EP4244619A1 - Procede de mesure du potentiel ecotoxique d'un effluent aqueux et dispositif de mise en oeuvre du procede - Google Patents
Procede de mesure du potentiel ecotoxique d'un effluent aqueux et dispositif de mise en oeuvre du procedeInfo
- Publication number
- EP4244619A1 EP4244619A1 EP21814833.6A EP21814833A EP4244619A1 EP 4244619 A1 EP4244619 A1 EP 4244619A1 EP 21814833 A EP21814833 A EP 21814833A EP 4244619 A1 EP4244619 A1 EP 4244619A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- compartment
- water
- effluent
- aqueous effluent
- overflow
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/18—Water
- G01N33/186—Water using one or more living organisms, e.g. a fish
- G01N33/1866—Water using one or more living organisms, e.g. a fish using microorganisms
Definitions
- the present invention belongs to the field of ecotoxicology, more particularly to the measurement of the ecotaxic potential of an aqueous effluent.
- the object of the present invention relates to a method for measuring the ecotaxic potential of an aqueous effluent and to a device comprising a battery of instrumented and transportable mesocosms.
- the invention also relates to the use of the device for measuring the ecotaxic potential of an effluent as well as to a kit of instrumented and transportable mesocosms.
- An object of the invention is a method for measuring the ecotoxic potential of an aqueous effluent on a simplified ecosystem, in which the medium is continuously supplied with aqueous effluent, thus being representative of real environmental conditions.
- the invention thus comprises a method for measuring the ecotoxic potential of an aqueous effluent comprising the steps: a) formation of an artificial trophic chain in an aquatic medium comprising a substrate, said substrate comprising a mineral fraction and optionally a organic fraction and being preferably reconstituted, said trophic chain comprising at least one microorganism and at least one macroorganism and is formed by introduction and sequential stabilization/timing of said micro- and macroorganisms; b) determination of the ecotoxic potential of the aqueous effluent, characterized in that the medium is open or semi-open and is supplied continuously with aqueous effluent.
- a fraction of the aqueous effluent can be recovered at the outlet from the medium (via a recirculation loop) and can constitute a fraction of the aqueous effluent supplying the medium, so that the aqueous effluent entering the aquatic environment can consist of a mixture between the aqueous effluent and water from the mesocosm.
- aqueous effluent refers indiscriminately to the effluent entering the environment and including, or not including, a fraction of the aqueous effluent recovered at the outlet of the environment.
- the method can thus comprise a step c) of partial recycling of the aqueous effluent in the medium.
- the term "ecotoxic potential” means the intrinsic characteristic of the effluent which gives it its ability to induce dysfunctions at different levels of living organisms. These dysfunctions are the expression of significant response variations, measured and quantified, for each biotic and abiotic parameter studied, between the reference tanks and those exposed to the effluent.
- the biotic parameters studied to determine the ecotoxic potential of the effluent can for example be chosen from the group comprising the mortality rate, the growth rate, the genotoxicity, the teratogenicity, the emergence rate, the decomposition rate and/or or behavior.
- the abiotic parameters studied to determine the ecotoxic potential of the effluent can for example be chosen from the group comprising the variation(s) of pH, conductivity, redox potential, dissolved oxygen, concentrations of nitrogenous forms ( ammonium, nitrate, nitrite), concentrations of total and dissolved organic carbon, and/or concentrations of metallic and/or organic contaminants. Variations can be quantified and it is thus possible to determine whether a variation is significantly different from a control.
- the device for implementing the method can comprise at least one control tank, preferably at least 3 control tanks, and at least as many tanks exposed to the effluent studied.
- ecotoxic potential can be expressed in relation to the drift of the physico-chemical and biological parameters recorded; ie the variations in response for each parameter studied between the control (reference) tanks and those exposed to the effluent.
- the drift is quantified and compared to the control conditions using statistical analyses.
- the determination of the ecotoxic potential thus takes into account the evaluation of different types of contaminants after exposure of organisms belonging to the different trophic levels of an aquatic ecosystem.
- the determination of the ecotoxic potential is obtained by measuring the level of toxicity on living organisms (acute, chronic and genetic toxicity) in relation to the control and measurement of variations in physico-chemical conditions such as the carbon cycle, decomposition, carbon dissolved organic, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration and/or effluent conductivity relative to control.
- the ecotoxic potential of the aqueous effluent is determined between 4 and 6 weeks after the introduction of the first elements of the artificial trophic chain (z.e after the introduction of the consortium of microorganisms) into the medium.
- the ecotoxic potential can be determined by measuring biotic and/or abiotic parameters.
