EP4278402A1 - Redox flow battery - Google Patents
Redox flow batteryInfo
- Publication number
- EP4278402A1 EP4278402A1 EP21798558.9A EP21798558A EP4278402A1 EP 4278402 A1 EP4278402 A1 EP 4278402A1 EP 21798558 A EP21798558 A EP 21798558A EP 4278402 A1 EP4278402 A1 EP 4278402A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- coating
- redox flow
- flow battery
- electrode
- substrate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical class [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CYKMNKXPYXUVPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[Ti] Chemical compound [C].[Ti] CYKMNKXPYXUVPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012254 powdered material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- AWDBHOZBRXWRKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrapotassium;iron(6+);hexacyanide Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[Fe+6].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] AWDBHOZBRXWRKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEPOHXYIFQMVHW-XOZOLZJESA-N 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid (2S,3S)-3,4-dimethyl-2-phenylmorpholine Chemical compound OC(C(O)C(O)=O)C(O)=O.C[C@H]1[C@@H](OCCN1C)c1ccccc1 VEPOHXYIFQMVHW-XOZOLZJESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100031242 Deoxyhypusine synthase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101000844963 Homo sapiens Deoxyhypusine synthase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- QSKVWFKDPMSUJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N OC=1C=C2N=C3C=CC(=CC3=NC2=CC=1O)S(=O)(=O)O Chemical compound OC=1C=C2N=C3C=CC(=CC3=NC2=CC=1O)S(=O)(=O)O QSKVWFKDPMSUJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003592 biomimetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012432 intermediate storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036647 reaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/886—Powder spraying, e.g. wet or dry powder spraying, plasma spraying
Definitions
- the invention relates to a redox flow battery comprising at least one electrode, the electrode comprising a metallic substrate, a coating being formed at least partially on a surface of the substrate.
- redox flow batteries are used in a stationary manner, for example as domestic energy storage for single-family houses or entire blocks of flats. Furthermore, redox flow batteries can also be used in power plants for intermediate storage of generated electrical energy.
- a redox flow battery also known as a redox flow battery, stores electrical energy in chemical compounds in which the reactants are dissolved in a solvent.
- a redox flow battery stores electrical energy in chemical compounds in which the reactants are dissolved in a solvent.
- two energy-storing electrolytes circulate in two separate circuits, between which the ion exchange in the cell takes place via an ion-conducting membrane.
- the energy-storing electrolytes are stored outside the cell in separate tanks.
- Redox flow batteries are based on the principle that two electrolytes flow through the half-cells of an electrochemical cell, i.e. the battery cell, and change their oxidation state on the surface of the electrodes. The electrons given off or taken up during the half-cell reactions do work via the external circuit.
- the electrodes may be formed of metal, diamond, or indium tin oxide. The electrodes are either applied to a suitable substrate by means of coating methods such as CVD or PVD, or are produced separately and pressed onto the substrate.
- Metallic plates that are coated using the PVD process usually do not have a completely dense layer, so that the base material, i.e. the metallic plate, is not completely protected by the layer from an aggressive electrolyte. This reduces the efficiency and service life of the electrode and thus of the entire battery cell.
- WO 2018/146342 A1 discloses various lignin-based electrolyte compositions for use in redox flow batteries.
- the publication "A biomimetic high-capacity phenazine-based anolyte for aqueous organic redox flow batteries", Aaron Hollas et al., Nature energy, Vol. 3, June 2018, pages 508 - 514 describes anolytes for redox flow batteries Based on aqueous "organic” electrolytes or based on aqueous electrolytes with a redox-active organic species. These are becoming increasingly important.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a redox flow battery comprising at least one electrode with an electrolyte-tight coating.
- the production costs are to be reduced and the efficiency and service life or operating times are to be increased.
- the redox flow battery comprises at least one electrode, the electrode comprising a metallic substrate, a coating being formed at least partially on a surface of the substrate.
- the coating is formed by applying powder material using an aerosol coating process and is therefore designed to be electrolyte-tight.
- the aerosol coating process also known as the aerosol deposition method, is a dry spray coating process for producing dense layers directly from the powder material.
- the aerosol consists of the powder material and a carrier gas.
- the carrier gas can be O2, N2 or He, for example.
- a process temperature of 100° C. is preferably not exceeded during the aerosol coating process.
- the process temperature essentially corresponds to the room temperature.
- the aerosol coating process is not a high-temperature process, but is carried out particularly at room temperature.
- the substrate is placed in a vacuum chamber during the aerosol coating process whereby the powder material is deposited onto the surface of the substrate via the carrier gas.
- the powder material is combined with the carrier gas in a powder aerosol manufacturing unit. mixes and in this way the aerosol for the coating process is produced.
- the powder material is preferably solvent-free for the aerosol coating process.
- the surface of the substrate can be coated either completely or only partially.
- a mask can be used, which masks off sections of the surface of the substrate that are not to be coated and thus prevents a coating at these locations.
- the substrate is made of a steel alloy, a copper-tin alloy, an aluminum alloy or a silver alloy.
- a low-alloy steel is provided as the substrate. A cost saving can be achieved as a result.
- the coating is formed at least partially or entirely from copper, tin, titanium, carbon and/or nickel.
