EP4330717A1 - Bestimmung einer vertikalen position eines kalibrierobjekts mit einem lidar-basierten umgebungssensor und kalibrierung eines lidar-basierten umgebungssensors mit einer scanebene - Google Patents
Bestimmung einer vertikalen position eines kalibrierobjekts mit einem lidar-basierten umgebungssensor und kalibrierung eines lidar-basierten umgebungssensors mit einer scanebeneInfo
- Publication number
- EP4330717A1 EP4330717A1 EP22725415.8A EP22725415A EP4330717A1 EP 4330717 A1 EP4330717 A1 EP 4330717A1 EP 22725415 A EP22725415 A EP 22725415A EP 4330717 A1 EP4330717 A1 EP 4330717A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- calibration
- lidar
- positions
- calibration object
- vertical
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 claims description 121
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
- G01S7/497—Means for monitoring or calibrating
- G01S7/4972—Alignment of sensor
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/02—Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
- G01S17/06—Systems determining position data of a target
- G01S17/42—Simultaneous measurement of distance and other co-ordinates
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/88—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S17/93—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes
- G01S17/931—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes of land vehicles
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/86—Combinations of lidar systems with systems other than lidar, radar or sonar, e.g. with direction finders
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for determining a vertical position of a calibration object using a LiDAR-based environmental sensor, in particular for calibrating the LiDAR-based environmental sensor.
- the present invention also relates to a method for calibrating a LiDAR-based environmental sensor, comprising determining a vertical position of the at least one calibration object according to the above method for at least three different calibration positions.
- the present invention relates to a driving support system with a LiDAR-based environment sensor and a control unit, which are connected to one another via a data connection, wherein the LiDAR-based environment sensor is designed to receive reflections of emitted laser pulses with a scan plane and to the Transfer control unit, wherein the driving support system is designed to perform the above method for calibrating the LiDAR-based environment sensor.
- LiDAR-based environmental sensors Light Detection And Ranging
- An extrinsic calibration of LiDAR-based environmental sensors is a prerequisite for their use for many purposes. The aim is to determine the position and orientation of the LiDAR-based environmental sensors as precisely as possible.
- the calibration is particularly important if other environmental sensors are attached to the vehicle, for example cameras, so that it can be ensured that the information from the various environmental sensors is related is consistent with the environment of the vehicle.
- the various environmental sensors can be calibrated sequentially or simultaneously.
- the calibration can take place both in the moving vehicle and on a calibration stand.
- Calibration in the moving vehicle is mostly based on a feature tracking approach based on recognized objects (“features”).
- features recognized objects
- special calibration objects can be placed specifically for the calibration.
- "everyday" objects such as traffic signs, crash barriers, etc. can be used for calibration, which preferably have a known orientation (horizontal or vertical).
- the movement of the vehicle must be determined with the greatest possible accuracy. This requires additional sensors, which makes the calibration very complex.
- the identification of static objects and their tracking contain further sources of error.
- calibration objects are preferably used for calibrating the environmental sensors, which, due to their design, facilitate detection by the environmental sensors and exact determination of their position with the environmental sensor to be calibrated.
- the calibration objects are preferably suitable both for detection with LiDAR-based environmental sensors and with cameras, in order to be able to calibrate the various environmental sensors with the same calibration objects.
- the calibration objects can be suitable for detection with radar sensors if the vehicle has such sensors.
- the position of the calibration objects and/or unique points on the calibration object can be uniquely determined in both coordinate systems.
- a so-called point-matching algorithm a Transformation between the two coordinate systems and thus the extrinsic calibration between the coordinate systems is determined.
- LiDAR-based environmental sensors used in current vehicles are typically designed to capture a large horizontal area around the vehicle. Less information is required in the vertical direction. Typical LiDAR-based environmental sensors therefore capture the environment in several scan planes (layers). A series of scan points are generated for each scan plane, which contain runtime information from received reflections and, in the case of newer LiDAR-based environmental sensors, also an intensity of the received reflections. The number of scan planes determines the vertical polar angle resolution. The azimuthal resolution in the individual scan planes is typically significantly higher. Radar sensors can also work according to the same functional principle.
- LiDAR-based environmental sensors with few scan planes are often used for cost reasons. Particularly cost-effective LiDAR-based environmental sensors work with just one scan plane. Fewer scan planes have the additional advantage that the environment can be scanned at a higher frequency. However, these LiDAR-based environmental sensors cannot be extrinsically calibrated with sufficient accuracy using such known calibration objects. The lower the vertical resolution of the LiDAR-based environmental sensors, the more difficult it is to determine all six degrees of freedom during calibration. In the case of LiDAR-based environmental sensors with only one scan plane, the calibration is with such known calibration objects significantly more difficult or even impossible. In order to be able to estimate the shapes and orientations of the calibration objects, typically at least two scan planes have to intersect the calibration objects.
- a binary output (calibration object yes/no) of the discrete scanning of the scan plane with the scan points means that the position of the edges and above them the position of the calibration object can only be estimated discretely. Particularly in the context of a calibration, however, particularly high demands are made on the position determination of the calibration objects.