- the biotic parameters can be selected from the group comprising mortality rate, growth rate, genotoxicity, teratogenicity, emergence rate, decomposition rate and/or behavior.
- the abiotic parameters can be chosen from the group comprising the variation(s) of pH, conductivity, redox potential, dissolved oxygen, concentrations of nitrogenous forms (ammonium, nitrate, nitrite), concentrations of organic carbon total and dissolved, and/or concentrations of metallic and/or organic contaminants.
- the determination of the ecotoxic potential can be carried out by comparing the biotic and abiotic parameters measured with those of a control aquatic environment, in which the method according to the invention is applied identically, with the difference that the control aquatic environment is supplied continuously with clear water, that is to say with water coming from the same source, but free of contaminants.
- aquatic environment means a container (generally a tank), which may be transparent, into which the substrate and the artificial trophic chain are introduced.
- the aquatic environment comprises an inlet and an outlet, allowing the circulation of water, a consequence of the continuous supply of the environment.
- aqueous effluent we mean a liquid composed mainly of water, the purpose of the process of which is to measure its ecotoxic potential. It can be any type of water resulting from or impacted by human activity, including industrial activity, agriculture and domestic use. This is water that may include chemical substances, particles and materials tested separately in a reference water.
- the aqueous effluent can include organic or inorganic matter, suspended or dissolved. Thus, it may be natural water (water from streams such as rivers or rivers, lakes, and more generally surface water and groundwater), waste water, for example from treatment plants. treatment (STEP) treated or untreated, of leachates and percolates of industrial waste, materials or agricultural waste (green, white water), water from the food industry.
- the aqueous effluent can be diluted or undiluted.
- the term "continuously fed” means a permanent renewal, without interruption, of the aqueous effluent, diluted or undiluted, throughout the duration of the implementation of the process.
- the effluent can be transported using machinery. Thus, the effluent circulates in the medium.
- the dynamic approach of the process implemented makes it possible to take into account any change in the intrinsic composition of the aqueous effluent to be tested, both qualitative (effluent composition) and quantitative (effluent flow rates).
- the method according to the invention thus makes it possible to evaluate all the variations of the effluent. This is an advantage over a closed system (as opposed to open or semi-open) in which a single effluent, with fixed characteristics, can be evaluated.
- Another advantage of the process according to the invention is that it is carried out in an open or semi-open environment, which makes it possible to approximate environmental conditions more closely.
- the aqueous effluent continuously supplying the medium is diluted or undiluted (ie crude).
- the aqueous effluent can thus be taken directly from the outlet of a treatment plant or else be taken from a watercourse or a pipe. Whatever its origin, it can be diluted prior to its introduction into the environment.
- the aqueous effluent is preferably diluted with water of food quality (dechlorinated) or reconstituted made from demineralized water and chemical salts, and used to supply all the control tanks.
- the dilution depends on subject of study, for example for a WWTP effluent, the dilution depends on the average flow of the watercourse into which the effluent is discharged. The dilution can vary from 50th to 500th, depending on the type of watercourse.
- the aqueous effluent feed rate is within a range of 0.3 to 1 L per day.
- the quantity of water in the medium is preferably kept constant, thus the inlet and outlet flow rates in aqueous effluent are equal.
- the method according to the invention may also comprise a step of diluting the aqueous effluent, prior to feeding it with the medium.
- the method according to the invention may also comprise a step of regulating the temperature of the aqueous effluent and/or of the medium, preferably at a temperature comprised within a range ranging from 15 to 25°C.
- a temperature comprised within a range ranging from 15 to 25°C Generally, the temperature of the aquatic environment is maintained at a temperature comprised in an interval ranging from 15 to 25° C. throughout the duration of the implementation of the method.
- open environment we mean that the aqueous effluent which circulates in the environment is not recycled and by "semi-open", that part of the effluent is recovered at the outlet of the environment and reinjected , preferably via a recirculation loop.
- part of the recycled effluent is used to supply the environment continuously.
- the use of the recirculation loop only increases the residence time of the effluent in the system, without diluting the effluent to be tested.
- a semi-open environment can also have the advantages of consuming (and therefore wasting) less water, but also of limiting temperature regulation, when it is necessary.
- the aqueous effluent in open operation, is not recycled and all of the aqueous effluent supplying the medium is discharged at the outlet of the medium.
- a fraction of the aqueous effluent supplying the medium is recirculated and used to supply the medium.
- the recycled fraction of the aqueous effluent can be of the order of 1 to 90% of the effluent, preferably 30 to 60% and even more preferably 40%.
- the recycled fraction is recovered at the medium outlet and then mixed upstream with the aqueous effluent supplying the medium.
