EP4243766A1 - Systemes de liberation de proteines par voie buccale - Google Patents
Systemes de liberation de proteines par voie buccaleInfo
- Publication number
- EP4243766A1 EP4243766A1 EP21805546.5A EP21805546A EP4243766A1 EP 4243766 A1 EP4243766 A1 EP 4243766A1 EP 21805546 A EP21805546 A EP 21805546A EP 4243766 A1 EP4243766 A1 EP 4243766A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- patch
- protein
- chi
- membranes
- polypeptide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
- A61K9/006—Oral mucosa, e.g. mucoadhesive forms, sublingual droplets; Buccal patches or films; Buccal sprays
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/35—Allergens
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/39—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the immunostimulating additives, e.g. chemical adjuvants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
- A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
- A61K9/7007—Drug-containing films, membranes or sheets
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/54—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the route of administration
- A61K2039/541—Mucosal route
- A61K2039/542—Mucosal route oral/gastrointestinal
Definitions
- the invention relates to a delivery system, in the form of a mucoadhesive patch, of a protein by oral route.
- Oral administration of drugs is the most widely used route of administration.
- the release of proteins of therapeutic interest by this route is delicate because the proteins are highly sensitive to the action of enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract.
- the oral mucosa represents an attractive alternative route of administration, as it bypasses the first-pass effect, exhibits low enzyme activity and a physiological pH range, and is anatomically accessible and well vascularized.
- a buccal delivery system could thus provide either local (mucosa) or systemic (transmucosal) release of the protein.
- a mucoadhesive patch composed of a combination of two polysaccharides: a chitosan (CHI), and an anionic polysaccharide, such as hyaluronic acid (HyA).
- CHI chitosan
- HyA hyaluronic acid
- the patch of the invention which adheres to the buccal or sublingual mucosa, is a so-called “buccal” or “sublingual” patch.
- the invention thus provides a mucoadhesive patch intended for the buccal or sublingual release of a protein or of a polypeptide, said patch comprising at least 100 bilayers each composed of a layer of chitosan (CHI) and of a layer of an anionic polysaccharide having a molecular weight between 500 and 1000 kDa or a salt thereof, the layer in contact with the mucosa and the layer in contact with the buccal or sublingual environment of the patch being composed of chitosan (CHI), said protein or said polypeptide being incorporated into said patch and/or adsorbed to the surface of said patch.
- CHI chitosan
- CHI chitosan
- the invention provides a buccal or sublingual mucoadhesive patch comprising a protein or a polypeptide, said patch comprising between 100 and 200 bilayers each composed of a layer of chitosan (CHI) and a layer of one anionic polysaccharide having a molecular weight between 500 and 1000 kDa or a salt thereof, said anionic polysaccharide being hyaluronic acid, the layer in contact with the mucosa and the layer in contact with the buccal or sublingual environment of the patch being composed of chitosan (CHI), said protein or said polypeptide being incorporated into said patch and/or adsorbed on the surface of said patch, and intended to be released buccally or sublingually.
- CHI chitosan
- CHI chitosan
- the patch is self-supporting and dissolves in saliva due to the presence of enzymes capable of degrading the two polysaccharides.
- Another object of the invention is a process for manufacturing such a patch, comprising the steps consisting in: i) forming a multilayer membrane CHI/anionic polysaccharide by means of a layer-by-layer deposition process (“Layer By Layer ”) on a substrate; ii) detaching the multilayer membrane from the substrate; iii) bringing the multilayer membrane into contact with a protein, whereby the multilayer membrane becomes loaded with protein.
- Layer By Layer a layer-by-layer deposition process
- Another object of the invention relates to a patch according to the invention capable of being obtained by a method as described here.
- Fig. 1 Thickness and degradation profiles of self-supporting membranes (CHI/HyA)ioo.
- A Thickness of the membranes as a function of variations in the molecular weight of HyA (660 or 1020 kDa, corresponding respectively to HyA.LW and HyA.HW) or deposition time: Short Cycles or Long Cycles. The statistical significance of the differences between two groups was determined using a one-way ANOVA test: ns, non-significant; ****p ⁇ 0.0001.
- B Degradation profiles of membranes immersed in artificial saliva, expressed as percentage of mass loss as a function of different membrane production parameters.
- a, b, c, d, e membrane surface; lower sections: cutaway images depth (z-section) of the same membranes. Horizontal scale bar corresponding to 50 pm.
- Fig. 2 Membrane degradation products show no toxicity to human epithelial cells. Cellular viability after incubation of (A) HeLa and (B) Ho-lu-1 cells with degradation products for 24 hours.
- Membrane membranes (CHI/HyA)ioo; Membrane.
- HCl membranes (CHI/HyA)ioo treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl). The statistical significance of the differences between two groups was determined using a one-way ANOVA test: ns, not significant.
- Fig. 3 Controlled inflammation of the sublingual mucosa by HCl treatment of the membranes.
- Mucosal thickness (A) and recruitment of CMHII-positive (CMHII+) cells (B) were assessed in whole mucosa (epithelium and lamina intestinal) after application of membrane or l-fluoro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB).
- the native membranes (Patch) were administered for 30 min or 60 min and the membranes treated with HCl (Patch HCl) or NaCl (Patch NaCl) were applied for 30 min.
- Fig. 4 Schematic representation of protein incorporation by pH variation in a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. After functionalization by protein trapping, the LbL membrane becomes a bioactive patch, ready to be applied.
- CHI chitosan
- HyA hyaluronic acid.
