EP4253683A1 - Fenêtre de toit avec un ensemble d'étanchéité - Google Patents

Fenêtre de toit avec un ensemble d'étanchéité Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4253683A1
EP4253683A1 EP23166168.7A EP23166168A EP4253683A1 EP 4253683 A1 EP4253683 A1 EP 4253683A1 EP 23166168 A EP23166168 A EP 23166168A EP 4253683 A1 EP4253683 A1 EP 4253683A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sash
sealing
roof window
frame
pane
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP23166168.7A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Asbjørn Skyum BLICHFELDT
Claus Holm
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
VKR Holding AS
Original Assignee
VKR Holding AS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by VKR Holding AS filed Critical VKR Holding AS
Publication of EP4253683A1 publication Critical patent/EP4253683A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/14—Junctions of roof sheathings to chimneys or other parts extending above the roof
    • E04D13/147—Junctions of roof sheathings to chimneys or other parts extending above the roof specially adapted for inclined roofs
    • E04D13/1473—Junctions of roof sheathings to chimneys or other parts extending above the roof specially adapted for inclined roofs specially adapted to the cross-section of the parts extending above the roof
    • E04D13/1475—Junctions of roof sheathings to chimneys or other parts extending above the roof specially adapted for inclined roofs specially adapted to the cross-section of the parts extending above the roof wherein the parts extending above the roof have a generally rectangular cross-section
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/03—Sky-lights; Domes; Ventilating sky-lights
    • E04D13/0305—Supports or connecting means for sky-lights of flat or domed shape
    • E04D13/031—Supports or connecting means for sky-lights of flat or domed shape characterised by a frame for connection to an inclined roof
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/03—Sky-lights; Domes; Ventilating sky-lights
    • E04D13/035—Sky-lights; Domes; Ventilating sky-lights characterised by having movable parts
    • E04D13/0351—Sky-lights; Domes; Ventilating sky-lights characterised by having movable parts the parts pivoting about a fixed axis
    • E04D13/0354—Sky-lights; Domes; Ventilating sky-lights characterised by having movable parts the parts pivoting about a fixed axis the parts being flat
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
    • E06B3/6617—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together one of the panes being larger than another
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B7/00—Special arrangements or measures in connection with doors or windows
    • E06B7/16—Sealing arrangements on wings or parts co-operating with the wings
    • E06B7/22—Sealing arrangements on wings or parts co-operating with the wings by means of elastic edgings, e.g. elastic rubber tubes; by means of resilient edgings, e.g. felt or plush strips, resilient metal strips
    • E06B7/23—Plastic, sponge rubber, or like strips or tubes
    • E06B7/2305—Plastic, sponge rubber, or like strips or tubes with an integrally formed part for fixing the edging
    • E06B7/2312—Plastic, sponge rubber, or like strips or tubes with an integrally formed part for fixing the edging with two or more sealing-lines or -planes between the wing and part co-operating with the wing
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B1/00—Border constructions of openings in walls, floors, or ceilings; Frames to be rigidly mounted in such openings
    • E06B1/62—Tightening or covering joints between the border of openings and the frame or between contiguous frames
    • E06B2001/628—Separate flexible joint covering strips; Flashings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a roof window comprising a frame, a sash, and a pane, in which the frame comprises a set of frame members including a top frame member, two side frame members and a bottom frame member and the sash comprises a set of sash members including a top sash member, two side sash members and a bottom sash member, each frame and sash member defining a longitudinal direction, and the pane comprises a number of edge portions and an exterior pane surface defining a plane of the roof window in an assembled condition of the roof window.
  • the invention furthermore relates to a method of manufacturing such a roof window.
  • Roof windows to be installed in inclined roof surfaces come in a variety of types.
  • parameters such as operability, thermal properties, weather-tightness, and suitable finishing to the interior of the building are typically given substantial weight; however, it is also often desired and in some areas in fact necessary to factor in the external appearance as well.
  • This applies in particular when installing roof windows in conservation areas, in which building regulations may demand that the roof windows meet standard or local requirements.
  • certain requirements apply depending on whether the installation concerns a newly fitted roof window, or to replace an existing window or rooflight as part of a renovation or refurbishment project.
  • the windows or rooflights of past times were typically made of cast iron with single glass pane pieces, separated by one or more cast iron glazing bars, and the thermal efficiency of these roof windows or rooflights left room for improvement.
  • conservation roof windows are typically provided with an insulating pane, while at the same time setting out to mimic the look of traditional rooflights.
  • the conservation roof window is able to be installed with a "low profile", i.e. that the height of the parts of the roof window protruding above the surrounding roofing is as small as possible. This is particularly pronounced in buildings with substantially flat roofing materials, such as slate or shingle. To meet this requirement, most major roof window manufacturers allow installation in at least two levels, thus accommodating the height of various roofing profiles and installation conditions.
  • Applicant's EP 2 738 339 A1 shows and describes a prior art roof window in which measures have been taken to improve the sound proofing and insulating properties of a roof window.
  • each sash member comprises a profile element, an inner element and an intermediate element forming a connection between the profile element and the inner element of each sash member in an assembled condition of the sash, that the inner elements of the sash members form a coherent inner element sash structure supporting an interior edge portion of the pane in the assembled condition of the sash, that the profile elements of the sash members are located along respective exterior edge portions of the pane in the assembled condition of the sash, that the profile elements of the top sash member and the two side sash members are formed as a set of longitudinal profiles of substantially uniform cross-section, and that a sealing assembly providing sealing between the sash and frame in an exterior sealing plane, an intermediate sealing plane and an interior sealing plane.
  • the exterior sealing plane provides a first shield against weather including rain and other precipitation, wind, sound etc.
  • the intermediate and interior sealing planes provide additional security.
  • the interior sealing plane is provided by a frame sealing profile, preferably provided on an exterior side of each frame member to interact with an interior side of the respective sash member.