- the method according to the invention may further comprise a step c) of partial recycling of the effluent, preferably recycling from 1 to 90% of the effluent and even more preferably from 30 to 60% and even more preferred 40%.
- a step c) of partial recycling of the effluent preferably recycling from 1 to 90% of the effluent and even more preferably from 30 to 60% and even more preferred 40%.
- the aquatic medium comprises a substrate.
- the substrate can be natural or reconstituted, preferably reconstituted.
- the substrate comprises a mineral fraction and optionally an organic fraction.
- the mineral fraction can comprise a standardized sand of known grain size, such as SNL sand. It can include silica, kaolinite, calcium carbonate and generally includes at least silica in the form of sand of varying grain size.
- the mineral fraction comprises fine sand (for example sand from Fontainebleau, VWR, 1/16th to 2mm, CAS 7631-86-9 or: CF EN196-01 “CEN AF AC AFNOR standardized sand”, coast) mixed with coarser sand (for example SNL sand, AFNOR and ISO 9001: 2008 certified).
- the mass percentage of the mineral fraction in the substrate can be greater than or equal to 90%, relative to the total mass of the substrate.
- the organic fraction may comprise tree leaves from the riparian forest of temperate countries.
- the organic fraction comprises alder leaves (Alnus sp).
- the mass percentage of the organic fraction in the substrate is less than or equal to 10%, relative to the total mass of the substrate.
- the different constituent elements of the substrate can be chosen according to the needs of the organisms that make up the artificial trophic chain.
- a chain containing chironomidae larvae can include alder leaves to allow leaf biodegradation to be studied.
- the substrate may include fine-grained sand. It is for example possible to get as close as possible to reality to have a mixture of grain sizes.
- the term “trophic chain” is understood to mean a set of links which exist between the various links which compose it. This is the set of relationships that are established between organisms based on how they feed.
- a trophic chain can thus include producers (algae for example), primary consumers (herbivores, phytophagous), secondary consumers (carnivores) and decomposers (or detritivores).
- producers algae for example
- primary consumers herebivores, phytophagous
- secondary consumers carnivores
- decomposers or detritivores
- the term “artificial trophic chain” means trophic links added intentionally by man for the purposes of experimentation in mesocosms. Pollutants which degrade little or not at all (heavy metals) will concentrate at the top of the food chain, in predators.
- the decomposers are generally included in the bacterial consortium for example, or else by the chironomidae. It is a function that can be carried out by several links in
- the artificial food chain may include:
- consortium of microorganisms means a consortium comprising bacteria, microscopic fungi and unicellular algae.
- bacteria can be chosen from the group comprising Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas, Pseudomonas and Bacillus
- fungi can be chosen from the group comprising Hyphomycetes, Eumycetes and Ascomycetes and the microalgae can be freshwater diatoms.
- primary consumer we mean an organism that feeds at the expense of autotrophic organisms (microorganisms contained in the biofilm consortium). It can preferably be chosen from the group comprising invertebrates (such as for example chironomids, tubifex, daphnia, freshwater shrimp, gammarids or limnes), amphibians (such as for example Xenopus larvae (Xenopus sp) ), and mixtures thereof.
- invertebrates such as for example chironomids, tubifex, daphnia, freshwater shrimp, gammarids or limnes
- amphibians such as for example Xenopus larvae (Xenopus sp)
- mixtures thereof such as for example Xenopus larvae (Xenopus sp)
- “Secondary consumer” means an organism that feeds on primary consumers. It can preferably be chosen from the group comprising larvae of amphibians (such as, for example, Pleurodeles sp or Ambystoma sp), fish (such as, for example, groups of poecilidae or cyprinids), and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the secondary consumer will be only one among the carnivores listed above.
- step a) of the method according to the invention may comprise the sub-steps: - i) placing in a medium (ie an analysis compartment), the substrate and water, preferably food-grade water (dechlorinated) or reconstituted made from demineralized water and mineral salts ,
- the stabilization of the medium can have a duration ranging from 1 to 3 weeks, preferably 2 weeks.
- stabilization of the medium means the period during which the peak concentration of nitrites in the medium is monitored. The concentrations of nitrates, nitrites, pH and O2 are measured to demonstrate the stabilization of the system, so that the biofilm is operational.
- the peak of nitrites must have passed, daily measurements are taken and it is from the moment when the peak goes down that it is estimated that stabilization has been reached (concentration of nitrites less than 1 mg /L). Bacteria transform everything that is ammonium in the medium into nitrites, then into nitrates.
- the consortium thus consumes the nitrates to make biomass.