- Fig. 5 Incorporation and release profiles from the membrane of ovalbumin labeled with Alexa Fluor 647 (OVA Alexa F - 647 ).
- OVA Alexa F - 647 OVA Alexa F - 647 .
- A Levels of AlexaF 647 OVA incorporation into the (CHI/HyA)ioo-CHI patch after incubation with 0.5 ⁇ g protein in HCl and rinsing with different buffers.
- C upper part
- Fig. 6 Patch retention time on the sublingual mucosa.
- B Molecular fluorescence tomography of OVA AF647 in solution or incorporated into the patch (CHI/HyA)ioo. The fluorescence signal was detected 2, 10, or 30 min after administration.
- Fig. 7 Tissue penetration of AF647 OVA after patch administration. Confocal microscopy of mouse tongue sections with nuclear labeling of cells with DAPI, 2 min after administration of OVA AF647 in solution or 2 min, 10 min, 30 min and 60 min after administration of OVA AF647 incorporated into the patch (CHI/HyA)ioo. OVA AF647 was observed in the keratinized layers 10 min after administration (white arrows) and in the submucosa 30 min after administration (dotted arrow). Scale bar: 20 ⁇ m. Dotted lines corresponding to the limit of the mucosa.
- Fig. 8 The chemo-attraction capacities of the cytokine CCL20 are preserved in the patch.
- a concentration of 25 ng.mL' 1 was used to evaluate the migration of DC 2.4 cells.
- Growth medium, salivary enzymes alone and membranes (CHI/HyA)ioo were used for negative controls.
- the statistical significance of the differences between two groups was determined using an ANO VA test with a controlled factor: ns, not significant; *, p ⁇ 0.05, ** p ⁇ 0.01.
- Fig. 9 Thickness and degradation profiles of self-supporting membranes (CHI/HyA)ioo-
- CHI or (VIS/HyA)ioo-VIS CHI or (VIS/HyA)ioo-VIS.
- A Thickness of the membranes according to the number of bilayers: 50, 100, or 200 bilayers with a final layer of HyA. Thickness of membranes made of 100 bilayers with a final layer produced with CHI from Sigma or with Viscosan® (VIS) from Flexichem. Each type of membrane was measured at least 20 times. Statistical significance between two groups was determined using a one-way ANOVA test: ns, not significant, ****, p ⁇ 0.0001.
- Fig. 10 Incorporation and release profiles of OVA 647 from the membrane.
- A Incorporation levels of Ah647 OVA into the (CHI/HyA)100-CHI patch after incubation with 0.5 ⁇ g protein in NaCl and rinsing with different buffers.
- B Release profiles of OVA AH647 from the patch over a 2h washout time with different solutions. Data are the average of triplicates from three independent experiments.
- C upper part
- C, lower part Optical section of the patch in depth, along the (z) axis. The dotted lines represent the boundaries of the patch.
- D Fluorescence intensity of OVA Ah647 and patch (CHI FITC ) along the arrow shown in Figure C (lower part).
- Fig. H Diagram illustrating the confinement of the protein or polypeptide by swelling or tightening of the multilayer membrane.
- the inventors have developed a mucoadhesive patch for the buccal or sublingual release of a protein ensuring better control of the dose of protein administered and of its absorption by the mucous membranes.
- the inventors have also highlighted the non-toxic nature of such a patch and the absence of inflammation of the mucous membranes after the application of such a patch.
- the present invention therefore relates to a mucoadhesive patch intended for the buccal or sublingual release of a protein or a polypeptide, said patch comprising at least 100 bilayers each composed of a layer of chitosan (CHI) and a layer of an anionic polysaccharide having a molecular weight between 500 and 1000 kDa or one of its salts, the layer in contact with the mucosa and the layer in contact with the buccal or sublingual environment of the patch being composed of chitosan (CHI), said protein or said polypeptide being incorporated into said patch and/or adsorbed on the surface of said patch.
- CHI chitosan
- CHI chitosan
- patch is meant a multilayer adhesive system or a multilayer adhesive membrane comprising a biologically active compound, such as a protein or a polypeptide.
- mucoadhesive is meant a patch as defined in the present application which can stick to a mucosa, preferably a buccal or sublingual mucosa.
- self-supporting we mean a structure devoid of support, the rigidity of which alone allows its stability.
- subject means all human persons or animals, preferably mammals, such as equines, ovidae, bovids, dogs, cats, etc.
- the patch according to the invention allows the release of any protein or polypeptide of interest.
- protein is typically meant a polypeptide of at least 100 amino acids, or polypeptides associated with each other.
- the proteins can preferably have a molecular weight between 20 and 200 kDa. More specifically, the proteins can have a molecular weight lower than 70 kDa, or a higher molecular weight, for example 100 to 200 kDa.
- antibodies such as immunoglobulins G.
- Polypeptides which may be protein fragments, typically have 10 to 100 amino acids, more preferably 20 to 80 or 20 to 60 amino acids.
- the protein or polypeptide is an allergen.
- Allergens as defined herein include antigens capable of stimulating an allergic reaction in a subject.
- Allergens can be contained or derived from foods such as milk, eggs, sesame, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts. Allergens can also be contained or derived from non-food items such as dust mites, pollen, insect bites, animal fur, wool, drugs, etc.
- the allergens are preferably polypeptides or proteins forming all or part of an antigen capable of being recognized by a cell of the immune system, and with respect to which it is sought to induce tolerance to the allergen.
- the protein to be delivered is ovalbumin. Mention may also be made, among the preferred food allergens, of beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactabumin, caseins.