- DE 10 2015 118 874 A1 discloses a method for operating a sensor system of a motor vehicle, in which a first item of information from a surrounding area of the motor vehicle is detected with a first sensor of the sensor system arranged locally at a first position on the motor vehicle. A second piece of information from the area surrounding the motor vehicle is recorded with a second sensor of the sensor system, which is arranged locally at a second position on the motor vehicle that differs from the first position. The first information and the second information are recorded and evaluated in relation to a common reference point of the first sensor and the second sensor on the motor vehicle and external to the sensor.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of a method for determining a vertical position of a calibration object with a LiDAR-based environment sensor, a method for calibrating a LiDAR-based environment sensor, and a driving support system with a LiDAR-based Specify environmental sensors that enable easy and reliable calibration of LiDAR-based environmental sensors with a scan plane.
- a method for determining a vertical position of a calibration object which comprises at least three elongated individual objects that are arranged in one plane, with two first individual objects being arranged parallel to one another and a second individual object extending between the two first individual objects, with a scanning plane a LiDAR-based environmental sensor, in particular for calibrating the LiDAR-based environmental sensor, including the steps of positioning the calibration object in the scan plane of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor, determining the positions of the individual objects in the scan plane of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor with the LiDAR-based environmental sensor, and determining the vertical position of the calibration object based on the positions of the individual objects in the scan plane of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor.
- Also according to the invention is a method for calibrating a LiDAR-based environmental sensor with a scan plane using at least one calibration object, the calibration object comprising at least three elongated individual objects which are arranged in one plane, and wherein two first individual objects are arranged parallel to one another and a second Individual object extends between the first two individual objects, and the calibration object is positioned in the scanning plane of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor, including the steps of determining a vertical position of the at least one calibration object according to the above method for at least three different calibration positions, determining a horizontal position the at least one calibration object in the scanning plane of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor for the at least three different calibration positions, determining a vertical and horizontal reference position of the at least one en calibration object for the at least three different calibration positions, and calibrating the LiDAR-based environmental sensor based on the determined vertical and horizontal positions and the vertical and horizontal reference positions of the at least one calibration object for the at least three different calibration positions.
- a driving support system is also provided with a LiDAR-based surroundings sensor and a control unit, which are connected to one another via a data connection, with the LiDAR-based surroundings sensor being implemented is to receive reflections of emitted laser pulses with a scan plane and to transmit them to the control unit via a data connection, the driving support system being designed to carry out the above method for calibrating the LiDAR-based environmental sensor.
- the basic idea of the present invention is therefore to carry out a reliable calibration based on just one scan plane, starting from the reflections received with the LiDAR-based environmental sensor.
- Using a suitable calibration object together with the properties of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor for receiving reflections in a scan plane enables reliable vertical obliteration of the calibration objects based solely on the position of the individual objects in the horizontal direction.
- there is sufficient resolution in this direction to obliterate objects and thus also calibration objects, i.e. to determine their position in the horizontal direction.
- the calibration object used allows the vertical position of the calibration object formed by these individual objects to be determined solely based on the positions of the individual objects.
- the major challenge of calibrating LiDAR-based environmental sensors when using only one scan plane is to determine the vertical position of the calibration objects.
- this problem exists in the prior art in an identical manner for LiDAR-based environmental sensors with few scan planes, which have a low resolution in the vertical direction.
- the vertical position of calibration objects can only be determined directly with sufficient accuracy once LiDAR-based environmental sensors with an increased number of scan planes are used.
- the specified method can be carried out in the same way in order to determine the vertical and/or horizontal positions of the objects or calibration objects with increased accuracy based on multiple scan planes or for each of the scan planes.
- multiple vertical and horizontal positions of the at least one calibration object can be determined for multiple scan planes or for each of the scan planes in order to carry out the calibration based thereon.
- mean values can be formed over the vertical positions of the objects or calibration objects determined for the respective scan planes.
- calibration can be performed with increased accuracy based on multiple scan planes.
- the method according to the invention can be used in an identical manner for LiDAR-based environmental sensors whose scanning planes are not aligned horizontally.
- the "vertical" position of the calibration object can be determined perpendicular to the corresponding scan plane of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor.
- the "horizontal" position then corresponds to the position in the scan plane and the "vertical” position to the position perpendicular to the scan plane.
- alignment of the LiDAR-based environmental sensors with the scanning plane in a horizontal direction is preferred.
- the calibration object is preferably designed with a three-dimensional structure that is formed by the individual objects.
- the elongate individual objects can, for example, be in the form of beams or strips and can be arranged together.
- the elongated individual objects can be connected to one another at their ends to form the calibration object.
- the calibration object can have a frame structure or a support structure, for example, on which the individual objects are held to form the calibration object.
- Alternative arrangements of the individual objects are also possible.
- the frame structure or support structure is preferably designed with small dimensions compared to the individual objects in order to reduce or avoid reflections on them.
- the calibration object preferably has a surface, in particular as a coating, with a high reflectivity for emitted laser pulses, at least on the side of the plane for the individual objects.
- the individual objects can be easily recognized if they have a particularly high reflectivity compared to surfaces with “natural” reflectivities.
- Such high reflectivities relate in particular to reflectivities that are practically unachievable in “natural” environments.
- the calibration object can be designed as a calibration panel.
- the individual objects can be formed by the surface with a high reflectivity for emitted laser pulses on the calibration board, i.e. the individual objects can be formed solely by applying a coating with a high reflectivity on the calibration board.
- the calibration panel can be composed of individual objects with a surface with a high reflectivity and objects with a surface with a low reflectivity. The reflections on the calibration panel then all have the same transit time and differ in their intensity for reflections from the individual objects and from the remaining areas of the calibration panel.
- the individual objects can be arranged together in different ways to form the calibration object. All individual objects are preferably arranged at an angle to the scanning plane.
