EP4240150A1

EP4240150A1 - Optically structured element for a bird protection glass, optical system and use of the optically structured element

Info

Publication number: EP4240150A1
Application number: EP21754955.9A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Thomas KROYER; Andreas Georg
Original assignee: Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Current assignee: Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority date: 2020-11-09
Filing date: 2021-07-30
Publication date: 2023-09-13
Also published as: WO2022096168A1; CN116368404A; DE102020129482A1; US20240016139A1; CA3199977A1

Abstract

The invention relates to an optically structured element (1) for minimising or preventing bird collisions, comprising a carrier element (2), a high-reflection region (3) and a low-reflection region (4), which optically structured element is characterised in that a double-cone reflection rate difference of a first double-cone reflection rate of the of the high-reflection region (3) and a second double-cone reflection rate of the low-reflection region (4) is greater than or equal to 5% and a VIS transmission ratio of the first VIS transmission rate and of the second VIS transmission rate is greater than or equal to 70% and less than or equal to 20%.

Description

Optically structured element for a bird protection qlas, optical system and use of the optically structured element

description

The invention relates to an optically structured element according to claim 1, an optical system according to claim 13 and the use of an optically structured element according to claim 15.

Collisions of birds with optical support elements, such as windows or other glazing, often lead to injuries or even death of the animals. These collisions of the birds with the supporting elements, known as bird strikes, also cause damage to the image of the owner of a building affected by a bird strike that cannot be ignored. In addition, the Federal Nature Conservation Act sets legal requirements for bird protection.

In order to avoid or reduce bird strikes, the carrier elements have hitherto been coated, in particular with foils in the form of bird of prey silhouettes. Wrapping foils in the shape of raptor silhouettes on glazing is ineffective in reducing bird strikes. Frosted glass is also used to reduce bird strikes. However, frosted glass disturbs people when looking through the glazing.

WO 2016/19891 A1 discloses bird protection glazing with a high-reflection area and a low-reflection area, which reflect electromagnetic radiation in a UV-centered wavelength range, at around 370 nm.

Numerous bird species have special sensory cells in their eyes - so-called UV cones - which produce visual perception in a BUVD Allow wavelength range. The BUVD wavelength range is between greater than or equal to 300 nm and less than or equal to 450 nm.

In contrast, the human eye enables visual perception in a VIS wavelength range that is between greater than or equal to 380 nm and less than or equal to 780 nm.

WO 2016/198901 A1 states that the reflections in the BUVD wavelength range are visible to birds, but are only weakly to barely perceptible to humans with the naked eye.

However, the previously known bird protection glazing offers only an unsatisfactory effectiveness for reducing bird strikes or the optical structures used are clearly visible to people, for example in the case of frosted glass, and can therefore be perceived as annoying.

Proceeding from this prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide an optically structured element which effectively prevents bird strikes.

The present invention is also based on the object of specifying an optical system and the use of an optically structured element which reduces bird strikes and which are particularly inexpensive and efficient in their manufacture and/or use and which can or are designed with additional functionalities.

This object is achieved according to the invention by an optically structured element with the features of claim 1, by an optical system with the features of claim 13 and by using the optically structured element with the features of claim 15. Advantageous embodiments are the subject of dependent claims. An optically structured element according to the invention for minimizing or preventing bird collisions comprises at least one carrier element, at least one highly reflective area and at least one low-reflective area. In this case, the carrier element has the at least one highly reflective area and/or the at least one low-reflective area. According to the invention, the optically structured element in the highly reflective area has a first double-cone reflectance in a double-cone wavelength range and a first VIS transmittance in a VIS wavelength range. In the low-reflection range, the optically structured element according to the invention has a second double-cone reflectance in the double-cone wavelength range and a second VIS transmittance in the VIS wavelength range. The double cone wavelength range is between greater than or equal to 400 nm and less than or equal to 700 nm and the VIS wavelength range between greater than or equal to 380 nm to less than 780 nm. According to the invention, a double cone reflectance difference of the first double cone reflectance and the second double cone reflectance is greater than or equal to 5 %, preferably greater than or equal to 10%, particularly preferably greater than or equal to 15%, most preferably greater than or equal to 20% and a VIS transmission ratio of the first VIS transmittance and the second VIS transmittance is greater than or equal to 70%, preferably greater than or equal to 80%, especially preferably greater than or equal to 85%, most preferably greater than or equal to 90% and the VIS transmission ratio is less than or equal to 200%, preferably less than or equal to 180%, particularly preferably less than or equal to 150%, most preferably less than or equal to 130%.