- the material or the composition of the powder material required to form the coating does not require any appreciable corrosion resistance, but good electrical conductivity, ie low electrical resistance, is advantageous. As a result, the efficiency of the electrode can be further increased.
- the coating is designed as a CuSn6 coating, CuSn8 coating, titanium-carbon coating, tin coating or nickel coating.
- a coating offers adequate protection against corrosion in the electrolyte. As a result, the efficiency of the electrode can be further increased.
- the coating is formed with a layer thickness of at least 5 nm to at most 500 nm.
- the layer thickness is preferably at least 50 nm to at most 250 nm.
- the layer thickness can be determined by means of light microscopic methods. In particular, ground samples can be taken and etched for this purpose in order to determine the layer thickness.
- a layer thickness in the aforementioned range offers adequate protection against corrosion in the electrolyte. As a result, the efficiency of the electrode can be further increased. Due to the small possible thickness of the electrode, small redox flow batteries can be produced which also have a low production price. For example, more than 10, in particular more than 50, electrically connected redox flow cells are used to form a redox flow battery.
- Electrochemical Stability pH range: 1 -14
- DHPS 7,8-dihydroxyphenazine-2-sulfonic acid
- Electrolyte combinations with aqueous electrolytes with a redox-active organic and/or metallic species on the anolyte side are preferably used here to form a redox flow battery. Further measures improving the invention are presented in more detail below together with the description of preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention with reference to the figures. Show it
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a method for producing an electrode for a redox flow battery
- FIG. 2 shows a highly simplified representation of a device for carrying out the aerosol coating process
- FIG. 3 shows a greatly simplified representation of a formed electrode of a redox flow battery
- FIG. 4 shows a three-dimensional representation of an electrode
- FIG. 5 shows a redox flow battery
- FIG. 1 a method for producing an electrode 1 of a redox flow battery is visualized according to a block diagram. A section of the electrode 1 is shown in greatly simplified form in FIG.
- a metallic substrate 2 and a powder material 3 are provided in a first method step 100 .
- the substrate 2 consists of a steel alloy that has no appreciable corrosion resistance, but has good electrical conductivity, ie a low electrical resistance.
- the powdered material 3 essentially consists of the elements copper and tin, with the powdered material 3 being produced by powdering a copper-tin alloy. Small amounts of impurities and other alloying elements can therefore be contained in the powder material 3, although these are not further considered in the present case.
- a coating 4 is formed from the powder material 3 on a surface of the substrate 2 by means of an aerosol coating method in order to produce the electrode 1.
- FIG. 2 shows a device 5 for carrying out the aerosol coating process in a greatly simplified manner.
- the substrate 2 is placed on a holding element 7 within a vacuum chamber 6 .
- the aerosol coating process is carried out at room temperature, whereby a process temperature of approx. 50°C is not exceeded.
- the device 5 comprises a gas reservoir 8 for providing a carrier gas for the aerosol coating process, a control device 9 for controlling at least one flow rate of the carrier gas, a powder aerosol production unit 10 for mixing the carrier gas with the powder material 3 and a vacuum pump 11 for creating a negative pressure in of the vacuum chamber 6.
- the gas reservoir s, control device 9, powder aerosol production unit 10 and vacuum chamber 6 are connected to one another via fluid-carrying connecting lines 12.
- the carrier gas is mixed with the powder material 3, the powder material 3 being present without solvent.
- a nozzle 13 which deposits the aerosol, ie the carrier gas/powder material mixture, from the powder aerosol production unit 10 onto the substrate 2 in the vacuum chamber 6 .
- the powder material 3 is thus deposited via the carrier gas onto the surface of the substrate 2 and forms a dense and firmly adhering coating 4 there, as shown in an enlarged view in FIG.
- FIG. 3 shows a greatly simplified and enlarged sectional representation of a section of the electrode 1 formed.
- the coating 4 has a layer thickness of approximately 50 nm, for example, and is designed to protect the substrate 2 from corrosion in an electrolyte, in particular an organic electrolyte, and thus to increase the efficiency and service life of the battery cell.
- FIG. 4 shows an electrode 1 in a three-dimensional view, comprising a metallic substrate 2 in the form of a metal sheet made of an aluminum alloy, which has the coating 4 .
- a metallic substrate 2 in the form of a metal sheet made of an aluminum alloy, which has the coating 4 .
- the substrate 2 there is a three-dimensional structure for the formation of a flow field 20 with flow guide structures, so that the surface of the electrode 1 is enlarged in this area, which in an electrolyte (anolyte or catholyte) flows against a redox flow battery (compare FIG. 5).
- FIG. 5 schematically shows a redox flow battery 14 with a single redox flow cell.
- the redox flow cell comprises two components in the form of electrodes 1a, 1b, a first reaction space 16a and a second reaction space 16b, each reaction space 16a, 16b being in contact with one of the electrodes 1a, 1b.
- the reaction spaces 16a, 16b are separated from one another by the ion exchange membrane 15.
- a liquid anolyte 17a is pumped from a tank 19a via a pump 18a into the first reaction chamber 16a and passed between the electrode 1a and the ion exchange membrane 15.
- a liquid catholyte 17b is pumped from a tank 19b via a pump 18b into the second reaction chamber 16b and passed between the electrode 1b and the ion exchange membrane 15.
