EP4288439A1 - Ionic plastic crystals, compositions comprising same, methods for manufacturing same and uses thereof - Google Patents
Ionic plastic crystals, compositions comprising same, methods for manufacturing same and uses thereofInfo
- Publication number
- EP4288439A1 EP4288439A1 EP22748768.3A EP22748768A EP4288439A1 EP 4288439 A1 EP4288439 A1 EP 4288439A1 EP 22748768 A EP22748768 A EP 22748768A EP 4288439 A1 EP4288439 A1 EP 4288439A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- plastic crystal
- ionic
- ionic plastic
- lithium
- group
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 435
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 267
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 187
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Guanidine Chemical compound NC(N)=N ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 146
- 239000004032 superbase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 112
- 150000007525 superbases Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methyl-guanidine Natural products CNC(N)=N CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylaminoamidine Natural products CN(C)C(N)=N SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 150000001409 amidines Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- GKTNLYAAZKKMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[bis(dimethylamino)phosphinimyl]-n-methylmethanamine Chemical compound CN(C)P(=N)(N(C)C)N(C)C GKTNLYAAZKKMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- -1 phosphazene superbase Chemical class 0.000 claims description 123
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 96
- GQHTUMJGOHRCHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-octahydropyrimido[1,2-a]azepine Chemical compound C1CCCCN2CCCN=C21 GQHTUMJGOHRCHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 86
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 77
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 75
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 69
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 68
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 61
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 61
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 55
- 238000006884 silylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 55
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 53
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 52
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 48
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000011262 electrochemically active material Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 41
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 41
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 38
- 125000005250 alkyl acrylate group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 31
- OEBXWWBYZJNKRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydropyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine Chemical compound C1CCN=C2N(C)CCCN21 OEBXWWBYZJNKRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 29
- VSCBATMPTLKTOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-tert-butylimino-n,n-diethyl-1,3-dimethyl-1,3,2$l^{5}-diazaphosphinan-2-amine Chemical compound CCN(CC)P1(=NC(C)(C)C)N(C)CCCN1C VSCBATMPTLKTOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical group CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000007606 doctor blade method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000006832 (C1-C10) alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000005529 alkyleneoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000000732 arylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000002993 cycloalkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000006588 heterocycloalkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010954 inorganic particle Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical group C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000007755 gap coating Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- BCNZYOJHNLTNEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride Chemical compound CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)Cl BCNZYOJHNLTNEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- PVNUIRUAPVSSOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylimino(tripyrrolidin-1-yl)-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound C1CCCN1P(N1CCCC1)(=NC(C)(C)C)N1CCCC1 PVNUIRUAPVSSOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- DCFKHNIGBAHNSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro(triethyl)silane Chemical compound CC[Si](Cl)(CC)CC DCFKHNIGBAHNSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000005549 heteroarylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002227 LISICON Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910001420 alkaline earth metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)Cl IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- KQIADDMXRMTWHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro-tri(propan-2-yl)silane Chemical compound CC(C)[Si](Cl)(C(C)C)C(C)C KQIADDMXRMTWHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical group CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000007614 solvation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- YOYAIZYFCNQIRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1C#N YOYAIZYFCNQIRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- VHYFNPMBLIVWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Dimethylaminopyridine Chemical group CN(C)C1=CC=NC=C1 VHYFNPMBLIVWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+/-)-1,3-Butanediol Chemical compound CC(O)CCO PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002228 NASICON Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- OWBTYPJTUOEWEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-2,3-diol Chemical compound CC(O)C(C)O OWBTYPJTUOEWEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000003808 silyl group Chemical group [H][Si]([H])([H])[*] 0.000 claims description 7
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000000008 (C1-C10) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CC(C)(C)O SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910013075 LiBF Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- XCOBLONWWXQEBS-KPKJPENVSA-N N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O\C(C(F)(F)F)=N\[Si](C)(C)C XCOBLONWWXQEBS-KPKJPENVSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- MSPCIZMDDUQPGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)N(C)C(=O)C(F)(F)F MSPCIZMDDUQPGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- YKFRUJSEPGHZFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-trimethylsilylimidazole Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)N1C=CN=C1 YKFRUJSEPGHZFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCCCCO WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- OSBPGFIPLLCQMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro-diethyl-propan-2-ylsilane Chemical compound CC[Si](Cl)(CC)C(C)C OSBPGFIPLLCQMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IGILRSKEFZLPKG-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;difluorophosphinate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]P(F)(F)=O IGILRSKEFZLPKG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- QHUOBLDKFGCVCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methyl-n-trimethylsilylacetamide Chemical compound CC(=O)N(C)[Si](C)(C)C QHUOBLDKFGCVCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002627 poly(phosphazenes) Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCCCO YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009281 ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- MBVGJZDLUQNERS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(trifluoromethyl)-1h-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=NC(C#N)=C(C#N)N1 MBVGJZDLUQNERS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001463 metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- KTQDYGVEEFGIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-fluorosulfonylsulfamoyl fluoride Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)NS(F)(=O)=O KTQDYGVEEFGIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001610 polycaprolactone Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- BSFLBLPKMFBUKI-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium 4,5-dicyanotriazole-4-carboxylate Chemical compound C(#N)C1(N=NN=C1C#N)C(=O)[O-].[Li+] BSFLBLPKMFBUKI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001208 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012038 nucleophile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007764 slot die coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- PNGLEYLFMHGIQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;3-(n-ethyl-3-methoxyanilino)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)CC(O)CN(CC)C1=CC=CC(OC)=C1 PNGLEYLFMHGIQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004665 trialkylsilyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical class [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
- C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D519/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing more than one system of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system not provided for in groups C07D453/00 or C07D455/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
- C07F7/18—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages as well as one or more C—O—Si linkages
- C07F7/1804—Compounds having Si-O-C linkages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
- C07F9/22—Amides of acids of phosphorus
- C07F9/224—Phosphorus triamides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07F9/572—Five-membered rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/6581—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and nitrogen atoms with or without oxygen or sulfur atoms, as ring hetero atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K9/00—Tenebrescent materials, i.e. materials for which the range of wavelengths for energy absorption is changed as a result of excitation by some form of energy
- C09K9/02—Organic tenebrescent materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/54—Organic compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/26—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features
- H01G11/28—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features arranged or disposed on a current collector; Layers or phases between electrodes and current collectors, e.g. adhesives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/46—Metal oxides
-
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Definitions
- the present application relates to the field of ionic plastic crystals and their use in electrochemical applications. More particularly, the present application relates to the field of ionic plastic crystals, compositions comprising them, their manufacturing processes and their uses as solid-state electrolyte in electrochemical cells, electrochromic devices, supercapacitors, accumulators electrochemical and, in particular, in so-called all-solid-state batteries.
- plastic crystal-based ion conductors have significant advantages over conventional solid electrolyte materials, including high flexibility and plasticity, non-flammability, exceptional ionic conductivity , as well as good thermal and electrochemical properties.
- the present technology relates to an ionic plastic crystal comprising at least one delocalized anion paired with at least one cation derived from an organic superbase guanidine, amidine or phosphazene.
- said ionic plastic crystal is a multicationic ionic plastic crystal comprising at least two paired delocalized anions with at least two cations derived from an organic superbase guanidine, amidine or phosphazene.
- the delocalized anion is chosen from the group consisting of trifluoromethanesulfonate (or triflate) [TfO]-, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [TFSI] anions; bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide [FSI]; 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazolate [TDI]-, hexafluorophosphate [PF 6 ]- and tetrafluoroborate [BF4]-.
- the delocalized anion is [TFSI]-.
- the delocalized anion is [FSI]-.
- the guanidine, amidine or phosphazene organic superbase is chosen from the group consisting of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.
- DBU 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
- DBN non-5-ene
- MTBD 7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene
- BEMP 2-tert-butylimino-2-diethylamino-1, 3-dimethylperhydro-1,3,2-diazaphosphorine
- BTPP tert-butylimino-tri(pyrrolidino)phosphorane
- Pi-t-Bu tert-butylimino-tris(dimethylamino)phosphorane
- the cation is chosen from the group consisting of cations derived from the organic superbases amidines, guanidines or phosphazenes of Formulas 2 to 8:
- the ionic plastic crystal is a monocationic ionic plastic crystal and R 1 is a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched substituent chosen from a C 1 - C 10 alkyl-acrylate, a C 1 - C 10 alkyl- methacrylate, carbonylamino-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate, carbonylamino-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate, carbonyloxy-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate and carbonyloxy-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate; or the ionic plastic crystal is a multicationic ionic plastic crystal and R 1 is an optionally substituted organic bridging group separating at least two of the cations and is chosen from a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkylene, a C 1 - C 10 alkyleneoxyC 1 -C 10 linear or branched alkylene, a poly(C 1 -C 10 alkyl
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom and the ionic plastic crystal is a protic ionic plastic crystal.
- R 1 is a linear or branched substituent selected from a C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate, a C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate, a carbonylamino-C 1 - C 10 alkyl-methacrylate and a carbonylamino-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate
- the ionic plastic crystal is a cross-linked ionic plastic crystal.
- said ionic plastic crystal is chosen from ionic plastic crystals of Formulas 10 to 16:
- X' is a delocalized anion selected from the group consisting of the anions [TfO]-, [TFSI]-, [FSI]; [TDI]-, [PF 6 ]- and [BF 4 ]; and the ionic plastic crystal is a monocationic ionic plastic crystal and R 1 is a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched substituent selected from a C 1 - C 10 alkyl-acrylate, a C 1 - C 10 alkyl-methacrylate, a carbonylamino -C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate, a carbonylamino-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate, a carbonyloxy-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate and a carbonyloxy-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate; or the ionic plastic crystal is a multicationic ionic plastic crystal and R 1 is an optionally substituted organic bridging group separating at least two
- the delocalized anion is chosen from the group consisting of the anions [TFSI]- and [FSI]-, and preferably [FSI]-.
- the present technology relates to an ionic plastic crystal composition
- an ionic plastic crystal composition comprising at least one ionic plastic crystal as defined herein and at least one additional component and/or at least one polymer.
- the additional component is chosen from the group consisting of solvents, ionic conductors, inorganic particles, glass particles, ceramic particles, plasticizers and a combination of at least two of these.
- the inorganic particle comprises a compound having a garnet, NASICON, LISICON, thio-LISICON, LIPON, perovskite, anti-perovskite, argyrodite type structure, or comprises an MPS, MPSO, MPSX, M - PSOX (where M is an alkali or alkaline-earth metal, and X is F, Cl, Br, I or a combination of at least two of these) in crystalline, amorphous and/or glass-ceramic form, or a mixture at least two of these.
- the inorganic particle comprises at least one of the following compounds: MLZO (for example, M 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , M (7-a) La 3 Zr 2 Al b O 12 , M (7-a) La 3 Zr 2 Ga b O 12 , M (7-a) La 3 Zr (2-b) Ta b O 12 and M (7-a) La 3 Zr (2-b) Nb b O 12 ); MLTaO (for example, M 7 La 3 Ta 2 O 12 , M 5 La 3 Ta 2 O 12 and M 6 La 3 Ta 1.5 Y 0.5 O 12 ); MLSnO (for example, M 7 La 3 Sn 2 O 12 ); MAGP (for example, M 1+a Al a Ge 2 - a (PO 4 ) 3 ); MATP (for example, M 1+a Al a Ti 2-a (PO 4 ) 3 ,); MLTiO (e.g., M 3a La (2/3-a) TiO 3 ); MZP (for example, M 7 La 3
- M is an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion or a combination thereof, and wherein when M comprises an alkaline earth metal ion, then the number of M is adjusted to achieve electroneutrality;
- X is selected from F, Cl, Br, I or a combination thereof; a, b, c, d, e and f are numbers other than zero and are independently in each formula selected to achieve electroneutrality; and v, w, x, y and z are non-zero numbers and are independently in each formula selected to yield a stable compound.
- the inorganic particle is a ceramic or glass-ceramic.
- ceramic or glass-ceramic is a ceramic based on oxide, sulphide, oxysulphide, or a combination of at least two of these.
- the sulphide-based ceramic is chosen from among Li 10 G e P 2 S 12 , Li 6 PS 5 CI, Li 6 S— P 2 S 5 , Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li 9.54 Si 1 , 74 P 1.44 S 11 , 7 Cl 0.3 , Li 9.6 P 3 S 12 and Li 3.25 P 0.95 S 4 .
- the sulfide-based ceramic is Li 6 PS 5 CI.
- the ceramic or glass-ceramic is present in said ionic plastic crystal composition at a concentration of at least 50% by weight.
- the ceramic or glass-ceramic is present in said ionic plastic crystal composition at a concentration ranging from about 50% by weight to about 95% by weight, or from about 55% by weight to about 95% by weight, or ranging from about 60% by weight and about 95% by weight, or ranging from about 65% by weight to about 95% by weight, or ranging from about 70% by weight to about 95 % by weight, or ranging from about 75% by weight to about 95% by weight, or ranging from about 80% by weight to about 95% by weight, or ranging from about 85% by weight to about 95% by weight, or ranging from about 90% by weight to about 95% by weight, upper and lower limits included.
- the ceramic or glass-ceramic is present in said composition of ionic plastic crystal at a concentration of approximately 90% by weight.
- the plastic crystal is present in said ionic plastic crystal composition at a concentration of approximately 10% by weight.
- the inorganic particle is a filling additive chosen from the group consisting of particles or nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), alumina (Al2O 3 ) and silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) .
- the polymer is linear or branched.
- the polymer is cross-linked.
- the polymer is present in said ionic plastic crystal composition at a concentration of at least 10% by weight.
- the polymer is present in said ionic plastic crystal composition at a concentration in the range of from about 5% by weight to about 45% by weight, or from about 10% by weight to about 45% by weight, or ranging from about 15% by weight to about 45% by weight, or ranging from about 20% by weight to about 45% by weight, or ranging from about 25% by weight to about 45% by weight .
- % or ranging from approximately 30% by weight to approximately 45% by weight, or ranging from approximately 35% by weight to approximately 45% by weight, or ranging from approximately 40% by weight to approximately 45% by weight, upper and lower limits included.
- the polymer is a polyether type polymer.
- the polyether type polymer is a polymer based on poly(ethylene oxide) (POE).
- the polymer is a block copolymer composed of at least one lithium ion solvation segment and optionally of at least one crosslinkable segment, the lithium ion solvation segment being chosen from homo - or copolymers having repeating units of Formula 32: in which,
- R 3 is chosen from a hydrogen atom, a C 1 -C 10 alkyl group or a -(CH2-OR 4 R 5 ) group;
- R 4 is (CH 2 -CH 2 -O) m ;
- R 5 is chosen from a hydrogen atom and a C 1 -C 10 alkyl group; y is an integer selected from the range 10 to 200,000; and m is an integer selected from the range of 0 to 10.
- the crosslinkable segment of the copolymer is a polymer segment comprising at least one functional group crosslinkable in a multidimensional manner by irradiation or heat treatment.
- said ionic plastic crystal composition is an electrolyte composition based on ionic plastic crystal.