- the development of the biofilm is evaluated by observing the change in color of the sediment reflecting the level of colonization.
- the medium is said to be stabilized when the nitrite concentration in the medium drops and is less than 1 mg/L.
- the temporization of the medium can have a duration ranging from 1 to 3 weeks, preferably 2 weeks.
- chironomids are introduced, a period of at least one week of exposure is preferable, for Xenopus, at least 12 days of exposure are preferable.
- the duration of exposure depends on the species introduced (particularly stages of development) and the biological parameter measured, the parameters must be adapted.
- delay means the time necessary for the primary consumer to consume the lower link without this step being limiting.
- the various trophic links are raised independently in suitable culture media under controlled conditions.
- the consortium bacteria, algae, fungi
- the consortium is introduced into the system at the appropriate time (10 5 /mL, number of individuals per volume, in control before injection).
- invertebrates can be reared for 48 hours in standardized water (AFNOR, 2004) from their production to the experimental stage (stage depending on the parameter studied).
- AFNOR standardized water
- ISO standardized water
- the experimental stage will be determined by the biological model, and will depend on the species. For example, genotoxicity and growth are measured in xenopus at stage 54 of the development table of Nieuwkoop and Faber (1956). In chironomids, the emergence rate is measured at the emerged adult stage. A person skilled in the art will be able to adapt the experimental stage according to the parameter or parameters that he wishes to measure in determining the ecotaxic potential of the aqueous effluent.
- the method according to the invention may also comprise a step d) of measuring the percentage of degradation of the organic fraction of the substrate.
- This step d) makes it possible to measure the impact of the pollutants tested on the detrital activity of the fungi, evaluated by measuring the percentage of degraded leaf surface.
- the percentage of degradation of the organic fraction of the substrate is generally measured between 6 and 10 weeks after the introduction of the first elements of the artificial trophic chain (i.e. the consortium of microorganisms).
- the method according to the invention may also comprise a prior step of sterilizing the substrate, preferably at a temperature greater than or equal to 121°C, for a period greater than or equal to 20 minutes.
- the invention also relates to a device for implementing the method according to the invention.
- the invention thus relates to a device for measuring the ecotoxic potential of an aqueous effluent comprising a water supply device and a battery of instrumented and transportable mesocosms.
- the water supply device may include:
- Connected means a direct or indirect connection between two elements of the device.
- the device comprises an equal number of feed compartments and mesocosms.
- a feeding compartment is usually connected to a single mesocosm.
- the power channel is connected to each power compartment. This type of feed allows for an equal feed rate from each of the feed compartments. Depending on the dilution of the aqueous effluent, its influence on the flow/volume involved in the mesocosms can be considered negligible.
- the supply device may include one or more second arrivals of aqueous effluent.
- the second arrival in aqueous effluent can supply one or more supply compartments.
- the second aqueous effluent inlet may comprise a pump.
- the second aqueous effluent inlet can be connected to one or more supply compartments.
- the battery of mesocosms can comprise at least one mesocosm.
- the battery of mesocosms includes several mesocosms, some can be qualified as control mesocosms.
- a control mesocosm is identical to a mesocosm but is not subjected to the aqueous effluent during the implementation of the process.
- the supply compartments connected to the control mesocosms are not connected to the second aqueous effluent inlet.
- the water supply is connected to the reservoir tank.
- the reservoir tank may include an overflow, connected to a water drain (allowing the excess water to be evacuated from the device).
- the feed trough is connected to each of the feed compartments.
- the aqueous effluent inlet is connected to the supply compartment.
- the feeding compartment is connected to the mesocosms (via the feeding overflow).
- the regulation of the flow rates entering water (inlet of water) and in aqueous effluent (inlet of aqueous effluent) makes it possible to regulate the rate of dilution of the aqueous effluent whose ecotoxic potential is measured.
- the supply compartment being provided with a supply overflow, itself provided with a filter, preferably a comb, this configuration allows a homogeneous supply of aqueous effluent, diluted or undiluted, in the mesocosm.
- Tank or “compartment” means a container suitable for storing liquid products. It can be cylindrical or parallelepipedic in shape. It may include openings intended for filling, emptying, cleaning and setting up any step of the method according to the invention.
- the volume of a tank can vary depending on the use. Those skilled in the art can adapt the dimensions and volume of the tanks on a case-by-case basis.
- the reservoir tank can have a volume of 500 liters and be made of polyethylene.
- the feed compartment can have a volume ranging from 0.5 to 3 liters, preferably from 1 to 1.5 liters.
- the analysis compartment can have a volume ranging from 20 to 50 liters, preferably from 30 to 40 liters.