- An object of the invention is thus aimed at an allergen for use in the desensitization of a subject allergic to said allergen, said allergen being administered in the form of a patch as described here.
- Desensitization of the subject also called allergy immunotherapy, allows the subject to become tolerant to a particular allergen in the long term.
- the patch according to the invention comprises at least 100 bilayers each composed of a layer of chitosan (CHI) and a layer of an anionic polysaccharide having a molecular weight of between 500 and 1000 kDa or one of the salts, where the layer in contact with the mucosa and the layer in contact with the buccal or sublingual environment are composed of chitosan (CHI).
- CHI chitosan
- the patch according to the invention is formed of a multilayer adhesive membrane comprising at least 100 bilayers each composed of said chitosan and said anionic polysaccharide where the two layers located at the two ends or at the periphery of this membrane are composed of chitosan (CHI).
- CHI chitosan
- the patch comprises from 100 to 200 CHI/anionic polysaccharide bilayers.
- the patch comprises 100 or 200 CHI/anionic polysaccharide bilayers, and even more preferably 100 CHI/anionic polysaccharide bilayers.
- the patch has a thickness of 10 to 20 ⁇ m, preferably of 11 to 19 ⁇ m, 12 to 18 ⁇ m, 13 to 17 ⁇ m, 14 to 16 ⁇ m, and even more preferably from about 15 pm.
- Chitosan is a polysaccharide composed of the random distribution of 13-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit). It is produced by chemical (in an alkaline medium) or enzymatic deacetylation of chitin, which is the component of the exoskeleton of arthropods (crustaceans) or of the endoskeleton of cephalopods (squid%) or even of the wall of fungi .
- This raw material is typically demineralized by treatment with hydrochloric acid, then deproteinized in the presence of sodium hydroxide or potash and finally bleached with an oxidizing agent.
- the degree of acetylation is the percentage of acetylated units relative to the number of total units, it can be determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IR-TF) or by titration with a strong base.
- IR-TF Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- the chitosan chosen in the invention has a degree of deacetylation (DD) greater than or equal to 75%, preferably greater than or equal to 78%. Chitosan has the advantage of being one of the only easily usable natural cationic polysaccharides which also has good adhesive properties.
- Anionic polysaccharides are polymers of the carbohydrate family consisting of several oses linked together by osidic bonds. According to the invention, the polysaccharide or one of its salts has a molecular weight of between 500 and 1000 kDa.
- anionic polysaccharides mention may be made, for example, of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), fucoidan, alginates, carrageenans and ulvans.
- GAGs Glycosaminoglycans
- the basic unit of GAGs is a disaccharide, consisting of a hexose (hexuronic acid in general) bound to a hexosamine.
- hexose hexuronic acid in general
- hexosamine hexuronic acid in general
- One of the characteristics of these oligosaccharide chains is their very great heterogeneity. Indeed, the variable length of the chains and their structural modifications (sulfations, epimerizations) leads to an uncountable number of combinations.
- the GAGs are classified into 5 main families: heparins (Hp) and heparan sulphates (HS), hyaluronic acid (HA), chondroitin sulphates (CS), dermatans sulfates and keratan sulfates.
- Hp heparins
- HS heparan sulphates
- HA hyaluronic acid
- CS chondroitin sulphates
- dermatans sulfates and keratan sulfates.
- Fucoidan is a polysaccharide with fucose as its base sugar. It takes its name from the fucus-type algae (brown algae) where it is found.
- Alginates are polysaccharides obtained from brown algae. Alginates are polymers formed from two monomers linked together by a P-l-4 bond, namely mannuronic acid and guluronic acid.
- Carrageenans are polysaccharides (galactan) extracted from red algae. Three main categories are marketed today: K-carrageenan, r-carrageenan, and ⁇ -carrageenan, which are differentiated by the number and position of the sulfate groups, as well as by the number of 3,6-anhydrogalactose bridges.
- Ulvans are sulphated anionic polysaccharides extracted from green algae of the ulva type. They are composed of sodium 3-sulfate ulvanobiuronate type A comprising 3-sulfate rhamnose linked to glucuronic acid through a type 1-4 bond and 3-sulfate Sodium ulvanobiuronate type B comprising 3-sulfate rhamnose linked to iduronic acid by a type 1-4 bond.
- the anionic polysaccharide or one of its salts is chosen from a glycosaminoglycan (GAG), a fucoidan, an alginate, a carrageenan, and an ulvan. More specifically, the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) or one of its salts is chosen from hyaluronic acid (HA), heparin (Hp), heparan sulphates (Hs), chondroitin sulphates (CS), dermatan sulphates (DS ), and keratan sulfates (KS), preferably hyaluronic acid, and even more preferably sodium hyaluronate.
- HA hyaluronic acid
- Hp heparin
- Hs heparan sulphates
- CS chondroitin sulphates
- DS dermatan sulphates
- KS keratan sulfates
- the anionic polysaccharide as defined above can be hydrolyzed by salivary enzymes.
- the mucoadhesive patch according to the present invention can be produced by assembling positively (chitosan) and negatively (anionic polysaccharide) charged layers via an automated dipping process.
- Such a layer-by-layer (“Layer By Layer” LbL) deposition process is well known to those skilled in the art and is implemented in particular in international application WO 2005/052035 to prepare multilayer films of crosslinked polyelectrolytes.
- the multilayer membrane thus formed is then brought into contact with a protein or a polypeptide to provide a mucoadhesive patch loaded with protein or polypeptide.