The carrier element preferably has a first partial carrier element and a second partial carrier element, which are preferably each formed as glass or film and are particularly preferably transparent in the VIS wavelength range. The first partial carrier element is preferably arranged on the second partial carrier element, with the second partial carrier element particularly preferably being coated, glued or foiled with the first partial carrier element. In particular, the first partial carrier element has the highly reflective area and the second partial carrier element has the low reflective area. For example, the first sub-carrier element is designed as a foil and the second sub-carrier element is designed as window glass, as decorative glazing for the facade or as another type of glazing.

The low-reflective area preferably corresponds to a surface of the second carrier part element that is visible when viewed from above; this visible surface is particularly preferably partially coated, in particular with the first carrier part element, with the coated area or areas corresponding to the highly reflective area or areas.

The opposite case is alternatively preferred, in which the highly reflective area corresponds to the surface of the second carrier part element that is visible in a plan view and the coated area or areas correspond to the low reflective area or areas.

The carrier element is preferably designed as a coated glass and/or a colored glass or as a coated foil and/or a colored foil. Particularly preferably, the highly reflective area corresponds to a colored sub-area and the low-reflective area to an uncolored sub-area of the carrier element.

The optically structured element according to the invention is particularly effective in reducing bird strikes, as studies by the applicant have shown. In particular, the larger the double-cone reflectance difference, the more effectively bird strike is prevented. The remarkable effectiveness of the optically structured element according to the invention in reducing bird strikes is based on the knowledge that in birds the perception of movements, in particular relative movements and stationary objects during flight, does not take place through the UV cones, but through so-called double-cone sensory cells . The double cone sensory cells take the double peg wavelength range true and have a sensitivity maximum at about 570 nm with a full width at half maximum of about 510 nm to 620 nm.

A further advantage is that at a value of the VIS transmission ratio closer to 100%, the visibility of the optically structured element in transmission to a human is minimized while maintaining the advantageous reduction in bird strike. The optically structured element is therefore less visible to people, for example, when looking out of a room through a window provided with it.

The high-reflection area and the low-reflection area are preferably determined by reflection measurements when the optically structured element is viewed from above.

The double-cone reflectances of the optically structured element, in particular the first and the second double-cone reflectance, are preferably determined in each case by reflection measurements in the double-cone wavelength range and weighting with an Osorio99D65 spectrum. The Osorio99D65 spectrum reflects the wavelength-dependent sensitivity of the double-cone sensory cells and is extracted from the publication "Colour vision of domestic chicks" by D. Osorio, M. Vorobyev and CD. Jones, published in The Journal of Experimental Biology, Volume 202, Pages 2951-2959, from 1999, Figure 1, track D, known (called Osorio99). This spectrum was obtained from the analysis of double cones in chickens, but can also be used to a very good approximation for other typical bird species. The data from Osorio99 (FIG. 1, track D) were weighted with the daylight-typical standard illuminant D65 in order to obtain the Osorio99D65 spectrum.

The VIS transmittances are each determined by transmission measurements in the VIS wavelength range and weighted with a VIS spectrum, which corresponds to a brightness sensitivity curve of the human eye in daylight and the spectral data “CIE 2008, physiologically-relevant 2-deg V(l) luminous efficiency functions” can be found. To determine the VIS transmittance ratio, the first VIS transmittance is preferably divided by the second VIS transmittance and the result of this division is multiplied by 100%.

In a first preferred embodiment, a color difference in the visual transmission between the high-reflection area and the low-reflection area is less than or equal to 20, preferably less than or equal to 15, particularly preferably less than or equal to 10, most preferably less than or equal to 5.

The color distance between the highly reflective area and the low reflective area is determined according to DIN ISO 1 1664-4.

This preferred embodiment has the advantage that, with a small color difference, the optically structured element is less noticeable to the human eye, but remains equally effective in reducing bird strikes.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the at least one high-reflection area and the at least one low-reflection area are arranged adjacent to one another. The at least one low-reflection area and the at least one high-reflection area are preferably designed to engage in one another like a comb.