  • a circumferential sealing barrier as a last resort towards the interior of the roof window is formed at a well-defined position in the roof window, namely at a location where the sash is lodged in its closed position.
  • Forming the interior sealing plane on the frame furthermore to some extent entails protection of the sealing profile itself when the sash is open.
  • the intermediate sealing plane is provided by a sash sealing profile, preferably provided in an outer side of each sash member to interact with an inner side of the respective frame member.
  • Positioning sealing profiles on the sash entails a number of advantages including flexibility in the design choices in forming a circumferential sealing barrier in the closed position of the sash.
  • a profile element sealing is provided at the bottom sash member and the bottom frame member.
  • the bottom of the roof window is somewhat less exposed to the weathering than the sides and in particular the top.
  • the exterior sealing plane is provided by an interface unit comprising interface elements at the top frame and sash members and side frame and sash members.
  • interface elements at the top frame and sash members and side frame and sash members.
  • each interface element comprises a base portion with an anchor section, an inner leg, an outer leg, a flange and a sealing portion.
  • the inner leg, the outer leg and the flange of the interface unit may form a channel in the top interface element and the side interface elements. In this way, the interface unit provides a guiding canal for water emanating from rain and other precipitation.
  • the sealing portion comprises an inner sealing lip and an outer sealing lip.
  • the top interface element comprises an additional inner sealing lip, a first additional outer sealing lip and a second additional outer sealing lip. This has proven to improve the sealing properties even further.
  • the base portion, the inner leg and the flange form a flashing reception groove in one embodiment. This makes it possible to provide interaction of the roof window with a covering assembly and thus provide a weather-proof transition to the surrounding roofing in a simple and efficient manner.
  • Each interface element may be provided as a two-component element, wherein at least the sealing portion has different properties than at least the base portion. Since the base portion has as its primary function to ensure reliable connection to the frame of the roof window, the base portion will typically need to possess stiffer material properties than the sealing portion which needs to be elastic and flexible.
  • the sealing assembly furthermore comprises a pane sealing, to improve the tightness against weathering.
  • a stabilising plate may be placed in a channel of the top element of the interface unit.
  • an extension plate may be fastened to the profile element of the top sash member to protrude into a channel of the top element of the interface unit. This ensures proper guidance of water into the channel of the interface unit even in roof windows built into roofs with a large inclination.
  • each sash side member is provided with a foam element to extend over a major part of the length of the sash side member.
  • Foam is a well-known material with general climate shielding properties.
  • a feature described in relation to one of the aspects may also be incorporated in the other aspect, and the advantage of the feature is applicable to all aspects in which it is incorporated.
  • a roof window 1 is shown.
  • the roof window 1 is intended to be installed in an inclined roof surface (not shown).
  • the roof window 1 comprises a frame 2, a sash 3, and a pane 4.
  • the frame 2 comprises a set of frame members including a top frame member 21, two side frame members 22, 23 and a bottom frame member 24.
  • the sash 3 comprises a set of sash members including a top sash member 31, two side sash members 32, 33 and a bottom sash member 34. While the frame 2 and sash 3 are described as rectangular structures, some principles of the presented concepts may be applicable to other geometrical shapes as well.
  • the pane 4 comprises a number of edge portions generally associated to members of the sash 3 as will be described in further detail below.
  • an exterior pane surface 4e defines a plane of the roof window 1 in an assembled condition of the roof window 1.
  • the assembled condition of the roof window 1 is achieved when main components of the frame 2 and sash 3 have been assembled and the frame 2 and sash 3 are connected to each other, for instance in an installed position when the roof window 1 is ready for use.
  • an assembled condition of the sash 3 is achieved once main components of the sash 3 have been assembled, and an assembled condition of the frame 2 when main components of the frame 2 are assembled.
  • An interior pane surface 4i faces the interior, typically a room of a building subjacent the roof surface in which the roof window 1 is installed.
  • a glazing bar 45 is fitted to the exterior surface 4e of the pane, and a glazing bar cover 46 is fitted on the interior pane surface 4i.
  • the sash 3 is openable relative to the frame 2, to obtain one or more open positions. In such open positions, the sash 3 and pane 4 are moved out of the plane of the roof window 1.
  • the sash 3 is shown as being tophung, i.e. during normal use, the sash 3 is rotated about a substantially horizontal hinge axis at or near the top frame member 21 and top sash member 31. It is however conceivable to apply some principles of the presented concepts for roof windows on different types of windows having other opening patterns, or being provided as fixed skylights.
  • FIGs 1 and 2 Further details shown in Figs 1 and 2 include an operating assembly 5, here shown as a manual handwinder or screwjack. Other operating assemblies may be present as well.
  • an operating assembly 5 here shown as a manual handwinder or screwjack.
  • Other operating assemblies may be present as well.
  • a representative mounting bracket 6 forming part of a plurality of mounting brackets forming a load-transferring connection between the roof window 1 and a surrounding roof structure (not shown).
  • a roof structure may include rafters and battens, plywood or other construction materials.
  • Insulation by an insulating frame is optional and may be provided along only some of the frame members or as shown surrounding all four frame members 21, 22, 23, 24.
  • a roof window such as the roof window 1 shown in Figs 1 and 2 is supplied with a set of mounting brackets 6. As indicated, two mounting brackets 6 are fastened to each side frame member 22, 23. In the following, a single mounting bracket 6 will be described, in association with one side frame member 22. The mounting brackets 6 of the set will most often be identical, although variations are possible.
  • the mounting bracket 6 comprises a first bracket leg 61 for fastening to the roof structure and a second bracket leg 62 for fastening to the frame 2 of the roof window 1.
  • the second bracket leg 62 comprises engagement means to interact with a corresponding receiving structure in an outer side of the side frame member 22 of the frame 2 of the roof window 1. This ensures that the mounting bracket 6 is positioned correctly on the side frame member 22 and facilitates the installation process.