- An object of the invention therefore relates to a process for manufacturing a patch as described in the present application, comprising the steps consisting in: i) forming a multilayer membrane CH/anionic polysaccharide by means of a layer deposition process by layer (“Layer By Layer”) on a substrate; ii) detaching the multilayer membrane from the substrate; iii) bringing the multilayer membrane into contact with a protein or a polypeptide, whereby the multilayer membrane becomes loaded with protein or polypeptide.
- Layer By Layer layer
- Step i) of the process consisting in forming a CH/anionic polysaccharide multilayer membrane is produced by implementing a layer-by-layer technology on a substrate.
- This automated technology uses a dipping robot, for example the DR-3 robot from Riegler & Kirstein GmbH. More specifically, the solutions of chitosan and the anionic polysaccharide (polyelectrolytes) are prepared in a buffer solution, such as sodium acetate buffer solution. The pH of the solution can be adjusted to around 5.5 with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH). Furthermore, the substrate used as a support in the dipping robot is prepared on an adhesive tape. A commonly used substrate is polypropylene.
- the substrate is then immersed sequentially in the solution of chitosan and the anionic polysaccharide with at least one wash step, preferably two wash steps in a buffer solution of sodium acetate, water or buffered saline solution between pH 5 and 6, preferably sodium acetate.
- the cycle comprising the immersion of the substrate in a chitosan solution, at least one washing step, preferably a single washing step, followed by immersion in an anionic polysaccharide solution and at least one washing step , preferably a single washing step, allows the formation of an anionic CHI/polysaccharide bilayer. This cycle is repeated as many times as necessary to obtain a desired number of bilayers. Immersion and wash times may vary.
- the immersion time of the substrate in the solutions of polyelectrolytes has a duration of between 2 and 10 minutes, preferably between 2 and 8 minutes, and more advantageously 3 minutes (short cycle, CC) or 6 minutes (Long Cycle, CL).
- the washing time has a duration comprised between 1 and 10 minutes, preferably between 2 and 4 minutes, and more advantageously 2 minutes (short cycle, CC) or 4 minutes (long cycle, CL).
- Step ii) of the process consisting in detaching the multilayer membrane from the substrate, in particular polystyrene, can be implemented with an optional prior drying step.
- the multilayer membrane obtained can then be cut to the desired size.
- step iii) of the method makes it possible to load the multilayers with protein or polypeptide. More precisely, the loading of the protein or polypeptide into the multilayer membrane is obtained by passive diffusion. Specifically, step iii) is implemented by dissolving the protein or the polypeptide in a suitable buffer solution so as to avoid denaturation of the protein.
- the multilayer membrane is brought into contact with a protein or polypeptide in an acid solution, preferably of hydrochloric acid (HCl), at a pH of between 2 and 4, preferably at a pH of approximately 3
- HCl hydrochloric acid
- the multilayer membrane is brought into contact with a protein or polypeptide in a saline solution, preferably a solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) or a solution of potassium chloride (KCl), at a pH between 5 and 7, preferably at a pH of about 6.5.
- the bringing into contact of the multilayer membrane with a protein or a polypeptide is implemented by depositing at least one drop of the buffer solution comprising the protein or the polypeptide on the surface of the multilayer membrane.
- the membrane is then optionally dried to provide a mucoadhesive patch in which the protein or polypeptide is incorporated into the patch and/or adsorbed to the surface of the patch.
- the patch thus formed is polarized, in that the protein or polypeptide concentration is higher at the level of the upper layers where the protein where the polypeptide has been deposited, relative to the concentration at the lower layers.
- the method can also comprise an optional step of equilibrating the multilayer membrane before bringing it into contact with the protein or the polypeptide (step designated iii-0).
- This balancing step consists in soaking the multilayer membrane obtained after step ii) in an acid solution, preferably hydrochloric acid (HCl) at a pH between 2 and 4 or a saline solution, preferably hydrochloric sodium (NaCl), at a pH of between 5 and 7.
- This optional step of balancing the multilayer membrane at acidic pH makes it possible in particular to inflate the membrane and thus facilitate the loading of protein or polypeptide.
- the multilayered membrane loaded with protein or polypeptide may possibly tighten when it is soaked in a buffer solution, allowing the protein or polypeptide to be trapped in the patch.
- the method of the invention therefore comprises, in addition to an intermediate step consisting in equilibrating the multilayer membrane detached according to step ii) with a solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) at a pH comprised between 2 and 4, of preferably at a pH of about 3 or sodium chloride (NaCl) at a pH of between 5 and 7, preferably at a pH of about 6.5, before performing step iii).
- HCl hydrochloric acid
- NaCl sodium chloride
- a preferred manufacturing method of the invention comprises the steps of: i) forming a CH/anionic polysaccharide multilayer membrane by means of a layer-by-layer deposition process on a substrate; ii) detaching the multilayer membrane from the substrate; iii-0) equilibrating the multilayer membrane detached according to step ii) with an acid solution, preferably hydrochloric acid (HCl), at a pH between 2 and 4, preferably at a pH of about 3 or with a saline solution, preferably sodium chloride (NaCl) at a pH between 5 and 7, preferably at a pH of about 6.5, before the implementation of the step iii). iii) bringing the multilayer membrane into contact with a protein or a polypeptide, whereby the multilayer membrane becomes loaded with protein or polypeptide.
- an acid solution preferably hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- HCl hydrochloric acid
- NaCl sodium chloride
- the protein or polypeptide can be incorporated into the patch or adsorbed to its surface, as described above.
- proteins or polypeptides with a molecular weight of less than 70 kDa or 80 kDa are preferably entirely or almost entirely incorporated, that is to say preferably with at least 90% of proteins incorporated, in the patch.