This embodiment is particularly effective in reducing bird strikes because the adjacent areas are easier and more visible to approaching birds.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the at least one highly reflective area is designed in such a way that a circular area with a diameter of 15 cm, preferably with a diameter of 10 cm, in particular with a diameter of 8 cm, cannot be arranged completely within the highly reflective area and the at least a low-reflective area so is designed such that a circular area with a diameter of 15 cm, preferably with a diameter of 10 cm, in particular with a diameter of 8 cm, cannot be arranged completely within the low-reflection area.

Preferably, the at least one highly reflective area cannot be completely covered by the circular area and the at least one low-reflective area cannot be completely covered by the circular area either.

The circular area is preferably determined with an orthogonal top view of the high-reflection area and/or the low-reflection area, for example by placing a circular area template with the appropriate diameter.

This embodiment is particularly effective in reducing bird strikes, since with larger circular areas birds are more likely to recognize an obstacle that can be overcome, in particular one that can be flown through, in relation to their body size and are therefore more likely to collide with the carrier element.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the optically structured element has a first BUVD reflectance in the BUVD wavelength range in the highly reflective area and a second BUVD reflectance in the BUVD wavelength range in the low reflective area. In this embodiment, a BUVD reflectance difference between the first BUVD reflectance and the second BUVD reflectance is preferably less than or equal to 20%, preferably less than or equal to 10%, particularly preferably less than or equal to 5%, most preferably less than or equal to 3%.

The BUVD degrees of reflection of the optically structured element in the high-reflection area and in the low-reflection area are preferably measured in each case by reflection measurements in the BUVD wavelength range and determined by weighting with a BUVD65 spectrum. The BUVD65 spectrum reflects the wavelength-dependent sensitivity of the UV cones and is determined by a Gaussian curve with a maximum at about 370 nm with a half-width of about 345 nm to 395 nm and weighting with the daylight-typical standard illuminant D65.

This embodiment is even more effective in reducing bird strike. According to the current state of knowledge, this advantageous effect is based on the fact that reflections in the BUVD wavelength range—contrary to previous findings from the prior art—can even have an attractive effect on birds. A lower BUVD reflectance difference is therefore particularly effective in preventing bird strikes.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the first double-cone reflectance is greater than the first BUVD reflectance.

Contrary to previous findings from the previously known prior art, this reduces bird strikes particularly effectively, as experiments by the applicant have shown.

In a further advantageous embodiment, a double-cone BUVD difference between the first double-cone reflectance and the first BUVD reflectance is greater than or equal to 2%, preferably greater than or equal to 5%, particularly preferably greater than or equal to 10%, most preferably greater than or equal to 15%.

As previously mentioned, reflections in the BUVD wavelength range can have an attractive effect on birds, whereby lower BUVD reflectance reduces bird strikes. A larger double-cone BUVD difference thus leads to an increased visual perception of the optically structured element in the double-cone wavelength range by means of the double-cone sensory cells and thus reduces the probability of bird strike. The double cone sensory cells of the bird's eye perceive a wavelength range that is also perceptible to the human eye and ranges from a blue to a red color impression. The optically structured element is thus fundamentally also visually perceptible to a human being.

In a further preferred embodiment, in which in particular the second partial carrier element is coated with the first partial carrier element, the optically structured element has a layer with a refractive index between greater than or equal to 1.5 and less than or equal to 2.6 in the highly reflective region, preferably between greater than or equal to 2.6 1.7 and less than or equal to 2.3, most preferably between greater than or equal to 1.9 and less than or equal to 2.2.

The refractive index is preferably determined by spectral measurement in an ellipsometer and a subsequent model fit at a wavelength of 550 nm.

With a refractive index in the value ranges mentioned above, the layer of the highly reflective area can be made particularly thin, as a result of which the production costs are particularly low. Bird strike is particularly effectively prevented in this embodiment.

In a likewise preferred embodiment, the optically structured element has a silicon nitride-containing layer with a layer thickness of greater than or equal to 50 nm, preferably greater than or equal to 70 nm, particularly preferably greater than or equal to 80 nm, most preferably equal to 86 nm. The layer thickness is preferably less than or equal to 400 nm, particularly preferably less than or equal to 250 nm, most preferably less than or equal to 100 nm. The layer containing silicon nitride is preferably arranged in the highly reflective area, and the layer containing silicon nitride particularly preferably forms the highly reflective area.