- the individual objects preferably have a shallow angle of intersection with the scan plane. A flat intersection angle is assumed if there is a deviation from a right angle, so that an intersection length of the individual objects with the scan plane is increased. A larger deviation from the right angle results in a larger cut length, so that more reflections are received from the individual object and the determination of the position is improved.
- the angle of intersection of the individual objects in the calibration object must be selected in such a way that it can be distinguished from the expected scan plane, ie it is, for example, in the case of an expected horizontal scan plane with a Tolerance range greater than the tolerance range.
- the cutting angle is twice as large as the tolerance range.
- the first individual objects and the second individual object can have independent angles of intersection.
- Each of the individual objects preferably has a uniform extension transversely to its longitudinal direction, i.e. the individual objects each have a width that does not change over their length.
- the width of the individual objects can be chosen differently.
- the individual objects can be at least partially connected to one another.
- the individual objects can be arranged separately and together form the calibration object. At least in the imaginary extension of the individual objects, there is an intersection of the second individual object with the two first individual objects.
- the dimensions of the at least one calibration object and/or positions of the individual objects are preferably known in order to determine the vertical and/or horizontal position of the calibration object and to calibrate the LiDAR-based environmental sensor.
- the scan plane When determining the vertical position of the calibration object, it is necessary for the scan plane to intersect the calibration object, with the scan plane having to intersect at least the three minimum required individual objects.
- the calibration object must therefore be aligned and positioned accordingly.
- a determination of at least three positions of calibration objects is required for the calibration in order to calibrate the LiDAR-based environmental sensor in all degrees of freedom, ie to determine position information for three axes and information about rotation about three axes.
- the three positions of calibration objects must not lie on a straight line, because this does not provide enough information to determine the three-axis position information and the three-axis rotation information.
- the positioning of the calibration object in the scanning plane of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor relates to a corresponding positioning of the at least one calibration object at different calibration positions, which can be predetermined.
- the at least one calibration object can in principle be freely positioned in the environment of the vehicle, so that the at least one calibration object is detected by the scanning plane.
- the determination of the positions of the individual objects in the scanning plane of the LiDAR-based environment sensor is carried out with the LiDAR-based environment sensor.
- the positions can be determined as angular positions between the individual objects and can therefore be independent of a distance from the respective calibration object.
- the positions of the individual objects can be determined as positions along a scan line or in space. Distances or lengths can be determined based on the angular positions and the distance of the calibration object.
- the determination of the vertical position of the calibration object based on the positions of the individual objects in the scanning plane of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor can be based on geometric relationships depending on the at least one calibration object. In doing so, geometric relationships between the individual objects can be exploited.
- the vertical position is initially determined as a relative position. From this, an absolute vertical position can be determined during the subsequent calibration using the reference position of the calibration object.
- the horizontal position of the respective calibration object in the scanning plane of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor for the at least three different calibration positions is determined depending on the type of the respective calibration object.
- the horizontal position of the respective calibration object in the scan plane can be determined based on a position or multiple positions of the individual objects of the calibration object or also based on a position of a calibration table. Due to the high resolution of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor in the horizontal direction, the horizontal position of the respective calibration object can be determined easily and reliably.
- Based on The position of the calibration object can be completely determined from a distance to the calibration object, which results directly from the propagation time of the reflection received with the LiDAR-based environmental sensor.
- a vertical and horizontal reference position of the at least one calibration object is determined for the at least three different calibration positions in order to calibrate the LiDAR-based environmental sensor. Based on the at least three different calibration positions, the position and alignment of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor can be adequately defined.
- the LiDAR-based environmental sensor is calibrated based on the determined vertical and horizontal positions and the vertical and horizontal reference positions of the at least one calibration object for the at least three different calibration positions.
- a mechanical adjustment of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor may be performed by aligning the LiDAR-based environmental sensor with the vehicle.
- an image can be determined during the calibration based on the deviations between the determined vertical and horizontal positions of the at least one calibration object and the associated vertical and horizontal reference positions in order to carry out the calibration.
- the control unit includes a processor and a memory to execute a program for performing an assistance function of the driving assistance system.
- the control unit processes sensor information provided by the LiDAR-based environmental sensor.
- the data connection is designed, for example, in the manner of a bus system that is customary in the automotive sector.
- Various bus systems such as CAN, FlexRay, LON or others are known in this context.
- LiDAR-based environmental sensors are known as such.
- the method can be performed with LiDAR-based environmental sensors with one or more scan planes.
- determining the vertical position of the calibration object based on the positions of the individual objects in the scanning plane of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor includes determining the vertical position of the calibration object based on the ratio of the distances between the two first individual objects and the second individual object and one Height of the calibration object to the vertical position of the calibration object. The ratio enables the vertical position of the calibration object to be determined based, for example, on the theorem of rays.
- the height of the calibration object is specified, while the distances between the first two individual objects and the second individual object are determined using the LiDAR-based environmental sensor, based on the positions of the individual objects in the scan plane.
- the vertical position of the calibration object can be reliably determined based on known or ascertained values.
- distances between the individual objects in the scan plane can be determined.
- the distances can be determined as angular distances between individual scan points of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor and can therefore be independent of a distance from the respective calibration object.
- the distances between the individual objects can be determined as distances.
- the height of the calibration object can correspond to the extent of the physical calibration object or to a height that is defined by the arrangement of the individual objects. Based on the ratio of the distances mentioned, "virtual" intersections of the individual objects can also define the dimensions, in particular the height of the calibration object.