  • the positioning of the mounting bracket 6 may be indicated in both the longitudinal direction and the height direction of the side frame member 22, for instance by suitable markings and/or holes.
  • the first bracket leg 61 of the mounting bracket 6 is connected to the second bracket leg 62 via a bend 614.
  • the second bracket leg 62 is provided with a first engagement means 624 in a first section 621 of the second bracket leg 62 and a second engagement means 629 in a second section 626 of the second bracket leg 62.
  • the second engagement means 629 is configured to assume an inactive position and an active position, of which the active position is shown.
  • the first engagement means 624 is configured to be received in one receiving structure of the outer side of the frame member 22 in the mounted condition of the mounting bracket 6 on the frame 2 of the roof window 1
  • the second engagement means 629 is configured to be received in another receiving structure of the outer side of the frame member 22 in the mounted condition of the mounting bracket 6 on the frame 2 of the roof window 1 in its active position only.
  • This is shown most clearly in Fig. 4 , in which the first engagement means 624 is received in a first outer groove 27, and the second engagement means 629 is received in a second outer groove 27b.
  • At least the side frame members 22, 23 each comprises a plurality of receiving structures at an outer side of the respective side frame member, such that at least one of the receiving structures interacts with the mounting bracket 6 in the mounted condition of the roof window 1.
  • the first outer groove 27 and the second outer groove 27b both extend in the longitudinal direction of the side frame member 22 at a distance from each other in the height direction, the first outer groove 27 being located to the exterior of the second outer groove 27b, as seen
  • the second section 626 with the second engagement means 629 is connected to the first section 621 via a hinge connection 625, such that the second section 626 is configured to be brought from the inactive position to the active position by rotating the second section 626.
  • each of the first and second engagement means comprises a flange 624, 629 protruding at substantially right angles from the respective first and second sections 621, 626.
  • Alternative configurations such as discrete spikes are also conceivable.
  • the roof window 1 furthermore comprises a hinge assembly 9.
  • the hinge assembly 9 is configured in such a way that it allows the sash 3 to be tophung in a first operational condition corresponding to normal use. That is, during normal use the sash 3 is rotated about a substantially horizontal first hinge axis at or near the top frame member 21 and top sash member 31 between a closed position and an open position.
  • the hinge assembly 9 comprises a hinge unit 91 with a frame hinge part 92 connected to or connectable to at least the top frame member 21, a sash hinge part 93 connected to at least the top sash member 31, and a hinge pin 94 connecting the frame hinge part 92 with the sash hinge part 93.
  • connection to implies that the component in question is in a condition, state or position in which the component in question is in fact connected to a part, whereas “connectable to” is intended to encompass such conditions, states and positions in which the component in question may be connected to the relevant part, but is not necessarily in connection with the part.
  • frame hinge part 92 including any sub-components will be described as being connected to parts of the frame 2.
  • the coupling unit 95 is configured to allow selective coupling of at least the frame hinge part 92 of the hinge unit 91 to the top frame member 21 and optionally to one of the side frame members 22, 23.
  • the coupling unit 95 will be described as comprising both a top frame coupling plate 96 and a side frame coupling plate 97. Alternative configurations are conceivable.
  • the top frame coupling plate 96 comprises a base section 961 connected to an inner side of the top frame member 21.
  • the top frame coupling plate 96 is connected to the top frame member 21 by means of a plurality of fastening means including at least one spigot 961c on the base section 961 and two bolt elements functioning also as engagement pins 962, 963.
  • each engagement pin 962, 963 cooperates with an insert nut 982, 983 on the outer side of the top frame member 21.
  • the top frame member 21 comprises a hinge assembly receiving milling 29a and a set of openings 29c, 29e of which openings 29e are through-going openings, or through-holes.
  • the side frame coupling plate 97 comprises a base section 971 and is connected to the inner side of the side frame member 22 by means of a plurality of fastening means including at least one spigot 971e on the base section 971 and at least one opening (not shown in detail) for fastening means such as screws 981.
  • the side frame member 22 comprises a hinge assembly receiving milling 29b and a set of openings 29d, 29f.
  • the opening, closing and parking may be carried out by the assistance of an operating assembly, for instance as the shown manual handwinder or screwjack constituting the operating assembly 5.
  • the operating assembly 5 comprises a sash fitting 55, a spindle part 52 with a spindle 521 connected to a socket fitting 51 via a nut part 53, and a handle 522, the sash fitting 55 being connected to the bottom sash member 34 and the socket fitting 51 being connected to the bottom frame member 24 in a mounted condition of the operating assembly such that upon rotation of the spindle part 52 relative to the nut part 53, the bottom sash member 34 is moved relative to the bottom frame member 24.
  • the roof window 1 may be provided in a supply condition which is suitable for packaging and transportation, the sash fitting 55 is connected to the bottom sash member 34 of the roof window 1 whereas the spindle part 52 with the nut part 53 and the socket fitting 51 are provided separately from the roof window 1.
  • the nut part 53 comprises a nut ring 531 connected to a set of flanges 512 protruding from a base plate 511 of the socket fitting 51, here by means of a set of bolts 532. Holes 513 are provided in the base plate 511 for mounting the socket part 51 to the bottom frame member 24.
  • the operating assembly 5 furthermore comprises a split 56 associated to the sash fitting 55, the split 56 being displaceable between an active position in which it is in engagement with a set of openings 553 in a set of flanges 552 protruding from a base plate 551 of the sash fitting 55 and an inactive position to reveal a reception gap between the flanges 552 of the sash fitting 55.
  • the spindle part 52 comprises an end portion 54 configured to cooperate with the sash fitting 55 in the mounted condition.
  • the pane 4 comprises an exterior sheet 41 and at least one interior sheet, here two interior sheets 42, 43 placed in contact with each other.
  • the pane 4 is here a so-called stepped pane in which the exterior sheet 41 comprises an extended portion 41a extending beyond a bottom edge portion 42b of the interior sheets 42, 43 to a bottom edge portion 41b of the exterior sheet 41.