Such an optically structured element is particularly effective in preventing bird strikes and also offers the advantage of low production costs. In a further preferred embodiment, the optically structured element has a plurality of low-reflection areas and high-reflection areas, in particular at least 10, preferably at least 20, more preferably at least 50 low-reflection areas and high-reflection areas. In particular, the low-reflection areas and high-reflection areas are arranged alternately, preferably as a stripe pattern of alternatingly arranged strips of high-reflection areas and low-reflection areas. In this embodiment, the carrier element is preferably a window, preferably a 3 m to 0.5 m wide window, particularly preferably a 1.5 m to 0.8 m wide window, most preferably a 1 m wide window.

The strips preferably have a width of 2 mm to 100 mm in a horizontal direction; the strips are particularly preferably designed as vertical strips oriented in a vertical direction. The vertical direction corresponds to the direction of gravity and the horizontal direction is perpendicular to the vertical direction.

Such stripe patterns are particularly effective in reducing bird strikes.

In a preferred embodiment, the double-cone reflectance difference is greater than or equal to 10% and less than or equal to 30%. The VIS transmission ratio is preferably greater than or equal to 80% and less than or equal to 130%.

Such an optically structured element has proven to be particularly effective in reducing bird strikes and can also be produced in a cost-effective manner.

An optical system according to the invention comprises an optically structured element according to the invention, in which the carrier element has a first carrier part element and a second carrier part element, preferably a glass or a glass Foil. In the optical system according to the invention, the first partial carrier element is preferably arranged on the second partial carrier element.

The advantages of a reduced bird strike mentioned for the optically structured element according to the invention also result in the optical system according to the invention.

In a preferred embodiment, the optical system comprises a heat protection layer and/or a sun protection layer. The second partial carrier element is preferably designed as an outer glass pane with an inner side and the first partial carrier element and the heat protection layer and/or the sun protection layer are arranged on the inner side of the outer glass pane.

The optical system is thus equipped with additional functionalities such as heat-insulating properties and/or overheating protection.

Protection against bird strikes can thus also be achieved when applying a heat protection layer.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the first partial carrier element and the heat protection layer and/or the sun protection layer are arranged on an inside of an outer glass pane, ie in particular on a so-called position 2 of insulating glazing.

As a result, the optical system is advantageously particularly inexpensive to manufacture and the heat protection layer and/or the sun protection layer is better protected against damage, for example from the effects of the weather. The protection against bird strikes remains the same or is only slightly reduced.

In another preferred embodiment, the first carrier sub-element is arranged on an outside of an outer glass pane, a so-called position 1, and the heat protection layer is arranged at position 2. In this embodiment, the heat protection layer is particularly protected against damage and therefore particularly durable. In addition, the bird protection effect is improved.

According to the invention is the use of the optically structured element according to the invention for attachment to or on an optical facade element, preferably a window or other facade glazing.

The use according to the invention results in the above-mentioned advantages of a reduced frequency of bird impacts on the optical façade element, ie reduced bird strikes.

Further advantages of the invention result from the advantageous embodiments described below.

In an advantageous embodiment, the first double-cone reflectance is greater than the second double-cone reflectance. This advantageously results in a greater contrast between the high-reflection area and the low-reflection area, as a result of which bird strikes are reduced more effectively.

In a preferred embodiment, the first double-cone reflectance is greater than or equal to 15%, preferably greater than or equal to 20%, more preferably greater than or equal to 25%. A larger first double-cone reflectance reduces bird strike more effectively.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the low-reflection area is preferably designed as a single pane of a multiple glass system. The second double-cone reflectance, in particular of the single pane, is preferably less than or equal to 12%, preferably less than or equal to 9%. As a result, a high double-cone reflectance difference can be achieved in an uncomplicated manner. In a further preferred embodiment, the high-reflection area and the low-reflection area are arranged adjacent to one another, preferably next to one another or one above the other. This reduces bird strikes more effectively.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the optically structured element has, preferably in the highly reflective area, a layer with an optical thickness of greater than or equal to 100 nm to less than or equal to 250 nm, preferably greater than or equal to 110 nm to less than or equal to 230 nm, particularly preferably greater than or equal to 130 nm to less than or equal to 210 nm, most preferably greater than or equal to 150 nm to less than or equal to 190 nm.

