EP4260466A1 - Méthode de mesure compressive de la distribution statistique d'une grandeur physique - Google Patents
Méthode de mesure compressive de la distribution statistique d'une grandeur physiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP4260466A1 EP4260466A1 EP21851666.4A EP21851666A EP4260466A1 EP 4260466 A1 EP4260466 A1 EP 4260466A1 EP 21851666 A EP21851666 A EP 21851666A EP 4260466 A1 EP4260466 A1 EP 4260466A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- vector
- physical quantity
- measurement
- binary
- statistical distribution
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
- G01L5/16—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring several components of force
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M7/00—Conversion of a code where information is represented by a given sequence or number of digits to a code where the same, similar or subset of information is represented by a different sequence or number of digits
- H03M7/30—Compression; Expansion; Suppression of unnecessary data, e.g. redundancy reduction
- H03M7/3082—Vector coding
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F17/00—Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions
- G06F17/10—Complex mathematical operations
- G06F17/18—Complex mathematical operations for evaluating statistical data, e.g. average values, frequency distributions, probability functions, regression analysis
Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to the processing of information in compressed form. It finds particular application in single photon detection devices or SPAD (Single Photon Avalanche Diode), in particular for imaging using such sensors.
- SPAD Single Photon Avalanche Diode
- Single Photon Detection Devices are used in a wide variety of fields, including medical imaging, time-of-flight imaging, LIDAR imaging, emission tomography positrons, etc.
- the underlying principle of most of these imaging systems consists in measuring a time of flight (ToF) of an electromagnetic pulse emitted by a source synchronized with the acquisition system.
- a SPAD sensor makes it possible to measure the return flight time of a pulse emitted by a light source reflected by an object to be imaged.
- SPAD sensors have recently undergone significant improvements in terms of consumption, temporal resolution or dynamics, the performance of these sensors comes up against several constraints.
- the flight time information which generally represents the useful information, is carried by the statistical distribution of the time of arrival of the photons on the sensor.
- the useful signal is drowned in the noise which can represent up to 98% or even more of the total signal. It is therefore necessary to perform a large number of successive acquisitions of the object to be imaged to obtain an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio.
- SPAD sensors must follow the evolution of imaging systems and therefore achieve high dynamics (or equivalently for time-of-flight imaging, high resolutions in distance) and high spatial resolutions.
- Each acquisition of a pixel of the imager therefore assumes the ability to store and process a considerable number of bits and this on the smallest possible surface.
- a first technique called “Partitioned Inter-frame Histogram” or PlfH consists in dividing the dynamics of the time-of-flight distribution into intervals, the histograms relating to these intervals being obtained sequentially. This technique reduces the memory footprint per pixel but does not reduce the amount of data generated by each pixel.
- a second technique called “Folded inter-frame Histogram” or FifH proceeds by zooming.
- a first analysis is carried out with a coarse division of the time-of-flight dynamics, then a second finer analysis is carried out around the peak detected in the first analysis.
- the time-of-flight dynamic of the second histogram is generally chosen equal to the width of the elementary interval (bin) used for the coarse analysis.
- This second technique has the advantage of reducing the acquisition frequency of the sensor. However, the quantity of data generated per pixel remains high, in particular when a large number of acquisitions is necessary to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
- the acquisition of a histogram of a physical quantity can be a preliminary step to the estimation of a target variable depending on the distribution of this greatness.
- the time histogram of the events detected by the SPAD sensor makes it possible to estimate the arrival time or the round trip propagation time of a light pulse after reflection on an object. .
- the histogram can be of spatial type instead of being of temporal type.
- the histogram of the photons, emitted or reflected by an object, and received by a matrix of SPAD sensors can make it possible to predict a characteristic of this object or even to classify this object among a plurality of possible classes.
- the quantity of data to be processed can be prohibitive, in particular when the dynamic range of the physical quantity is high and/or when a high resolution is required.
- the data in question is compressed and stored in memory before being restored to perform deferred processing (off-line).
- this solution cannot be applied when the prediction must be made in real time and consequently the histogram must be constructed online (on line) due to the difficulty of integrating significant computing resources into the sensor circuit.
- the object of the present invention is to propose a device for measuring the statistical distribution of a physical quantity which allows a significant reduction in the memory footprint.
- a subsidiary object of the present invention is to provide a device for predicting a target variable depending on the statistical distribution of values taken by a physical quantity, which can operate online, as these values are acquired. , without mobilizing significant computing resources.
- the prediction can consist of a classification operation or a regression operation.