- a protein or a polypeptide of higher molecular weight can be, in whole or in part, adsorbed on the surface of the patch.
- the amount of protein or polypeptide incorporated and/or adsorbed depends on the protein or polypeptide and the biological or pharmacological effect desired. This quantity can vary for example from 50 ng/cm 2 to 5 mg/cm 2 , preferably from 10 ng/cm 2 to 1 mg/cm 2 , 1 ⁇ g/cm 2 to 1 mg/cm 2
- the patch thus obtained can be stored at 4° C. or at room temperature, before application.
- the patch measures 2-3 cm 2 for an application in a human subject.
- the patch can be applied for example inside the cheeks, on the palate, the gum or under the tongue. Sublingual application (i.e. on the ventral side of the tongue) is particularly advantageous.
- the patch is applied in such a way that the layer of chitosan on which the protein or the polypeptide was deposited during the manufacture of the patch, is the layer which is brought into contact with the mucous membrane.
- Example 1 Manufacture and testing of a mucoadhesive patch
- CHI Hardware Medium molecular weight chitosan
- Sigma-Aldrich Prior to its use, CHI was purified by filtration and precipitation steps in water and ethanol, followed by lyophilization to obtain a final molecular weight of 770kDa and a degree of deacetylation (DD) of 78%.
- DD degree of deacetylation
- CHI is a positively charged polyelectrolyte. It was compared to another polysaccharide, Viscosan® (VIS), from Flexichem, which has a distinct distribution of N-acetyl groups.
- Viscosan® Viscosan®
- HyA sodium hyaluronate
- HyAuw 610 kDa
- 1020 kDa 1020 kDa
- polyelectrolyte solutions were freshly prepared by dissolution in sodium acetate buffer (0.1 M CH3COOH; 0.15 M NaCl, pH 5.5, at room temperature) using concentrations in 1 mg/mL polymer for the production of membranes.
- CHI medium weight chitosan
- FITC fluoresceinisothiocyanate
- CHI F1TC Fluorescein-labeled medium-weight CHI
- CHI/HyA Self-supporting membranes
- LbL layer-by-layer
- DR-3 Riegler & Kirstein GmbH
- the membranes were fabricated using polystyrene substrates cleaned by sonication in ethanol and distilled water (5 minutes for each solution).
- the substrates were immersed sequentially in CHI or Viscosan® and in solutions of HyA (HyArw of 610 kDa or HyAuw of 1020 kDa) concentrated at 0.2% (weight/volume) in a sodium acetate buffer (0.2 M CH3COONa, 0.2 M CH3COOH, pH 5.5, at room temperature), with 1 washing step using sodium acetate buffer between each deposit in a polymer solution .
- the fluorescent membranes (CHI FITC /HyA)ioo-CHI FITC ) were prepared as described previously, with 0.5% of CHI FITC in the chitosan solution at 2mg.mL′ 1 in a sodium acetate buffer of pH 5.5, protected from light.
- the thickness of the membranes produced was measured after drying and detachment from the substrate.
- Membrane thickness was determined using a micrometer (High-Accuracy Digimatic Micrometer, Mitutoyo); 20 measurements were taken at different locations at the center of the membranes.
- MCBL confocal scanning laser microscopy
- the fluorescent membranes were immobilized on glass slides and incubated in artificial saliva at 37° C. with shaking for 30 min, 3 h, 6 h or 24 h.
- the degradation was stopped by rinsing with an acetate buffer until observation in MCBL with an LSM710 confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss SAS, France). All images were analyzed using Carl Zeiss Zen software and Image J software.
- SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy
- Immortalized Ho-lu-1 cells (a human cell line derived from squamous cell carcinoma cells from the floor of the mouth, from GIMAP, St Etienne, France) were cultured in Dulbecco's Eagle's medium (DMEM) with D-glucose (4.5 g.L-1), pyruvate (1 mmol.L-1) and L-glutamine (2 mmol.L-1), a cocktail of DMEM/Ham's F12 nutrients (1:1) supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% (v/v) penicillin/streptomycin.
- DMEM Dulbecco's Eagle's medium
- FBS heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum
- HeLa cells human epithelial cell line derived from adenocarcinoma, ATCC® CCL-2 were cultured in DMEM with D-glucose (4.5 g.L-1), pyruvate (1 mmol.L-1) and L-glutamine (2 mmol.L-1) containing 10% (v/v) heat-inactivated FBS and 1% (v/v) penicillin/streptomycin. The cells were maintained at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere.
- the cells were seeded in 96-well culture plates.
- the (CHI/HyA)100-CHI membranes were cut to be resized (3cm 2 per mL of medium), sterilized in 70% ethanol and by exposure to UV light.
- the membranes were then incubated overnight at 37°C in a culture medium containing salivary enzymes (lysozyme, ⁇ -amylase and hyaluronidase) at 100 pg.mL-1.
- salivary enzymes lysozyme, ⁇ -amylase and hyaluronidase
- methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT, 0.5 mg.mL-1) was added to each well for incubation for 3 hours at 37°C.
- the cells were then incubated overnight, at 37°C and protected from light, in a solubilization solution containing 10% (v/v) Triton X-100 and HCl (0.1 mol. L-1) in anhydrous isopropanol.
- Absorbance was measured at 570 nm and 690 nm (i-control Infinite® M1000 Pro, Tecan, Switzerland). Positive controls were performed with 0.1% (v/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and negative controls with cells alone. Data were retained by averaging triplicates for three independent experiments. 1.8 Mouse
- the membranes were cut to fit the size of mouse tongues (2 mm x 7 mm) and sterilized by UV light.