- the present technology relates to a binder comprising an ionic plastic crystal composition as herein defined.
- the present technology relates to an electrochemical cell comprising an ionic plastic crystal composition as herein defined.
- the present technology relates to a supercapacitor comprising an ionic plastic crystal composition as herein defined.
- said supercapacitor is a carbon-carbon supercapacitor.
- the present technology relates to an electrochromic material comprising an ionic plastic crystal composition as herein defined.
- the present technology relates to a solid electrolyte composition
- a solid electrolyte composition comprising an ionic plastic crystal as herein defined or an ionic plastic crystal composition as herein defined and at least one salt or at least one additional component.
- the salt is an ionic salt.
- the ionic salt is selected from a lithium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a calcium salt and a magnesium salt, and preferably the ionic salt is a lithium salt.
- the lithium salt is chosen from the group consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI ), from
- the additional component is selected from the group consisting of ionically conductive materials, inorganic particles, glass particles, ceramic particles, plasticizers, other similar components, and a combination of at least two of these.
- the ceramic particles are nanoceramics.
- the additional component is chosen from compounds of the NASICON, LISICON, thio-LiSICON type, garnets, in crystalline and/or amorphous form, and a combination of at least two of these.
- the present technology relates to a solid electrolyte comprising a solid electrolyte composition as defined herein, in which said solid electrolyte is optionally cross-linked.
- the present technology relates to a solid electrolyte comprising an ionic plastic crystal as defined here, in which said solid electrolyte is optionally crosslinked.
- the present technology relates to an electrode material comprising an electrochemically active material and an ionic plastic crystal composition as herein defined, in which said ionic plastic crystal composition is optionally crosslinked.
- the present technology relates to an electrochemically active material and an ionic plastic crystal as defined here in which said ionic plastic crystal is optionally cross-linked.
- the ionic plastic crystal the ionic plastic crystal composition is a binder.
- the electrochemically active material is in the form of particles.
- the electrochemically active material is selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, metal and lithium oxides, metal phosphates, lithium metal phosphates, titanates, lithium titanates, metal fluorophosphates, metal lithium fluorophosphates, metal oxyfluorophosphates, metal lithium oxyfluorophosphates, metal sulphates, metal and lithium sulphates, metal halides (for example, metal fluorides), metal and lithium halides (for example, metal and lithium fluorides), sulfur, selenium and a combination of at least two of these.
- the metal of the electrochemically active material is selected from the group consisting of titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni) , cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), zinc (Zn), niobium (Nb) and a combination of at least two of these.
- said electrode material further comprises at least one electronically conductive material.
- the electronic conductive material is selected from carbon black, acetylene black, graphite, graphene, carbon fibers, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes and a combination of at least two of these. According to a variant of interest, the electronic conductive material is acetylene black.
- said electrode material has an electrochemically active material to ionic plastic crystal ratio of less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3, and preferably less than about 4.
- said electrode material has a porosity of less than about 8%, or less than about 7%, or less than about 6%, or less than about 5%, or less than about 4%, or less to about 3%, or less than about 2%, or less than about 1%, and preferably less than about 5%.
- the present technology relates to an electrode comprising an electrode material as herein defined on a current collector.
- the present technology relates to an electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the negative electrode, the positive electrode and the electrolyte comprises at least one ionic plastic crystal as defined here, in which said ionic plastic crystal is optionally cross-linked.
- the present technology relates to an electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the negative electrode, the positive electrode and the electrolyte comprises the composition of ionic plastic crystal as defined herein, wherein said ionic plastic crystal composition is optionally cross-linked.
- the present technology relates to an electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, in which at least one of the negative electrode and the positive electrode is as defined herein.
- the present technology relates to an electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode and a solid electrolyte as defined here.
- the present technology relates to an electrochemical accumulator comprising at least one electrochemical cell as defined here.
- said electrochemical accumulator is a battery chosen from among a lithium battery, a lithium-ion battery, a sodium battery, a sodium-ion battery, a magnesium battery and a magnesium-ion battery.
- the battery is a lithium battery or a lithium-ion battery.
- the present technology relates to a process for preparing an ionic plastic crystal as defined herein or an ionic plastic crystal composition as defined herein, the process comprising the following steps:
- the guanidine, amidine or phosphazene organic superbase is chosen from the group consisting of DBU, DBN, MTBD, BEMP, BTPP and Pi-t-Bu.
- the organic guanidine, amidine or phosphazene superbase is BEMP.
- the organic guanidine, amidine or phosphazene superbase is DBU.
- the ionic salt comprises a delocalized anion chosen from the group consisting of the anions [TfO]-, [TFSI]-, [FSI] [TDI]-, [PF 6 ]- and [BF4]-.
- the delocalized anion is [TFSI]-.
- the delocalized anion is [FSI]-.
- the ionic salt is an alkali or alkaline-earth metal salt.
- the alkali or alkaline earth metal salt is a lithium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a calcium salt or a magnesium salt, and preferably a lithium salt.
- steps (i) and (ii) are carried out sequentially, simultaneously or partially overlap in time with respect to each other.
- steps (i) and (ii) are carried out sequentially, and the step of reacting the organic superbase guanidine, amidine or phosphazene with the proton source is carried out before the step of reacting the complex including a protonated cation derived from an organic guanidine, amidine or phosphazene superbase and a counterion with the ionic salt.
- the organic superbase guanidine, amidine or phosphazene, the proton source and the ionic salt are mixed together and allowed to react.
- steps (i) and (ii) are carried out in the presence of a solvent.
- the solvent is selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, dimethyl carbonate, acetonitrile, ethanol and a miscible combination of at least two of these.
- the solvent is acetonitrile.
- the solvent is the source of protons in step (i).
- the source of protons of step (i) is a first source of protons and steps (i) and (ii) are carried out in the presence of a second source of protons.
- the second source of protons is an acid selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids (for example, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid and trifluoroacetic acid), p-toluenesulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid.
- steps (i) and (ii) are carried out in the presence of an activator and/or stabilizer and the method further comprises the formation of a stabilized intermediate ion-neutral complex.
- the activator and/or stabilizer is a bis-silylated compound of Formula 17:
- Z is a substituted or unsubstituted organic group chosen from a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkylene, a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyleneoxyC 1 -C 10 alkylene, a poly(C 1 -C 10 alkyleneoxy)C 1 -C 10 linear or branched alkylene, a linear or branched polyether, a linear or branched polycarbonate, a linear or branched polythiocarbonate, a linear or branched polyamide, a linear or branched polyimide, a linear or branched polyurethane, a linear or branched polysiloxane, a linear or branched thioether, a linear or branched polyphosphazene, a linear or branched polyester and a linear or branched polythioester; and
- R 2 is, independently and at each occurrence, selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an aryl group and an arylalkyl group.
- said method further comprises a step of preparing the bis-silylated compound of Formula 17.
- the step of preparing the bis-silylated compound of Formula 17 is carried out by a silylation reaction of a compound comprising at least two hydroxyl groups with a silylation reagent.
- the compound comprising at least two hydroxyl groups is chosen from the group consisting of glycerol, propane-1,3-diol, butane-1,4-diol, pentane-1,5-diol, hexane-1,6-diol, octane-1,8-diol, propane-1,2-diol, butane-1,2-diol, butane-2,3-diol, butane-1 ,3-diol, pentane-1,2-diol, etohexadiol, p-menthane-3,8-diol, 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol, polycaprolactone diol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, pentaethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorohexane-1
- the bis-silylated compound of Formula 17 is a bis-silylated diethylene glycol. According to another variant of interest, the bis-silylated compound of Formula 17 is a bis-silylated glycerol.
- the silylation reaction is carried out by a base-catalyzed silylation reaction and involves the replacement of an acidic or active hydrogen at a hydroxyl group with an (R 2 )3Si- group.
- the silylation reaction is carried out in the presence of a base.
- the base is 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
- the base is imidazole.
- the silylation reaction is carried out in the presence of an aprotic solvent.
- the aprotic solvent is dichloromethane.
- the aprotic solvent is tetrahydrofuran.
- the silylation reagent is selected from the group consisting of trialkylsilyl chloride, trimethylsilyl chloride (TMS-CI), triethylsilyl chloride (TES-CI), isopropyldimethylsilyl chloride (IPDMS-CI ), diethylisopropylsilyl chloride (DEIPS-CI), tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBDMS-CI or TBS-CI), tert-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride (TBDPS-CI or TPS-CI), triisopropylsilyl chloride (TIPS -CI), silyl ethers including nitrogen, N,O-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA), N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), N-(trimethylsilyl) dimethylamine (TMSDEA), N-(trimethylsilyl) dimethyl
- the silylation reagent is trimethylsilyl chloride (TMS-CI).
- the silylation reagent is tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBDMS-CI or TBS-CI).
- the silylating reagent is added in a -OH group to be derived: silyl group molar ratio of about 1:0.9.
- the silylating reagent is added in a -OH group to be derived: silyl group molar ratio of about 1:1.
- the silylation reagent is added in excess relative to the number of hydroxyl groups of the compound comprising at least two hydroxyl groups.
- the quantity of silylation reagent is comprised in the interval going from approximately 2 equivalents to approximately 5 equivalents per equivalent of the compound comprising at least two hydroxyl groups, upper and lower limits included.
- the amount of silylation reagent ranges from about 2 equivalents to about 4.5 equivalents, or from about 2 equivalents to about 4 equivalents, or from about 2 equivalents to about 3 75 equivalents, or ranging from approximately 2 equivalents to approximately 3.5 equivalents per equivalent of the compound comprising at least two hydroxyl groups, upper and lower limits included.
- the silylation reaction is carried out at room temperature.
- steps (i) and (ii) are performed at a temperature in the range of from about 20°C to about 200°C, upper and lower limits inclusive.
- steps (i) and (ii) are performed at a temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 80°C, or about 45°C to about 75°C, or ranging from about 50°C to about 70°C, or ranging from about 55°C to about 65°C, upper and lower limits included.
- steps (i) and (ii) are performed for at least 4 days.
- said method further comprises a purification step.
- the purification step is carried out by extraction, distillation or evaporation.
- said method further comprises a functionalization step.
- the functionalization step is carried out by a reaction between the -NH functional group of the protonated cation derived from the organic superbase guanidine, amidine or phosphazene and at least one precursor of a crosslinkable functional group.
- the crosslinkable functional group is chosen from the group consisting of C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate, C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate, carbonyloxy-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate, carbonyloxy-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate, carbonylamino-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate and carbonylamino-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate.
- said method further comprises a step of coating the ionic plastic crystal composition or a suspension comprising the ionic plastic crystal on a substrate.
- the coating step is carried out by at least a doctor blade coating method, a transfer gap coating method, a reverse transfer gap coating method, a printing method such as as etching, or a slot coating method.
- the coating step is carried out by at least one doctor blade coating method or one slot coating method.
- said method further comprises a step of drying the composition or suspension.
- the drying and coating steps are carried out simultaneously.
- said method further comprises a crosslinking step.
- the crosslinking step is carried out by UV irradiation, by heat treatment, by microwave irradiation, under an electron beam, by gamma irradiation, or by X-ray irradiation.
- the crosslinking step is carried out by UV irradiation, by heat treatment, or under an electron beam.
- the crosslinking step is carried out in the presence of a crosslinking agent, a thermal initiator, a photoinitiator, a catalyst, a plasticizing agent or a combination of at least least two of these.
- the photoinitiator is 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (Irgacure MC 651).
- the present technology relates to a stabilized intermediate ion-neutral complex obtained by the reaction of at least one cation derived from an organic superbase guanidine, amidine or phosphazene and at least one bis-silylated compound of Formula 17 :
- Z is a substituted or unsubstituted organic group chosen from a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkylene, a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyleneoxyC 1 -C 10 alkylene, a poly(C 1 -C 10 alkyleneoxy)C 1 -C 10 linear or branched alkylene, a linear or branched polyether, a linear or branched polycarbonate, a linear or branched polythiocarbonate, a linear or branched polyamide, a linear or branched polyimide, a linear or branched polyurethane, a linear or branched polysiloxane, a linear or branched thioether, a linear or branched polyphosphazene, a linear or branched polyester, and a linear or branched polythioester; and
- R 2 is, independently and at each occurrence, selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an aryl group and an arylalkyl group.
- the cation derived from an organic guanidine, amidine or phosphazene superbase is chosen from the group consisting of protonated 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene [H-DBU] + , Protonated 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene [H-DBN] + , protonated 7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene [H-MTBD ] + , protonated 2-tert-butylimino-2-diethylamino-1,3-dimethylperhydro-1,3,2-diazaphosphorine [H-BEMP] + , protonated tert-butylimino-tri(pyrrolidino)phosphorane [H-BTPP ] + and protonated tert-butyllimino-tris(dimethylamino)phosphorane [Pi-t-Bu] +
- said stabilized intermediate ion-neutral complex is of Formulas 25 to 31:
- X' is a delocalized anion selected from the group consisting of [TfO]-, [TFSI]-, [FSI]; [TDI]-, [PF 6 ]- and [BF 4 ]-.
- the present technology relates to a process for preparing an ionic plastic crystal as defined herein or an ionic plastic crystal composition as defined herein, the process comprising the following steps:
- the guanidine, amidine or phosphazene organic superbase is chosen from the group consisting of DBU, DBN, MTBD, BEMP, BTPP and Pi-t-Bu.
- the organic guanidine, amidine or phosphazene superbase is BEMP.
- the organic guanidine, amidine or phosphazene superbase is DBU.
- the bridging organic compound comprises the optionally substituted organic bridging group and at least two anionic leaving groups.
- the anionic leaving group is a halide.
- the halide is chosen from F; CI", Br" and I".
- the halide is Br".
- the optionally substituted organic bridging group and is chosen from the group consisting of a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkylene, a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyleneoxyC 1 -C 10 alkylene, a poly (C 1 -C 10 alkyleneoxy)C 1 - C 10 linear or branched alkylene, a linear or branched polyether, a linear or branched polyester, a Ce-C 12 arylene, a C 5 -C 12 heteroarylene, a C 3 -C 12 cycloalkylene and a C 3 -C 12 heterocycloalkylene.
- the organic bridging group is 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(bromomethyl)benzene.
- the ionic salt comprises a delocalized anion chosen from the group consisting of [TfO]-, [TFSI]", [FSI]", [TDI]", [PF 6 ]- and [BF4]- .
- the delocalized anion is [TFSI]-.
- the delocalized anion is [FSI]-.
- the ionic salt is an alkali or alkaline-earth metal salt.
- the alkali or alkaline earth metal salt is a lithium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a calcium salt or a magnesium salt.
- the alkali or alkaline-earth metal salt is a lithium salt.
- steps (i) and (ii) are carried out sequentially, simultaneously or partially overlapping in time with respect to each other.
- steps (i) and (ii) are carried out sequentially, and the step of reacting the organic superbase guanidine, amidine or phosphazene with the bridging organic compound is carried out before the step of reacting the multicationic complex with the ionic salt.
- the organic superbase guanidine, amidine or phosphazene, the bridging organic compound and the ionic salt are mixed together and allowed to react.