- the present invention is defined by a method of compressive measurement of the statistical distribution of a physical quantity according to claim 1. Advantageous embodiments are specified in dependent claims 2-7.
- the invention also relates to a method for predicting a target variable depending on the statistical distribution of a physical quantity, in which said statistical distribution is measured by means of this method of compressive measurement.
- the invention also relates to a device for measuring the statistical distribution of a physical quantity as defined in independent claim 8.
- Advantageous embodiments are specified in dependent claims 9-15.
- the invention also relates to a device for predicting a target variable depending on the statistical distribution of a physical quantity, comprising such a device for compressive measurement of this statistical distribution.
- Fig. IA represents an example of successive acquisition passes of a physical quantity and the resulting histogram
- Fig. IB represents an example of successive acquisition passes of a physical quantity in an ideal case and the resulting histogram
- Fig. 2 schematically represents a device for constructing a histogram of discrete values of a physical quantity known from the state of the art
- FIG. 3 schematically represents the flowchart of a method for compressive measurement of the statistical distribution of a physical quantity, according to one embodiment of the invention
- Fig. 4 schematically represents the structure of a device for compressive measurement of the statistical distribution of a physical quantity, according to a first embodiment of the invention
- Fig. 5 details a first example of implementation of the coding module in the device of FIG. 4
- Fig. 6 details a second example of implementation of the coding module in the device of FIG. 4;
- Fig. 7 schematically represents the structure of a device for compressive measurement of the statistical distribution of a physical quantity, according to a second embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 8 details an example of implementation of the recursive summation module in the device of FIG. 7;
- Fig. 9 schematically represents the structure of a device for compressive measurement of the statistical distribution of a physical quantity, according to a third embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 10 schematically represents the structure of a device for compressive measurement of the statistical distribution of a physical quantity, according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
- this physical quantity correspond for example to observations of a physical signal during the occurrence of events.
- this physical quantity is a time of arrival of a photon on a SPAD sensor or the coordinates of the point of impact of a photon on a array of SPAD sensors.
- This histogram can make it possible, in certain cases, to predict a target variable depending on the statistical distribution in question.
- the class to which the image of an organ obtained by a positron emission tomograph after injection of radioactive markers belongs it will be possible, for example, to predict the class to which the image of an organ obtained by a positron emission tomograph after injection of radioactive markers belongs.
- the positrons emitted by this organ generate photons during their annihilation with electrons, these photons being detected by a matrix of elementary sensors SPAD.
- the class to which the image (or the organ itself) belongs depends on the spatial distribution of the photons received by the matrix of elementary sensors.
- Fig. IA represents a plurality of successive acquisition passes Pi, PZ,..., PM of the time of arrival (or time of flight) of photons received by a SPAD sensor, when a light pulse is sent towards and reflected by an object.
- the photons detected during the successive acquisition passes Pi are denoted by the arrows 110, each detected photon corresponding to a time-of-flight (ToF) value.
- the time-of-flight range is quantized (or equivalently discretized) into 2 6 -1 elementary intervals (or "bins") ranging from 0 to -1) T where T is the duration of an elementary interval.
- the statistical distribution includes a first component due to noise and a second component due to a useful signal.
- Fig. IB represents a plurality of successive acquisition passes Pi, PZ, ..., PM of the time of flight of photons received by an ideal SPAD sensor, ie in the absence of noise.
- the scores of the different elementary intervals are all negative (lower than the value h 0 corresponding to the LSB), except for that corresponding to the round-trip propagation time of the pulse reflected by the object. From the histogram of the quantified values of the arrival times of the photons (physical quantity), it is possible to determine the round-trip flight time or the distance to the object (target variable to be predicted).
- This histogram can be conventionally obtained by incrementing the scores of each of the elementary intervals as represented in FIG. 2.
- the score of the elementary interval in which the event occurs is incremented by 1. More precisely, if the dynamics of the physical quantity (time of flight) is quantified (discretized) on b bits, in other words if this dynamic is divided into 2" elementary intervals, the event occurring during pass i can be represented by a binary vector, d ; of size 2" , each element corresponding to an elementary interval.
- the elements of d are all harmed, with the exception of the one, equal to 1, corresponding to the interval in which the event occurs, if any.
- the binary vector d can be considered as a code word in position of length 2" , the position of the "1" bit in the word in question giving the quantified value of the physical quantity.
- the histogram of the physical quantity can be represented by the vector h in a quantification space of dimension 2" , that is: where N is the number of events taken into account in the histogram.