- the membranes or liquid formulas were then administered sublingually (ventral part of the tongue) to lightly anesthetized mice (4% isoflurane). After administration, gentle pressure was exerted for 10s (until awakening) on the dorsal part of the tongue to ensure contact of the membrane or the liquid solution with the mucosa. No other restraint was performed. After recovery from anesthesia, the animals were left free to swallow or groom. Water was removed for 30 min after administration and returned for longer experiments.
- tongue slices were stained with hematoxylin (Gill's formula, Vector) and images were captured using an inverted microscope (Nikon Ti-E). Analysis of mucosal swelling was performed on 2mm lengths extending from the base of the ventral surface. Surface measurements were performed using the polygon tool of the Image J software.
- CMHII staining the tongue slices were first incubated with a peroxidase blocking reagent (Dako), then with rat anti- biotinylated mice (BD pharmigen), revealed using the Vectastain Elite ABC kit (Vector) and the peroxidase substrate AEC (Vector), and finally counterlabeled with hematoxylin (Gill's formula, Vector).
- CMHII+ The number of CMHII positive cells (CMHII+) was counted over 2mm lengths extending from the base of the ventral surface of the sublingual membrane, using the Cell Counter plugin of the Image J software.
- mice Each group consisted of 3 mice. Two groups received native membranes or membranes treated with HCl. Three other groups of mice received sublingually lOpL of CHI (770 kDa, 2 mg.mL-1 in an acetate buffer of pH 5.5, Sigma, USA), lOpL of HyA (610 kDa, 0.95 cm3. kg-l, 2 mg.mL-1, in an acetate buffer of pH 5.5, HTL, France), or lOpL of a combination of the two polymers. The groups of control mice received sublingually either lOpL of PBS or acetate buffer at pH 5.5 for the negative controls, or 12.5 ⁇ L of DNFB at 0.5% (volume/volume) in chloroform for the controls. positive.
- the tongues were excised 6 hours after application of the membranes or solutions, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C. Briefly, the tongues were incubated in RIPA buffer [Tris HCl (50 mmol.L-1), NaCl (150 mmol.L-1), Triton X-100 (1%), sodium deoxycholate (0.5% ), SDS (0.1%) EDTA (1 mmol.L-1) and a protease inhibitor cocktail (1%, Thermo Scientific)] for 2 h on ice, after homogenization using scissors.
- RIPA buffer Tris HCl (50 mmol.L-1), NaCl (150 mmol.L-1), Triton X-100 (1%), sodium deoxycholate (0.5% ), SDS (0.1%) EDTA (1 mmol.L-1) and a protease inhibitor cocktail (1%, Thermo Scientific)
- the preparations were then homogenized using a bead beater (2 x 5 min, 30 Hz, 4°C) (TissueLyser II, Qiagen, Germany) and sonication (2 min, 60 Hz), followed by centrifugation for 10 min at 10,000 rpm and 4°C.
- the total protein concentration in the supernatants was then determined using the BCA protein assay kit (ThermoFisher Scientific, USA).
- Interleukin 1 beta (IL-ip), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) were simultaneously quantified in each sample (V-Plex Proinflammatory Panel 1 Mouse Kit, MSD, USA) by electroluminescence at using the Mesoscale Discovery system (Meso QuickPlex SQ 120, MSD, USA). Data were retained by averaging duplicates with three mice for each condition.
- IL-ip Interleukin 1 beta
- TNF-a tumor necrosis factor alpha
- the protein used was either ovalbumin labeled with Alexa Fluor 647 (OVA Ah647 ) at 5 pg.mL' 1 (500 ng loaded) or the cytokine CCL20 at 500 ng.mL' 1 (50 ng loaded) in 1 mM of HCl or NaCl buffer.
- OVA Ah647 ovalbumin labeled with Alexa Fluor 647
- cytokine CCL20 500 ng.mL' 1 (50 ng loaded) in 1 mM of HCl or NaCl buffer.
- the membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C. After rinsing with an acetate buffer of pH 5.5 and drying under air flow, the functionalized membranes are designated “bioactive patch”.
- the Ah647 OVA was incorporated into the membranes as described above. Protein release was monitored at different pHs, with Dulbecco's acetate buffer pH 5.5, pH 7.4 PBS (dPBS) or artificial saliva pH 6.5 being used as rinse solutions. Immediately after the addition of the rinsing solutions, the proteins were removed and preserved to evaluate the quantity of unbound proteins (“quick rinse”, QR). The release of the Ah647 OVA from the membrane was carried out for 2 hours with points at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90 and 120 min. Analysis of the released Ah647 OVA was performed by fluorescence spectroscopy (Infinite M1000, Tecan) with the Alexa Fluor 647 excitation/emission wavelength set at 650/668 nm. A standard curve for the labeled protein was made in dPBS, acetate buffer, HCl and artificial saliva at the previously mentioned wavelengths.
- mice For tomographic analyzes of protein retention time in the oral region of mice, groups of 2 mice were anesthetized in a chamber receiving a 4% isoflurane flow for 5 minutes.
- 10 ⁇ l of OVA Ah647 solution was deposited at the base of the ventral surface of the tongues of the mice.
- the latter were placed on the ventral surface of the tongues.
- 5 ⁇ g of OVA Ah647 was administered.
- the mice were placed in the chamber tomography (FMT 4000, Perkin Elmer) under isoflurane, in head-first supine position for the acquisition of images 2, 10 or 30 minutes after administration.