  • the pane 4 has a common side edge portion 4b - this applies also to the opposite, not-shown side - and a common top edge portion 4c.
  • a spacer 47 is provided between the most exterior interior sheet 42 and the exterior sheet 41 along all edge portions.
  • each sash member comprises a profile element 31a, 32a, 34a, an inner element 31c, 32c, 34c and an intermediate element 31b, 32b, 34b.
  • the side sash member 33 not shown in cross-section has a similar configuration as the shown side sash member 32.
  • the intermediate element 31b, 32b, 34b of the respective sash member 31, 32, 33, 34 forms a connection between the profile element 31a, 32a, 34a and the inner element 31c, 32c, 34c of the sash member 31, 32, 33, 34 in question.
  • the intermediate elements 31b, 32b, 34b of the sash members 31, 32, 33, 34 may in principle be formed in the same way for all four sash members, or be formed with individual properties. Typically, the two side sash members 32, 33 of the sash 3 will be designed with equal properties though.
  • the intermediate elements 31b, 32b, 33b of the top sash member 31 and the two side sash members 32, 33 are formed as a set of longitudinal profiles while the intermediate element 34b of the bottom sash member 34 comprises a set of separate fittings, described in greater detail in connection with Figs 14a-b . Details of the respective intermediate elements 31b, 32b, 33b, 34b will be described below.
  • the inner elements 31c, 32c, 33c, 34c of the sash members 31, 32, 33, 34 form a coherent inner element sash structure supporting an interior edge portion of the pane 4. That is, edge portions of the pane 4 partly overlap the inner elements 31c, 32c, 33c, 34c as seen from the interior. In this way, the top edge portion 4c, the side edge portion 4b, and the opposite side edge portion, and the bottom edge portion 42b of the interior sheet 42 are all located on the outer side of the coherent sash structure provided by the inner elements such that any spacers 47 and other elements present along the edge portions of the pane 4 are hidden from view by the inner elements 31c, 32c, 33c, 34c and are thus not visible from the interior of the building.
  • the inner elements 31c, 32c, 33c, 34c of the sash members 31, 32, 33, 34 may have a substantially identical cross-sections and be formed by any suitable material, for instance wood, joined in mortise joints at the corners. It is also conceivable to form the inner element structure as a fully coherent structure, for instance by moulding.
  • the profile elements 31a, 32a, 33a, 34a of the sash members 31, 32, 33, 34 are located along respective exterior edge portions of the pane 4, and the intermediate element 31b, 32b, 33b, 34b of each sash member 31, 32, 33, 34 comprises engagement means 32b3, 34b3 configured to form a structural connection with the inner element 32c, 34c in one of at least two distinct positions in the height direction.
  • a hinge assembly 9 present in a gap between the top sash member 31 and the top frame member 21, and between the side sash member 32 and the side frame member 22, by which the sash 3 is connected to the frame 2 to provide a tophung hinge connection.
  • each frame member 21, 22, 23, 24 comprises a plurality of receiving structures at an interior, exterior, inner and/or outer side of the respective frame member.
  • Each receiving structure is configured to interact with auxiliary equipment in an assembled condition of the frame 2.
  • top frame member 21 and the two side frame members 22, 23 have substantially identical cross-sections.
  • the bottom frame member 24 comprises an outer piece 24a and a separate inner piece 24b.
  • the outer piece 24a and the separate inner piece 24b may be formed by the same material as the top frame member 21 and the side frame members 22, 23, for instance wood, or as a composite component comprising plywood and other materials.
  • a further feature of the roof window 1 in the shown embodiment is that the frame 2 comprises at least one releasable component configured to allow replacement with a different set of components to change the functionality of the roof window 1.
  • one such releasable component comprises a cover 24c releasably connected to remaining components of the bottom frame member 24 and defining a cavity relative to the remaining components of the bottom frame member 24.
  • the cover 24c may be formed by any suitable material, for instance a profile element of a plastic or metal material.
  • the cavity defined by the cover 24c is defined by the inner side of the outer piece 24a in the outwards direction and mainly by the exterior side of the separate inner piece 24b towards the interior.
  • edge portions 24c1, 24c2 of the cover 24c are received in receiving grooves in the bottom frame member 24, specifically in one receiving groove 24a1 in the outer piece 24a and one receiving groove 24b1 in the separate inner piece 24b.
  • an insulating piece 24d is accommodated in the cavity defined by the cover 24c.
  • the cavity defined by the cover 24 is configured to receive an electrical operator (not shown) and the cover 24 is configured to be replaced by a different cover (not shown) allowing operating means of the electrical operator to be connected to the sash 3.
  • the roof window 1 in a condition in which the bottom frame member 24 comprises a dummy element configured to be replaced by the socket fitting 51 of the operating assembly 5.
  • the roof window 1 were provided in a basic form with a different hinge than the hinge assembly 9 described in the above embodiments, it would also be conceivable to use blind plates to cover the hinge assembly receiving millings 29a, 29b to allow replacement of the previous hinge with the hinge assembly 9.
  • a first receiving structure comprises a lining groove 25 in an interior side of each frame member 21, 22, 23, 24.
  • the lining grooves 25 are configured to interact with a set of interior lining panels. Such lining panels typically form the transition between the roof window 1 and in interior wall.
  • a first groove portion 25a is provided in the outer piece 24a and a second groove portion 25b in the separate inner piece 24b.
  • the first and second groove portions 25a, 25b form the lining groove 25.
  • each frame member 21, 22, 23, 24 comprises an inwards protruding portion 21i, 22i, 24i at least partly overlapping the corresponding sash member 31, 32, 33, 34, as seen from the interior. This is made possible, since all parts of the sash 3 move towards the exterior when opening the sash 3 relative to the frame 2.
  • a second receiving structure comprises a sealing groove 26 in an exterior side of the inwards protruding portion 21i, 22i, 24i.