The optical thickness is the product of the refractive index at 550 nm and the layer thickness. Optical thicknesses in the aforementioned value ranges lead to a particularly low bird strike.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the optically structured element has a layer of silicon nitride, preferably in the highly reflective area.

Silicon nitride is a particularly strong, hard material that is inert to numerous chemicals and is therefore particularly hard-wearing and durable. In addition, silicon nitride has a refractive index of 2.0 and is therefore particularly suitable for an optically structured element for reducing bird strikes, as mentioned above.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the optically structured element has a layer with a first dielectric at least in the highly reflective area. The optically structured element preferably has a layer with a second dielectric at least in the highly reflective region. The first dielectric preferably has a lower refractive index than the second dielectric. Particularly preferably, the second dielectric has a refractive index of greater than or equal to 1.8 to less than or equal to 2.6, further preferably about 2.4. Most preferably, the first dielectric has a refractive index of greater than or equal to 1.3 to less than or equal to 2.2, more preferably about 2.0.

The first dielectric preferably has a tin oxide, particularly preferably tin(IV) oxide SnCh. The first dielectric preferably has a zinc oxide (ZnO) and/or a tin-zinc mixed oxide (SnZnO _x ). The second dielectric preferably includes titanium dioxide (TiO?).

The aforementioned dielectrics are inexpensive and robust and also have optical properties that are particularly suitable for the optically structured element.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the optically structured element comprises, preferably in the highly reflective area, a first layer with a layer thickness of preferably 160 nm; the first layer particularly preferably contains the first dielectric. The optically structured element preferably comprises a second layer with a layer thickness of preferably 190 nm; the second layer particularly preferably contains the second dielectric.

The optically structured element with the aforementioned layer sequence of the first layer and the second layer is particularly effective against bird strikes.

The optically structured element preferably comprises a third layer with a layer thickness of preferably 220 nm, the second layer being arranged between the first layer and the third layer, the third layer particularly preferably containing the first dielectric. Most preferably, the optically structured element comprises a fourth layer with a layer thickness of preferably 190 nm, the third layer being arranged between the second layer and the fourth layer, the fourth layer preferably containing the second first dielectric. More preferably, the optically structured element comprises a fifth layer with a layer thickness of preferably 160 nm, wherein the fourth layer is arranged between the third layer and the fifth layer, particularly preferably the fifth layer contains the first dielectric.

The optically structured element with a layer sequence of the aforementioned layers has an extraordinarily good effectiveness against bird strikes and is also particularly robust and inexpensive to manufacture.

The optically structured element preferably comprises a sixth layer with a layer thickness of preferably 150 nm, the fifth layer being arranged between the fourth layer and the sixth layer, the sixth layer particularly preferably containing silicon dioxide (SiO?).

The sixth layer advantageously acts as an anti-reflection layer and also serves to protect the underlying layers from mechanical stress and abrasion. Further advantageously, the antireflection layer reduces a broadband reflection, but hardly influences a narrowband reflection, in particular in the double-pivot wavelength range.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the low-reflection area has no layer containing silicon nitride or titanium dioxide; in particular, the low-reflection area is preferably made of soda-lime glass. This embodiment allows the optically structured element to be produced in a particularly favorable manner.

Preferably, the optically structured element comprises at least one area of high areal density and at least one area of low areal density, particularly preferably the optically structured element comprises at least one area of medium areal density. In the area of high areal density, a quotient of the added areal proportion of the highly reflective areas in relation to the added areal proportion of the low reflective areas is preferably greater than the quotient in the middle area Areal density, which has a correspondingly larger quotient than the area of low areal density.

By providing areas of high and low areal density, a design that is optically less noticeable to the viewer can be achieved.

In a preferred embodiment, the optically structured element comprises a plurality of highly reflective areas in the form of circular areas which are arranged on an otherwise uncoated or uniformly coated low-reflection area, with the distance between the circular areas preferably being smaller in the area of high area density than in the lower area areal density.

This embodiment is particularly effective in reducing bird strikes and is inexpensive to manufacture.

In an advantageous embodiment, the optically structured element comprises a highly reflective area with at least one sawtooth curved edge, preferably a strip-shaped highly reflective area with a sawtooth curved edge. As a result, bird strikes are prevented particularly effectively and a reduction in the total reflection at the edges of the highly reflective area is achieved by the sawtooth curve-shaped configuration. In addition, the sawtooth-curved design of the surface of the strip-like highly reflective area advantageously blurs a contour of the strip shape, as a result of which the highly reflective area is less noticeable to people at the edges, particularly when viewed in transmission.