- the penetration of Ah647 OVA into the sublingual mucosa was evaluated after administration of a liquid formulation (10 ⁇ l) or a patch (CHIFITC-HyA)100-CHI.
- OVA Ah647 was incorporated by incubation in HCl as described in 1.12. Groups of 2 mice received the different formulations and were euthanized 2, 10, 30 or 60 minutes after administration.
- the sublingual mucosa (ventral surface of the tongue and floor of the mouth) were removed, embedded in an OCT® matrix and stored at -80°C. 40 ⁇ m sections were made, labeled with the DAPI nuclear probe and then observed under a confocal microscope (LSM 710, Zeiss, Germany).
- a mouse dendritic cell line (DC 2.4, #SCC142 Millipore) was used to test the in vitro chemotactic effect of the CCL20 chemokine delivered by the engineered membranes.
- Cells were cultured in RPMI medium supplemented with GlutaMAX, with 10% FBS, 10 mM HEPES, 50 pM P-mercaptoethanol and a mixture of non-essential amino acids (IX) (hereinafter called GM) at 37°C and under atmosphere with 5% CO2.
- the chemical test was carried out in ThinCertTM cell culture inserts (Greiner Bio-One; ref: 665 610) placed in 12-well plates, for 20 minutes.
- the membranes, the CCL20 chemokine and the membranes loaded with CCL20 chemokine were incubated for 24 hours in a solution of salivary enzymes (0.1 mg.mL' 1 of ⁇ -amylase, hyaluronidase and lysozyme dissolved in GM without FBS) at 37° C. with slow stirring. Then, the inserts of the 12-well plate were inoculated with a density of 2.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/insert and incubated for 10 minutes at 37°C.
- the native membranes (CHI/HyA)ioo were produced by varying 3 parameters: the molecular weight (MW) of HyA, the deposition time of polyelectrolytes and rinsing solutions, and the properties of the CHI. The influence of such parameters was first examined on the membrane thickness. It has been shown that the growth of native membranes (CHI/HyA)ioo is linear with membranes of 50 bilayers (4.5 +/- 1.39 ⁇ m), 100 bilayers (10.30 +/- 7.67 ⁇ m) and of 200 bilayers (17.04 +/- 7.96 pm) (Fig. 9). At least 50 bilayers were needed for easy handling without any post-procedure treatment.
- the influence of the conditions used for the construction of the membranes was also examined on the degradation. Additionally, as the intention is to use the membranes for sublingual applications, an artificial saliva was produced.
- the artificial saliva was composed of a physiological solution containing a-amylase, lysozyme and F-hyaluronidase, three enzymes found in human saliva.
- the degradation of the membranes produced was monitored over a period of 24 hours and quantified to be expressed as a percentage of weight loss.
- Membranes made with Viscosan® degraded faster than membranes based on CHI (Fig. 9B), as expected due to the rapid biodegradability of the Viscosan®.
- CHI-based membranes Although the general degradation profile of CHI-based membranes was not drastically affected by HyA molecular weight, nor deposition times (Fig. IB); in the initial phase of the degradation process (in the first hour) a delay was observed with the membranes constructed in CL condition (inset of Fig. IB). After 24 hours, all the membranes have reached a level of weight loss ranging from 75% to 95%.
- the membranes (CHI/HyALw)ioo were observed by SEM and by confocal microscopy. Observing the images from these two techniques, an initial surface erosion was observed at 30 min, followed by the formation of superficial holes at 1h, and finally deeper holes at 3h (Fig. IC and 1D). Enzymatic degradation of the membrane surface was also observed from 30 min of immersion in artificial saliva, under hydrated conditions where the membrane swelled to about 30 pm (Fig. 1D). No degradation was observed after 24 h in the acetate buffer (Fig. 1D, control).
- membranes made of CHI instead of Viscosan® to ensure prolonged diffusion of the cargo protein from the early stages of degradation. in contact with the mucosa.
- Membranes produced under CC condition were also selected to decrease production time, and the 610 kDa HyArw was randomly chosen as no difference in thickness or degradation was observed compared to HyAuw.
- all membranes used for animal experimentation had a first and last layer of CHI.
- the (CHI/HyALw)100-CHI membranes were simply designated as (CHLHyA)100.
- cytotoxicity of membrane degradation products was evaluated on two human epithelial cell lines (HeLa and Ho-lu-1) over a 24-hour incubation period. No toxicity was observed on both cell lines as the viability remained around 100% (Fig. 2A-B). This result is explained by the known biocompatibility of the two polysaccharides used to produce the membranes which have not been chemically modified. The combination of polymers did not affect their biological safety. Consequently, the membranes can be applied in vivo to the sublingual mucous membranes of mice, without causing any cytotoxic effect on the epithelial cells of the tissue. 2.3 Inflammation of the mouse sublingual mucosa
- the inflammatory response induced in vivo by the patch was evaluated in mice by evaluating different main characteristics of the inflammatory state.
- 0.5% l-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) was used as it has been shown to induce inflammation when administered sublingually [LeBorgne et al., 2006], An increase in mucosal thickness was observed 30 min after DNFB administration and decreased slightly after 2 h (Fig. 3 A). It should be noted that the swelling of the lamina limbalium was maintained for 6 hours while the thickness of the epithelium had already decreased after 2 hours.
- CHI/HyA membrane-induced swelling
- native membranes and HCl-treated membranes incubation of 1 h in 1 mM HCl, pH 3
- HCl treatment is part of the protein incorporation protocol
- its influence on the inflammatory response was assessed.