- An ion exchange takes place across the ion exchange membrane 15, electrical energy being released due to the redox reaction at the electrodes 1a, 1b.
- Aqueous organic electrolytes are used here.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a redox flow battery (14) comprising at least one electrode (1, 1a, 1b), wherein the electrode (1, 1a, 1b) comprises a metallic substrate (2), wherein a coating (4) is formed at least partially on a surface of the substrate (2), wherein the coating (4) is formed by application of powder material (3) by means of an aerosol coating method.
Description
Redox-Flussbatterie Redox flow battery
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Redox-Flussbatterie umfassend mindestens eine Elektrode, wobei die Elektrode ein metallisches Substrat umfasst, wobei zumindest teilweise an einer Oberfläche des Substrates eine Beschichtung ausgebildet. The invention relates to a redox flow battery comprising at least one electrode, the electrode comprising a metallic substrate, a coating being formed at least partially on a surface of the substrate.
In der Regel werden Redox-Flussbatterien stationär eingesetzt, beispielsweise als Hausenergiespeicher für Einfamilienhäuser oder ganzen Wohnblocks. Ferner können Redox-Flussbatterien auch in Kraftwerken zur Zwischenspeicherung von erzeugter elektrischer Energie eingesetzt werden. As a rule, redox flow batteries are used in a stationary manner, for example as domestic energy storage for single-family houses or entire blocks of flats. Furthermore, redox flow batteries can also be used in power plants for intermediate storage of generated electrical energy.
Eine Redox-Flussbatterie, auch Redox-Flow-Batterie genannt, speichert elektrische Energie in chemischen Verbindungen, indem die Reaktionspartner in einem Lösungsmittel in gelöster Form vorliegen. Wie beispielsweise aus der WO 2010/094657 A1 hervorgeht, zirkulieren zwei energiespeichernde Elektrolyte in zwei getrennten Kreisläufen, zwischen denen der lonenaustausch in der Zelle über eine ionenleitende Membran erfolgt. Die energiespeichernden Elektrolyte werden außerhalb der Zelle in getrennten Tanks gelagert. Redox-Flussbatterien basieren auf dem Prinzip, dass zwei Elektrolyte durch die Halbzellen einer elektrochemischen Zelle, also der Batteriezelle, strömen und dabei auf der Oberfläche der Elektroden ihre Oxidationsstufe ändern. Die bei den Halbzellreaktionen abgegebenen bzw. aufgenommenen Elektronen verrichten über den externen Stromkreis Arbeit. Die Elektroden können aus einem Metall, aus Diamant oder aus einem Indium-Zinn-Oxid ausgebildet sein. Die Elektroden werden entweder mittels Beschichtungsverfahren, wie CVD oder PVD, auf ein geeignetes Substrat aufgebracht oder gesondert hergestellt und mit dem Substrat verpresst. A redox flow battery, also known as a redox flow battery, stores electrical energy in chemical compounds in which the reactants are dissolved in a solvent. As can be seen, for example, from WO 2010/094657 A1, two energy-storing electrolytes circulate in two separate circuits, between which the ion exchange in the cell takes place via an ion-conducting membrane. The energy-storing electrolytes are stored outside the cell in separate tanks. Redox flow batteries are based on the principle that two electrolytes flow through the half-cells of an electrochemical cell, i.e. the battery cell, and change their oxidation state on the surface of the electrodes. The electrons given off or taken up during the half-cell reactions do work via the external circuit. The electrodes may be formed of metal, diamond, or indium tin oxide. The electrodes are either applied to a suitable substrate by means of coating methods such as CVD or PVD, or are produced separately and pressed onto the substrate.
Metallische Platten, die mit PVD-Verfahren beschichtet werden, weisen in der Regel keine vollständig dichte Schicht auf, sodass das Grundmaterial, also die metallische Platte, nicht vollständig durch die Schicht vor einem aggressiven Elektrolyt geschützt wird. Dies verringert die Effizienz und Lebensdauer der Elektrode und somit auch der gesamten Batteriezelle. Metallic plates that are coated using the PVD process usually do not have a completely dense layer, so that the base material, i.e. the metallic plate, is not completely protected by the layer from an aggressive electrolyte. This reduces the efficiency and service life of the electrode and thus of the entire battery cell.
Die WO 2018/146342 A1 offenbart verschiedene Elektrolyt-Zusammensetzungen auf Lignin-Basis zur Verwendung für Redox-Flow-Batterien.
Die Veröffentlichung „A biomimetic high-capacity phenazine-based anolyte for aqueous organic redox flow batteries“, Aaron Hollas et al., Nature energy, Vol. 3, Juni 2018, Seiten 508 - 514, beschreibt Anolyte für Redox-Flow-Batterien auf Basis wässriger „organischer“ Elektrolyte beziehungsweise auf Basis wässriger Elektrolyte mit einer redox-aktiven organischen Spezies. Diese gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung. WO 2018/146342 A1 discloses various lignin-based electrolyte compositions for use in redox flow batteries. The publication "A biomimetic high-capacity phenazine-based anolyte for aqueous organic redox flow batteries", Aaron Hollas et al., Nature energy, Vol. 3, June 2018, pages 508 - 514 describes anolytes for redox flow batteries Based on aqueous "organic" electrolytes or based on aqueous electrolytes with a redox-active organic species. These are becoming increasingly important.
Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung besteht darin, eine Redox-Flussbatterie umfassend mindestens eine Elektrode mit einer Elektrolyt-dichten Beschichtung bereitzustellen. Insbesondere sollen die Herstellungskosten gesenkt und die Effizienz sowie Lebensdauer bzw. Betriebszeiten erhöht werden. The object of the present invention is to provide a redox flow battery comprising at least one electrode with an electrolyte-tight coating. In particular, the production costs are to be reduced and the efficiency and service life or operating times are to be increased.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch eine Redox-Flussbatterie mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 gelöst. Bevorzugte oder vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen der nachfolgenden Beschreibung sowie den beigefügten Figuren. This object is achieved by a redox flow battery having the features of claim 1. Preferred or advantageous embodiments of the invention result from the subclaims of the following description and the attached figures.
Die Redox-Flussbatterie umfasst mindestens eine Elektrode, wobei die Elektrode ein metallisches Substrat umfasst, wobei zumindest teilweise an einer Oberfläche des Substrates eine Beschichtung ausgebildet ist. Die Beschichtung ist durch einen Auftrag von Pulvermaterial mittels eines Aerosolbeschichtungsverfahrens gebildet und daher Elektrolyt-dicht ausgebildet. The redox flow battery comprises at least one electrode, the electrode comprising a metallic substrate, a coating being formed at least partially on a surface of the substrate. The coating is formed by applying powder material using an aerosol coating process and is therefore designed to be electrolyte-tight.
Das Aerosolbeschichtungsverfahren, auch Aerosol Deposition Method genannt, ist ein Trockensprühbeschichtungsverfahren zur Herstellung von dichten Schichten direkt aus dem Pulvermaterial. Das Aerosol besteht aus dem Pulvermaterial und einem Trägergas. Das Trägergas kann beispielswiese O2, N2 oder He sein. Vorzugsweise wird während des Aerosolbeschichtungsverfahrens eine Prozesstemperatur von 100°C nicht überschritten. Beispielsweise stimmt die Prozesstemperatur im Wesentlichen mit der Raumtemperatur überein. Mit anderen Worten ist das Aerosolbeschichtungsverfahren kein Hochtemperaturverfahren, sondern wird insbesondere bei Raumtemperatur ausgeführt. Insbesondere wird das Substrat während des Aerosolbeschichtungsverfahrens in einer Vakuumkammer angeordnet, wobei das Pulvermaterial über das Trägergas auf die Oberfläche des Substrates abgeschieden wird. Beispielsweise wird das Pulvermaterial mit dem Trägergas in einer Pulveraerosolherstellungseinheit ver-
mischt und derart das Aerosol für das Beschichtungsverfahren hergestellt. Bevorzugt liegt das Pulvermaterial lösungsmittelfrei für das Aerosolbeschichtungsverfahren vor. The aerosol coating process, also known as the aerosol deposition method, is a dry spray coating process for producing dense layers directly from the powder material. The aerosol consists of the powder material and a carrier gas. The carrier gas can be O2, N2 or He, for example. A process temperature of 100° C. is preferably not exceeded during the aerosol coating process. For example, the process temperature essentially corresponds to the room temperature. In other words, the aerosol coating process is not a high-temperature process, but is carried out particularly at room temperature. In particular, the substrate is placed in a vacuum chamber during the aerosol coating process whereby the powder material is deposited onto the surface of the substrate via the carrier gas. For example, the powder material is combined with the carrier gas in a powder aerosol manufacturing unit. mixes and in this way the aerosol for the coating process is produced. The powder material is preferably solvent-free for the aerosol coating process.
Beispielsweise kann die Oberfläche des Substrates entweder vollständig oder nur teilweise beschichtet sein. Für eine nicht vollständige Beschichtung der Oberfläche des Substrates kann eine Maskierung verwendet werden, die nicht zu beschichtende Abschnitte der Oberfläche des Substrates abklebt und so eine Beschichtung an diesen Stellen verhindert. For example, the surface of the substrate can be coated either completely or only partially. For an incomplete coating of the surface of the substrate, a mask can be used, which masks off sections of the surface of the substrate that are not to be coated and thus prevents a coating at these locations.
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist das Substrat aus einer Stahllegierung, einer Kupfer-Zinn-Legierung, einer Aluminiumlegierung oder einer Silberlegierung ausgebildet. Beispielsweise wird ein niedriglegierter Stahl als Substrat bereitgestellt. Dadurch kann eine Kosteneinsparung erzielt werden. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the substrate is made of a steel alloy, a copper-tin alloy, an aluminum alloy or a silver alloy. For example, a low-alloy steel is provided as the substrate. A cost saving can be achieved as a result.
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist die Beschichtung zumindest teilweise oder vollständig aus Kupfer, Zinn, Titan, Kohlenstoff und/oder Nickel ausgebildet. Der Werkstoff bzw. die Zusammensetzung des zur Bildung der Beschichtung benötigten Pulvermaterials benötigt keine nennenswerte Korrosionsbeständigkeit, vorteilhaft ist jedoch eine gute elektrische Leitfähigkeit, also ein niedriger elektrischer Widerstand. Dadurch kann die Effizienz der Elektrode weiter erhöht werden. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the coating is formed at least partially or entirely from copper, tin, titanium, carbon and/or nickel. The material or the composition of the powder material required to form the coating does not require any appreciable corrosion resistance, but good electrical conductivity, ie low electrical resistance, is advantageous. As a result, the efficiency of the electrode can be further increased.