- steps (i) and (ii) are carried out in the presence of a solvent.
- the solvent is selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, dimethyl carbonate, acetonitrile, ethanol and a miscible combination of at least two of these.
- the solvent is dichloromethane.
- the step of reacting the organic superbase guanidine, amidine or phosphazene with the bridging organic compound is carried out in the presence of a base.
- the base is triethylamine (EtsN).
- steps (i) and (ii) are performed at room temperature.
- the step of reacting the organic superbase of guanidine, amidine or phosphazene with the bridging organic compound is carried out for about 4 days. In some embodiments, the step of reacting the multicationic complex with the ionic salt is carried out for about 3 days.
- said method further comprises a purification step.
- the purification step is carried out by extraction, distillation or evaporation.
- said method further comprising a step of coating the ionic plastic crystal composition or a suspension comprising the ionic plastic crystal onto a substrate.
- the coating step is carried out by at least a doctor blade coating method, a transfer gap coating method, a reverse transfer gap coating method, a printing method such as as etching, or a slot coating method.
- the coating step is carried out by at least one doctor blade coating method or one slot coating method.
- said method further comprising a step of drying the composition or the suspension.
- drying and coating steps are performed simultaneously.
- the present technology relates to a method of producing an electrode material as defined herein, the method comprising the following steps:
- the step of preparing a suspension of binder and carbon comprises dispersing the carbon in a binder composition.
- the method further comprises preparing the binder composition.
- the carbon includes carbon black. In some embodiments, the carbon includes carbon fibers formed in the gas phase.
- the binder composition comprises a binder and optionally a solvent and/or a carbon dispersing agent.
- the binder includes a fluoropolymer.
- the fluoropolymer is polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride or poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene).
- the fluorinated polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride.
- the solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
- the carbon dispersing agent is polyvinylpyrrolidone.
- the step of preparing the binder composition is carried out by mixing the binder with the solvent and/or the carbon dispersing agent.
- the mixing step is carried out by a roll milling process.
- the step of preparing the catholyte solution based on an ionic plastic crystal comprises diluting the ionic plastic crystal and an ionic salt in a solvent.
- the solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
- the step of preparing the suspension of ionic plastic crystals, binder and carbon comprises the gradual addition of the catholyte solution based on ionic plastic crystals to the suspension of binder and carbon.
- said method further comprises adding an electrochemically active material to the suspension of ionic plastic crystals, binder and carbon.
- the electrochemically active material is lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC).
- said method further comprises a step of coating the suspension of ionic plastic crystal, binder and carbon on a current collector to obtain an electrode film of ionic plastic crystal, binder and of carbon on a current collector.
- the coating step is performed by at least one of a doctor blade coating method, a transfer gap coating method, a reverse transfer gap coating method, a printing method such as gravure, or a slit coating method .
- the coating step is carried out by a doctor blade coating method.
- said method further comprises a step of drying the electrode film of ionic plastic crystal, binder and carbon.
- said method further comprises a step of calendering the electrode film of ionic plastic crystal, binder and carbon.
- the calendering step is performed by a roll pressing process.
- Figure 1 is a flowchart of a method of producing an electrode material according to one embodiment.
- Figure 2 is a flowchart of a method of producing an electrode according to one embodiment.
- Figure 3 is a proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectrum obtained for 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), as described in Example 1 (b) .
- FIG. 4 is a carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C-NMR) spectrum obtained for Plastic Crystal 1, as described in Example 1(b).
- FIG. 5 is a fluorine 19 nuclear magnetic resonance ( 19 F NMR) spectrum obtained for Plastic Crystal 1, as described in Example 1(b).
- FIG. 6 is a lithium nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum 7 (NMR 7 Li) obtained for Plastic Crystal 1, as described in Example 1(b).
- Figure 7 shows mass spectra obtained by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (HPLC TOF-MS) with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source respectively in (A) in negative mode (ESI ⁇ ), and in (B) in positive mode (ESI + ) for Plastic Crystal 1, as described in Example 1(b).
- Figure 8 shows the results of the analysis by differential scanning calorimetry obtained for Plastic Crystal 1, as described in Example 1 (b).
- Figure 9 shows mass spectra obtained by HPLC TOF-MS with an ESI ionization source respectively in (A) in positive mode (ESI + ), and in (B) in negative mode (ESI-) for Crystal Plastic 11, as described in Example 1(b).
- Figure 10 shows the results of differential scanning calorimetry analysis obtained for Plastic Crystal 11, as described in Example 1(b).
- Figure 11 is a 1 H NMR spectrum obtained for Plastic Crystal 15 after post-functionalization, as described in Example 1(d).
- Figure 12 shows the results of differential scanning calorimetry analysis obtained for Plastic Crystal 15 after post-functionalization, as described in Example 1(d).
- Figure 13 shows the results of thermogravimetric analysis obtained for Plastic Crystal 15 after post-functionalization, as described in Example 1(d).
- Figure 14 shows the results of the differential scanning calorimetry analysis obtained for the Plastic Crystal 16 after post-functionalization, as described in Example 1 (d).
- Figure 15 is a graph showing the results of ionic conductivity (S.cm -1 ) as a function of temperature (1000/T, K -1 ) for a cell, as described in Example 1 (e).
- Figure 16 is a graph showing the results of ionic conductivity versus temperature for a cell as described in Example 1(e).
- Figure 17 is a graph showing the ionic conductivity results as a function of temperature for Cells 1 ( ⁇ ), 2 ( ⁇ ), 3 ( ⁇ ), 4 ( ⁇ ) and 5 as described in Example 2.
- Figure 18 is a graph showing ionic conductivity versus temperature results for Cells 6 (•), 7 (A), 8 (X), 9 ( ⁇ ), 10 ( ⁇ , solid line) and 11 ( ⁇ , dotted line), as described in Example 2.
- Figure 19 presents in (A) the numbering of the atoms for a protonated DBU and for a bis-silylated diethylene glycol derivative prepared in Example 1 (a), and respectively in (B) and (C) NMR spectra 1 H and 13 C NMR obtained for a stabilized intermediate ion-neutral complex, as described in Example 5.
- Figure 20 presents respectively in (A) and (B) 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectra obtained for the intermediate ion-neutral complex stabilized over a period of 3 weeks, as described in Example 5. results were obtained at the start of the experiment (blue), after 2 days (red), after 3 days (green), after 9 days (purple) and after 21 days (yellow).
- Figure 21 presents the 1 H NMR spectra obtained for the intermediate ion-neutral complex stabilized over a period of 3 weeks and were recorded in (A) between 3.99 ppm and 4.30 ppm, and in (B) between 6 ppm and 10.4 ppm, as described in Example 5. Results were obtained at the start of the experiment (blue), after 2 days (red), after 3 days (green), after 9 days (purple ) and after 21 days (yellow).
- Figure 22 shows mass spectra obtained by HPLC TOF-MS with an ESI ionization source respectively in (A) in positive mode (ESI + ), and in (B) in negative mode (ESI ) for Plastic Crystal 30, as described in Example 6(b).
- Figure 23 shows the results of differential scanning calorimetry analysis obtained for Plastic Crystal 30, as described in Example 6(b).
- Figure 24 is a 1 H NMR spectrum obtained for a tetracationic ionic plastic crystal, as described in Example 7(b).
- Figure 25 is a 19 F NMR spectrum obtained for the tetracationic ionic plastic crystal, as described in Example 7(b).
- Figure 26 is a graph of relaxation time versus temperature obtained for the tetracationic ionic plastic crystal as described in Example 7(b).
- Figure 27 shows images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for Electrode 1, as described in Example 8(a).
- Figure 28 shows photographs in (A) of the surface of a positive electrode based on a plastic crystal obtained by a conventional mixing method, and in (B) of the surface of Electrode 5, as described in Example 8(b).
- Figure 29 is a graph of discharge capacity (mAh/g) versus number of cycles for Cell 12, as described in Example 8(c).
- Figure 30 is a graph of current density and potential versus time for Cell 13, as described in Example 9.
- Figure 31 is a graph of current density and potential versus time for Cell 14, as described in Example 9.
- Figure 32 is a graph of current density and potential versus time for Cells 15 and 16, as described in Example 9.
- Figure 33 presents Arrhenius plots of the logarithm of the diffusion coefficient (D) as a function of 1/k B T showing the temperature dependence of the diffusion rates of CH 2 ( ), NH (X), FSI ( ⁇ ), TFSI (•), LATP (A) and Li + ( ⁇ ), as described in Example 10.
- process diagrams may be used to describe embodiments, the invention is not limited to these diagrams or the corresponding descriptions.
- all the figures do not contain all steps, reactants and/or products. Certain steps, reactants, and/or products may be found in a single figure, and steps, reactants, and/or products of the present disclosure that are shown in other figures may be readily inferred therefrom.
- alkyl refers to saturated hydrocarbons having between one and ten carbon atoms, including linear or branched alkyl groups.
- examples non-limiting alkyl groups can include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and so on.
- alkyl group is located between two functional groups, then the term alkyl also includes alkylene groups such as methylene, ethylene, propylene groups, and so on.
- the terms "C m -C n alkyl" and "C m -C n alkylene” respectively refer to an alkyl or alkylene group having the indicated number "m” to the indicated number "n” of carbon atoms.
- cycloalkyl or “cycloalkylene” as used herein denote a group comprising one or more saturated or partially unsaturated (non-aromatic) carbocyclic rings comprising from three to twelve members in a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, including spiro carbocycles (sharing one atom) or fused (sharing at least one bond) and may be optionally substituted.
- cycloalkyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentene-1-yl, cyclopentene-2-yl, cyclopentene-3-yl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexene-1-yl, cyclohexene-2-yl, cyclohexene-3-yl, cycloheptyl and so on.
- the term cycloalkylene can also be used.
- C m -C n cycloalkyl and “C m -C n cycloalkylene” respectively refer to a cycloalkyl or cycloalkylene group having the indicated number "m” to the indicated number "n” of carbon atoms in the ring structure.
- heterocycloalkyl or “heterocycloalkylene” refer to a moiety comprising a saturated or partially unsaturated (nonaromatic) carbocyclic ring comprising from three to twelve members in a monocyclic or polycyclic system, including carbocycles spiros (sharing one atom) or fused (sharing at least one bond), and may be optionally substituted, where one or more atoms in the ring structure are substituted or unsubstituted heteroatoms (e.g., N, O, S, or P ) or groups containing such heteroatoms (for example, NH, NR X (R x is an alkyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl or cycloalkyl group), PO 2 , SO, SO 2 , and other similar groups).
- heteroatoms e.g., N, O, S, or P
- groups containing such heteroatoms for example, NH, NR X (R x is an alkyl, acyl,
- Heterocycloalkyl groups can be bonded to a carbon atom or to a heteroatom (e.g. via a nitrogen atom) where possible.
- the term heterocycloalkyl includes both unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl groups and groups substituted heterocycloalkyl.
- the term heterocycloalkylene can also be used.
- the terms "Cm-Cn- Cnheterocycloalkyl " and “Cm-Cn-Cn heterocycloalkylene” respectively refer to a heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkylene group having the indicated number "m” to the indicated number " n " of carbon atoms and heteroatoms in the structure of the cycle.
- aryl or “aromatic” refer to an aromatic moiety having 4n+2 ⁇ (pi) electrons where n is an integer from one to three, in a monocyclic or conjugated polycyclic ring system ( merged or not) and possessing a total of six to twelve cycle members.
- a polycyclic system includes at least one aromatic ring. This can be directly linked or attached by a C 1 -C 3 alkyl group.
- aryl or “aromatic” also includes substituted or unsubstituted groups.
- aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, 1-phenylethyl, tolyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, indenyl, benzocyclooctenyl, benzocycloheptenyl, azulenyl, acenaphthylenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl, perylenyl, and so on.
- the term arylene can also be used.
- C m -C n aryl or "C m -C n aromatic” and “C m -C n arylene” respectively refer to an aryl or aromatic and arylene group having the number "m” indicated at the number "n”. shown of carbon atoms in the ring structure.
- heteroaryl refers to aromatic groups having 4n+2 ⁇ (pi) electrons, where n is an integer from one to three, in a monocyclic or conjugated polycyclic (fused or not) and having five to twelve ring members, including one to six substituted or unsubstituted heteroatoms (e.g., N, O, or S) or groups comprising such heteroatoms (e.g., NH, NR X (R x is an alkyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl or cycloalkyl group, SO, and other similar groups).
- a polycyclic system includes at least one heteroaromatic ring.
- Heteroaryls can be directly linked or attached by a C 1 -C 3 alkyl group (also called heteroarylalkyl or heteroaralkyl). Heteroaryl groups can be bonded to a carbon atom or to a heteroatom (eg, via a nitrogen atom), where possible.
- Cm-Cnheteroaryl refers to a heteroaryl group having from the indicated number "m” to the indicated number "n” of carbon atoms and heteroatoms in the ring structure.
- substituted means that one or more hydrogen atom(s) on the designated moiety is replaced with a suitable substituent. Examples of substituents include halogen atoms (i.e.
- the present technology relates to an ionic plastic crystal including at least one delocalized anion paired with at least one cation derived from an amidine, guanidine or phosphazene organic superbase.
- the ionic plastic crystal can be monocationic or multicationic.
- the ionic plastic crystal can be a monocationic ionic plastic crystal including a delocalized anion paired with a cation derived from an amidine, guanidine or phosphazene organic superbase.
- the cation derived from the organic amidine, guanidine or phosphazene superbase may be a protic cation derived from the organic amidine, guanidine or phosphazene superbase and the ionic plastic crystal may be a protic monocationic ionic plastic crystal.
- the ionic plastic crystal can be a multicationic ionic plastic crystal including at least two delocalized anions, each being paired with a cationic fragment of the cation derived from the organic amidine, guanidine or phosphazene superbase.
- the multicationic ionic plastic crystal can be a dicationic, tricationic, tetracationic, pentacationic or hexacationic ionic plastic crystal. It is understood that the cationic fragments are linked together by an organic bridging group which separates said cationic fragments.
- the delocalized anion can be chosen from the group consisting of trifluoromethanesulfonate (or triflate) [TfO]-, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [TFSI]; bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide [FSI]; 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazolate [TDI]-, hexafluorophosphate [PF 6 ]- and tetrafluoroborate [BF4]-.
- the delocalized anion can be selected from the group consisting of [TFSI]- and [FSI]-.
- the delocalized anion is [FSI]-.
- the organic superbase amidine, guanidine or phosphazene can be chosen for its affinity for hydrogen ions in organic solvents and for its capacity to delocalize the charge in its protonated cationic form.
- the organic superbase amidine, guanidine or phosphazene can bond a hydrogen cation to a lone pair of nitrogen electrons.
- the organic amidine, guanidine or phosphazene superbase can have an acyclic, monocyclic or polycyclic structure.
- the organic amidine, guanidine or phosphazene superbase can be chosen from the group consisting of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0 ]non-5-ene (DBN), 7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (MTBD), 2-tert-butylimino-2-diethylamino-1,3 -dimethylperhydro-1,3,2-diazaphosphorine (BEMP), tert-butylimino-tri(pyrrolidino)phosphorane (BTPP) and tert-butylimino-tris(dimethylamino)phosphorane (Pi-t-Bu).