- the elements of h are words of log 2 N bits.
- a first idea underlying the invention is to note that a histogram can be represented by a reduced number of parameters (or latent variables) and that therefore a compressive measurement of the histogram can be carried out in a space of reduced dimension, called measurement space by means of a compressive acquisition matrix, . If we assume that the dimension of the measurement space is K ⁇ 2b , the compressive acquisition matrix is of size Kx2 b in the canonical bases of the quantization space and the measurement space:
- the measurement vector can then be expressed in the form:
- the elements of the matrix are advantageously derived from a pseudo-random (deterministic) process so that the row-vectors of are inconsistent with the canonical basis of R .
- a second idea underlying the invention is to build the measurement vector y on the fly, as events occur. Indeed, the measurement vector can be constructed recursively on each new event providing a binary vector d ; :
- the measurement vector, y can then be used as an input variable to a previously trained neural network to predict a target variable.
- the prediction can be regression or classification. If we note z this target variable (here a scalar), it can then be predicted by means of:
- This increasing function can be chosen linear: where a, b are positive integers.
- Fig. 3 schematically represents the flowchart of a method for compressive measurement of the statistical distribution of a physical quantity, according to a general embodiment of the invention.
- This measurement method is iterative, each iteration comprising:
- a new quantified value of the physical quantity results from a quantification of the physical quantity by means of a tiling of the first space into elementary squares, for example a tiling of a time range into elementary intervals or a spatial tiling of a sensor into elementary sensors.
- the quantized value of the physical quantity can be represented as a binary vector of size 2 b where 2 b is the cardinality of the quantization set, i.e. the number of possible quantized values of said physical quantity (by example number of squares or quantization steps in the range of variation of the physical quantity). This vector has a single nonzero element, equal to 1, at the position representing the quantized value.
- a second step, 320 in which a vector representative of this value in a measurement space of dimension K is generated from the quantified value, said representative vector being obtained from the quantified value by means of an injective function from all the quantized values to the measurement space.
- the dimension K is such that b ⁇ K ⁇ 2 b .
- This representative vector can be obtained by projection of the binary vector of the quantized physical quantity onto a subspace of R /V of dimension K generated by the row-vectors of the matrix .
- the projection of the binary vector d ; on this subspace is none other than the column-vector •
- the elements of the column-vector can be generated by means of operations of permutation, replication, concatenation of subsets of bits of v ⁇ (binary representation of the position v( ⁇ ) ) as well as by combinatorial logic operations relating to the bits resulting from these operations.
- the binary elements of the column vector can be associated with signed binary values, a first signed binary value (for example the signed binary value +1) being associated with the "1" bit and a second signed binary value (for example the signed binary value -1), opposite to the first, being associated with bit “0”.
- a first signed binary value for example the signed binary value +1
- a second signed binary value for example the signed binary value -1
- a third step, 330 in which the measurement vector is updated, on the fly, by means of said representative vector, namely the projection of the binary vector into the measurement space.
- This update is performed, element by element of the measurement vector, by incrementing this element if the corresponding element of the representative vector is equal to “1”, and by decrementing it if the corresponding element of the representative vector is equal to “ 0".
- a target variable scaling or multimodal
- the neural network uses as input variable the measurement vector y, of dimension substantially lower than the dimension of the quantification space.
- the target variable can be predicted, at 350, using a previously trained neural network, from the measurement vector y of the histogram.
- Fig. 4 schematically represents the structure of a device for compressive measurement of the statistical distribution of a physical quantity, according to a first embodiment of the invention.
- the device receives as input, at each new event or observation, a binary vector, d ; , of size 2" , representing the quantized value of the physical quantity, for example the arrival time of a photon.
- This binary vector can be considered as a code word in position indicating the quantized value of the physical quantity in the quantization space.
- the binary vector d is supplied to a projection module 410 which projects it onto the measurement space, of dimension K and more precisely onto the row-vectors of the matrix .
- the result of the projection is a vector V v (,) of size K.
- / v (.) are binary elements (associated with binary values signed +1 or -1).
- Module 420 recursively performs a summation in the second space. Each element of is added to the corresponding element of y according to expression (3).
- the output vector of the summation module is a measurement vector y of size K whose elements are signed binary words of size log 2 (N). This vector is representative of the projection of the histogram in the second space.
- the measurement vector y can serve as an input variable to the artificial neural network, 430.
- the neural network, 430 then performs a prediction of the target variable z from the input variable y.