- the determination of the positions of the individual objects in the scan plane of the LiDAR-based surroundings sensor with the LiDAR-based surroundings sensor includes steps for emitting a plurality of laser pulses in the scan plane of the LiDAR-based surroundings sensor, receiving reflections of the emitted laser pulses from the scan plane, determine from to reflections associated with the individual objects, and determining the positions of the individual objects based on the received reflections associated with the respective individual object.
- the majority of laser pulses are emitted in the scan plane of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor, i.e. the scan plane is defined by the propagation of the laser pulses and their reflections.
- the emitted laser pulses preferably have the same intensity.
- the laser pulses can be emitted in any order in the scan plane.
- One laser pulse can be emitted at a time so that a reflection is received based on it.
- multiple laser pulses can be emitted simultaneously and, based on this, multiple reflections can be received simultaneously.
- a single laser pulse can be split into several laser pulses.
- scan points of the individual scan planes can be recorded one after the other or in any order, also between the different scan planes.
- the scan plane is typically a substantially horizontally oriented plane, however, deviations in the scan plane from horizontal are possible based on misalignment of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor on the vehicle and/or variations in manufacturing and assembly of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor.
- Receiving reflections of the emitted laser pulses from the scan plane typically includes a runtime detection from the emission of the laser pulses to the receipt of the reflections generated by them, in order to determine a distance from an object on which the laser pulse was reflected based on the detected runtime.
- the determination of reflections belonging to the individual object includes a comparison of the propagation times of the received reflections reflections. For example, a reflection can be determined as belonging to an individual object if this reflection has a different propagation time from the emission of the laser pulse to the receipt of the reflection compared to neighboring reflections.
- a group of adjacent reflections from the scan plane can be determined as belonging to the respective individual object if these reflections have the same propagation time and/or if these reflections have a deviating propagation time compared to neighboring reflections.
- the calibration object can be positioned in an area in which there are no other objects within a specific distance range. This can help in particular to carry out automatic recognition of the calibration object with the respective individual objects and automatic determination of reflections belonging to the calibration object and respective individual objects.
- the determination of the positions of the individual objects in the scan plane of the LiDAR-based environment sensor with the LiDAR-based environment sensor includes determining intensities of the received reflections of the emitted laser pulses from the scan plane, and determining the positions of the individual objects includes determining the positions of the individual objects based on the intensities of the received reflections belonging to the respective individual object.
- the result is an increased number of scan points, which contribute to determining the positions of the individual objects and enable the positions of the individual objects to be determined with improved accuracy.
- it can be ensured that an increased number of reflections of the laser pulses on the individual objects is recorded. With their different intensities, the reflections in the edge areas of the individual objects can contribute to determining the position of the respective individual object.
- the intensities of the received reflections are preferably determined as an integral step when receiving the reflections of the emitted laser pulses from the scan plane.
- the determination of reflections belonging to the individual object includes a comparison of the intensities of the received reflections. Reflections with similar intensities can be attributed together to the respective individual object. For example, a group of adjacent reflections from the scan plane can be determined as belonging to the respective individual object if these reflections have approximately the same intensity. Alternatively or additionally, a group of adjacent reflections from the scan plane can be determined as belonging to the respective individual object if these reflections have an increased intensity compared to adjacent reflections. Reflections with particularly high intensities can thus be identified as belonging to the individual object, in particular if the individual objects are designed with a high level of reflectivity.
- a profile of the intensities of the received reflections can be considered in order to determine reflections belonging to the individual object.
- scan points on edges or edges of the respective individual objects can be recognized and reliably assigned to the corresponding individual object.
- the reflections that belong to the individual object can be determined automatically. If the individual objects have a particularly high reflectivity for the emitted laser pulses, reflections on the individual objects can be distinguished from reflections on "natural" objects, which usually have a lower intensity.
- determining the position of the respective individual object based on the intensities of the received reflections belonging to the individual object includes determining the received reflection belonging to the individual object with the highest intensity as the position of the individual object.
- the reflection with the highest intensity is regarded as a middle position of the respective individual object. Especially when there are only a few reflections from are received for the corresponding individual object, its position can be determined in a simple and precise manner.
- each respective individual object can be determined based on the intensities of the received reflections belonging to the corresponding individual object as the center point between edges or edges of the individual object. This can be advantageous if several laser pulses hit the respective individual object completely, so that, for example, no sharp peak of the intensity profile with a sharp maximum occurs.
- determining the position of the respective individual object based on the intensities of the received reflections belonging to the individual object includes determining a course of the intensity over the received reflections belonging to the corresponding individual object and a maximum value of the determined course of the intensity as the position of the respective single object.
- the course of the intensity can be determined, for example, as an interpolation of the intensities of the reflections belonging to the individual object.
- determining a vertical and horizontal reference position of the at least one calibration object includes determining the vertical and horizontal reference position of the at least one calibration object with a further environment sensor, in particular an optical camera.
- a further environment sensor which is preferably part of the driving support system and is attached to the vehicle
- the two environment sensors can be calibrated relative to one another.
- an absolute reference is not required for calibration.
- the calibration of the environmental sensors relative to each other ensures that the vehicle and in particular the driving assistance system has a reliable basis for monitoring the environment. Detections of objects with multiple environment sensors can thus be assigned to one another, so that consistent information can be generated in relation to the environment of the vehicle.
- the objects can usually be localized and possibly classified with improved accuracy.
- the calibration can be extended to other environmental sensors, for example a radar sensor or others.