  • the sealing groove 26 is configured to interact with a frame sealing profile 26p.
  • a third receiving structure comprises a first outer groove 27 in an outer side of the frame member 21, 22, 23, 24.
  • the first outer groove 27 is configured to interact with a respective piece 71, 72, 73, 74 of the insulating frame 7. The interaction may take place by introducing a longitudinal protrusion 78 of the insulating frame piece into the groove 27, or to locate separate fastening means correctly.
  • each frame member 21, 22, 23, 24 has an inwards facing surface which together form a coherent inwards facing surface. As indicated, this appearance mimics a corresponding coherent inwards facing surface of the sash 3.
  • a fourth receiving structure comprises an interface unit groove 28 in an exterior side of the top frame member 21 and the two side frame members 22, 23.
  • This interface unit groove 28 interacts with a respective top and side element 81, 82, 83 of an interface unit 8, the function of which will be described further below.
  • FIG. 7 Further details visible in the drawings include guiding elements 22g (see Fig. 7 ) and 32g (see Fig. 10 ), which ascertain that the sash 3 is aligned relative to the frame 2 when closing the sash such that any skewness occurring in the open position of the sash 3 is eliminated.
  • a screening mounting bracket 32s is visible in Fig. 8 , by which it is possible to install an interior screening device (not shown) in the sash 3 to provide screening of the pane 4.
  • An abutment element 22s provides a stop for the bottom sash member 34 during closing.
  • each such insulation frame piece comprises protrusion 78 to be received in the outer side of the respective frame member, and an indentation 75 to interact with auxiliary equipment in the form of an underroof collar described in more detail in Applicant's co-pending patent applications filed on the same date as the present application.
  • a recess 76 is shown which makes place for the mounting bracket 6 to be mounted on the side frame member 23 of the frame 2, and a folding line 77 which allows folding back of part of the side piece 73 of the insulating frame 7 to allow access to the outer side of the side frame member 23.
  • At least the side pieces 72, 73 of the insulating frame 7 are provided with such recesses 76 and folding lines 77 at or near the location of the intended positions of the mounting brackets 6 of the set of mounting brackets supplied with the roof window 1.
  • the insulating frame 1 may in principle be made from any material with suitable thermal insulating properties. It is presently preferred that a foam material be used, for instance polyethylene foam.
  • each inner element here as shown the inner element 32c of the side sash member 32, is provided with reception means configured to receive the engagement means of the intermediate element 32b of the side sash member 32.
  • the reception means comprises two longitudinally extending grooves 32c1, 32c2 at a distance from each other in the height direction, the grooves being open in an outwards direction of the roof window 1.
  • the longitudinal profiles forming the intermediate elements 31b, 32b, 33b have a uniform cross-section and may in principle be cut from one and the same profile length. It is preferred that the longitudinal profiles are formed by a continuous moulding process, such as extrusion or pultrusion. Specifically the profiles are formed by pultrusion of a composite material incorporating resin and glass fibre.
  • the intermediate element 32b comprises a base portion 32b1 extending substantially in the height direction in the assembled condition of the sash 3 and a head portion 32b2 extending at an angle to the base portion 32b1.
  • the base portion 32b1 is provided with the engagement means on a surface facing inwards in the assembled condition, facing an outer surface of the inner element 32c, as shown in Fig. 16 .
  • the position, location and length of the individual intermediate elements 31b, 32b and 33b appear also from Figs 3 , 4 , 5 , 10 and 12a .
  • the engagement means of the base portion 32b1 of the intermediate element 32b comprises a protruding portion formed as a flange 32b3 extending throughout the length of the profile and configured to engage with a selective one groove 32c1, 32c2 of the inner element 32c of the side sash member 32.
  • each intermediate element 32b comprises a stepped section 32b4, which is offset in the inwards direction by an offsetting bend 32b5 relative to the remaining section of the base portion 32b1.
  • the engagement means, here the flange 32b3, is provided in the stepped section 32b4.
  • Additional fastening means 30x (cf. Fig. 12a and 16 ) are provided to fasten the intermediate element or elements 32b to the inner element 32c of the side sash member 32.
  • the base portion 32b1 of the intermediate element 32b comprises openings 32b6 configured to receive the additional fastening means 30x, namely in the stepped section 32b4.
  • the intermediate element 34b comprises a base portion 34b1 extending substantially in the height direction and a head portion 34b2 extending at an angle to the base portion 34b1.
  • the base portion 34b1 is provided with the engagement means 34b3 on an inner surface, facing an outer surface of the inner element 34c.
  • the engagement means of the base portion 34b1 comprises a protruding portion 34b3 to engage with a selective one groove 34c1, 34c2 of the inner element 34c of the bottom sash member 34.
  • Additional fastening means 30y are provided to fasten the intermediate element 34b to the inner element 34c of the bottom sash member 34, in openings 34b6 in stepped section 34b4, which is offset in the inwards direction by offsetting bend 34b5 relative to the remaining section of the base portion 34b1.
  • the intermediate element 34b of the bottom sash member 34 comprises a set of fittings. Two such sets may be provided along the length of the bottom sash member 34.
  • Each set of fittings comprises a connecting fitting provided with the engagement means configured to form a structural connection with the inner element 34c in one of at least two distinct positions in the height direction.
  • the connecting fitting comprises a first fitting part 34b0 and a second fitting part 34b10.
  • the first fitting part 34b0 comprises the engagement means and the second fitting part 34b10 is configured to be connected to the first fitting part 34b0 to function as a spacer between the outer surface of the inner element 34c of the bottom sash member 34 and the first fitting part 34b0.
  • the second fitting part 34b10 is provided with at least one resilient hook 34b11 configured to interact with a corresponding opening 34b12 in the first fitting part 34b0.
  • the head portion 34b2 of the intermediate element 34b of the bottom sash member 34 is received in a slit 34a5 of an inner portion 34a2 of the profile element 34a of the bottom sash member 34 in the assembled condition of the sash 3.