- the organic superbase can be DBU or BEMP.
- the cation derived from the organic superbase amidine, guanidine or phosphazene can be a protic cation.
- the cation derived from the organic superbase amidine, guanidine or phosphazene can comprise at least one crosslinkable functional group.
- the crosslinkable functional group can be chosen from the group consisting of cyanate, acrylate and methacrylate groups.
- the crosslinkable functional group can be chosen from the group consisting of C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate, C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate, carbonyloxy-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate, carbonyloxy -C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate, carbonylamino-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate and carbonylamino-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate.
- the at least partly cross-linked version of these cross-linkable moieties is also intended to be included in this definition.
- the cation derived from the organic amidine, guanidine or phosphazene superbase can be a cation derived from an organic amidine superbase of Formula 1:
- A forms, with the C-N group to which it is attached, a saturated, unsaturated or optionally substituted aromatic ring comprising from 4 to 8 members;
- the ionic plastic crystal is a monocationic ionic plastic crystal and R 1 is a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched substituent selected from a C 1 - C 10 alkyl-acrylate, a C 1 - C 10 alkyl-methacrylate , carbonylamino-C 1 -C 10 alkyl methacrylate, carbonylamino-C 1 -C 10 alkyl acrylate, carbonyloxy-C 1 -C 10 alkyl methacrylate and carbonyloxy-C 1 -C 10 alkyl acrylate; or the ionic plastic crystal is a multicationic ionic plastic crystal and R 1 is an optionally substituted organic bridging group separating two or more of the cations and is selected from a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkylene, a C 1
- A can include heteroatoms or groups containing heteroatoms.
- A can additionally be fused to a C 6 -C 12 arylene, a C 5 -C 12 heteroarylene, a C 3 -C 12 cycloalkylene or a C 3 -C 12 heterocycloalkylene.
- B can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated and can additionally be fused to a C 6 -C 12 arylene, a C 5 -C 12 heteroarylene, a C 3 -C 12 cycloalkylene or a C 3 - C 12 heterocycloalkylene.
- the cation derived from the organic superbase amidine, guanidine or phosphazene can be one of the cations of Formulas 2 to 8: in which, the ionic plastic crystal is a monocationic ionic plastic crystal and R 1 is a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched substituent chosen from a C 1 - C 10 alkyl-acrylate, a C 1 - C 10 alkyl-methacrylate, a carbonylamino-C 1 -C 10 alkyl- methacrylate, a carbonylamino-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate, a carbonyloxy-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate and a carbonyloxy-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate; or the ionic plastic crystal is a multicationic ionic plastic crystal and R 1 is an optionally substituted organic bridging group separating two or more of the cations and is selected from a linear or
- the cation derived from the organic superbase amidine, guanidine or phosphazene can be chosen from the group consisting of [R 1 -DBU] + , [R 1 -DBN] + , [R 1 -MTBD] + , [R 1 -BEMP] + , [R 1 -BTPP] + and [R 1 -Pi-t-Bu] + .
- the cation derived from the organic amidine, guanidine or phosphazene superbase is [R 1 -DBU] + or [R 1 -BEMP] + .
- the cation derived from the organic superbase amidine, guanidine or phosphazene can be chosen from the group consisting of [H-DBU] + , [H-DBN] + , [H-MTBD] + , [ H-BEMP] + , [H-BTPP] + and [H-Pi-t-Bu] + .
- the cation derived from the organic amidine, guanidine or phosphazene superbase is [H-DBU] + or [H-BEMP] + .
- the ionic plastic crystal can be of Formula 9:
- A, B and R 1 are as defined herein;
- X' is a delocalized anion as defined herein.
- the ionic plastic crystal can be one of the ionic plastic crystals of Formulas 10 to 16:
- X' is a delocalized anion as defined herein.
- the ionic plastic crystal can be chosen from the group consisting of [R 1 -DBU][OTf], [R 1 -DBU][TFSI], [R 1 -DBU][FSI], [R 1 -DBU][TDI], [R 1 -DBU][PF 6 ], [R 1 -DBU][BF 4 ], [R 1 -DBN][OTf], [R 1 - DBN][TFSI], [R 1 - DBN][FSI], [R 1 -DBN][TDI], [R 1 -DBN][PF 6 ], [R 1 -DBN][BF 4 ], [R 1 -MTBD][OTf], [R 1 -MTBD][TFSI], [R 1 -MTBD][FSI], [R 1 -MTBD][TDI], [R 1 -MTBD][PF 6 ], [R 1 -MTBD][BF 4 ], [R 1 -BEMP]
- the ionic plastic crystal can be chosen from the group consisting of [H-DBU][OTf], [H-DBU][TFSI], [H-DBU][FSI], [H- DBU][TDI], [H-DBU][PF 6 ], [H-DBU][BF 4 ], [H-DBN][OTf], [H-DBN][TFSI], [ H-DBN][FSI], [H-DBN][TDI], [H-DBN][PF 6 ], [H-DBN][BF 4 ], [H-MTBD][OTf], [H-MTBD][TFSI], [H-MTBD][FSI], [H-MTBD][TDI], [H-MTBD][PF 6 ], [H-MTBD][BF 4 ], [H-BEMP][OTf], [H-BEMP][TFSI], [H-BEMP][FSI], [H-BEMP][TDI], [H-BEMP][TDI
- the present technology also relates to a stabilized intermediate ion-neutral complex obtained by the reaction of a cation derived from an amidine, guanidine or phosphazene organic superbase as described herein, a source of protons and a delocalized anion such as described here in the presence of a bis-silylated compound of Formula 17:
- Z is a substituted or unsubstituted organic group chosen from a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkylene, a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyleneoxyC 1 -C 10 alkylene, a poly(C 1 -C 10 alkyleneoxy)C 1 -C 10 linear or branched alkylene, a linear or branched polyether, a linear or branched polycarbonate, a linear or branched polythiocarbonate, a linear or branched polyamide, a linear or branched polyimide, a linear or branched polyurethane, a linear or branched polysiloxane, a linear or branched thioether, a linear or branched polyphosphazene, a linear or branched polyester, and a linear or branched polythioester; and
- R 2 is, independently and at each occurrence, selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an aryl group and an arylalkyl group.
- the bis-silylated compound of Formula 17 is a bis-silylated derivative of a compound including at least two hydroxyl groups chosen from the group consisting of glycerol (glycerin), propane-1,3-diol, butane -1,4-diol, pentane-1,5-diol, hexane-1,6-diol, octane-1,8-diol, propane-1,2-diol (or propylene glycol (PG)), butane-1,2-diol, butane-2,3-diol (or dimethylene glycol), butane-1,3-diol (or butylene glycol), pentane-1,2-diol , etohexadiol, p-menthane-3,8-diol, 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol, polycaprolactone diol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glyco
- the intermediate stabilized ion-neutral complex can be one of the complexes of Formulas 18 to 24:
- a silane group of the bis-silylated compound of Formula 17 can be cleaved and the NH proton of the cation derived from the amidine, guanidine or phosphazene organic superbase can participate in hydrogen bonds to form an intermediate ion-neutral complex stabilized by NHO.
- NHO intermediate ion-neutral complex stabilized by NHO.
- the intermediate ion-neutral complex stabilized by NHO can be one of the complexes of Formulas 25 to 31:
- the present technology also relates to an ionic plastic crystal composition including at least one ionic plastic crystal as defined herein and at least one additional component, and/or at least one polymer.
- the additional component can be selected from the group consisting of solvents, ionic conductors, inorganic particles, glass particles, ceramic particles (for example, nanoceramics), plasticizers and other similar components or a combination of two or more of these.
- the additional component can be a filler additive and can include metal oxide particles or nanoparticles.
- the filling additive can include particles or nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) and/or silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ).
- the polymer can be a polymer such as those commonly used in solid polymer electrolytes (SPE).
- SPE solid polymer electrolytes
- the solid polymer electrolytes can generally include one or more solid polar polymer(s), optionally cross-linked, and a salt (for example, as defined above).
- Polyether type polymers such as those based on poly(ethylene oxide) (POE), can be used, but several other compatible polymers are also known for the preparation of solid polymer electrolytes and are also contemplated.
- the polymer can be cross-linked. Examples of such polymers include branched polymers, for example, star polymers or comb polymers such as those described in US Patent Number 7,897,674 B2 (Zaghib et al.) (US'674).
- the polymer can be a block copolymer composed of at least one solvation segment of lithium ions and optionally of at least one crosslinkable segment.
- the lithium ion solvation segment is selected from homo- or copolymers having repeating units of Formula 32:
- R 3 is chosen from a hydrogen atom, a C 1 -C 10 alkyl group or a -(CH2-OR 4 R 5 ) group;
- R 4 is (CH 2 -CH 2 -O) m ;
- R 5 is chosen from a hydrogen atom and a C 1 -C 10 alkyl group; y is an integer selected from the range 10 to 200,000; and m is an integer selected from the range of 0 to 10.
- the crosslinkable segment of the copolymer is a polymer segment comprising at least one functional group crosslinkable in a multidimensional manner by irradiation or heat treatment.
- the concentration of the polymer in the ionic plastic crystal composition can be at least 10% by weight.
- the concentration of the polymer in the ionic plastic crystal composition can range from about 5% by weight to about 45% by weight, or from about 10% by weight to about 45% by weight. weight, or ranging from about 15% by weight to about 45% by weight, or ranging from about 20% by weight to about 45% by weight, or ranging from about 25% by weight to about 45% by weight. %, or ranging from approximately 30% by weight to approximately 45% by weight, or ranging from approximately 35% by weight to approximately 45% by weight, or ranging from approximately 40% by weight to approximately 45% by weight, upper and lower bounds included.
- the ionic plastic crystal composition includes approximately 40% by weight of the polymer and 60% by weight of the ionic plastic crystal as described herein. It is understood that the optimum concentration of the polymer in the ionic plastic crystal composition depends on the polymer used.
- the additional component can be inorganic particles including a compound having a garnet type structure, NASICON, LISICON, thio-LISICON, LIPON, perovskite, anti-perovskite, argyrodite, or including a compound of MPS, MPSO, MPSX, MPSOX type (where M is an alkali or alkaline-earth metal, and X is F, Cl, Br, I or a combination of at least two of these) in crystalline form, amorphous and/or glass-ceramic, or a mixture of at least two of these.
- M is an alkali or alkaline-earth metal
- X is F, Cl, Br, I or a combination of at least two of these
- the additional component can be inorganic particles of crystalline, amorphous and/or glass-ceramic form, or a mixture of at least two of these and including at least one of the inorganic compounds of formulas MLZO (for example, M 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , M (7-a) La 3 Zr 2 Al b O 12 , M (7-a) La 3 Zr 2 Ga b O 12 , M (7-a) La 3 Zr (2 - b) Ta b O 12 , and M (7-a) La 3 Zr (2-b) NbbO 12 ); MLTaO (e.g., M 7 La 3 Ta 2 O 12 , M 5 La 3 Ta 2 O 12 , and M 6 La 3 Ta 1.5 Y 0.5 O 12 ); MLSnO (for example, M 7 La 3 Sn 2 O 12 ); MAGP (for example, M 1+a Al a Ge 2-a (PO 4 ) 3 ); MATP (for example, M 1+a AlaTi 2-
- M is an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion or a combination thereof, and wherein when M comprises an alkaline earth metal ion, then the number of M is adjusted to achieve electroneutrality;
- X is selected from F, Cl, Br, I or a combination thereof; a, b, c, d, e and f are numbers other than zero and are independently in each formula selected to achieve electroneutrality; and v, w, x, y and z are non-zero numbers and are independently in each formula selected to yield a stable compound.
- the additional component can be a ceramic or a glass-ceramic.
- the additional component can be a sulphide-based ceramic or glass-ceramic such as Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 , Li 6 PS 5 CI, Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li 9.54 Si 1.74 P 1.44 S 11.7 Cl 0.3 , Li 9.6 P 3 S 12 , Li 3.25 P 0.95 S 4 and other similar ceramics and glass-ceramics.
- the sulphide-based ceramic or glass-ceramic is Li 6 PS 5 CI.
- the concentration of the ceramic or glass-ceramic in the ionic plastic crystal composition can be at least 50% by weight.
- the concentration of the ceramic or glass-ceramic in the ionic plastic crystal composition can range from about 50% by weight to about 95% by weight, or from about 55% by weight to about 95% by weight, or ranging from about 60% by weight and about 95% by weight, or ranging from about 65% by weight to about 95% by weight, or ranging from about 70% by weight to about 95% by weight, or ranging from about 75% by weight to about 95% by weight, or ranging from about 80% by weight to about 95% by weight, or ranging from about 85% by weight to about 95% by weight, or ranging from about 90% by weight to about 95% by weight, upper and lower limits included.
- the ionic plastic crystal composition includes approximately 90% by weight of Li 6 PS 5 CI and 10% by weight of the ionic plastic crystal as described here. It is understood that the optimum concentration of the additional component in the ionic plastic crystal composition depends on the additional component used (for example, depending on the size of the particles, on the specific surface thereof, etc.).
- the ionic plastic crystal can be prepared by any compatible synthetic method.
- the synthesis of the ionic plastic crystal may include at least one of a proton exchange reaction, a counterion exchange reaction, and any other suitable reaction.
- the process for synthesizing a protic ionic plastic crystal can include at least two synthesis steps.
- the first step may consist in reacting a neutral organic superbase of the amidine, guanidine or phosphazene type with at least one source of protons in order to form a complex, an adduct or an ion pair including a protonated cation.
- the organic superbase can be chosen for its ability to remove protons (or for its affinity with protons).
- the organic superbase can be a non-nucleophilic organic superbase or a weakly nucleophilic organic superbase.
- the superbase organic can be selected from the group consisting of DBU, DBN, MTBD, BEMP, BTPP and Pi-t-Bu or a derivative thereof.
- the organic superbase can be DBU or BEMP.
- the second step may involve a counterion exchange reaction between the complex, adduct, or ion pair including a proton cation formed in the first step and an ionic salt based on a delocalized anion as described above.
- the ionic salt can be an alkali or alkaline earth metal salt such as a lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium salt.
- the ionic salt can be a lithium salt chosen from the group consisting of lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiSO 3 CF 3 ) (LiOTf), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide lithium (LiFSI), lithium 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyano-imidazolate (LiTDI), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4).
- the lithium salt is LiFSI.
- the ionic plastic crystal can be a protic ionic plastic crystal formed by proton transfer from a Bronsted acid to a Bronsted base.
- the Bronsted base can be a neutral organic superbase of the amidine, guanidine or phosphazene type and can be chosen for its ability to withdraw protons (or for its affinity with protons).
- the organic superbase can be chosen from the group consisting of DBU, DBN, MTBD, BEMP, BTPP and Pi-t-Bu or a derivative of one of these.
- the organic superbase can be DBN or BEMP.