- calibration objects are designed in such a way that they have a coating with a high reflectivity for radar radiation, for example.
- the driving support system has at least one additional environment sensor, in particular an optical camera. Based on this, the driving support system can calibrate the two environmental sensors relative to one another.
- further surroundings sensors can be used, for example a further LiDAR-based surroundings sensor and/or one or more further camera(s) and/or radar sensors.
- determining a vertical and horizontal reference position of the at least one calibration object includes determining the calibration positions as reference positions.
- the reference positions are thus obtained by positioning the at least one calibration object at the specified vertical and horizontal reference positions.
- the LiDAR-based environmental sensor is calibrated in relation to absolute positions by positioning the calibration objects at the reference positions.
- the LiDAR-based environment sensor can also be positioned with the vehicle at a specified calibration position.
- the calibration positions as reference positions can be stored as a preset in the driving support system or entered there or transferred to it.
- the method includes an additional step for converting the determined vertical and horizontal positions of the at least one calibration object from a LiDAR-based coordinate system into a reference coordinate system with the vertical and horizontal reference positions of the at least one calibration object, or the method includes an additional step for converting the vertical and horizontal reference positions of the at least one calibration object from a reference coordinate system into a LiDAR-based coordinate system with the determined vertical and horizontal positions of the at least one calibration object.
- a common reference is therefore formed for the vertical and horizontal positions determined with the LiDAR-based environmental sensor and the vertical and horizontal reference positions in order to to perform calibration efficiently.
- the LiDAR-based coordinate system is a coordinate system related to the LiDAR-based environment sensor.
- the reference coordinate system can be a coordinate system of the additional environmental sensor.
- the coordinate systems of the environment sensors usually have an origin on the vehicle.
- the 2D information of the camera must also be transformed into the reference coordinate system in order to provide three-dimensional information based on the camera, or vice versa.
- the reference coordinate system can also be an external coordinate system that is not related to the vehicle, especially when the calibration positions are used as reference positions.
- the LiDAR-based coordinate system and the reference coordinate system can also be converted into a further coordinate system, in particular when using further environmental sensors.
- the calibration of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor based on the determined vertical and horizontal positions and the vertical and horizontal reference positions of the at least one calibration object for the at least three different calibration positions includes minimizing distances between the determined vertical and horizontal positions and the vertical and horizontal reference positions for the at least three different calibration positions. Minimizing the distances can be done in different ways. The mathematical principles are known as such, for example based on square distances. By minimizing the distances, a best fit is performed between the determined vertical and horizontal positions and the vertical and horizontal reference positions for the at least three different calibration positions, so that all degrees of freedom of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor can be calibrated.
- a transformation can be sought for the calibration, which transforms the vertical and horizontal positions and the vertical and horizontal reference positions of the at least one calibration object for the at least three different calibration positions into the reference coordinate system.
- the calibration When calibrating with reference to an optical camera that provides a two-dimensional matrix with pixels, there is also a transformation between the LiDAR-based coordinate system or the reference coordinate system, which is three-dimensional Contain information and the two-dimensional matrix of the optical camera required.
- the distances can simply be minimized.
- Corresponding projection rules are known, for example based on the so-called pinhole camera model.
- the method includes positioning a calibration object at each of the at least three different calibration positions and essentially simultaneously determining the vertical and horizontal positions of the calibration objects for the at least three different calibration positions, or the method includes positioning a calibration object at each one of the at least three different calibration positions and determining the vertical and horizontal positions of the calibration object each one of the at least three different calibration positions and changing the calibration object between the at least three different calibration positions.
- the calibration can be carried out particularly quickly if the calibration objects are detected simultaneously by the LiDAR-based environmental sensor in order to determine their positions. At the same time, this means that the calibration objects can preferably be detected when the scan plane is detected with the LiDAR-based environmental sensor.
- the calibration can be carried out with only one calibration object, for example, by initially positioning the calibration object at a calibration position and determining the position of it. The calibration object can then be positioned at further calibration positions relative to the vehicle or the LiDAR-based environmental sensor, until all of the vertical and horizontal positions of the calibration object required for the calibration have been determined.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a vehicle with a
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a calibration object according to a second
- Embodiment with three elongated individual objects the individual objects being arranged in one plane and two first individual objects being arranged parallel to one another, and a second individual object extending between the two first individual objects,
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of the calibration object from FIG. 2 with an additional curve of a profile of an intensity of received reflections in the scan plane over an entire horizontal extension of the calibration object with the three individual objects
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of a calibration object according to a third
- Embodiment with three elongated individual objects wherein the individual objects are arranged in one plane and two first individual objects are arranged parallel to one another, and a second individual object extends between the two first individual objects, and the individual objects are connected to one another at their ends,
- FIG. 7 shows a schematic representation of a calibration object according to a fifth
- Embodiment with three elongated individual objects wherein the individual objects are arranged in one plane and two first individual objects are arranged parallel to one another, and a second individual object extends between the two first individual objects, and the individual objects are connected to one another,
- FIG. 8 shows a flow chart of a method for calibrating the LiDAR-based environmental sensor of the vehicle from FIG. 1 using calibration objects from one of FIGS. 2 to 7,
- FIG. 9 shows a flowchart of a method for determining a vertical
- FIG. 10 shows a flow chart of a method for determining a position of individual objects in a scanning plane of the LiDAR-based surroundings sensor of the first exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 1 shows a vehicle 10 with a driving support system 12 according to a first preferred embodiment.