- This prediction, z can be a scalar value (for example an arrival time of a light pulse in the previous example) or a class (class of object whose discretized spectrum is observed) or even vectorial (target value multimodal).
- Fig. 5 details a first example of implementation of the projection module in the device of FIG. 4.
- the projection module 510 optionally includes a transcoder to encode the binary vector d ; in a (weighted) binary word, 511, x i coding on b bits the quantized value of the physical quantity. This transcoder is not present if the sensor directly outputs the binary word in question.
- the binary word x t is supplied to a randomization circuit.
- This circuit comprises a first layer, 513, in which bit duplication and shuffling operations are carried out by means of permutation, separation and concatenation operations.
- a second layer, 515 performs combinatorial logic operations on the first randomized binary word, here exclusive OR operations between consecutive bits of this binary word.
- the second layer provides a second randomized binary word whose bits respectively control the incrementation (bit value equal to 1) and the decrementation (bit value equal to 0) of 16 counters of a counting circuit 520.
- the count performs the recursive sum according to expression (3).
- the histogram is here compressed by a factor of 16 ( 2 b / K ).
- Fig. 6 details a second example of implementation of the projection module in the device of FIG. 4.
- the projection module, 610 comprises an optional transcoder, 611, converting the binary vector d ; into a weighted binary word, x t as well as a randomization circuit.
- a second layer, 615 performs combinational logic operations on the bits of the first randomized binary word to provide a second randomized binary word of 20 bits whose bits respectively control the incrementation (bit value equal to 1) and the decrementation (bit value equal to 0) of 16 counters of the counting circuit 620.
- the second layer of the randomization circuit comprises a first sub-layer consisting of OR gates and a second sub-layer consisting of AND gates.
- the histogram is compressed here by a factor of 51 (2 b /K).
- Fig. 7 schematically represents the structure of a device for compressive measurement of the statistical distribution of a physical quantity, according to a second embodiment of the invention.
- This embodiment includes a projection module, 710, a recursive summation module, 720, as in the first embodiment.
- the recursive summation module 720 weights each component of the vector at the output of the projection module with a weight before summing it to the current vector y.
- Weight can be chosen so as to favor the contributions of the measurements having a low probability of occurrence in the histogram.
- the measurement vector y can serve as input variable to the neural network 730 for the prediction of the target variable, scalar or vector (multinomial) as above.
- Fig. 8 details an example of implementation of the recursive summation module in the device of FIG. 7.
- the projection module, 810 represented in FIG. 8 is here identical to that of FIG. 5.
- the recursive summation module is implemented by a counting circuit 820 comprising 16 counters, each counter being decremented (resp. incremented) by a value . (positive integer) when the corresponding bit at the output of the projection module is equal to 0 (respectively 1).
- the measurement vector y can be used as previously as an input variable to the neural network 830 for the prediction of the target, scalar or vector variable.
- Fig. 9 schematically represents the structure of a device for compressive measurement of the statistical distribution of a physical quantity, according to a third embodiment of the invention.
- This embodiment differs from the previous embodiments in that it comprises at the output a noise subtraction module, 925, making it possible to subtract from a vector, y′, representing a histogram of the quantized values of the noisy signal, in the 'measurement space, a vector y', of the same dimension representing a histogram of the quantized values of the noise alone, in this same space.
- This embodiment assumes that it is possible to make a noise measurement outside the useful signal, for example by cutting off the signal source or else by means of detection synchronous with a pulsed signal.
- a projection in the same space of measurement in other words on the vectors-line of ) respectively of the signal and the noise, thanks to the projection module, 910, and of the recursive summation module, 920.
- the vector y" representative of the histogram of the quantized values of the noise alone, in the measurement space can be stored locally in the subtraction module 925 before 'be subtracted in this same module from the vector y' representative of the histogram of the quantized values of the noisy signal, in the same space.
- the recursive summation module could comprise two banks of counters, a first bank being dedicated to the noise histogram (projected into the measurement space) and a second bank being dedicated to the noisy signal histogram (projected into this same space).
- the noise measurements and those of the noisy signal can be interlaced so as to follow the evolution of the noise.
- the difference y y'-y" representing the difference between the histogram of the quantized noisy values, in the measurement space, and that of the discretized values of the noise alone, in this same space, can be used as input variable to a previously trained artificial neural network, 930, to predict the target variable (scalar or vector).
- the neural network may include a differential input formed of a first branch receiving the first input variable, y′, and a second branch receiving the second input variable, y′′.