- the Bronsted acid can be chosen from the group consisting of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide acid (HTFSI), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide acid (HFSI), 2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile (HTDI), hexafluorophosphoric acid (HPF 6 ), and tetrafluoroboric acid (HBF4).
- TfOH trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
- HTFSI bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide acid
- HFSI bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide acid
- HFDI 2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile
- HPF 6 hexafluorophosphoric acid
- HHF4 tetrafluoroboric acid
- the present technology therefore also relates to a method for preparing an ionic plastic crystal or an ionic plastic crystal composition as defined here, the method comprising the following step:
- the present technology therefore also relates to a method for preparing an ionic plastic crystal or an ionic plastic crystal composition as defined here, the method comprising the following steps:
- reaction of said complex including a protonated cation and a counterion with at least one ionic salt based on a delocalized anion as described above.
- the organic superbase is a neutral organic superbase of the amidine, guanidine or phosphazene type.
- the organic superbase is chosen from the group consisting of DBU, DBN, MTBD, BEMP, BTPP and Pi-t-Bu or a derivative of one of these.
- the organic superbase can be DBU or BEMP.
- the method further comprises a step of preparing the organic superbase carried out before step (i).
- the organic superbase can be a neutral polycyclic amidine organic superbase prepared by the condensation of an aromatic dialdehyde with a 1,2-diamine.
- the neutral polycyclic amidine organic superbase can be prepared by a method as described by Braddock et al. (Braddock, D. C., et al. "The reaction of aromatic dialdehydes with enantiopure 1,2-diamines: an expeditious route to enantiopure tricyclic amidines.” Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 21.24 (2010): 2911-2919).
- the ionic salt based on a delocalized anion as defined here can be an alkali or alkaline-earth metal salt such as a lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium salt. based on the delocalized a nion as defined here.
- the ionic salt may be of the formula M n+ [(FSI) n ] n- , in which M n+ is an alkali or alkaline earth metal ion chosen from the group consisting of the ions Na + , K + , Li + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ .
- M n+ is Li + .
- the two reaction steps can be carried out sequentially, simultaneously, or partially overlap in time with respect to each other.
- the two reaction steps are carried out sequentially, and the step of reacting at least one organic superbase with a source of protons is carried out before the stage of reaction of the complex including a protonated cation and a counter-ion with the ionic salt based on a delocalized anion.
- all the reagents can be mixed together and left to react under appropriate reaction conditions.
- the synthesis can be carried out in the presence of a solvent.
- the solvent can act as a source of protons, and can be chosen for its ability to readily donate protons or for its ability to stabilize the conjugate acid cations to the base and/or solvent.
- cation stabilization of the conjugate acid to base and/or solvent can be effected via solvation, via non-covalent interaction (e.g., hydrogen bonds and dipole-dipole interactions), or via Van der interaction. Waals.
- the ability to efficiently solubilize, and therefore, the ability to improve the solvation stability of the protonated forms of the organic superbase can significantly improve the yield of the reaction.
- the solvent can be a polar solvent selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane (DCM), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), acetonitrile (ACN), ethanol (EtOH) and a miscible combination at least two of these.
- the solvent can be ACN.
- the synthesis of the ionic plastic crystal can be carried out by a method as illustrated in Scheme 1 (in which the by-products of the reaction are not represented):
- M n+ is an alkali or alkaline-earth metal ion selected from the group consisting of Na + , K + , Li + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions. According to a variant of interest, M n+ is Li + .
- the synthesis can be carried out in the presence of a second source of protons such as an appropriate acid.
- the second source of protons can, for example, be chosen for its ability to easily donate protons or for its ability to stabilize the cations of the conjugate acid to the base and/or to the solvent.
- the second source of protons can also act as an activator and/or as a catalyst to obtain the ionic plastic crystal and can substantially improve the yield of the reaction.
- second proton sources include, but are not limited to, carboxylic acids (e.g., formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid), p- toluenesulfonic (or tosylic acid), sulfuric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid and other similar acids.
- carboxylic acids e.g., formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid
- p- toluenesulfonic or tosylic acid
- sulfuric acid hydroiodic acid
- hydrobromic acid hydrobromic acid
- hydrochloric acid hydrochloric acid
- nitric acid hydrofluoric acid and other similar acids.
- the acid is formic acid.
- the synthesis of the ionic plastic crystal can be carried out by a method as illustrated in Scheme 2 (in which the by-products of the reaction are not represented):
- M n+ is an alkali or alkaline-earth metal ion selected from the group consisting of Na + , K + , Li + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions.
- the synthesis can be carried out in the presence of an activator which can also act as a stabilizer and/or as a source of protons.
- the activator can react with the organic superbase to form a stable non-covalent intermediate complex.
- the activator can substantially promote the formation of the ionic plastic crystal by the formation of said non- covalent stable intermediate by electrophilic nucleophilic activation.
- the stable intermediate non-covalent complex may be an NHO-stabilized intermediate ion-neutral complex.
- the activator can be a bis-silylated compound as described above.
- the synthesis of the ionic plastic crystal can be carried out by a method as illustrated in Scheme 3 (in which the by-products of the reaction are not represented):
- M n+ is an alkali or alkaline-earth metal ion selected from the group consisting of Na + , K + , Li + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions; and
- R 2 is as defined here.
- the method further comprises a step of preparing the bis-silylated compound.
- the preparation of the bis-silylated compound can be carried out by the silylation of a compound including at least two hydroxyl groups which can be derivatized by silylation reagents, for example, the compound including at least two hydroxyl groups can be as described above -above.
- the silylation reaction can be carried out by a base-catalyzed silylation reaction and can involve the replacement of an acidic hydrogen (or active hydrogen) with a silyl group (e.g., an alkylsilyl group), for example, a trialkylsilyl group.
- the compound including at least two hydroxyl groups can be deprotonated with a base, then treated with at least one silylation reagent.
- the base catalyzed silylation reaction can be carried out in the presence of any known compatible base.
- the base can be a nucleophilic Lewis base such as imidazole, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), other Lewis bases similar nucleophiles and a combination thereof.
- the base is imidazole.
- the silylation reaction can be performed in a polar aprotic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dichloromethane (DCM), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or a miscible combination of at least two of these.
- a polar aprotic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dichloromethane (DCM), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or a miscible combination of at least two of these.
- the aprotic solvent is THF, DCM, or a combination of DCM and DMF in which the DCM is substantially the majority.
- the silylation reagent can be chosen according to its reactivity and its selectivity with respect to the compound including at least two hydroxyl groups, the stability of the silylated derivative and the by-products of the reaction.
- universal silylation reagents can be used to derive the hydroxyl groups from the compound including at least two hydroxyl groups.
- silylation reagents include trialkylsilyl chloride, trimethylsilyl chloride (TMS-CI), triethylsilyl chloride (TES-CI), isopropyldimethylsilyl chloride (IPDMS-CI), diethylisopropylsilyl chloride (DEIPS-CI), tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBDMS-CI or TBS-CI), tert-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride (TBDPS-Cl or TPS-CI), triisopropylsilyl chloride (TIPS-CI), ethers silylic compounds including nitrogen, N,O-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA), N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), N-(trimethylsilyl)dimethylamine (TMSDEA), N-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole
- the silylation reagent includes a trialkylsily chloride such as TMS-CI or TBDMS-CI.
- TBDMS-CI can be used to replace the active hydrogen on a hydroxyl group and the synthesis of the bis-silylated compound can be carried out by a silylation reaction as shown in Schemes 4(a) or 4( b):
- Z is a substituted or unsubstituted organic group chosen from a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkylene, a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyleneoxyC 1 -C 10 alkylene, a poly(C 1 -C 10 alkyleneoxy)C 1 -C 10 linear or branched alkylene, a linear or branched polyether, a linear or branched polycarbonate, a linear or branched polythiocarbonate, a linear or branched polyamide, a linear or branched polyimide, a linear or branched polyurethane, a linear or branched polysiloxane, a linear or branched thioether, a linear or branched polyphosphazene, a linear or branched polyester, and a linear or branched polythioester.
- a general example of a silylation reaction is illustrated in Scheme 4(a), using TBDMS-CI as the silylation reagent, and involving nucleophilic attack on silicon.
- TBDMS-CI as the silylation reagent
- one equivalent of the compound including at least two hydroxyl groups can react with two equivalents of TBDMS-CI to form the compound bis- silylated acid and hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a byproduct of the reaction. It is understood that the reaction involves one silyl group per hydroxyl group to be derived.
- silylation reaction Another example of a silylation reaction is described by Sharpless et al., (Sharpless, K.B., et al. "SuFEx-Based Synthesis of Polysulfates” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53.36 (2014): 9466-9470 (Supplementary Materials)).
- An example of this silylation reaction is shown in Scheme 4(b).
- the silylating reagent can be added in a molar ratio (-OH group to be derived): (silyl group) of about 1:1 or about 1:0.9.
- the silylation reagent can be added in excess.
- the quantity of silylation reagent can be comprised in the range going from about 2 equivalents to about 5 equivalents per equivalent of the compound including at least two hydroxyl groups, upper and lower limits included.
- the amount of silylation reagent can range from about 2 equivalents to about 4.5 equivalents, or from about 2 equivalents to about 4 equivalents, or from about 2 equivalents to about 3.75 equivalents, or ranging from approximately 2 equivalents to approximately 3.5 equivalents per equivalent of the compound including at least two hydroxyl groups, upper and lower limits included.
- the quantity of silylation reagent can be comprised in the interval going from about 2.2 equivalents to about 3.3 equivalents per equivalent of the compound including at least two hydroxyl groups when the compound includes two and three hydroxyl groups, respectively.
- the silylation reaction can be carried out at room temperature and for a period of time sufficient to allow a substantially complete reaction.
- the silylation reaction when carried out by the reaction shown in Scheme 4(a), it can be carried out for at least 15 hours.
- the silylation reaction can be carried out for a period ranging from about 15 hours to about 24 hours, upper and lower limits inclusive.
- the silylation reaction when carried out by the reaction shown in Scheme 4(b), it can be carried out for about 3 hours.
- DCM as a solvent has a significant effect on the rate of reaction.
- DCM can be used for synthesis at higher large scale of the bis-silylated compound compared to other solvents such as THF or DMF.
- the preparation of an ionic plastic crystal or of an ionic plastic crystal composition as defined here can thus involve a protonation reaction and an anion exchange reaction.
- Scheme 3 A general example of the mechanism is illustrated in Scheme 3, and includes the reaction of DBU with a metal bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in the presence of the bis-silylated compound obtained in Scheme 4(a) or 4(b) to obtain the ionic plastic crystal and a by-product (not shown in Scheme 3).
- the activator ie the bis-silylated compound
- the organic superbase can be added in excess, for example, the excess can range from about 0.01 mol% to about 10 mol%, upper and lower limits included.
- the activator can react with an approximately equimolar quantity of the organic superbase.
- the two reaction steps can be carried out at a sufficiently high temperature and for a sufficient period of time to allow a substantially complete reaction.
- both reaction steps can be carried out at a temperature ranging from about 20°C to about 200°C, upper and lower limits inclusive.
- both reaction steps can be carried out at a temperature ranging from about 40°C to about 80°C, or from about 45°C to about 75°C, or from about 50°C to about 70°C, or ranging from about 55°C to about 65°C, upper and lower limits inclusive.
- both reaction steps can be carried out for at least 4 days.
- the method further comprises a step of eliminating at least one by-product generated during any step of the method.
- the elimination step can be carried out by distillation or evaporation.
- the by-product can be removed at ambient atmospheric pressure or under vacuum, depending on the boiling point of the by-product to be removed.
- the by-product can be removed by washing with any suitable solvent which dissolves the by-product but not the plastic crystal ionic.
- the by-product can also be removed by more than one method, if necessary.
- the by-product can be eliminated by extraction, for example, by dissolving the by-product in DCM and extracting with water and brine.
- the method further comprises a step of functionalization, for example, a functionalization of the ionic plastic crystal with a view to its crosslinking.
- the functionalization of the ionic plastic crystal can optionally be carried out in order to functionalize the ionic plastic crystal, for example by the introduction of at least one functional group as defined above, for example, a crosslinkable functional group.
- the cross-linkable functional group may be present on the cation or on a backbone side chain of the cation of the ionic plastic crystal.
- reaction and functionalization steps can be carried out sequentially, simultaneously, or partially overlap in time with respect to each other.
- the reaction and functionalization steps are carried out sequentially, and the reaction step is carried out before the functionalization step.
- the functionalization step is a post-functionalization step.
- the functionalization step can be carried out by the reaction between the protonated cation and at least one crosslinkable functional group.
- the functionalization step can be carried out by the reaction between the protonated cation and at least one crosslinkable functional group chosen from the group consisting of C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate, C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate, carbonyloxy-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate, carbonyloxy-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate, carbonylamino-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-methacrylate and carbonylamino-C 1 -C 10 alkyl-acrylate.
- the post-functionalization step can be carried out by a reaction as illustrated in Scheme 5 (in which the by-products of the reaction are not represented):
- the method further comprises a step of coating (also called spreading) the ionic plastic crystal composition or a suspension comprising the ionic plastic crystal as described above.
- said coating step can be carried out by at least one doctor blade coating method, one transfer interval coating method, a method of coating with a reverse transfer interval (“reverse-comma coating” in English), a method of printing such as engraving (“engraving coating” in English), or a method of coating slot (“slot- die coating” in English).
- said coating step is carried out by a doctor blade coating method or a slit coating method.
- the ionic plastic crystal composition or the suspension comprising the ionic plastic crystal can be coated on a support substrate or film (for example, a substrate made of silicone, polypropylene or siliconized polypropylene).
- a support substrate or film for example, a substrate made of silicone, polypropylene or siliconized polypropylene.
- said substrate or support film can be subsequently removed.
- the ionic plastic crystal composition or the suspension comprising the ionic plastic crystal can be coated directly on an electrode.
- the method further comprises a step of drying the composition of ionic plastic crystal or of the ionic plastic crystal as defined above.
- the drying step can be carried out in order to remove any residual solvent.
- the drying and coating steps can be carried out simultaneously and/or separately.
- the method further comprises a step of crosslinking the composition of ionic plastic crystal or of the ionic plastic crystal as defined previously.
- the cation comprises at least one functional group allowing the crosslinking of said ionic plastic crystal.
- the step crosslinking can be carried out by UV irradiation, by heat treatment, by microwave irradiation, under an electron beam, by gamma irradiation or by X-ray irradiation.
- the crosslinking step is performed by UV irradiation.
- the crosslinking step is carried out by heat treatment.
- the crosslinking step is carried out under an electron beam.
- the crosslinking step can be carried out in the presence of a crosslinking agent, a thermal initiator, a photoinitiator, a catalyst, a plasticizer or a combination of at least one. least two of these.
- the photoinitiator is 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (Irgacure MC 651).
- the ionic plastic crystal composition or the ionic plastic crystal may solidify after crosslinking.
- the present technology also relates to a method for preparing a multicationic ionic plastic crystal or a multicationic ionic plastic crystal composition as defined in the present application, the method comprising the following steps:
- the organic superbase is a neutral organic superbase of the amidine, guanidine or phosphazene type.