- the driving support system 12 includes a LiDAR-based environment sensor
- the LiDAR-based environment sensor 14 is designed to capture an environment 20 of the vehicle 10 .
- the detection takes place with scan points 22 in a scan plane 24 in that laser pulses are emitted in the scan plane 24 and reflections of the emitted laser pulses are received in the scan plane 24 .
- the scan points 22 are spanned by the received reflections of the emitted laser pulses in the scan plane 24.
- the scan plane 24 is spanned by the emitted laser pulses and the received reflections.
- the laser pulses are emitted with a uniform angular spacing.
- intensities 26 of the received reflections can be determined with the LiDAR-based environment sensor 14 .
- Corresponding LiDAR-based environmental sensors 14 are known as such.
- Optical camera 15 is also designed to capture surroundings 20 of vehicle 10 .
- the detection takes place in a known manner based on a dot matrix with individual image points, which are also referred to as pixels and each include brightness information and/or color information.
- the control unit 16 includes a processor and a memory to execute a program for performing an assistance function of the driving assistance system 12 .
- the control unit 16 controls the LiDAR-based surroundings sensor 14 and/or the optical camera 15 and receives and processes sensor information provided by the LiDAR-based surroundings sensor 14 and/or by the optical camera 15 .
- the data connection 18 is designed, for example, in the manner of a bus system that is customary in the automotive sector.
- Various bus systems such as CAN, FlexRay, LON or others are known in this context.
- the method is carried out, for example, with the calibration object 32, which is shown in FIGS. 2 and 4 and additionally in a detail in FIG.
- the calibration object 32 includes three elongated individual objects 28, 30 in one plane are arranged.
- the individual objects 28, 30 include two first individual objects 28, which are each arranged perpendicularly and thus parallel to one another, and a second individual object 30, which extends diagonally between the two first individual objects 28.
- the calibration object 32 is designed as a calibration table, on which the individual objects 28, 30 are formed by applying a coating with a high level of reflectivity.
- Each of the individual objects 28, 30 has a uniform extension transversely to its longitudinal direction, ie the individual objects 28, 30 each have a constant width. In the case of the calibration object 32 shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, the individual objects 28, 30 are not in contact.
- the calibration object 32 is positioned in such a way that the scan plane 24 intersects all of the individual objects 28, 30 thereof, as shown in FIGS.
- step S100 the method starts with positioning a calibration object 32 in each case at three different calibration positions.
- the three calibration objects 32 are positioned in such a way that the calibration objects 32 can be detected simultaneously both by the LiDAR-based environmental sensor 14 and by the optical camera 15 .
- the positioning takes place relative to the vehicle 10 or the LiDAR-based environmental sensor 14 and the optical camera 15.
- Step S110 relates to determining a vertical position h of the calibration object 32 for three different calibration positions.
- the vertical positions of the three calibration objects 32 are determined at the same time for the three different calibration positions, i.e. based on a simple scan of the scan plane 24.
- the vertical position h is shown, for example, in Figure 2 and can in principle be defined in a vertical direction upwards or downwards .
- Step S120 relates to determining a horizontal position of the three calibration objects 32 in the scanning plane 24 of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor 14 for the three different calibration positions. Determining the horizontal positions of the three calibration objects 32 takes place simultaneously for the three different calibration positions, i.e. based on a simple scan of the scan plane 24.
- Determining the horizontal position of the three calibration objects 32 in the scan plane 24 of the LiDAR-based environment sensor 14 is based on the detection of the environment 20 in steps S300 to S340 discussed below. No re-acquisition of the environment 20 is required.
- the calibration objects 32 are designed as calibration panels.
- the horizontal position of the respective calibration object 32 in the scanning plane 24 can thus be determined based on positions of the first individual objects 28 of the calibration object 32 or also based on a position of the calibration panel itself.
- the position of the calibration object 32 can be completely determined based on a distance from the calibration object 32, which results directly from the propagation time of the reflection received with the LiDAR-based environmental sensor 14.
- Step S130 relates to determining a vertical and horizontal reference position of the respective calibration object 32 for the three calibration positions.
- Determining a vertical and horizontal reference position of the at least one calibration object 32 includes determining the vertical and horizontal reference position of the respective calibration object 32 with the optical camera 15.
- the vertical and horizontal reference positions are determined based on the corresponding calibration positions.
- the reference positions are thus obtained by positioning the calibration objects 32 at the specified vertical and horizontal reference positions.
- the vehicle 10 is positioned accordingly using the LiDAR-based surroundings sensor 14.
- Step S140 relates to converting the determined vertical and horizontal positions h of the corresponding calibration object 32 from a LiDAR-based coordinate system into a reference coordinate system with the vertical and horizontal reference positions of the respective calibration object 32, or converting the vertical and horizontal reference positions of the corresponding calibration object 32 from one Reference coordinate system to a LiDAR-based coordinate system with the determined vertical and horizontal positions h of the respective calibration object 32 .
- the LiDAR-based coordinate system is a coordinate system related to the LiDAR-based environmental sensor 14 .
- the reference coordinate system is a coordinate system of the optical camera 15.
- the coordinate systems have an origin on the vehicle 10.
- a transformation is carried out between the 2D information of the optical camera 15 and the reference coordinate system in order to generate three-dimensional information based on the two-dimensional information of the optical camera 15 provide, or vice versa.
- Step S150 relates to calibrating the LiDAR-based environment sensor 14 based on the determined vertical and horizontal positions h and the vertical and horizontal reference positions of the calibration object 32 for the three different calibration positions.