  • Figs 17 and 18 showing a simplified overview of the main components of the side sash member 32, it is seen how the same components of the sash 3 may accommodate two different thicknesses of the pane 4. This is carried out by changing the position of the engagement means of the intermediate element 32b from the first groove 32c1 to the second groove 32c2. This will require a slightly adapted side frame member 22c. The intermediate elements 31b, 33b, 34b at the other sash members 31, 33, 34 are moved similarly.
  • profile element 32a of the side sash member 32 will be described in representation of the longitudinal profiles of the top sash member 31 and the two side sash members 32, 33, since in the embodiment shown, these profile elements are formed as a set of longitudinal profiles of substantially uniform cross-section.
  • the details common to all profile elements 31a, 32a, 33a, 34a are as follows: Each profile element 32a, 34a comprises a head portion 32a1, 34a1 and an adjoining outer portion 32a3, 34a3.
  • the head portion 32a1, 34a1 is substantially parallel to the plane of the roof window 1 in the assembled condition of the roof window 1, and the adjoining outer portion 32a3, 34a3 is substantially perpendicular to the head portion 32a1, 34a1.
  • the head portion 32a1 of the profile element 32a of each of the top and side sash members 31, 32, 33 is located on the exterior side of the exterior pane surface 4e, and on the outer side of the side edge portion 4b and the top edge portion 4c of the pane 4, whereas the head portion 34a1 of the profile element 34a of the bottom sash member 34 is located on the interior side of the extended portion 41a of the exterior sheet 41 of the pane 4.
  • the profile element 32a of the side sash member 32 and the profile element 34a of the bottom sash member 34 are thus separated by a layer of glass; nevertheless, an overlap is provided by selecting a length of the profile elements 32a, 33a of the two side sash members 32, 33 to substantially correspond to or slightly exceed the distance between the top edge portion 4c of the pane 4 and the bottom edge portion 41b of the exterior sheet 41 of the pane 4.
  • the length of the profile element 34a of the bottom sash member 34 is suitably selected to extend substantially to the side edge portion 4b of the pane 4.
  • the length of the profile element 31a of the top sash member 31 is chosen in accordance with the dimensions of the pane 4 and the desired manner of joining the profile element 31a to the profile elements 32a, 33a.
  • the longitudinal profiles form mitred joints between the profile element 31a of the top sash member 31 and the respective profile element 32a, 33a of the side sash members 32, 33 in the assembled condition of the sash 3, see Fig. 19 .
  • Figs 12a to 13b Also visible in Figs 12a to 13b are an end plug 38 which closes off the profile element 32a of the side sash member 32.
  • the end plug 38 is provided with friction-increasing ribs and a snap arm, not described in detail.
  • the glazing bar 45 is provided with a counterpart end plug.
  • a trailing element 37 is provided to drain any condensed water out to a profile element sealing 34p.
  • a corner key 39 is provided at each mitred joint, see Figs. 19-21 .
  • a sealant 39b is suitably applied as will be described in further detail below with particular reference to Figs 19 to 21 .
  • the corner key 39 has a generally L-shaped configuration with two perpendicular legs 39a1 divided by a channel 39a2. In the channel 39a2, a set of primary openings 39a3 is provided.
  • each leg 39a1 is adjoined by a depending skirt 39a4 on a first side.
  • a secondary opening 39a5 is provided.
  • each leg 39a1 is adjoined by an inclined section 39a6 on a second side.
  • the channel 39a2 ends in a tongue 39a7, optionally adjoining an inclined channel section 39a8.
  • the profile elements 31a, 32a, 33a are suitably configured to receive the pane 4 in an upside-down position, i.e. with the respective head portions 32a1 facing a substrate such as an assembly table. This step of the assembly of the sash 3 may take place after the intermediate elements 31b, 32b, 33b have been introduced into the respective profile elements 31a, 32a, 33a. Also visible in Figs 16 and 19 , are pane clips 4t, which are placed at suitable distances from each other along the top edge portion 4c and side edge portions 4b of the pane 4.
  • the interaction between the main components of the sash 3 is defined by the following configuration of the components:
  • Each of the longitudinal profiles forming the profile elements 31a, 32a, 33a of the top sash member 31 and the two side sash members 32, 33 comprises an inner portion 32a2 adjoining the head portion 32a1.
  • the dimensions are chosen such that the inner portion 32a2 overlaps the pane 4 in the assembled condition of the sash 3.
  • each profile element 31a, 32a, 33a is configured to protrude to the exterior relative to the exterior surface of the pane 4e in the assembled condition of the sash 3.
  • the inner portion 32a2 is inclined from the head portion 32a1 relative to the head portion 32a1 and extends inwards and to the interior, towards the exterior surface of the pane 4e in the assembled condition of the sash 3.
  • the inner portion 32a2 is adjoined by a first bend 32a4 configured to be located at or near the exterior surface of the pane 4e.
  • a second bend 32a5 is provided as shown in for example Fig. 16 .
  • the second bend 32a5 has as its function to accommodate a sealing 4p relative to the exterior surface of the pane 4e.
  • a third bend 32a6 is also provided, said third bend 32a6 being configured to accommodate an inner edge portion 32b9 of the intermediate element 32b relative to an interior side of the inner portion 32a2.
  • a transition portion 32a7 is provided between the head portion 32a1 and the inner portion 32a2.
  • the transition portion 32a7 is configured to accommodate a ridge portion 32b7 of the intermediate element 32b.
  • a fourth bend 32a8 is provided adjacent the outer portion 32a3 of the profile element 32a.
  • the fourth bend 32a8 is configured to accommodate an outer edge portion 32b12 of the intermediate element 32b.
  • the inner portion 32a2 of the profile element 32a is configured to be located opposite an inner inclined portion 32b8 of the intermediate element 32b in the assembled condition of the sash 3.