- the organic superbase is chosen from the group consisting of DBU, DBN, MTBD, BEMP, BTPP and Pi-t-Bu or a derivative of one of these.
- the organic superbase can be DBU or BEMP.
- the organic bridging compound includes the organic bridging group as described above and at least two anionic leaving groups.
- the anionic leaving groups of the organic bridging compound can be chosen for their leaving group capabilities. Any compatible anionic leaving group is contemplated. Of the non-limiting examples of anionic leaving groups include halides such as F; CI", Br", and I". According to a variant of interest, the anionic leaving groups are Br".
- the organic bridging group is an optionally substituted organic bridging group and is chosen from the group consisting of a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkylene, a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyleneoxyC 1 -C 10 alkylene , a linear or branched poly(C 1 - C 10 alkyleneoxy)C 1 -C 10 alkylene, a linear or branched polyether, a linear or branched polyester, a Ce-C 12 arylene, a C 5 -C 12 heteroarylene, a C 3 - C 12 cycloalkylene and a C 3 -C 12 heterocycloalkylene.
- the organic bridging group is a C 6 -C 12 arylene.
- the organic bridging group is 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(bromomethyl)benzene.
- the two reaction steps can be carried out sequentially, simultaneously, or partially overlap in time with respect to each other.
- the two reaction steps are carried out sequentially, and the step of reacting the organic superbase with the organic bridging compound is carried out before the step of reacting the multicationic complex with the ionic salt.
- all the reagents can be mixed together and left to react under appropriate reaction conditions.
- the step of reacting the organic superbase with the organic bridging compound can be carried out in the presence of a solvent.
- the solvent can be a polar solvent selected from the group consisting of DCM, DMC, ACN, EtOH and a miscible combination of at least two of these.
- the solvent can be DCM.
- the step of reacting the organic superbase with the organic bridging compound can be carried out in the presence of a base such as triethylamine (EtsN), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (iPr 2 NEt), pyridine and pyridine derivatives.
- a base such as triethylamine (EtsN), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (iPr 2 NEt), pyridine and pyridine derivatives.
- the base is Et 3 N.
- the synthesis of the multicationic ionic plastic crystal can be carried out by a method as illustrated in Scheme 6 (in which the by-products of the reaction are not represented):
- M n+ is an alkali or alkaline-earth metal ion selected from the group consisting of Na + , K + , Li + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions.
- the step of reacting the organic superbase with the organic bridging compound can also comprise the recovery of the multicationic complex.
- the step of recovering the multicationic complex can be carried out by centrifugation. The centrifugation can be carried out at a number of revolutions per minute and for a period of time sufficient to recover the multicationic complex.
- centrifugation can be performed at about 5000 rpm for about 10 minutes.
- the two reaction steps can be carried out at a sufficiently high temperature and for a sufficient period of time in order to allow a substantially complete reaction.
- the step of reacting the organic superbase with the organic bridging compound can be carried out at ambient temperature and for approximately 4 days.
- the reaction step of multicationic complex with the ionic salt can be carried out at room temperature and for about 3 days.
- the method further comprises recovering the multicationic ionic plastic crystal, for example, by centrifugation.
- the centrifugation can be performed at a number of revolutions per minute and for a period of time sufficient to recover the multicationic ionic plastic crystal.
- the method further comprises drying the multicationic ionic plastic crystal.
- the drying step can be performed at a sufficiently high temperature and for a sufficient period of time to substantially dry the multicationic ionic plastic crystal.
- the drying step can be carried out under vacuum at a temperature of about 45°C for about 48 hours.
- the method further comprises the elimination of at least one by-product generated during any step of the method.
- the elimination step can be carried out by distillation or by evaporation.
- the by-product can be removed at ambient atmospheric pressure or under vacuum, depending on the boiling point of the by-product to be removed.
- the by-product can be removed by washing with any suitable solvent which dissolves the by-product but not the multicationic ionic plastic crystal.
- the by-product can also be removed by more than one method, if necessary.
- the by-product can be eliminated by extraction, for example, by dissolving the product in DCM.
- the present technology also relates to the use of an ionic plastic crystal composition or an ionic plastic crystal as defined above in electrochemical applications.
- the ionic plastic crystal composition or the ionic plastic crystal can be used in electrochemical cells, batteries, supercapacitors (eg, carbon-carbon supercapacitor, hybrid supercapacitors, etc.).
- the ionic plastic crystal composition or the ionic plastic crystal can be used in electrochromic materials, electrochromic cells, electrochromic devices (ECDs) and electrochromic devices. electrochromic sensors such as those described in US patents 5,356,553, US 8,482,839 and US 9,249,353.
- the composition of ionic plastic crystal as defined here can be a composition of solid electrolyte based on ionic plastic crystal.
- the ionic plastic crystal composition as herein defined can be used as a component of an electrode material, for example, as a binder in an electrode material.
- the present technology therefore also relates to a solid electrolyte based on an ionic plastic crystal comprising an ionic plastic crystal as defined above or an ionic plastic crystal composition as defined above (that is to say comprising an ionic plastic as defined above), wherein the ionic plastic crystal may optionally be crosslinked if crosslinkable functional groups are present therein.
- the solid electrolyte composition based on ionic plastic crystal or the solid electrolyte based on ionic plastic crystal as defined above may also comprise at least one salt.
- the salt may be dissolved in the ionic plastic crystal solid electrolyte composition or in the ionic plastic crystal solid electrolyte.
- the salt can be an ionic salt such as a lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium salt.
- the ionic salt is a lithium salt.
- Non-limiting examples of lithium salts include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) lithium imide (Li(FSI)(TFSI)), lithium 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyano-imidazolate (LiTDI), lithium 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (LiDCTA) , lithium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (LiBETI), lithium difluorophosphate (LiDFP), lithium tetraflu
- LiPF 6 lithium bis(
- the lithium salt can be LiPF 6 .
- the lithium salt can be LiFSI.
- the lithium salt can be LiTFSI.
- Non-limiting examples of sodium salts include the salts described above where the lithium ion is replaced by a sodium ion.
- Non-limiting examples of potassium salts include the salts described above where the lithium ion is replaced by a potassium ion.
- Non-limiting examples of calcium salts include the salts described above where the lithium ion is replaced by a calcium ion and where the number of anions present in the salt is adjusted to the charge of the calcium ion.
- Non-limiting examples of magnesium salts include the salts described above where the lithium ion is replaced by a magnesium ion and where the number of anions present in the salt is adjusted to the charge of the magnesium ion.
- the solid electrolyte composition based on ionic plastic crystal or the solid electrolyte based on ionic plastic crystal as defined above may also comprise additional components such as ionic conductive materials, particles inorganic compounds, glass particles, ceramic particles (eg, nanoceramics), plasticizers, and other similar components or a combination of two or more of these.
- the additional component can be chosen for its mechanical, physical and/or chemical properties.
- the additional component can be chosen for its high ionic conductivity and can, in particular, be added in order to improve the conduction of the lithium ions.
- the additional component can be chosen from compounds of the NASICON, LISICON, thio-LiSICON type, garnets, in crystalline and/or amorphous form, and a combination of at least two of these.
- the solid electrolyte based on ionic plastic crystal can be in the form of a thin film.
- the film may include at least one electrolyte layer including the ionic plastic crystal solid electrolyte.
- the additional components can be included and/or substantially dispersed in the electrolyte layer or separately in an ion-conductive layer, for example, deposited on the electrolyte layer.
- the present technology also relates to a binder composition comprising an ionic plastic crystal as herein defined or an ionic plastic crystal composition as herein defined with a binder.
- the binder can be a polymeric binder and can, for example, be selected for its ability to be solubilized in a solvent which can also solubilize the plastic crystal as defined herein and to be mixed effectively therewith.
- the solvent can be an organic solvent (eg, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)).
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the solvent may also include, for example, a polar protic solvent (eg, isopropanol) to solubilize the polymer.
- Non-limiting examples of polymeric binders include fluoropolymers (eg, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)), synthetic rubbers or natural (for example, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubbers), and ion-conductive polymeric binders such as a copolymer composed of at least one solvation segment of lithium ions, such as a polyether, and optionally at least one cross-linkable segment (eg, POE-based polymers comprising repeating units of methyl methacrylate).
- fluoropolymers eg, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)
- the polymer binder is a fluorinated polymer binder.
- the fluoropolymer binder is PTFE.
- the fluorinated polymer binder is PVDF or PVDF-HFP, preferably PVDF.
- the polymer binder is a non-fluorinated polymer binder.
- the polymer binder is EPDM.
- the binder can be a polymeric binder and can, for example, be a polymer as described above in relation to solid polymer electrolytes (SPE).
- SPE solid polymer electrolytes
- the present technology also relates to the use of a binder composition as defined herein, in an electrode material.
- the present technology also relates to an electrode material comprising at least one electrochemically active material and an ionic plastic crystal or an ionic plastic crystal composition as defined herein.
- the ionic plastic crystal or the ionic plastic crystal composition is a binder in an electrode material.
- the electrode material is a material positive electrode. In another example, the electrode material is a negative electrode material.
- the electrochemically active material can be in the form of particles.
- electrochemically active materials include metal oxides, metal lithium oxides, metal phosphates, lithium metal phosphates, titanates, lithium titanates, metal fluorophosphates, metal fluorophosphates and lithium, metal oxyfluorophosphates, metal and lithium oxyfluorophosphates, metal sulphates, metal and lithium sulphates, metal halides (such as metal fluorides), metal and lithium halides (such as metal and lithium fluorides), sulfur, selenium and a combination of two or more of these.
- the electrochemically active material is chosen from the group consisting of metal oxides, metal and lithium oxides, metal phosphates, metal and lithium phosphates, titanates, titanates of lithium, metal and lithium fluorides, metal and lithium fluorophosphates, metal and lithium oxyfluorophosphates, metal sulfates, metal halides, sulfur, selenium and a combination of at least two of these.
- the metal of the electrochemically active material can be selected from the group consisting of titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni ), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), antimony (Sb), zirconium (Zr), zinc (Zn), niobium (Nb) and a combination of at least two of these, when compatible.
- the metal of the electrochemically active material can be chosen from the group consisting of titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), zinc (Zn), niobium (Nb) and a combination of at least two of these here, when compatible.
- the metal of the electrochemically active material can be chosen from the group consisting of titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), vanadium (V) , nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al) and a combination of at least two of these, when compatible.
- Non-limiting examples of electrochemically active materials also include titanates and lithium titanates (for example, TiO 2 , Li 2 TiO 3 , Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , H 2 Ti 5 O 11 , H2Ti4C>9, or a combination thereof), metal phosphates and lithium metal phosphates (e.g., LiM'PCL and M'PCL, where M' can be Fe, Ni, Mn, Mg, Co or a combination of two or more thereof), vanadium oxides and vanadium metal oxides (e.g., LiV 3 O 8 , V2O5, LiV 2 Os and other similar oxides), and other lithium metal oxides of the formulas LiMn 2 CL, LiM”O 2 (where M” is selected from Mn, Co, Ni and a combination thereof), or Li(NiM'”)O2 (where M'” is selected from Mn, Co, Al, Fe, Cr, Ti, Zr, another similar metal and a combination thereof), and a combination of at least two of these,
- the electrochemically active material can optionally be doped with other elements included in smaller quantities, for example to modulate or optimize its electrochemical properties.
- the electrochemically active material can be doped by the partial substitution of the metal by other ions.
- the electrochemically active material can be doped with a transition metal (eg, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn or Y) and/or an element other than a transition metal. transition (for example, Mg, Al or Sb).
- the electrochemically active material may be in the form of particles (eg, microparticles and/or nanoparticles) which may be freshly formed or commercially sourced.
- the electrochemically active material may be in the form of particles coated with a layer of potting material.
- the potting material may be an electronically conductive material, for example, a conductive carbon potting.
- the electrode material is a negative electrode material comprising, for example, a carbon-coated lithium titanate (C-LTO) as the electrochemically active material.
- C-LTO carbon-coated lithium titanate
- the electrode material as defined here further includes an additive.
- the additive can be chosen from inorganic ionic conductive materials, inorganic materials, glasses, glass-ceramics, ceramics, including nano-ceramics (such as Al2O 3 , TiO 2 , SiO 2 and other similar compounds ), salts (eg, lithium salts) and other similar additives or a combination of two or more of these.
- the additive can be an inorganic ionic conductor chosen from compounds of the NASICON, LISICON, thio-LISICON type, garnets, sulphides, sulfur halides, phosphates, thio-phosphates, in crystalline and/or amorphous form, and a combination of at least two of these.
- the electrode material as defined here further includes an electronically conductive material.
- electronically conductive material include a carbon source such as carbon black (eg, Ketjen TM carbon and Super P TM carbon), acetylene black (eg, Shawinigan carbon and Denka TM carbon), graphite, graphene, carbon fibers (e.g., gas phase formed carbon fibers (VGCFs)), carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a combination of least two of these.
- VGCFs gas phase formed carbon fibers
- CNTs carbon nanofibers
- the electrode material as defined herein may have an electrochemically active material:ionic plastic crystal ratio of less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3, and preferably less than about 4.
- the electrode material as defined herein can have a porosity of less than about 8%, or less than about 7%, or less than about 6%, or less than about 5%, or less than about 4%, or less than about 3%, or less than about 2%, or less than about 1%, and preferably less than about 5%.
- a porosity of less than about 8%, or less than about 7%, or less than about 6%, or less than about 5%, or less than about 4%, or less than about 3%, or less than about 2%, or less than about 1%, and preferably less than about 5%.
- the ratio of electrochemically active material to ionic plastic crystal can substantially affect the porosity of the electrode material.
- an electrochemically active material: ionic plastic crystal ratio of less than about 4 was used to obtain an electrode having a porosity of less than about 5% in order to obtain substantially high electrochemical performance.
- the present technology also relates to an electrode comprising the electrode material as defined herein and applied to a current collector (for example, aluminum or copper foil).
- a current collector for example, aluminum or copper foil.
- the electrode can be a self-supporting electrode.
- the electrode as defined here is an electrode positive.
- the electrode as defined here is a negative electrode.
- the present technology therefore also relates to a process for the production of an electrode material as herein defined and an electrode as herein defined.
- Figure 1 shows a flowchart of the process for producing an electrode material as defined in the present application, according to one possible embodiment.
- the method may include a step of preparing a suspension of binder and carbon (“carbon binder slurry (CBS)”, in English).
- the CBS preparation step includes dispersing an electronically conductive material as described above in a binder composition.
- the binder composition can include a binder (eg, a binder as described above), a solvent as described above, and/or a carbon dispersing agent.
- the electronically conductive material can be a combination of carbon black and VGCFs and the binder composition can include a combination of PVDF and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a binder and NMP as a solvent. It should be noted that PVP can also serve as a carbon dispersing agent.
- the step of dispersing the electronically conductive material in the binder composition can be carried out by any compatible method.
- the step of dispersing the electronically conductive material into the binder composition can be performed by a milling process such as a ball milling process.