- the LiDAR-based environmental sensor 14 is calibrated based on the determined vertical and horizontal positions h and the vertical and horizontal reference positions of the calibration object 3 for the three different calibration positions.
- the position and alignment of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor 14 can be adequately defined by the three different calibration positions. Based on the deviations between the determined vertical and horizontal positions h of the calibration object 32 and the associated vertical and horizontal reference positions, an image is determined in order to carry out the calibration.
- the distances between the determined vertical and horizontal positions h and the vertical and horizontal reference positions for the three calibration positions are minimized. Minimizing the distances can be done in different ways.
- a transformation is sought which transforms the vertical and horizontal positions h and the vertical and horizontal reference positions of the calibration object 32 for the three different calibration positions into the reference coordinate system. All degrees of freedom of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor 14 relative to the optical camera 15 can be calibrated based on the determined positions of the three calibration objects 32 .
- the method for determining the vertical position h of a respective calibration object 32 which comprises at least three elongated individual objects 28, 30 that are arranged in one plane, is also described below, with two first individual objects 28 being arranged parallel to one another and a second individual object 30 being located between the two first individual objects 28 is described in detail with a scanning plane 24 of the LiDAR-based environment sensor 14 according to step S110 above.
- the method begins in step S200 with the positioning of the respective calibration object 32 in the scan plane 24 of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor 14. As a result, the scan plane 24 intersects the individual objects 28, 30 of the respective calibration object 32.
- Step S210 relates to determining the positions of the respective individual objects 28, 30 in the scanning plane 24 of the LiDAR-based surroundings sensor 14 with the LiDAR-based surroundings sensor 14.
- Step S220 relates to determining the vertical position h of the calibration object 32 based on the positions of the individual objects 28, 30 in the scanning plane 24 of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor 14.
- the vertical position h of the respective calibration object 32 is initially determined as a relative position. From this, an absolute vertical position h can be determined during the subsequent calibration using the reference position of the calibration object 32 .
- distances a, b between the individual objects 28, 30 in the scan plane 24 are determined.
- the determination is based on geometric relationships depending on the respective calibration object 32.
- the vertical position h of the calibration object 32 can thus be determined using the theorem of rays.
- the vertical Position h of the calibration object 32 can be reliably determined based on known or determined values.
- the height h Ta fei of the calibration object 32 is predetermined.
- the height h Ta fei of the calibration object 32 can correspond to the extent of the physical calibration object 32 or to a height that is defined by the arrangement of the individual objects 28, 30.
- “virtual” intersections of the individual objects 28, 30 define the dimensions under consideration and thus the height h Ta f ei of the calibration object 32.
- step S210 for determining a position of individual objects 28, 30 in the scan plane 24 of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor 14 and for obliterating a calibration object 32 with the individual objects 28, 30 for calibrating the LiDAR-based environmental sensor 14 is described in detail.
- step S300 which includes emitting a plurality of laser pulses 22 in the scan plane 24 of the LiDAR-based environmental sensor 14.
- the emitted laser pulses each have the same pulse intensity, with one laser pulse being emitted at a time by the LiDAR-based environmental sensor 14 in this exemplary embodiment.
- Step S310 relates to receiving reflections of the emitted laser pulses from the scan plane 24.
- the reflections are received by the LiDAR-based surroundings sensor 14.
- Receiving the reflections of the emitted laser pulses from the scan plane 24 includes a runtime detection from the emission of the laser pulses to the receipt of the corresponding reflections, so that for each scan point 22 distance information for the reflection of the emitted laser pulse is determined.
- Step S320 relates to determining the intensities 26 of the received reflections.
- the intensities 26 of the received reflections are determined as an integral step when the reflections of the emitted laser pulses are received from the scan plane 26 in step S110.
- Step S330 relates to determining reflections belonging to the respective individual object 28, 30. Scanning points 22 can thus be assigned to the individual object 28, 30 for further processing.
- Reflections belonging to the individual object 28, 30 are initially determined based on the propagation times of the received reflections. As a result, reflections from the calibration object 32 can be identified on the basis of their identical propagation times. A group of adjacent reflections from the scan plane 24 is thus determined as belonging to the respective individual object 28, 30 if these reflections have the same transit time and if these reflections have a different transit time compared to neighboring reflections.
- the intensities 26 of the received reflections in the area of the calibration object 32 are compared. Due to the high reflectivity, reflections on the individual objects 28, 30 have an increased intensity 26 compared to reflections from other areas of the calibration object 32. Adjacent reflections of increased intensities 26 are therefore assigned to the respective individual object 28, 32 together. This includes scan points 26 at the edges of the respective individual objects 28, 30, where the laser pulses only partially impinge on the respective individual object 28, 30 and their intensity is therefore increased compared to reflections that do not originate from the respective individual objects 28, 30.
- Step S340 relates to determining the position 38 of the respective individual object 28, 30 based on the intensities 26 of the received reflections belonging to the individual object 28, 30.
- a profile 34 of the intensity 26 is determined over the received reflections belonging to the individual object 28, 30.
- the curve 34 of the intensity 26 is based on the individual object 28, 30 belonging to it Reflections interpolated. Various mathematical methods of interpolation are known per se to those skilled in the art and can be used.
- the curves 34 of the intensity 26 are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 for the calibration object 32 used here.
- the curves 24 of the intensity 26 each have a maximum 36 (peak).