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist die Beschichtung als CuSn6-Beschichtung, CuSn8-Beschichtung, Titan-Kohlenstoff-Beschichtung, Zinn- Beschichtung oder Nickel-Beschichtung ausgebildet. Eine solche Beschichtung bietet hinreichenden Korrosionsschutz im Elektrolyten. Dadurch kann die Effizienz der Elektrode weiter erhöht werden. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the coating is designed as a CuSn6 coating, CuSn8 coating, titanium-carbon coating, tin coating or nickel coating. Such a coating offers adequate protection against corrosion in the electrolyte. As a result, the efficiency of the electrode can be further increased.
Insbesondere ist die Beschichtung mit einer Schichtdicke von mindestens 5 nm bis höchstens 500 nm ausgebildet. Bevorzugt beträgt die Schichtdicke mindestens 50 nm bis höchstens 250 nm. Die Schichtdicke kann mittels lichtmikroskopischer Verfahren bestimmt werden. Insbesondere können dafür Schliffproben entnommen und geätzt werden, um die Schichtdicke zu bestimmen. Eine Schichtdicke in dem zuvor genannten Bereich bietet einen hinreichenden Korrosionsschutz im Elektrolyten. Dadurch kann die Effizienz der Elektrode weiter erhöht werden.
Es können aufgrund der geringen möglichen Dicke der Elektrode kleinbauende Redox-Flussbatterien hergestellt werden, die zudem einen geringen Herstellungspreis aufweisen. So werden zur Ausbildung einer Redox-Flussbatterie bevorzugt mehr als 10, insbesondere mehr als 50 Redox-Flusszellen elektrisch miteinander verschaltet eingesetzt. In particular, the coating is formed with a layer thickness of at least 5 nm to at most 500 nm. The layer thickness is preferably at least 50 nm to at most 250 nm. The layer thickness can be determined by means of light microscopic methods. In particular, ground samples can be taken and etched for this purpose in order to determine the layer thickness. A layer thickness in the aforementioned range offers adequate protection against corrosion in the electrolyte. As a result, the efficiency of the electrode can be further increased. Due to the small possible thickness of the electrode, small redox flow batteries can be produced which also have a low production price. For example, more than 10, in particular more than 50, electrically connected redox flow cells are used to form a redox flow battery.
Die Anforderungen an die Elektrode einer Redox-Flussbatterie lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: The requirements for the electrode of a redox flow battery can be summarized as follows:
Elektrochemische Stabilität: pH-Bereich: 1 -14 Electrochemical Stability: pH range: 1 -14
Potentialbereich: -1 V NHE bis +3 V NHE (Kurzzeit: -2 V NHE bis +3 V NHE) Laufzeit: > 500 h Potential range: -1 V NHE to +3 V NHE (short-term: -2 V NHE to +3 V NHE) Running time: > 500 h
Grenzflächenwiderstand: Interfacial Resistance:
< 100 mOhm cm2 (bei 100 N/cm2 Kontaktdruck) < 100 mOhm cm 2 (at 100 N/cm 2 contact pressure)
Dies soll insbesondere auch bei einem Einsatz wässriger organischer Elektrolyte gegeben sein. This should also be the case, in particular, when using aqueous organic electrolytes.
Als ein für eine Redox-Flussbatterie geeigneter Anolyt wird hier beispielhaft genannt: 1.4 M 7,8-Dihydroxyphenazin-2-sulfonsäure (kurz: DHPS) gelöst in 1 molarer Natronlauge The following is mentioned here as an example of an anolyte suitable for a redox flow battery: 1.4 M 7,8-dihydroxyphenazine-2-sulfonic acid (abbreviated: DHPS) dissolved in 1 molar sodium hydroxide solution
Als ein für eine Redox-Flussbatterie geeigneter Katholyt wird hier beispielhaft genannt: The following is an example of a catholyte suitable for a redox flow battery:
0.31 M Kaliumhexacyanoferrat(ll) und 0.31 M Kaliumhexacyanoferrat(lll) gelöst in 2 molarer Natronlauge. 0.31 M potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) and 0.31 M potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) dissolved in 2 molar sodium hydroxide solution.
Es werden hier bevorzugt Elektrolyt-Kombinationen mit wässrigen Elektrolyten mit einer redox-aktiven organischen und/oder metallischen Spezies auf der Anolyt-Seite zur Bildung einer Redox-Flussbatterie verwendet.
