is tested for harmonic filtering and maximum photovoltaic power generation, with reactive power compensation, under a variable weather profile in both irradiance and temperature. Indeed, two lighting levels (100 and 1000) W/m2 at 25° C as well as two temperature levels (10°C, 40°C) at 1000 W/m 2 are tested, so that the PV generator covers almost all possible weather variations.
- Figure 27 presents the simulation, in the time domain, of the voltage of the maximum power of the photovoltaic generator V mp , calculated by the P&O algorithm adapted to the absence of a chopper, as well as the voltage V dc taken from the terminals of the capacitor on the DC side of the fast switching inverter.
- the simulation is performed for the conditions meteorological conditions: at the beginning, the conditions (100 W/m 2 , 25° C) are tested for a time belonging to [0, 1] s, then the STC conditions for a time belonging to [1, 2] s, then the conditions (1000 W/m 2 , 40°C) for a time belonging to [2, 3] s and finally the conditions (1000 W/m 2 , 10° C) for a final slot of temples belonging to [3, 4] sec.
- Figure 28 validates the active and reactive power budget of the FAP/GPV, even under significant variations in weather conditions. Indeed, when the illumination is very low (for time belonging to [0, 1] s), almost all of the active power is supplied by the given electrical network 1 Pnetwork. Then, for t > ls and throughout the simulation, the generated active photovoltaic power Pnitre-pv exceeds the demand of the load Pload, and the excess of this power is injected into the given power grid 1. This results in a Pnitre -pv positive and a Pgrid negative.
- the invention offers the advantage of simplifying the method of controlling the current of the inverter.
- This invention is the alternative to the two existing solutions.
- the filter of output in this case is heavy, bulky, expensive and very difficult to size.
- the output filter, associated with an Ond-Classic inverter must validate two contradictory criteria: block the components due to the switching frequency without slowing down the overall dynamics of the system.
- the active filter on the market sized to inject a current of 50 A, has a weight of 75 kg, mainly caused by the output filter.
- this structure limits the voltage on the DC side of the inverter (to 800 V for a switching frequency of 16 kHz and an injected current of 30 A), which limits the dynamics of the filter, and consequently the quality of filtering.
- One of the aspects of the invention is to propose an L-Ond-Cr output filter (strictly associated with an Ond-Cr fast switching inverter), ensuring almost the same retention efficiency of the components due to the chopping of a LCL filter, without causing anti-resonance or controller complexity problems imposed by the LCL.
- this inductor is light, not bulky, economical and very easy to size, compared to that L-Classic linked to the use of an inverter with conventional silicon components (Ond-Classic). It should be noted that the technology of fast power components allows the increase in the voltage of the DC side of the inverter, compared to the classic silicon technology, which benefits the improvement of the dynamics/speed of the system and consequently of the filtering quality.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR2108571A FR3126078A1 (fr) | 2021-08-06 | 2021-08-06 | Dispositif de compensation électrique active avec structure à commutation rapide |
| PCT/EP2022/071759 WO2023012194A1 (fr) | 2021-08-06 | 2022-08-02 | Dispositif de compensation electrique active avec structure a commutation rapide |
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| CN117639452B (zh) * | 2024-01-23 | 2024-04-23 | 深圳市科沃电气技术有限公司 | 逆变器的电压补偿方法、装置、设备及存储介质 |
| CN119070327B (zh) * | 2024-11-05 | 2025-03-11 | 武汉大学 | 一种电网末端电压控制系统及方法 |
| CN120933955B (zh) * | 2025-10-15 | 2025-12-23 | 中国科学院电工研究所 | 一种电能质量调节资源谐波补偿能力评估方法 |
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| WO2020202467A1 (fr) * | 2019-04-02 | 2020-10-08 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Dispositif de filtre actif et climatiseur |
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