- the maximum 36 of the determined profile 34 of the intensity 26 indicates the position 38 of the respective individual object 28, 30.
- the position of the calibration object 32 can be determined, as shown in FIG. 2 by way of example. There is a relationship between the vertical position h of an intersection point 40 of the scan plane 24 with the second individual object 30 and the distances a, b between the positions 38 of the individual objects 28, 30.
- the method can be carried out using the calibration object 32 shown in FIG. 6, which is not designed as a calibration panel.
- the calibration object 32 is designed with a three-dimensional structure, which is formed by the individual objects 28, 30.
- the reflections belonging to the individual object 28, 30 are determined while simultaneously taking into account the propagation times of the reflections and their intensities 26.
- a prior determination of reflections belonging to the calibration table can be omitted.
- the elongate individual objects 28, 30 can, for example, be in the form of beams or strips and can be arranged together. Additionally or alternatively, the calibration object 32 can have a frame structure or a support structure on which the individual objects 28, 30 are held to form the calibration object 32.
- the frame structure or support structure is designed with small dimensions compared to the individual objects 28 , 30 .
- the second individual object 30 is connected at its ends to one end of each of the first individual objects 28 .
- the orientation of the second individual object 30 in the case of the calibration object 32 in FIG. 6 is reversed compared to the calibration object 32 in FIGS.
- the calibration objects 32 of FIGS. 2 and 6 can be used as an alternative to carrying out the method described above.
- the method described above is preferably carried out with a calibration object 32 that is shown in FIG.
- the calibration object 32 shown in FIG. 5 also includes three elongated individual objects 28, 30 which are arranged in one plane. Two first individual objects 28 are arranged parallel to one another, and a second individual object 30 extends between the two first individual objects 28.
- the intersection angles a are each set to about 45° here, so that they differ from the expected scan plane 24 .
- the individual objects 28, 30 are connected to one another at their ends.
- the calibration object 32 from FIG. 5 is also designed as a calibration panel.
- the individual objects 28, 30 are formed on the calibration table by a surface with a high reflectivity for emitted laser pulses.
- FIG. 7 shows a further calibration object 32.
- the calibration object 32 also includes three elongated individual objects 28, 30 which are arranged in one plane. Two first individual objects 28 are arranged parallel to one another, and a second individual object 30 extends between the two first individual objects 28.
- the calibration object 32 from Figure 7 is designed with the individual objects in an Fl-shape formed similarly to the calibration object 32 from FIG.
- the fleas h Ta fei of the calibration object 32 results from the intersections of the individual objects 28, 30, so that the fleas h Ta fei in this case is smaller than the extent of the physical calibration object 32.
- optical camera 15 other environment sensor, optical camera
- intersection point a intersection angle h vertical position h board fleas (calibration object) a distance b distance
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- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
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- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102021111014.9A DE102021111014A1 (de) | 2021-04-29 | 2021-04-29 | Bestimmung einer vertikalen Position eines Kalibrierobjekts mit einem LiDAR-basierten Umgebungssensor und Kalibrierung eines LiDAR-basierten Umgebungssensors mit einer Scanebene |
| PCT/EP2022/060834 WO2022229062A1 (de) | 2021-04-29 | 2022-04-25 | Bestimmung einer vertikalen position eines kalibrierobjekts mit einem lidar-basierten umgebungssensor und kalibrierung eines lidar-basierten umgebungssensors mit einer scanebene |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4330717A1 true EP4330717A1 (de) | 2024-03-06 |
Family
ID=81846222
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22725415.8A Withdrawn EP4330717A1 (de) | 2021-04-29 | 2022-04-25 | Bestimmung einer vertikalen position eines kalibrierobjekts mit einem lidar-basierten umgebungssensor und kalibrierung eines lidar-basierten umgebungssensors mit einer scanebene |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4330717A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102021111014A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2022229062A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1584946A3 (de) * | 2004-04-02 | 2006-03-22 | Omron Corporation | Verfahren zur Ausrichtung von optischen Sensoren |
| DE102004033114A1 (de) * | 2004-07-08 | 2006-01-26 | Ibeo Automobile Sensor Gmbh | Verfahren zur Kalibrierung eines Abstandsbildsensors |
| JP2009168472A (ja) * | 2008-01-10 | 2009-07-30 | Zenrin Co Ltd | レーザースキャナのキャリブレーション装置及びキャリブレーション方法 |
| DE102010062696A1 (de) | 2010-12-09 | 2012-06-14 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Kalibrieren und Justieren eines Fahrzeug-Umfeldsensors. |
| DE102015118874A1 (de) | 2015-11-04 | 2017-05-04 | Valeo Schalter Und Sensoren Gmbh | Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Sensorsystems eines Kraftfahrzeugs, Fahrerassistenzsystem und System zum Kalibrieren eines Sensorsystems eines Kraftfahrzeugs |
| DE102017212002B4 (de) * | 2017-07-13 | 2025-08-21 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren und Anordnung zur Bestimmung der Ausrichtung eines stationären Laserscanners |
| US11435456B2 (en) * | 2017-12-28 | 2022-09-06 | Lyft, Inc. | Sensor calibration facility |
-
2021
- 2021-04-29 DE DE102021111014.9A patent/DE102021111014A1/de active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-04-25 WO PCT/EP2022/060834 patent/WO2022229062A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2022-04-25 EP EP22725415.8A patent/EP4330717A1/de not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2022229062A1 (de) | 2022-11-03 |
| DE102021111014A1 (de) | 2022-11-03 |
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