- the first temperature control system may include a thermostat.
- the first temperature control system is connected to the reservoir tank.
- the first regulation system can be installed in parallel or in series with the reservoir tank on the first recirculation loop. The temperature of the water in the dispensing compartment can thus be regulated.
- a fraction of the aqueous effluent can be recovered at the outlet of the mesocosm and can circulate in a second water recirculation loop, before d to be reinjected in the dispensing compartment.
- the second recirculation loop may include a second temperature control system.
- the temperature of the water in the dispensing compartment can thus be regulated.
- the first and second temperature control systems may be the same or different.
- the aqueous effluent can be mixed with clear water in the distribution compartment.
- the supply gutter is equipped with an overflow allowing the return of water within the reservoir tank in the event of an overflow.
- the reservoir tank and the supply gutter are arranged so that when the supply gutter overflows, the water flows via the overflow into the reservoir tank. This arrangement makes it possible to maintain constant the height of water in the supply gutter.
- the distribution means (tank, gutter, distribution compartment) are equipped with a set of valves coupled to a source of clean water (e.g. free of pollutants and other elements possibly present in the effluent aqueous) configured in such a way as to allow control of the dilution of the aqueous effluent before its introduction into the mesocosm (aqueous medium).
- a source of clean water e.g. free of pollutants and other elements possibly present in the effluent aqueous
- mesocosm aqueous medium
- the supply gutter and the splitter(s) can be replaced by a distribution system or be included in a distribution system.
- the distribution system can be any system allowing distribution of the aqueous effluent between the different mesocosms, with or without dilution. It also allows continuous feeding of each mesocosm, at the same flow rate and variable dilution.
- the distribution system can be connected to the distribution tank at each of the mesocosms, or connected directly to the buffer tank.
- the term “battery” of mesocosms means a set of mesocosms comprising at least two mesocosms.
- a cluster of mesocosms can comprise from 2 to 18 mesocosms, preferably from 3 to n*3 mesocosms, where n is an integer ranging from 1 to 6.
- n is an integer ranging from 1 to 6.
- control mesocosm in which the aqueous effluent does not circulate, only clear water, ie free of contaminants, circulates
- n*3 mesocosms there are 3 control mesocosms and 3 mesocosms subjected to the aqueous effluent.
- a device with 9 mesocosms there are 3 control mesocosms, three mesocosms subjected to the aqueous effluent and 3 mesocosms subjected to the aqueous effluent either at another concentration/dilution of said effluent, or with another different aqueous effluent.
- a mesocosm can include:
- an analysis compartment comprising a substrate, preferably reconstituted, said analysis compartment being provided with an evacuation overflow provided with a filter, preferably a comb,
- the analysis compartment is connected to the distribution compartment.
- the drain compartment is connected to a water drain (to drain excess water from the device). This may be the same water drain as that connected to the reservoir tank.
- the device according to the invention may comprise at least one pump, preferably a peristaltic pump or a water pump.
- a peristaltic pump for distribution it is a turbine type water pump.
- the pumps used for recirculation are impeller-type aquarium pumps, which have a very low, adjustable and metered flow rate.
- the effluent supply is carried out via calibrated and calibrated peristaltic pumps.
- the device according to the invention may comprise at least one lamp. These can be LED bars with several wavelengths suitable for the growth of diatoms. Preferably, each mesocosm is surmounted by an aquarium lamp.
- the device 1 according to the invention may include:
- a supply gutter 113 provided with an overflow;
- a first recirculation loop 114 comprising a temperature control system (chiller) 115, a reservoir tank 116 and a pump 117, said loop being connected to the supply gutter 113;
- an analysis compartment 121 comprising a substrate 122, said analysis compartment being provided with an evacuation overflow 123 provided with a comb,
- a second recirculation loop 125 comprising a pump 126, said loop being connected to the supply compartment 118 and to the evacuation compartment 123;
- the invention also relates to a use of the device according to the invention to determine the ecotoxic potential of an aqueous effluent.
- the invention also includes a kit of instrumented and transportable mesocosms comprising:
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the food chain of Example 1.
- Figure 2 represents a device 1 according to the invention comprising a battery of 4 mesocosms:
- a first recirculation loop 114 comprising a temperature control system (chiller) 115, a reservoir tank 116 and a pump 117, said loop being connected to the supply gutter 113;
- an analysis compartment 121 comprising a substrate 122, said analysis compartment being provided with an evacuation overflow 123 provided with a comb,
- a water drain 126 connected to the reservoir tank 116 and to the drain compartment 124.
- Figure 3 shows a side view of the device 1 according to the invention.