  • outer edge portion 32b12 of the intermediate element 32b is associated with the head portion 32b2 of the intermediate element 32b via an outer inclined portion 32b11 and a bend 32b10.
  • the configuration of the described embodiment makes it possible to provide a secure engagement between the intermediate elements 31b, 32b, 33b and the profile elements 31a, 32a, 33a.
  • the length of the intermediate elements 32b, 33b of the side sash members 32, 33 may be chosen slightly shorter than the associated profile elements 32a, 33a.
  • the head portion 34a1 of the profile element 34a is provided with at least one longitudinally extending groove 34a4 to receive a respective sealing strip 4s.
  • These sealing strips 4s may be formed by silicone to form an adhesive connection between the profile element 34a and the extended portion 41a of the exterior sheet 41 of the pane 4.
  • a masking 44 may be provided at the extended portion 41a on in interior side of the exterior sheet 41.
  • the intermediate element 31b, 32b, 33b, 34b of each sash member 31, 32, 33, 34 comprises engagement means 32b3, 34b3 configured to form a structural connection with the inner element 31c, 32c, 33c, 34c.
  • the head portion 34b2 of the intermediate element 34b is configured to be received in a slit 34a5 of an inner portion 34a2 of the profile element 34a of the bottom sash member 34 in the assembled condition of the sash 3, see Figs 14a-b .
  • this portion may be formed as a double-layer, folded portion.
  • the manufacture of the sash 3 may in principle take place in any suitable manner.
  • a set of three longitudinal profiles is provided.
  • the longitudinal profiles may for instance be formed a single profile length of an extruded material such as metal, for instance aluminium.
  • Other materials and manufacturing processes are conceivable, including roll forming of steel or other metal, or of a composite material.
  • mitre shapes are formed at mutually facing ends of the longitudinal profiles. If the longitudinal profiles are formed from a single length, and if convenient, the mitre shapes may be formed in a coherent length by aptly formed incisions to form inner corners at the intersection between the top and the sides.
  • a pane of suitable dimensions is provided, for instance as described in the above.
  • the sets of four inner elements and four intermediate elements are provided, for instance as described in the above.
  • the longitudinal profiles are now placed in an upside-down position on an assembly table to form a profile element frame structure constituting three sides of a rectangle. This typically takes place by guiding elements fixable to the assembly table corresponding to the outer circumference of the sash.
  • the pane is placed within the profile element frame structure, and the profile element structure is connected to the inner elements, optionally via the intermediate elements, to form the sash.
  • the intermediate elements at the top and sides are typically inserted into the counterpart profile elements.
  • the inner elements may as described above be connected to each other to form an inner element frame structure, which is placed on the pane, following which the intermediate elements are connected to the respective inner elements.
  • a set of two corner keys 39 is advantageously provided placed within the longitudinal profile elements 31a, 32a, 33a at the mutually facing mitred ends before placing the pane 4 within the profile element frame structure.
  • Sealant 39b is preferably applied to each corner key 39. During assembly, it is ensured that the sealant 39b is able to flow through the primary openings 39a3 of the corner key 39 such that the sealant 39b is distributed.
  • each corner key 39 is configured to be mechanically connected to the respective adjacent profile elements 31a, 32a, 33a. This may take place by clinching, for instance by TOXO technology.
  • the glazing bar or bars is/are aligned on the assembly table before placing the pane 4 within the profile element frame structure.
  • the glazing bar 45 is provided with one or more adhesive strips 45a to fasten to the exterior surface 4e of the pane 4.
  • Figs 24 to 29a an embodiment is shown in which the roof window 1 is provided with a covering assembly 10.
  • the covering assembly 10 generally comprising a flashing assembly and any other auxiliary equipment are described in more detail in Applicant's co-pending patent applications filed on the same date as the present application.
  • the sealing assembly generally comprises a set of sealing profiles.
  • sealing between the sash 3 and the frame 2 is provided by an exterior sealing plane, an intermediate sealing plane and an interior sealing plane. Reference is also made to the cross-sectional views of the top, side and bottom of the roof window 1 shown and described in the above.
  • the interior sealing plane comprises the frame sealing profile 26p provided in the exterior side of each frame member 21, 22, 23, 24 and interacts with the interior side of the respective sash member 31, 32, 33, 34.
  • the intermediate sealing plane comprises the sash sealing profile 30p1 provided in the outer side of each sash member 31, 32, 33, 34 and interacts with the inner side of the respective frame member 21, 22, 23, 24.
  • the sash sealing profile 30p1 is provided in sash sealing groove 30g1.
  • the exterior sealing plane is provided in that the profile element sealing 34p on the profile element 34a of the bottom sash member 34 is in contact with the outer side of the bottom frame member 34 in the closed position of the sash 3.
  • each interface element 81, 82 comprises a base portion 80 with an anchor section 801, an inner leg 86, an outer leg 87, a flange 88 and a sealing portion 89.
  • the anchor section 801 of the base portion 80 is received in the interface unit groove 28 in the assembled condition of the roof window 1.
  • the sealing portion 89 faces to the exterior and interacts with the top sash member 31 and side sash members 32, 33 during opening and closing of the sash 3 and in the closed position of the sash 3.
  • the inner leg 86, the outer leg 87, and the flange 88 form a channel 810, 820 in the top interface element 81 and the side interface element 82.
  • a corresponding channel is formed in the other side interface element 83. In this way, water emanating from rain or other precipitation may be guided from the channel 810 in the top interface element 81 to the channels 820 in the side interface elements 82, 83 and further out to the covering assembly 10 (not shown in detail).
  • the sealing portion 89 comprises an inner sealing lip 891 and an outer sealing lip 892.
  • the inner sealing lip 891 of both the top interface element 81 and of the side interface element 82 is provided sufficiently inwards that the inner sealing lip 891 interacts with the interior of the top sash member 31 and the side sash member 32, cf. Figs 6 and 5 ; however the outer sealing lip 892 of the top interface element 81 is located on the outer side of the top sash member 31. In the embodiment shown, this is due to the fact that the flange 88 of the top interface element 81 is longer than the counterpart flange of the side interface element 82.