- the step of dispersing the electronically conductive material in the binder composition can be carried out for a sufficient period of time in order to obtain a substantially homogeneous CBS.
- the step of preparing the CBS can also include a step of preparing the binder composition, for example, by mixing the binder, the solvent and/or the carbon dispersing agent.
- the step of preparing the binder composition can be carried out by any compatible method.
- the step of preparing the binder composition can be carried out by a milling process such as a roll milling process.
- the step of preparing the binder composition can be carried out for a period of time sufficient to substantially dissolve the binder and/or the carbon dispersing agent in the solvent.
- the step of preparing the binder composition can be carried out for more than 10 hours.
- the method may further include a step of preparing an ionic catholyte solution based on plastic crystal (PCr).
- the PCr catholyte solution can be a dilute PCr catholyte solution.
- the step of preparing the dilute PCr catholyte solution may include diluting a PCr as described herein and an ionic salt as described above (e.g., lithium salt such as LiFSI) by adding an additional solvent to the solution.
- the additional solvent can be NM P.
- the method may further include the preparation of a PCr-CBS suspension.
- the PCr-CBS suspension preparation step can be performed by adding the diluted PCr catholyte solution to the CBS.
- the diluted PCr catholyte solution can be added to the CBS gradually in order to prevent the polarity of the suspension from increasing too abruptly.
- the method may further include adding an electrochemically active material as described above to the PCr-CBS suspension.
- the electrochemically active material can be lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC).
- Figure 2 shows a flowchart of the method for preparing an electrode as defined here, according to one possible embodiment.
- the method may further include a coating step (also called spreading) of the PCr-CBS suspension as described above on a current collector or on a substrate or film of support (for example, a substrate made of silicone, polypropylene or siliconized polypropylene) in order to obtain a PCr-based positive electrode film on a current collector or a support.
- a substrate or film of support for example, a substrate made of silicone, polypropylene or siliconized polypropylene
- the PCr-CBS suspension is coated on a current collector.
- said coating step can be carried out by any compatible coating method.
- said coating step can be performed by at least a doctor blade coating method, a transfer gap coating method, a reverse transfer gap coating method, a printing method such as that etching, or a slot coating method.
- said coating step is carried out by a doctor blade coating method.
- the method can also include a step of drying the PCr-based positive electrode film.
- the drying step can be carried out at a temperature and for a period of time sufficient to substantially remove any residual solvent.
- the drying step may be carried out in a vacuum oven at a temperature of about 120°C for over 10 hours to substantially remove any residual solvent.
- the method may further include a step of calendering or pressing the positive electrode film in order to substantially reduce its thickness.
- the calendering or pressing step can be performed by any compatible calendering or pressing method.
- the calendering or pressing step can be performed by a roll (or between rolls) pressing process.
- the electrode material obtained by the method as defined here can be substantially or totally free of carbon agglomerates compared to the electrode materials obtained by conventional mixing methods.
- the electrode materials obtained by conventional mixing methods generally include carbon agglomerates. This can be attributed to the fact that carbon readily agglomerates in a highly polar solvent due to its hydrophobic surface properties.
- the present technology also relates to an electrochemical cell including a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the negative electrode, the positive electrode and the electrolyte comprises the ionic plastic crystal as herein defined or the ionic plastic crystal composition as herein defined.
- the present technology also relates to an electrochemical cell including a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the negative electrode, the positive electrode and the electrolyte is as defined herein.
- the electrolyte is an ionic plastic crystal solid electrolyte as defined here.
- the negative electrode is as defined here.
- the positive electrode is as defined here.
- the electrolyte is a solid electrolyte based on an ionic plastic crystal as defined here and the positive electrode is as defined here.
- the negative electrode includes an electrochemically active material which can be any known electrochemically active material and which can be chosen for its electrochemical compatibility with the various elements of the electrochemical cell such as here defined.
- the electrochemically active material of the negative electrode is chosen for its electrochemical compatibility with the material of the positive electrode defined herein.
- Non-limiting examples of electrochemically active materials of the negative electrode include alkali metals, alkali metal alloys, graphite, silicon (Si), tin (Sn) and prelithiumated electrochemically active materials.
- the electrochemically active material of the negative electrode includes a lithium titanate, a carbon coated lithium titanate, an alkali metal or an alkali metal alloy. In a variant of interest, the electrochemically active material of the negative electrode is metallic lithium.
- the present technology also relates to a battery comprising at least one electrochemical cell as defined here.
- said battery can be selected from a lithium battery, a lithium-ion battery, a lithium-sulfur battery, a sodium battery, a sodium-ion battery, a magnesium battery and a magnesium- ion.
- said battery is a lithium battery or a lithium-ion battery.
- the battery can be a so-called all-solid battery (for example, an all-solid lithium battery).
- Protic ionic plastic crystals have a glass transition temperature (T g ) between about -70°C and about -60°C and a melting point between about 10°C and about 45°C. Note that the melting point decreases with the insertion of methacrylate functional groups.
- the reaction yields increase in the presence of formic acid, silylated derivatives of diethylene glycol (SiDEG) and/or silylated derivatives of glycerol (SiGLY).
- silylated derivatives of diethylene glycol (SiDEG) and glycerol (SiGLY) has been carried out by silylation of diethylene glycol or glycerol with tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBDMS-CI) in DCM as solvent and imidazole as base and catalyst.
- TDMS-CI tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride
- the silylation reaction was carried out in a glove box by adding all the reagents to a previously cleaned and dried round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer.
- the round bottom flask was dried at 120°C for at least 3 hours to remove any residual water before adding the reagents.
- the organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate (MgSO 4 ) used as drying agent for a period of 12 hours with stirring.
- the solution thus obtained was then filtered.
- the filtrate was evaporated to dryness and dried under vacuum for 12 hours. In cases where an impure solution was obtained, the solution was vacuum distilled at 130°C for 30 minutes, and volatile contaminants were removed.
- MgSO 4 magnesium sulphate
- silylated derivatives of diethylene glycol (SiDEG) and glycerol (SiGLY) prepared in the present example were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR).
- FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- 1 H NMR proton nuclear magnetic resonance
- the synthesis was carried out in a glove box by adding all the reagents to a previously cleaned and dried round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer. All reagents were also pre-dried under vacuum at a lower temperature at 60°C for about 48 hours, then weighed. The round bottom flask was dried at 120°C for at least 3 hours to remove any residual water before adding the reagents.
- the round bottom flask was fitted with a reflux condenser, heated to a preselected temperature and stirred at 500 rpm for at least 4 days under an inert nitrogen atmosphere.
- the mixture thus obtained was then cooled and the pH was measured in order to ensure that the mixture was under alkaline (basic) conditions.
- the mixture was then evaporated to dryness under vacuum at a temperature below 50°C.
- the residue was then dissolved in 45 ml of DCM, washed four times with water and then twice with brine.
- the solution thus obtained was then filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness.
- the two phases thus formed were separated using a separatory funnel.
- the lower phase (a yellowish phase) was collected and concentrated.
- the viscous solid was then vacuum distilled at 160°C for approximately 12 hours to remove volatile contaminants.
- the viscous solid turns into a solid at room temperature.
- Ionic plastic crystals (Plastic Crystals 1 to 14) were obtained by the method of this example. The number of equivalents for each reagent and the synthesis conditions are shown in Table 3 and the reaction yield and melting points for each ionic plastic crystal are shown in Table 4.
- the BEMP was used as a 1 M solution of BEMP in hexane.
- the solvents in Table 3 are anhydrous acetonitrile (ACN), dichloromethane (DCM), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and ethanol (EtOH).
- Ionic plastic crystals (Plastic Crystals 15 and 16) were obtained using the process of the present example, the quantity, the number of moles and the number of equivalents of the reactants used in the synthesis being presented in Tables 5 and 6, respectively. Table 5. Reagents used in the synthesis of Cristal Plastique 15
- FIG. 3 shows a proton NMR spectrum obtained for a DBU from a commercial source in deuterated dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO-d 6 ). The proton NMR spectrum was obtained for comparison.
- Figures 4, 5 and 6 respectively show a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of carbon 13, fluorine 19 and lithium 7 ( 13 C NMR, 19 F NMR and 7 Li NMR) obtained for Plastic Crystal 1 in deuterated chloroform ( CDCh). As shown in Figure 6, no 7 Li NMR peak could be observed in the region from 21 ppm to -19 ppm.
- Figure 7 shows the mass spectra obtained by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source (HPLC TOF ESI-MS) for Plastic Crystal 1. The results are presented for the negative (ESI”) and positive (ESI + ) mode.
- Figure 8 shows the results of the analysis by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) obtained for Plastic Crystal 1. Isothermal measurements (at 150.00 °C and -90.00 °C) and non-isothermal (ramp of 3 .00°C/min) were carried out. Repeated measurements of DSC heating-cooling cycles were performed following the thermal procedure: ramp of 3.00°C/min from -90.00°C to 150.00°C (1), isothermal at 150.00 °C for 3 min, ramp 3.00 °C/min from 150.00 °C to -90.00 °C (2), isothermal at -90.00 °C for 3 min, and ramp 3.00 °C/min from -90.00°C to 150.00°C (3).
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- Figure 9 shows the mass spectra obtained by HPLC TOF ESI-MS for Crystal Pastique 11. The results are presented for ESI" and ESI + .
- Figure 10 shows the DSC results obtained for Plastic Crystal 11. Isothermal (at 150.00°C and -90.00°C) and non-isothermal (ramp of 3.00°C/min) measurements were performed. Repeated measurements of DSC heating-cooling cycles were carried out following the following thermal procedure: ramp of 3.00°C/min from -90.00°C to 150.00°C (1), isothermal at 150, 00°C for 3 min, ramp of 3.00°C/min from 150.00°C to -90.00°C (2), isothermal at -90.00°C for 3 min, and ramp of 3, 00°C/min from - 90.00°C to 150.00°C (3). Ionic plastic crystals were also synthesized by the following method.
- the synthesis was carried out in a glove box in a previously cleaned and dried round bottom flask, fitted with a magnetic stirrer. All the reagents were also previously dried under vacuum at a temperature below 60°C for about 48 hours, then weighed. The round bottom flask was dried at 120°C for at least 3 hours to remove any residual water before adding the reagents.
- Ionic plastic crystals (Plastic Crystals 17 and 18) were obtained using the method of this example, the amount, number of moles and number of equivalents of the reactants used in the synthesis being presented in Tables 7 and 8, respectively.
- the mixture was then filtered, and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness under vacuum at a temperature below 50°C.
- the residue was dissolved in 45 mL of DCM, washed four times with water and twice with brine.
- the two phases thus formed were separated using a funnel. decant.
- the lower phase (a yellowish phase) was collected and concentrated.
- the viscous solid was then vacuum distilled at 160°C for approximately 12 hours to remove volatile contaminants. The viscous solid turns into a solid at room temperature.
- Figure 11 shows a proton NMR spectrum obtained for Plastic Crystal 15 after post-functionalization as described in this example.
- the 1 H NMR measurements were carried out in DMSO-d 6 .
- Figure 12 shows the DSC results obtained for Plastic Crystal 15 after post-functionalization as described in the present example. Isothermal (at 150.00°C and -90.00°C) and non-isothermal (ramp of 10.00°C/min) measurements were carried out. Repeated measurements of DSC heating-cooling cycles were performed using the following thermal procedure: ramp of 10.00°C/min from -90.00°C to 150.00°C (dashed line, 1), isothermal at 150.00°C for 3 min (dashed-dot-dot line, 2), ramp 10.00°C/min from 150.00°C to -90.00°C (solid line, 3), isothermal at -90.00°C for 3 min (dashed-dot line, 4), and ramp 10.00°C/min from -90.00°C to 150.00°C (dotted line, 5).
- FIG 13 shows the results of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) obtained for Plastic Crystal 15 after post-functionalization as described in the present example.
- TGA thermogravimetric analysis
- Figure 14 shows the DSC results obtained for the Plastic Crystal 16 following the post-functionalization described in the present example. Isothermal (at 150.00°C and -20.00°C) and non-isothermal (ramp 2.00°C/min) measurements were performed. Repeated measurements of DSC heating-cooling cycles were performed using the following thermal procedure: ramp 2.00°C/min from -20.00°C to 150.00°C (dashed line, 1), isothermal at 150.00°C for 3 min (solid line, 2), ramp 2.00°C/min from 150.00°C to -20.00°C (dashed-dot-dot line, 3), isothermal to - 20.00°C for 3 min (solid line, 4), and ramp 2.00°C/min from -20.00°C to 150.00°C (dotted line, 5).
- Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed between 200 mHz and 1 MHz in a temperature range of 20°C to 80°C (up and down, every 10°C).
- the films of ionic plastic crystals were placed between two stainless steel blocking electrodes having an active surface of 2.01 cm 2 .
- Equation 1 The ionic conductivity of lithium ions was calculated from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements using Equation 1: in which, o is the ionic conductivity (S. cm -1 ), I is the thickness of the ionic plastic crystal film between the two blocking electrodes, A is the contact surface between the ionic plastic crystal film and the two blocking electrodes and R t is the total resistance measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
- Figure 15 presents the results of the ionic conductivity (S. cm -1 ) measured as a function of the temperature (K -1 ) for the symmetrical cell assembled in the present example.
- Figure 15 shows that an ionic conductivity value of 1.52 x 10 -5 S.cm -1 was obtained at a temperature of 50°C for Plastic Crystal 15 after post-functionalization as described in Example 1 (d).
- Figure 16 presents the results of the ionic conductivity (S. cm -1 ) measured as a function of the temperature (K -1 ) for the symmetrical cell assembled with Plastic Crystal 16 after post-functionalization as described in Example 1 ( d).
- the expression “undried” means that the film was dried at 25° C. under vacuum for 12 hours in order to remove only the ACN.
- “dried” means that the film was dried at 80°C under vacuum for 12 hours to ensure adequate drying.
- the plastic crystal melts and can diffuse slightly into the polymer.
- Figure 17 presents the results of ionic conductivity (S. cm -1 ) measured as a function of temperature (K -1 ) for the conductivity cells assembled in the present example. Results are shown for Cell 1 (•), Cell 2 ( ⁇ ), Cell 3 ( ⁇ ), Cell 4 ( ⁇ ), and Cell 5 (A), as described in this example.
- Figure 18 presents the results of ionic conductivity (S.cm -1 ) measured as a function of temperature (K -1 ) for the conductivity cells assembled in the present example. Results are shown for Cell 6 (•), Cell 7 (A), Cell 8 (X), Cell 9 ( ⁇ ), Cell 10 ( ⁇ , solid line), and Cell 11 ( ⁇ , solid line). dotted line) as described in this example.
- Ionic plastic crystals (Plastic Crystals 19 to 28) including different combinations of cations derived from an amidine, guanidine or phosphazene organic superbase and delocalized anions were obtained by the method described in Example 1(b). The reactions were carried out at a temperature of about 21°C for about 4 days. The quantity of reagents used in the synthesis is presented in Table 10. The reaction yields as well as the mass of each ionic plastic crystal obtained are presented in Table 11.