Weitere die Erfindung verbessernde Maßnahmen werden nachstehend gemeinsam mit der Beschreibung bevorzugter Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung anhand der Figuren näher dargestellt. Es zeigen Electrolyte combinations with aqueous electrolytes with a redox-active organic and/or metallic species on the anolyte side are preferably used here to form a redox flow battery. Further measures improving the invention are presented in more detail below together with the description of preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention with reference to the figures. Show it
Figur 1 ein schematisches Blockschaltbild eines Verfahrens zur Herstellung einer Elektrode für eine Redox-Flussbatterie, FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a method for producing an electrode for a redox flow battery,
Figur 2 eine stark vereinfachte Darstellung einer Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Aerosolbeschichtungsverfahrens, FIG. 2 shows a highly simplified representation of a device for carrying out the aerosol coating process,
Figur 3 eine stark vereinfachte Darstellung einer gebildeten Elektrode einer Re- dox-Flussbatterie, FIG. 3 shows a greatly simplified representation of a formed electrode of a redox flow battery,
Figur 4 eine dreidimensionale Darstellung einer Elektrode, und FIG. 4 shows a three-dimensional representation of an electrode, and
Figur 5 eine Redox-Flussbatterie. FIG. 5 shows a redox flow battery.
Nach Figur 1 ist ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Elektrode 1 einer Redox- Flussbatterie gemäß eines Blockschaltbilds visualisiert. Ein Ausschnitt der Elektrode 1 ist in Figur 3 stark vereinfacht dargestellt. According to FIG. 1, a method for producing an electrode 1 of a redox flow battery is visualized according to a block diagram. A section of the electrode 1 is shown in greatly simplified form in FIG.
Gemäß Figur 1 werden in einem ersten Verfahrensschritt 100 ein metallisches Substrat 2 und ein Pulvermaterial 3 bereitgestellt. Beispielsweise besteht das Substrat 2 aus einer Stahllegierung, die keine nennenswerte Korrosionsbeständigkeit, jedoch eine gute elektrische Leitfähigkeit, also einen niedrigen elektrischen Widerstand aufweist. Beispielsweise besteht das Pulvermaterial 3 im Wesentlichen aus den Elementen Kupfer und Zinn, wobei das Pulvermaterial 3 durch Verpulvern einer Kupfer-Zinn- Legierung hergestellt wird. Daher können in dem Pulvermaterial 3 geringe Mengen an Verunreinigungen sowie anderen Legierungselementen enthalten sein, wobei diese vorliegend nicht weiter berücksichtigt werden. In einem zweiten Verfahrensschritt 200 wird mittels eines Aerosolbeschichtungsverfahrens aus dem Pulvermaterial 3 an einer Oberfläche des Substrats 2 eine Beschichtung 4 ausgebildet, um die Elektrode 1 herzustellen. Die Beschichtung 4 ist als CuSn6-Beschichtung ausgebildet.
In Figur 2 ist eine Vorrichtung 5 zur Durchführung des Aerosolbeschichtungsverfahrens stark vereinfacht dargestellt. Während des Aerosolbeschichtungsverfahrens ist das Substrat 2 auf einem Halteelemente 7 innerhalb einer Vakuumkammer 6 angeordnet. Das Aerosolbeschichtungsverfahren wird bei Raumtemperatur durchgeführt, wobei eine Prozesstemperatur von ca. 50°C nicht überschritten wird. Die Vorrichtung 5 umfasst neben der Vakuumkammer 6 einen Gasspeicher 8 zur Bereitstellung eines Trägergases für das Aerosolbeschichtungsverfahren, eine Steuereinrichtung 9 zur Steuerung zumindest einer Durchflussrate des Trägergases, eine Pulveraerosolherstellungseinheit 10 zum Vermischen des Trägergases mit dem Pulvermaterial 3 sowie eine Vakuumpumpe 11 zur Ausbildung eines Unterdruckes in der Vakuumkammer 6. Über fluidführende Verbindungsleitungen 12 sind Gasspeicher s, Steuereinrichtung 9, Pulveraerosolherstellungseinheit 10 und Vakuumkammer 6 miteinander verbunden. In der Pulveraerosolherstellungseinheit 10 wird das Trägergas mit dem Pulvermaterial 3 vermischt, wobei das Pulvermaterial 3 lösungsmittelfrei vorliegt. In der Vakuumkammer 6 ist ferner eine Düse 13 angeordnet, die das Aerosol, also das T rägergas- Pulvermaterial-Gemisch aus der Pulveraerosolherstellungseinheit 10 auf das Substrat 2 in der Vakuumkammer 6 abscheidet. Das Pulvermaterial 3 wird somit über das Trägergas auf die Oberfläche des Substrates 2 abgeschieden und bildet dort eine dichte sowie fest haftende Beschichtung 4 aus, wie in Figur 3 vergrößert dargestellt ist. According to FIG. 1, a metallic substrate 2 and a powder material 3 are provided in a first method step 100 . For example, the substrate 2 consists of a steel alloy that has no appreciable corrosion resistance, but has good electrical conductivity, ie a low electrical resistance. For example, the powdered material 3 essentially consists of the elements copper and tin, with the powdered material 3 being produced by powdering a copper-tin alloy. Small amounts of impurities and other alloying elements can therefore be contained in the powder material 3, although these are not further considered in the present case. In a second method step 200, a coating 4 is formed from the powder material 3 on a surface of the substrate 2 by means of an aerosol coating method in order to produce the electrode 1. The coating 4 is designed as a CuSn6 coating. FIG. 2 shows a device 5 for carrying out the aerosol coating process in a greatly simplified manner. During the aerosol coating process, the substrate 2 is placed on a holding element 7 within a vacuum chamber 6 . The aerosol coating process is carried out at room temperature, whereby a process temperature of approx. 50°C is not exceeded. In addition to the vacuum chamber 6, the device 5 comprises a gas reservoir 8 for providing a carrier gas for the aerosol coating process, a control device 9 for controlling at least one flow rate of the carrier gas, a powder aerosol production unit 10 for mixing the carrier gas with the powder material 3 and a vacuum pump 11 for creating a negative pressure in of the vacuum chamber 6. The gas reservoir s, control device 9, powder aerosol production unit 10 and vacuum chamber 6 are connected to one another via fluid-carrying connecting lines 12. In the powder aerosol production unit 10, the carrier gas is mixed with the powder material 3, the powder material 3 being present without solvent. Also arranged in the vacuum chamber 6 is a nozzle 13 which deposits the aerosol, ie the carrier gas/powder material mixture, from the powder aerosol production unit 10 onto the substrate 2 in the vacuum chamber 6 . The powder material 3 is thus deposited via the carrier gas onto the surface of the substrate 2 and forms a dense and firmly adhering coating 4 there, as shown in an enlarged view in FIG.