  • each interface element 81, 82, 83 is formed to be resilient, i.e. as is customary in sealings, the sealing portion 89 is able to be deformed when coming into abutment with another component and then spring back when relaxing, this is not reflected in the figures since they generally show elements in their undeformed condition.
  • at least the sealing portion 89 has different properties than at least the base portion 80. This may be provided by co-extrusion or co-moulding of two (or more) different materials.
  • the top interface element 81 comprises an additional inner sealing lip 893, a first additional outer sealing lip 894 and a second additional outer sealing lip 895, cf. also Fig. 28 .
  • the interface elements 81, 82, 83 furthermore allow interaction with the covering assembly 10 in that the base portion 80, inner leg 86 and flange 88 form a flashing reception groove 85.
  • the flashing reception groove 85 has a groove opening 85b and is provided with a number of protrusions 85a.
  • the sealing assembly furthermore comprises a pane sealing 30p2, received in pane sealing groove 30g2. It is noted that the pane sealing 30p2 remains stationary relative to the sash 3.
  • a foam element 32f is shown present in the sash side member 32.
  • a similar foam element may be present in the opposite sash side member 33 as well.
  • the longitudinal extension of the foam element 32f may be such that the foam element 32f extends over a major part of the length of the sash side member 32.
  • the foam element 32f abuts the interior side of the head portion 32b2 of the intermediate element 32b along the extent of the intermediate element 32b, and is allowed to expand towards the interior side of the head portion 32a1 of the profile element 32a of the side sash member 32 in the portions of the foam element 32f protruding beyond the longitudinal ends of the intermediate element 32b.
  • the foam element 32f has general climate shielding properties.
  • a stabilising plate 310x is placed in the channel 810 of the top element 81 of the interface unit 8 to improve the structural properties. Furthermore, an extension plate 310y is shown fastened to the profile element 31a of the top sash member 31 to protrude into the channel 810. The extension plate 310y improves guidance of precipitation into the channel 810 and for further guidance towards the sides of the roof window. This is particularly relevant in roof windows built into roofs of a large inclination. The relative positions of the stabilising plate 310x and the extension plate 310y are shown more clearly in Fig. 32 . For ease of reading of the relevant portions of the interface unit 8, Fig. 33 shows the top element 81 of the interface unit 8 without the stabilising plate 310x and without the sash 3 including the extension plate 310y.
  • Fig. 31 shows the interaction between the bottom of the roof window 1 and the covering assembly 10.
  • Fig. 34 show a view of the lower right-hand corner of the roof window 1, in which the sash 3 has been lifted slightly relative to the frame 2 for clarity reasons.
  • a clip 22x is mounted on the side element 82 of the interface unit 8.
  • the clip 22x is provided with a clip flange 22xa as shown in more detail in Fig. 36 .
  • the end plug 38 of the sash side member 32 is in this embodiment provided with an end plug flange 38a. In the closed position of the roof window 1, the end plug flange 38a overlaps the clip flange 22xa.
  • components of the roof window are easily disassembled and each component may in principle be reused, be recycled by appropriate environmentally responsible disposal means, or the material be recovered for other uses.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Wing Frames And Configurations (AREA)
  • Seal Device For Vehicle (AREA)
EP23166168.7A 2022-03-31 2023-03-31 Fenêtre de toit avec un ensemble d'étanchéité Pending EP4253683A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DKPA202270158A DK202270158A1 (en) 2022-03-31 2022-03-31 A roof window with a sealing assembly

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4253683A1 true EP4253683A1 (fr) 2023-10-04

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ID=87805634

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP23166168.7A Pending EP4253683A1 (fr) 2022-03-31 2023-03-31 Fenêtre de toit avec un ensemble d'étanchéité

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EP (1) EP4253683A1 (fr)
CN (1) CN220469259U (fr)
DK (1) DK202270158A1 (fr)

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4928445A (en) * 1988-12-13 1990-05-29 Wasco Products, Inc. Skylight construction
EP2363548A2 (fr) * 2010-03-05 2011-09-07 FAKRO PP Spolka z o.o. Cadre de fenêtre, en particulier un cadre de fenêtre de toiture
EP2405072A2 (fr) * 2010-07-09 2012-01-11 Roto Frank Ag Installation de fenêtre de toit, structure de toit et procédé de montage d'une fenêtre de toit
EP2738339A1 (fr) 2012-12-03 2014-06-04 VKR Holding A/S Fenêtre avec amortissement sonore et/ou éléments isolants
EP3396100A1 (fr) * 2017-04-28 2018-10-31 Ryszard Florek Fenêtre de toit plat avec couverture extérieure
WO2021156313A1 (fr) * 2020-02-03 2021-08-12 Vkr Holding A/S Fenêtre de toit

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4928445A (en) * 1988-12-13 1990-05-29 Wasco Products, Inc. Skylight construction
EP2363548A2 (fr) * 2010-03-05 2011-09-07 FAKRO PP Spolka z o.o. Cadre de fenêtre, en particulier un cadre de fenêtre de toiture
EP2405072A2 (fr) * 2010-07-09 2012-01-11 Roto Frank Ag Installation de fenêtre de toit, structure de toit et procédé de montage d'une fenêtre de toit
EP2738339A1 (fr) 2012-12-03 2014-06-04 VKR Holding A/S Fenêtre avec amortissement sonore et/ou éléments isolants
EP3396100A1 (fr) * 2017-04-28 2018-10-31 Ryszard Florek Fenêtre de toit plat avec couverture extérieure
WO2021156313A1 (fr) * 2020-02-03 2021-08-12 Vkr Holding A/S Fenêtre de toit

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DK202270158A1 (en) 2023-12-12
CN220469259U (zh) 2024-02-09

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