- the swelling of the mucosa after the application of the native membrane was comparable to the swelling induced by the positive control DNFB at 2 h, whereas the mucosa in contact with the membrane treated with HCl was significantly thinner.
- immunohistochemical staining for major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) was performed.
- CMHII is a major marker of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), in particular dendritic cells (DCs), B lymphocytes and macrophages.
- APCs antigen-presenting cells
- DCs dendritic cells
- B lymphocytes B lymphocytes
- macrophages The infiltration rate of CMHII+ cells in the mucosa increased significantly 30 minutes after administration of the native membrane (Fig. 3B-C) and returned to the control level after 60 minutes.
- the HCl-treated membranes applied for 30 min did not induce CMHII+ cell infiltration, with the infiltration remaining similar to the control, as observed for mucosal swelling (Fig. 3A).
- Mucoadhesion of the patches was assessed in vivo by visualization of the membrane resting on the sublingual mucosa 20 min after administration (Fig. 6A).
- Monitoring of Ah647 OVA by molecular fluorescence tomography demonstrated the rapid dispersal of the protein after administration as a liquid formulation (Fig. 6B).
- OVA Ah647 was already distributed along the digestive tract and no signal was detectable in the mouth after 10 min.
- OVA Ah647 was detected as a concentrated signal in the mouth for at least 30 min.
- a chemoattractant cytokine (CCL20) was loaded into the assembly and sampled after membrane degradation in artificial saliva.
- the cytokine CCL20 was used as a chemoattractant for murine dendritic cells (DC 2.4) which possess the associated CCR6 receptor (data not shown).
- DC 2.4 murine dendritic cells
- the chemoattractant capacities of the cytokine were preserved inside the patch as a similar migration was observed for CCL20 in solution and CCL20 collected after patch dissolution (Fig 8). The bioactivity of the protein was therefore preserved by the patch and the cytokine exhibited a significant chemoattractant effect on the targeted cells.
- Example 2 Evaluation of the rate of incorporation in patches (CHIZHyA)100
- the membranes (CHI/HyA)100 were cut in such a way as to obtain squares of icm 2 which were incubated either in an HCl buffer solution of pH 3, or in an NaCl buffer solution of pH 6.5, both containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentrated at 10mg.mL′ 1 .
- the squares of membranes (CHI/HyA)100 being entirely covered with a volume of liquid of the order of 200 pl, they each contain at equilibrium approximately 2 mg of absorbed BSA.
- CHI/HyA100 loaded with BSA were then incubated in a release buffer (acetate buffer, pH 5.5) devoid of BSA in order to measure the quantity of proteins released, and this by using an assay kit of protein based on bicinchoninic acid (BCA) over a period of 4 hours.
- Optical density measurements (562nm) were thus carried out by taking the release buffer from the start (tO) and after 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min of incubation, the release buffer being replaced after each sample. The measurement of a blank obtained with wells containing only the incubation solution was systematically subtracted.
- the protein concentration per mL could be determined for each release time, then related to a quantity of BSA for 200 ⁇ l. Finally, the quantity of proteins incorporated within the membrane was estimated by subtracting the quantity of BSA determined for 200 ⁇ l from the theoretical 2 mg of BSA initially absorbed.
- the quantity of BSA incorporated per cm 2 in membranes (CHI/HyA)100 was determined using the assay of the BSA released from membranes pre-incubated in a concentrated solution of BSA at different pHs. Very similar release profiles were observed between BSA incorporated at pH 3 and BSA incorporated at pH 6.5, with respectively 0.79mg and 0.75mg released instantaneously (tO), 0.18mg and 0.16mg additional released after 5 minutes, and again 0.03mg and 0.01mg released after 10 minutes. After 20 minutes of release, the BSA released between times t10 and t20 was no longer detectable, indicating that most of the release occurs within 10 minutes.
- the total measured quantity of BSA released corresponds to 1.01 mg for the BSA incorporated at pH 3 and to 0.92 mg for the BSA incorporated at pH 6.5. Consequently, the squares of membrane (CHI/HyA)100 having initially absorbed approximately 2mg of BSA retain Img of BSA after 4 hours of rinsing, i.e. approximately 0.99mg of BSA retained for the incorporation carried out at pH 3 and approximately 1.08mg of for the incorporation carried out at pH 6.5. The incorporation rate is therefore 50% under both conditions. 2. Incorporation of immunoglobulins (IgG) into membranes (CHI/HyA)100
- Membranes (CHI/HyA)100 were cut out so as to obtain 1cm 2 squares which were incubated for Ih either in 200pl of an HCl equilibration solution of pH 3 (MbA samples) or in 200pl an NaCl-Hepes equilibration solution of pH 6.5 (MbB samples).
- the squares of MbA membrane were then incubated in 150 ⁇ l of an HCl-based incorporation solution of pH 3 containing 2 ⁇ g.mL' 1 of type G immunoglobulin (IgG; donkey secondary antibodies directed against IgG goat and coupled to the fluorochrome Alexa 633; Invitrogen, Molecular probes A21082-lot 73A2-1), and the squares of MbB membrane were incubated in 150 ⁇ l of an incorporation solution based on NaCl-Hepes of pH 6.5 also containing 2 pg.mL' 1 IgG.
- IgG type G immunoglobulin
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| EP2123261A1 (fr) * | 2008-05-20 | 2009-11-25 | Stallergenes S.A. | Formulation à particules mucoadhésives pour induire la tolérance immune spécifique à antigène |
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