- Example 1 implementation of the process according to the invention
- the substrate is fine sand mixed (Fontainebleau sand, VWR) with coarser sand (SNL sand, AFNOR and ISO 9001: 2008 certified).
- the mixture is washed three times with tap water and sterilized in an autoclave, 20 mins at 120°C.
- the water in the tanks is food grade (dechlorinated) or reconstituted (made from demineralised water and chemical salts (ISO 21427-1 standard from 2006): NaHCO 3 (64.75 mg/L) , MgSO 4 (123.25 mg/L), KC1 (5.75 mg/L) and CaCl 2 (294 mg/L) Water AFNOR chironome [CaCl 2 (66.2 mg/L), MgSO 4 (61 .4 mg/L), NaHCO 3 (96 mg/L), KC1 (4 mg/L), CaSO 4 (63 mg/L) and NaBr (1 mg/L), in accordance with the AFNOR standard (2004).
- Food chain consortium of micro-organisms (bacteria, algae, fungi) - chironomids - xenopus - pleurodeles.
- Chironome AFNOR water [CaCl 2 (66.2 mg/L), MgSO 4 (61.4 mg/L), NaHCO 3 (96 mg/L), KC1 (4 mg/L), CaSO 4 ( 63 mg/L) and NaBr (1 mg/L), in accordance with the AFNOR standard (2004)].
- Amphibians ISO 21427-1 standard of 2006: NaHCO 3 (64.75 mg/L), MgSO 4 (123.25 mg/L), KC1 (5.75 mg/L) and CaCl 2 (294 mg/L).
- Algae Nitzschia palea diatoms are cultured at the EcoLab laboratory (France) in CHU 10 culture medium containing Fe-EDTA as a source of iron (6.4 ⁇ pH ⁇ 6.6), ComCHU-10 (mg/ L) Ca(NO 3 ) 2 4H 2 O (60 mg/L), MgSO 4 7H 2 O (25 mg/L), K 2 HPO 4 (10 mg/L), Na 2 CO 3 (20 mg/L ), Na 2 SiO 3 5H 2 O (60 mg/L), Fe-EDTA (5 mg/L), H 3 BO 3 (2.86 mg/L), MnSO 4 , H 2 O (1.5 mg /L), CuSO 4 .5H 2 O (0.08 mg/L), ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.25 mg/L), ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.02 mg/L), Co (NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O (0.05 mg/L), Na 2 MoO 4 2H 2 O (0.025 mg/L), Na
- Chironomus riparius Breeding is carried out in the laboratory according to AFNOR (2004) and Environment Canada (1997) standards. It is carried out in aquariums containing a bottom of Fontainebleau sand and culture medium suitable for breeding chironomids, placed at 21 ⁇ 1°C and subjected to a photoperiod of 16 hours day and 8 hours night.
- the food supply consists of 400 mg of fish food (Tetramin®) per aquarium per day.
- Tetramin® fish food
- Xenopus laevis Rearing and obtaining larvae takes place in the laboratory.
- the male and female breeders are reared separately, in an acclimatized aquarium at 22 ⁇ 1°C and subjected to a photoperiod of 8h day and 16h night. They are fed twice a week with pellets for fish farming (Trouw France SA) and once a week with beef heart.
- Pleurodeles waltlii Rearing and obtaining larvae takes place in the laboratory. Male and female breeders are reared separately and are grouped together during breeding periods only (September to October and January to March). Breeding takes place in aquariums containing dechlorinated city water, maintained at a temperature of 18°C ⁇ 1°C and subjected to a photoperiod of 8 hours day and 16 hours night. In vivo fertilization is natural (without hormonal injection) and takes place in seasons favorable to reproduction. After laying, the eggs are placed in insulated containers, where hatching will take place about ten days later. During the first few days, the energy supply of the young larvae comes from the reserves contained in their yolk sac.
- the origin of the effluent, its flow rate and the dilution depend on the nature of the effluent and the dilution to be tested.
- the effluent tested initially comes from the outlet of a PURIFICATION STATION and is sampled just before its arrival in the river. Then, the same effluent was tested, after undergoing treatment in the treatment plant before being released into the river.
- a fraction is taken regularly from the buffer tank by an automatic sampler and then stored in a refrigerated container.
- the effluent tested corresponds to the sum of the fractions over 24 hours.
- the device used in this example is the one shown in Figures 2 and 3. It comprises 6 mesocosms subjected to the aqueous effluent and 3 control mesocosms (only 4 are shown in Figures 2 and 3).
- the device operates in a semi-open circuit, part of the aqueous effluent being recycled.