Figur 3 zeigt stark vereinfacht sowie vergrößert eine Schnittdarstellung eines Ausschnitts der gebildeten Elektrode 1. Das als metallisches Substrat 2 ausgebildete Grundmaterial weist die Beschichtung 4 auf, die als CuSn6-Beschichtung ausgebildet ist. Die Beschichtung 4 hat beispielsweise eine Schichtdicke von ca. 50 nm und ist dazu eingerichtet, das Substrat 2 vor Korrosion in einem Elektrolyten, insbesondere organischen Elektrolyten, zu schützen und somit die Effizienz und Lebensdauer der Batteriezelle zu erhöhen. FIG. 3 shows a greatly simplified and enlarged sectional representation of a section of the electrode 1 formed. The coating 4 has a layer thickness of approximately 50 nm, for example, and is designed to protect the substrate 2 from corrosion in an electrolyte, in particular an organic electrolyte, and thus to increase the efficiency and service life of the battery cell.
Figur 4 zeigt eine Elektrode 1 in dreidimensionaler Ansicht umfassend ein metallisches Substrat 2 in Form eines Metallblechs aus einer Aluminiumlegierung, das die Beschichtung 4 aufweist. In dem Substrat 2 ist eine dreidimensionale Strukturierung zur Ausbildung eines Flussfeldes 20 mit Strömungsleitstrukturen vorhanden, so dass eine Vergrößerung der Oberfläche der Elektrode 1 in diesem Bereich resultiert, die in
einer Redox-Flussbatterie (vergleiche Figur 5) von einem Elektrolyten (Anolyt oder Ka- tholyt) angeströmt wird. Weiterhin sind in der Elektrode 1 Öffnungen 21 für eine Elektrolyt-Zuleitung zur Zelle und Elektrolyt-Ableitung aus der Zelle vorhanden. Figur 5 zeigt schematisch eine Redox-Flow-Batterie 14 mit einer einzelnen Redox- Flow-Zelle. Die Redox-Flow-Zelle umfasst zwei Bauteile in Form von Elektroden 1a, 1 b, einen ersten Reaktionsraum 16a und einen zweiten Reaktionsraum 16b, wobei jeder Reaktionsraum 16a, 16b in Kontakt mit einer der Elektroden 1a, 1b steht. Die Reaktionsräume 16a, 16b sind durch die lonenaustauschmembran 15 voneinander getrennt. Ein flüssiger Anolyt 17a wird aus einem Tank 19a über eine Pumpe 18a in den ersten Reaktionsraum 16a gepumpt und zwischen der Elektrode 1a und der lonenaustauschmembran 15 hindurchgeführt. Ein flüssiger Katholyt 17b wird aus einem Tank 19b über eine Pumpe 18b in den zweiten Reaktionsraum 16b gepumpt und zwischen der Elektrode 1b und der lonenaustauschmembran 15 hindurchgeführt. Es er- folgt ein lonentausch über die lonenaustauschmembran 15 hinweg, wobei aufgrund der Redox-Reaktion an den Elektroden 1a, 1 b elektrische Energie frei wird. Es werden hier wässrige organische Elektrolyte eingesetzt.
FIG. 4 shows an electrode 1 in a three-dimensional view, comprising a metallic substrate 2 in the form of a metal sheet made of an aluminum alloy, which has the coating 4 . In the substrate 2 there is a three-dimensional structure for the formation of a flow field 20 with flow guide structures, so that the surface of the electrode 1 is enlarged in this area, which in an electrolyte (anolyte or catholyte) flows against a redox flow battery (compare FIG. 5). Furthermore, there are openings 21 in the electrode 1 for supplying electrolyte to the cell and draining electrolyte from the cell. FIG. 5 schematically shows a redox flow battery 14 with a single redox flow cell. The redox flow cell comprises two components in the form of electrodes 1a, 1b, a first reaction space 16a and a second reaction space 16b, each reaction space 16a, 16b being in contact with one of the electrodes 1a, 1b. The reaction spaces 16a, 16b are separated from one another by the ion exchange membrane 15. A liquid anolyte 17a is pumped from a tank 19a via a pump 18a into the first reaction chamber 16a and passed between the electrode 1a and the ion exchange membrane 15. A liquid catholyte 17b is pumped from a tank 19b via a pump 18b into the second reaction chamber 16b and passed between the electrode 1b and the ion exchange membrane 15. An ion exchange takes place across the ion exchange membrane 15, electrical energy being released due to the redox reaction at the electrodes 1a, 1b. Aqueous organic electrolytes are used here.