- Fig. 10 schematically represents the structure of a device for measuring compression of the statistical distribution of a physical quantity, according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
- This embodiment differs from the previous ones in that it comprises a plurality Q of histogram measurement chains operating in parallel, each chain comprising a projection module, 1010 and a recursive summation module, 1020.
- these histogram measurement chains are respectively associated with Q SPAD sensors of a matrix of sensors.
- the quantified values of the physical quantities from the various sensors are designated by
- the vectors y (1) ,...,y (e) representing the respective histograms of the quantified values from the different sensors, projected into the same measurement space, can be supplied in concatenated form to a global neural network, previously trained to predict the target variable (scalar or multinomial).
- the neural network may in this case be of the convolutional type to take into account interactions between neighboring pixels.
- the neural network may be a deep network suitable for providing high-level prediction, such as online image recognition for example.
- the different measurement chains can carry out different processing, in particular by providing different quantification steps and/or different 2''' / K compression factors, depending on the relevance of the sensor in the prediction of the target variable .
- the fourth embodiment may be combined with the third embodiment to respectively subtract from the vectors y ,(1) ,...,y ,(e) the vectors y " (1) ,...,y " (e) representative of the noise histograms associated with the various sensors, in the measurement space.
- the neural network will have been trained beforehand in a preliminary phase from histograms la bellified by values of the target variable (for example numerical values for regression and class identifiers for classification), in a manner known to those skilled in the art.
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2013100A FR3117587B1 (fr) | 2020-12-11 | 2020-12-11 | Méthode de mesure compressive de la distribution statistique d’une grandeur physique |
| PCT/FR2021/052284 WO2022123189A1 (fr) | 2020-12-11 | 2021-12-10 | Méthode de mesure compressive de la distribution statistique d'une grandeur physique |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP4260466A1 true EP4260466A1 (fr) | 2023-10-18 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP21851666.4A Pending EP4260466A1 (fr) | 2020-12-11 | 2021-12-10 | Méthode de mesure compressive de la distribution statistique d'une grandeur physique |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20240035908A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4260466A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2024504246A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3117587B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022123189A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2018106805A1 (fr) * | 2016-12-09 | 2018-06-14 | William Marsh Rice University | Récupération de signal par l'intermédiaire de réseaux à convolution profonde |
| EP3451023A1 (fr) * | 2017-09-01 | 2019-03-06 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Caméra à profondeur de durée de vol avec une imagerie de pixels de faible résolution |
| DE102017216065A1 (de) * | 2017-09-12 | 2019-03-14 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Bewerten von Bildern, Betriebsassistenzverfahren und Betriebsvorrichtung |
| US11835659B2 (en) * | 2019-02-15 | 2023-12-05 | Sony Semiconductor Solutions Corporation | Time-of-flight apparatus and method |
| CN114467038B (zh) * | 2019-10-10 | 2025-12-09 | 奥斯特公司 | 处理lidar准确度的时间序列测量 |
| EP4016124B1 (fr) * | 2020-12-16 | 2025-06-04 | Nxp B.V. | Calcul de temps de vol avec estimation delta inter-bin |
-
2020
- 2020-12-11 FR FR2013100A patent/FR3117587B1/fr active Active
-
2021
- 2021-12-10 WO PCT/FR2021/052284 patent/WO2022123189A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-12-10 JP JP2023535569A patent/JP2024504246A/ja active Pending
- 2021-12-10 US US18/256,588 patent/US20240035908A1/en active Pending
- 2021-12-10 EP EP21851666.4A patent/EP4260466A1/fr active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| EMMANUEL CAND�S ET AL: "Stable signal recovery from incomplete and inaccurate measurements", INTERNET CITATION, 1 February 2005 (2005-02-01), XP002499280, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://users.ece.gatech.edu/ justin/Publications_files/StableRecovery.pdf> [retrieved on 20060801] * |
| GUTIERREZ-BARRAGAN FELIPE ET AL: "Compressive Single-Photon 3D Cameras", 2022 IEEE/CVF CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION (CVPR), IEEE, 18 June 2022 (2022-06-18), pages 17833 - 17843, XP034193326, [retrieved on 20220927], DOI: 10.1109/CVPR52688.2022.01733 * |
| See also references of WO2022123189A1 * |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| JP2024504246A (ja) | 2024-01-31 |
| FR3117587A1 (fr) | 2022-06-17 |
| US20240035908A1 (en) | 2024-02-01 |
| FR3117587B1 (fr) | 2022-12-23 |
| WO2022123189A1 (fr) | 2022-06-16 |
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