- Effluent circuit the effluent to be studied is introduced directly into the supply compartment.
- the dilution of the effluent in the mesocosm is ensured by sending in the same supply compartment dechlorinated water of food quality or reconstituted from a reservoir tank regulated in temperature using a first system. temperature regulation via the water supply gutter located above the mesocosms.
- the supply gutter is equipped with an overflow which allows excess water to return to the reservoir tank.
- the mesocosms are fed by the inlet overflow from each inlet compartment until the water escapes through the discharge overflow.
- This overflow feeds the evacuation compartment connected to a second recirculation loop equipped with a pump allowing a return to the excess water supply compartment.
- This second recirculation loop allows partial recycling of the diluted aqueous effluent in the supply compartment and then in the analysis compartment, thus promoting good homogenization of the diluted aqueous effluent as well as saving aqueous effluent.
- Example 2 determination of the ecotoxic potential of the effluent of example 1
- the determination of the ecotoxic potential is obtained by measuring the level of toxicity on living organisms (acute, chronic and genetic toxicity) in relation to the control and measurement of variations in physico-chemical conditions such as the carbon cycle, decomposition, organic carbon dissolved, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration and/or conductivity of the effluent relative to the control as well.
- the biotic parameters are:
- the quantity and quality of the DNA extracts are analyzed using a NanoDrop 2000 UV spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific).
- the PCRs are carried out on a Gene-AmpTM 9700 thermocycler PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Lorster City, CA, USA) in a final volume of 50 ml containing: 37.5 ml of PCR water, 5 ml of 10X PCR buffer , 2 ml of extracted DNA, 2 ml of the two primers (10 mM), 1 ml of dNTP (2.5 mM) and 0.5 ml of Taq DNA polymerase (5 U/ml Sigma Aldrich).
- PCR protocol is applied: 94°C for 120 s, 30 cycles at 94°C for 60 s, at 65°C for 40 s, at 72°C for 30 s and at 72°C for 10 min.
- Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons is performed using Illumina's MiSeq technology (2,250 bp) by the Get PlaGe platform (Genotoul, Toulouse, Erance).
- Bioinformatics analysis is performed using the Eind Rapidly Operational Taxonomy Units (OTU) Galaxy Solution (EROGS) pipeline on Galaxy. The readings are grouped into OTUs using a clustering method (Swarm method).
- Chimeras are removed and filters are applied to maintain OTUs present in at least 3 samples and representing at least 0.005% of all sequences.
- OTUs are assigned to different taxonomic levels (from kingdom to species) using the RDP classifier and the NCBI Blast ]i method on the Silva 132 (pintail 80) database.
- the exposure methods of X laevis and P. waltl. are similar, and are carried out according to the standardized amphibian micronucleus test procedure (ISO 21427-1, 2006) and adapted.
- the exposure begins with stage 50 larvae from the normal table of Nieuwkoop and Eaber (1956) in the case of X laevis and stage 53 larvae from the chronological table of development (Gallien and Durocher, 1957) in the case of P. waltl.. Batches of approximately 15 individuals from the same clutch are necessary in order to reduce the interindividual genetic variability.
- the exposure takes place within the mesocosms at a temperature of 20°C ⁇ 0.5°C and with a photoperiod of 16 h.
- Acute, chronic and genetic toxicities for the mortality and growth tests, the dead larvae are sampled every 24 hours throughout the exposure. Acute toxicity is assessed by visual observation of survival (%). Chronic toxicity is assessed by measuring the length of each larva on a photograph on the first (Tinitial) and last day of exposure (Tfinal) of exposure using the Mesurim software (Madré, 2006).
- the mortality significance threshold is set at 25%.
- the statistical processing of the raw data relating to the size of the larvae is carried out using the Sigma stat 3.1 software. At the start and end of exposure, the sizes of the larvae are compared using nonparametric statistical tests for unpaired data. The Kruskall-Wallis statistical test is carried out for the comparison between all the conditions, followed by a Dunn's or Dunnett's test to isolate the group(s) responsible for this difference. The Mann-Whitney statistical test is also used to perform a two-by-two comparison. For genotoxicity, at the end of exposure, an intracardiac puncture is performed on each larva immobilized beforehand by immersion in a solution of tricaine methane sulphonate (MS 222, Sandoz).
- a bevelled and heparinized micropipette (freeze-dried heparin solution containing 7% sodium chloride) is introduced into the ventricle, the contractions of which allow the blood to rise in the micropipette.
- a blood smear is then made for each larva using a ground blade.