- the yield of the reaction can be improved by the formation of a stabilized intermediate ion-neutral complex obtained by the reaction of a cation derived from an amidine, guanidine or phosphazene organic superbase as described here and of a bis-silylated compound of Formula 17.
- a stabilized intermediate ion-neutral complex formed by the reaction of the bis-silylated derivative of diethylene glycol (SiDEG) prepared in Example 1(a) and protonated DBU has been characterized.
- the stabilized intermediate ion-neutral complex was characterized by 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR over a period of approximately 3 weeks in order to assess its ability to stabilize the protonated base.
- Figure 19(A) shows the atom numbering in both the protonated DBU and the bis-silyl derivative of diethylene glycol (SiDEG) prepared in Example 1(a).
- Figure 19(B) shows a proton NMR spectrum obtained for the stabilized intermediate ion-neutral complex as described in this example.
- the 1 H NMR measurements were carried out in acetonitrile-d 3 (CD 3 CN) and the assignments of the peaks are indicated on the spectrum.
- Figure 19(C) shows a 13 C NMR spectrum obtained for the stabilized intermediate ion-neutral complex as described in the present example.
- the 13 C NMR measurements were also carried out in the CD 3 CN and the assignments of the peaks are indicated on the spectrum.
- Figure 20(A) shows the proton NMR spectra obtained for the stabilized intermediate ion-neutral complex as described in the present example over a period of 3 weeks. The results are shown at the beginning of the experiment (blue 1 H NMR spectrum), after 2 days (red 1 H NMR spectrum), after 3 days (green 1 H NMR spectrum), after 9 days (purple 1 H NMR spectrum) and after 21 days (yellow 1 H NMR spectrum). The 1 H NMR measurements were carried out in CD 3 CN and the assignments of the peaks are indicated on the spectra.
- Figure 20(B) shows 13 C NMR spectra obtained for the intermediate ion-neutral complex stabilized as described in the present example over a period of 3 weeks. The results are shown at the start of the experiment ( 13 C NMR blue spectrum), after 2 days ( 13 C NMR red spectrum), after 3 days ( 13 C NMR green spectrum), after 9 days (13 C NMR purple spectrum) and after 21 days (yellow 13C NMR spectrum). The 13 C NMR measurements were carried out in CD 3 CN and the assignments of the peaks are indicated on the spectra.
- Figure 21(A) shows the proton NMR spectra obtained for the stabilized intermediate ion-neutral complex as described in the present example over a period of 3 weeks. The results were recorded between 3.99 ppm and 4.30 ppm at the start of the experiment (blue 1 H NMR spectrum), after 2 days (red 1 H NMR spectrum), after 3 days (green 1 H NMR spectrum) , after 9 days (purple 1 H NMR spectrum) and after 21 days (yellow 1 H NMR spectrum). The 1 H NMR measurements were carried out in CD 3 CN and the assignments of the peaks are indicated on the spectra.
- Figure 21(B) shows proton NMR spectra obtained for the stabilized intermediate ion-neutral complex as described in the present example over a period of 3 weeks. The results were recorded between 6 ppm and 10.4 ppm were obtained at the start of the experiment (blue 1 H NMR spectrum), after 2 days (red 1 H NMR spectrum), after 3 days (green 1 H NMR spectrum ), after 9 days (violet 1 H NMR spectrum) and after 21 days (yellow 1 H NMR spectrum) The 1 H NMR measurements were carried out in CD 3 CN and the assignments of the peaks are indicated on the spectra.
- the synthesis was carried out in a glove box by adding all the reagents to a previously cleaned and dried round bottom flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer. The flask was dried at 120°C for at least 3 hours to remove any residual water before adding the reagents.
- the round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser under an inert nitrogen atmosphere was heated to a preselected temperature and stirred at 500 rpm for at least 4 days.
- the mixture thus obtained was then cooled and the pH was measured in order to ensure that the mixture was under alkaline (basic) conditions.
- the mixture was then evaporated to dryness under vacuum at a temperature below 50°C.
- the residue was then dissolved in 45 ml of DCM, washed four times with water and then twice with brine.
- the solution thus obtained was then filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness.
- the two phases thus formed were separated using a separatory funnel.
- the lower phase (a yellowish phase) was collected and concentrated.
- the viscous solid was then vacuum distilled at 160°C for approximately 12 hours to remove volatile contaminants.
- the viscous solid turns into a solid at room temperature.
- the tetracyclic ionic plastic crystal (Plastic Crystal 30) was obtained using the method of this example.
- the number of equivalents for each reagent and the synthesis conditions are presented in Table 12.
- Figure 22 shows the mass spectra obtained by HPLC TOF ESI-MS for Plastic Crystal 30 as described in Example 6(a). The results are presented for both ESI' and ESI + .
- the eluent for TOF ESI-MS HPLC was (95% methanol, 4.9% water and 0.1% formic acid), and the flow rate was 0.1 ml/min.
- Figure 23 shows the DSC results obtained for Plastic Crystal 30 as described in Example 6(a). Isothermal (at 100.00°C and -20.00°C) and non-isothermal (ramp 2.00°C/min) measurements were performed.
- the tetracationic ionic plastic crystal was prepared by a process as shown in Scheme 8:
- the synthesis of the tetracationic ionic plastic crystal was carried out by adding 20.0 ml of anhydrous DCM and 1.35 ml of DBU in a previously cleaned and dried 50 ml round bottom flask, equipped with a magnetic stirrer, in a box in gloves. The mixture was then cooled to a temperature of about 4°C outside the glove box. The mixture was then stirred and 1.0 g of 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(bromomethyl)benzene was added.
- the mixture was then placed under an inert atmosphere for at least 4 days at room temperature.
- the white precipitate thus obtained was then removed by centrifugation (5000 revolutions per minute for about 10 minutes) then washed three times with 15ml of DCM.
- the white solid was then dried under vacuum at a temperature of about 45°C for 3 hours.
- the reaction yield was 1.624 g.
- the mixture was then stirred under an inert atmosphere for about 3 days at room temperature.
- the mixture was then centrifuged and the solid separated and recovered.
- the solid was transferred to an 80 mL beaker and 50 mL of methanol was added.
- the suspension was stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature.
- the solid was separated and recovered by centrifugation.
- the solid was then dried under vacuum at a temperature of about 45°C for about 48 hours.
- the reaction yield was 1.62 g and the purity 96%.
- Avance NEO MC 500 MHz equipped with a 1.3 mm MAS X/ 1 H/ 19 F NMR probe whose maximum speed of rotation at the magic angle is 67 kHz. Ti measurements were performed over a temperature range of -10°C to 60°C at MAS 60 kHz. The recovery time varied in 12 steps from 50 ps to 20 s for 19 F and up to 50 s for 1 H.
- Figures 24 and 25 show respectively 1 H NMR and 19 F NMR spectra obtained for the crystal tetracationic ionic plastic prepared in Example 7(a).
- Figure 26 is a graph showing relaxation time (Ti) versus temperature for the tetracationic ionic plastic crystal prepared in Example 7(a).
- the spin-lattice relaxation rate of the 19 F and 1 H nuclei was well described with a single exponential decay across the entire temperature range, meaning that the sample was substantially uniform.
- the Ti values of 1 H and 19 F are shown in Table 13. Table 13. Ti values of 1 H and 19 F
- the Ti values of 1 H and 19 F show opposite trends with respect to temperature, meaning that the cations form a "solid” type immobile frame, while the FSI anions can move in a "liquid” fashion.
- the tetracationic ionic plastic crystal of the present example was compared to Plastic Crystals 1 and 30. A transition from the “solid” phase to the “liquid” phase was observed at a temperature of 17°C for the anions and at a temperature of 40°C for the cations of Crystal Plastic 1.
- the cations and anions of Crystal Plastic 30 were tightly packed with very limited movement in the temperature range of 20°C to 60°C.
- Example 8 Positive electrodes based on plastic crystals
- Positive electrodes based on plastic crystals with different formulations and processing conditions have been prepared and characterized.
- the electrochemically active material was lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC).
- NMC lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide
- Table 14 The different positive electrode compositions are shown in Table 14.
- SEM Scanning electron microscopy
- FIB-FESEM Focused Ion Beam Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
- the pores of the positive electrode based on plastic crystals can act as a resistance to the transport of lithium ions, the performance of the positive electrode can therefore be limited by the porosity. It should also be noted that the ratio between the active material and the plastic crystal catholyte must be significant in order to ensure that the porosity of the positive electrode is 5% or less and thus obtain substantially positive electrode performance. high.
- Positive electrodes based on plastic crystals were obtained by the process as described above and more particularly as illustrated in Figures 1 or 2.
- CBS was prepared by adding 0.252g PVdF, 0.010g PVP and 5.836g NMP to a vessel. The container and its contents were placed in a roller mill for more than 10 hours until dissolved. 10 g of 3 mm grinding balls, 1.260 g of Denka MC carbon black and 0.42 g of VGCFs were then added to the vessel. The mixture was then ground four times for 5 minutes with a SPEX TM mixer mill to obtain the CBS.
- the dilute PCr catholyte solution was prepared by adding 1.934 g of Plastic Crystal 24, 0.120 g of LiFSI in 1.908 g of NMP. The solution was then mixed using a whirlwind (vortex type) mixer.
- the PCr-CBS solution was prepared by adding one quarter of the diluted PCr catholyte solution to the CBS, then milling the mixture for 5 minutes with a SPEX TM mixer mill. This step was performed three more times (i.e., until all of the diluted PCr catholyte solution was added and mixed with the CBS).
- the PCr-based positive electrode suspension was obtained by adding 7.685 g of the PCr-CBS solution and 5.130 g of NCM 811 to a container. The mixture was then stirred using a vortex mixer for 5 minutes twice, then three times using a homogenizer (IKA MC T-10 Basic) operated at speed level 1 for 2 minutes.
- a homogenizer IKA MC T-10 Basic
- the PCr-based positive electrode suspension thus obtained was then applied to a carbon-coated aluminum current collector using a doctor blade coating system with a fixed slit of 150 ⁇ m.
- the PCr-based positive electrode film was then dried in a vacuum oven at a temperature of 120°C for over 10 hours to remove any residual solvent.
- the dried PCr-based positive electrode film was then roller pressed with a goal of reducing the thickness by about 17%.
- the temperature setting of the roller press has been adjusted so that the surface temperature of the roller is below the melting point of Crystal Plastic 24.
- compositions of the PCr-CBS solution and of the PCr-based positive electrode are respectively presented in Tables 16 and 17.
- Figure 28 shows in (A) a photograph of the surface of a positive electrode based on plastic crystal obtained by a conventional mixing process and in (B) a photograph of the surface of a positive electrode based on plastic crystal obtained with the method of this example (Electrode 5). It should be noted that these images show the immediate environment reflected on the surface of the films, this environment not being part of the electrode films.
- the surface of the plastic crystal positive electrode obtained with the conventional mixing method includes carbon agglomerates, an example of which is circled. This can be attributed to the fact that carbon readily agglomerates in a highly polar solvent due to its hydrophobic surface properties.
- the surface of the plastic crystal positive electrode obtained by the method of the present example appears substantially clean and smooth and is substantially or completely free of carbon agglomerates.
- a positive electrode film based on plastic crystals having the composition shown in Table 18 was prepared using the mixing method described in Example 8(b).
- the plastic crystal-based positive electrode film (Electrode 6) was then covered with a ceramic-polymer composite layer.
- the ceramic-polymer composite layer was applied to the plastic crystal-based positive electrode film (Electrode 6) using a doctor blade coating system with a fixed slit of 65 ⁇ m.
- the composition of the ceramic-polymer composite layer as well as its method of preparation are presented in Table 19.
- the electrochemical cell (Cell 12) was assembled according to the configuration shown in Table 20.
- Figure 29 is a graph of discharge capacity versus cycle count obtained for Cell 12 for 40 charge and discharge cycles. The discharge capacity was recorded at a temperature of 35°C for the first 25 cycles, at a temperature of 50°C for cycles 26 to 39 and at a temperature of 25°C for the 40th cycle.
- Example 9 Cyclic Charge-Discharge (CCD) Measurements
- Figure 30 is a graph of current density and potential versus time for Cell 13 described in this example.
- Cell 7 was cycled between 3.5V and 5.0V in 0.1V increments, at a temperature of 50°C.
- Figure 31 is a graph of current density and potential versus time for Cell 14 described in this example.
- Cell 14 was cycled between -0.10 V and 0.10 V at 1 C, with a current density of 3 mA/cm 2 , and at a temperature of 25°C.
- the current density is represented by the dotted line.
- Figure 32 is a graph of current density and potential versus time for Cells 15 and 16 described in this example.
- Cells 15 and 16 were cycled between -0.15 V and 0.15 V at 1 C, with a current density of 3 mA/cm 2 , and at a temperature of 35°C.
- the current density is represented by the dotted line.
- Example 10 NMR Diffusion Study of Polymer Electrolytes
- the NMR diffusion study of polymer electrolyte lifetime was performed for the plastic crystal compositions shown in Table 22.
- the diffusion measurements were carried out at a temperature of 50°C.
- the gradient pulse was in the range of 0.6 ms to 2.0 ms and the diffusion time was in the range of 40 ms and 400 ms depending on the nuclei.
- the strength of the gradient was varied in 16 increments from 100 G/cm to 2500 G/cm.
- Diffusion measurements were accompanied by T2 relaxation experiments using a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence with an echo delay between 0.06 ms and 0.6 ms. Up to 64 echoes were recorded per experiment.
- CPMG Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill
- T2 is the characteristic time representing the interaction between neighboring nuclei. Long values of T2 correspond to mobile nuclei when averaging internuclear interactions. On the other hand, short T2 values correspond to static nuclei.
- Relaxation times represent information about the local environment of observed nuclei, so they can serve as a tool for assignment and deconvolution of NMR signals, even when their chemical shifts overlap.
- the transverse and longitudinal relaxation times of the LATP 7 Li NMR signal are reported by Arbi, K., et al. (Arbi, K., et al. Chemistry of materials 16.2 (2004): 255-262). They correspond to the times observed for the LATP in the present example and make it possible to separate the lithium (and its diffusion coefficient) in the LATP from the lithium in the polymers.
- the results for Plastic Crystals 32 and 33 are shown in Tables 23 and 24, respectively.
- the fastest protons in Plastic Crystal 32 have been assigned to NH.
- the other protons could be separated into two phases (namely, the “mobile phase” and the “immobile phase”) with a relative ratio of 2:8.
- the diffusion coefficients of 7 Li, 19 F and 1 H are shown in Tables 23 and 24.
- Two types of particles with different diffusivities have been identified for each nucleus: Li in LATP and Li + associated with plastic crystal mixtures- LiTFSI; FSI and TFSI anions; main part of plastic crystals (CH2) and mobile protons that can be involved in hydrogen bonding (NH).
- Figure 33 presents Arrhenius plots of the logarithm of the diffusion coefficient (D) as a function of 1/k B T showing the temperature dependence of the diffusion rates of CH 2 ( ), NH (X), FSI ( ⁇ ), TFSI (•), LATP (A) and Li + ( ⁇ ).
- D logarithm of the diffusion coefficient
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