Bezuqszeichenliste Reference character list
1 ,1 a, 1 b Elektrode 1, 1a, 1b electrode
2 Substrat 2 substrate
3 Pulvermaterial 3 powder material
4 Beschichtung 4 coating
5 Vorrichtung 5 device
6 Vakuumkammer 6 vacuum chamber
7 Halteelemente 7 holding elements
8 Gasspeicher 8 gas storage
9 Steuereinrichtung 9 control device
10 Pulveraerosolherstellungseinheit 10 powder aerosol manufacturing unit
11 Vakuumpumpe 11 vacuum pump
12 Verbindungsleitungen 12 connection lines
13 Düse 13 nozzle
14 Redox-Flussbatterie 14 redox flow battery
15 lonenaustauschmembran 15 ion exchange membrane
16a erster Reaktionsraum 16a first reaction space
16b zweiter Reaktionsraum 16b second reaction space
17a Anolyt 17a anolyte
17b Katholyt 17b catholyte
18a, 18b Pumpe 18a, 18b pump
19a, 19b Tank 19a, 19b Tank
20 Flussfeld mit Strömungsleitstrukturen 20 flow field with flow control structures
21 Öffnungen für Elektrolyt-Zuleitung und -Ableitung21 openings for electrolyte supply and drainage
100 erster Verfahrensschritt 100 first step of the process
200 zweiter Verfahrensschritt
200 second process step
Claims
1. Redox-Flussbatterie (14) umfassend mindestens eine Elektrode (1 , 1a, 1 b), wobei die Elektrode (1 , 1a, 1 b) ein metallisches Substrat (2) umfasst, wobei zumindest teilweise an einer Oberfläche des Substrates (2) eine Beschichtung (4) ausgebildet ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung (4) durch einen Auftrag von Pulvermaterial (3) mittels eines Aerosolbeschichtungsverfahrens gebildet ist. 1. Redox flow battery (14) comprising at least one electrode (1, 1a, 1b), wherein the electrode (1, 1a, 1b) comprises a metallic substrate (2), wherein at least partially on a surface of the substrate (2 ) a coating (4) is formed, characterized in that the coating (4) is formed by an application of powder material (3) by means of an aerosol coating process.
2. Redox-Flussbatterie (14) nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Substrat (2) aus einer Stahllegierung, einer Kupfer-Zinn-Legierung, einer Aluminiumlegierung oder einer Silberlegierung ausgebildet ist. 2. Redox flow battery (14) according to claim 1, characterized in that the substrate (2) is made of a steel alloy, a copper-tin alloy, an aluminum alloy or a silver alloy.
3. Redox-Flussbatterie (14) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung (4) zumindest teilweise oder vollständig aus Kupfer, Zinn, Titan, Kohlenstoff und/oder Nickel ausgebildet ist. 3. redox flow battery (14) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the coating (4) is formed at least partially or completely from copper, tin, titanium, carbon and / or nickel.
4. Redox-Flussbatterie (14) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung (4) als CuSn6-Beschichtung, CuSn8-Beschichtung, Titan-Kohlenstoff-Beschichtung, Zinn-Beschichtung oder Nickel-Beschichtung ausgebildet ist. 4. redox flow battery (14) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the coating (4) is designed as a CuSn6 coating, CuSn8 coating, titanium-carbon coating, tin coating or nickel coating.
5. Redox-Flussbatterie (14) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung (4) mit einer Schichtdicke von mindestens 5 nm bis höchstens 500 nm ausgebildet ist. 5. redox flow battery (14) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the coating (4) is formed with a layer thickness of at least 5 nm to at most 500 nm.
6. Redox-Flussbatterie (14) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass diese mindestens einen wässrigen Elektrolyten mit einer redox-aktiven organischen und/oder metallischen Spezies aufweist. 6. redox flow battery (14) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it has at least one aqueous electrolyte with a redox-active organic and / or metallic species.
7. Redox-Flussbatterie (14) nach Anspruch 6,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein wässriger Elektrolyt mit einer redox-aktiven organischen und/oder metallischen Spezies auf einer Anolyt-Seite vorhanden ist. 7. redox flow battery (14) according to claim 6, characterized in that an aqueous electrolyte is present with a redox-active organic and/or metallic species on an anolyte side.
8. Redox-Flussbatterie (14) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zu deren Bildung mehr als 10, vorzugsweise mehr als 50 Redox-Flusszellen elektrisch miteinander verschaltet sind.
8. Redox flow battery (14) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that more than 10, preferably more than 50 redox flow cells are electrically interconnected to form it.
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DE102021126138.4A DE102021126138A1 (en) | 2021-01-13 | 2021-10-08 | Redox flow battery |
PCT/DE2021/100818 WO2022152341A1 (en) | 2021-01-13 | 2021-10-11 | Redox flow battery |
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