- These blood films are immediately dried under compressed air at reduced pressure. They are then fixed in absolute methanol for 10 min and stained for 30 min by immersion in a solution of Groat's hematoxylin (equivolume solution of 10 g of Groat's hematoxylin for 1 liter of 95° alcohol and 20 g of ammoniacal iron haemalum for 1 liter of water at 1.6% concentrated sulfuric acid).
- This dye is specific for the nuclear material of the cells.
- the slides After rinsing with running water, the slides are finally dried in the open air before being observed.
- Blood smears are read using immersion microscopy (Olympus CX41).
- the number of micronucleated erythrocytes presenting a, two, three or more micronuclei per 1000 erythrocytes (denoted EMN%o).
- Genotoxicity data are processed according to the recommendations described in the AFNOR 2000 and ISO 2006 standard booklet. Based on the ranks of the median and the quartiles, it allows in particular the processing of results obtained on small samples (n>7 i.e. 35%) whose distribution of values does not obey a normal law.
- a sample is made up of n values corresponding to the number of smears made per batch.
- the conduct of the statistical processing consists of determining the ranks of the median M, of the lower quartile QI and of the upper quartile QS by the formulas in Table 1 below.
- Table 1 formulas for determining the ranks of the median M, the lower quartile QI and the upper quartile QS.
- the values of the 7°° MNEs are ranked in ascending order, thus determining a rank for each of the values.
- the values of M, QI, QS are equal to the values of EMN °° of corresponding rank.
- the confidence interval CI of the median, at the 95% safety threshold, is calculated according to the formula: M ⁇ 1.57 x EIQ / n where M is the value of the median, n is the number of smears per batch and EIQ is the value of the interquartile range (QS - IQ). The difference between the medians of two samples is significant if their confidence intervals have no common point.
- the result of a batch is considered positive when the median is greater than twice that of the negative control batch and if the confidence intervals do not overlap.
- the exposure medium is genotoxic to the larvae under the test conditions.
- the result is considered negative when the confidence interval of the treated batch is not distinct from that of the negative control batch.
- the exposure medium is not genotoxic to larvae under the test conditions.
- the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test (or one-factor ANOVA on the ranks) is performed, followed by Dunn's test in order to analyze the differences between groups.
- the size of the head capsule is used to determine the stage of development of the larvae. These are then divided into two groups depending on whether they have reached stage IV of development or not (ie developmental delay) and the distributions of the different exposure conditions are compared using the 2 test.
- the analysis that we make of the malformations of the mouth parts is based on all of this work, and takes into account the frequency of appearance of each of the malformations, the overall frequency of appearance, and the average score of severity obtained for each treatment.
- the statistical processing of the data is carried out with the SigmaPlot 12.0 software.
- the severity scores are compared by analysis of variance (non-parametric test of Kruskall-Wallis, or one-way ANOVA over ranks).
- the link between the incidence of malformations and the exposure conditions is assessed by the 2 test, by comparing the number of individuals with malformations to the number of “healthy” individuals.
- the sex ratios are calculated at the end of the exposure according to the proportion of males and females stuck on tape placed above the water surface of each mesocosm. These proportions are compared between the treated and control conditions by ANOVA or non-parametric tests.
- Example 3 example of a test in real conditions at a wastewater treatment plant south ofdoch
- the mesocosms according to the invention make it possible to assess the ecotoxic potential of a liquid effluent, and therefore the associated risk, of a molecule or a set of molecules, even at very low concentrations, without having to know the exact nature of the pollutant(s).
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2011665A FR3116285A1 (fr) | 2020-11-13 | 2020-11-13 | Procede de mesure du potentiel ecotoxique d’un effluent aqueux et dispositif de mise en œuvre du procede |
| PCT/FR2021/051953 WO2022101567A1 (fr) | 2020-11-13 | 2021-11-05 | Procede de mesure du potentiel ecotoxique d'un effluent aqueux et dispositif de mise en oeuvre du procede |
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| EP4244619A1 true EP4244619A1 (fr) | 2023-09-20 |
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| EP21814833.6A Withdrawn EP4244619A1 (fr) | 2020-11-13 | 2021-11-05 | Procede de mesure du potentiel ecotoxique d'un effluent aqueux et dispositif de mise en oeuvre du procede |
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| EP (1) | EP4244619A1 (fr) |
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| KR101207158B1 (ko) * | 2012-04-20 | 2012-11-30 | 전남대학교산학협력단 | 생물 독성 생태 환경 실험을 위한 폐쇄식 생태수조 |
| CN206736016U (zh) * | 2017-03-17 | 2017-12-12 | 江苏德立环保工程股份有限公司 | 一种农村污水处理出水水质生物预警系统 |
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