In a further preferred embodiment, the optically structured element comprises at least one further surface of the highly reflective area in the shape of a sawtooth strip. Preferably, two surfaces in the form of sawtooth strips lying against one another are spaced apart. Particularly preferably, the area of high areal density has a smaller spacing of the sawtooth stripe-shaped areas than the area of low areal density. This embodiment is particularly effective in reducing bird strikes and is inexpensive to manufacture.

In a preferred embodiment, the first partial carrier element is arranged between the heat protection layer and/or the sun protection layer and the second partial carrier element. In an alternative embodiment, the first partial carrier element is arranged on the heat protection layer and/or on the sun protection layer.

This advantageously enables simple use of the optically structured element in insulating glazing, with the first partial carrier element preferably being arranged on an inner side of an outer glass pane, ie at position 2 . A glass pane is thus advantageously equipped with bird protection functionality and sun/heat protection.

In a further alternative embodiment, the second partial carrier element is arranged between the first partial carrier element and the heat protection layer and/or the sun protection layer.

In this embodiment, the optically structured element is particularly protected from the effects of the weather and is therefore particularly durable.

In a preferred production process within the scope of this invention, the optically structured element is produced on the carrier element by a vacuum coating process of the carrier element, by means of physical vapor deposition (PVD), vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

These production methods enable the optically structured element to be manufactured in a simple, inexpensive and high-quality manner. The high-reflection areas and low-reflection areas preferably form patterns. The patterns are preferably produced by coating, masks or in a lift-off process with printed masks, by laser ablation or laser structuring, particularly preferably by screen or digitally printed masks, which are removed after vacuum coating in solvents or by subsequent thermal ashing. Advantageously, the glass is thermally hardened at the same time as it is incinerated. In the case of screen or digital printing or laser structuring, the areal density of the highly reflective area is advantageously gradually adjusted in a simple manner.

Support elements coated with patterns, such as glasses, are particularly inexpensive to produce, are effective in reducing bird strikes and are visually appealing to humans.

The patterns are preferably produced by coating a film over the entire surface, then cutting the film and then laminating the film, in particular pieces of film, onto a glass or another film. The film is particularly preferably glued to window glass that is already installed in a building. In particular, the film corresponds to the first partial carrier element and the window glass corresponds to the second partial carrier element. This method of manufacturing a coated second carrier part element is particularly simple and inexpensive.

Further properties and advantages of the invention result from the following description based on exemplary embodiments and based on the drawing.

FIG. 1 shows a first exemplary embodiment of an optically structured element according to the invention;

FIG. 2 shows a second exemplary embodiment of an optically structured element according to the invention with a first and a second highly reflective area; FIG. 3 shows a further exemplary embodiment of the optically structured element according to the invention with a plurality of high-reflection and low-reflection areas adjoining one another;

FIG. 4 shows a further exemplary embodiment with circular surfaces of the highly reflective area;

FIG. 5 shows a further exemplary embodiment with sawtooth-curved surfaces of the highly reflective area;

FIG. 6a shows an optically structured element with a first and a second highly reflective area;

FIG. 6b shows an optically structured element in which the high-reflection area is arranged on the low-reflection area;

FIG. 6c shows an optical system in which a first partial carrier element is arranged on a second partial carrier element;

FIG. 6d shows a first exemplary embodiment of an optical system with a layer containing silicon nitride;

FIG. 6e shows a first optical system;

FIG. 7 shows a further exemplary embodiment of an optical system with a heat protection layer and/or a sun protection layer;

FIG. 8 shows an alternative exemplary embodiment of an optical system with a heat protection layer and/or a sun protection layer; FIG. 9 shows a further alternative exemplary embodiment of an optical system with a heat protection layer and/or a sun protection layer;

Figure 10 is a diagram describing the optical characteristics of an optical system in which the high-reflection portion comprises a silicon nitride monolayer;

FIG. 11 shows a diagram describing the optical properties of the first optical system;

FIG. 12 shows a table with the optical parameters of two optical systems.

The same reference symbols used in the figures designate elements that are the same or at least have the same effect.

1 shows an optically structured element 1 with a carrier element 2. The optically structured element 1 comprises a highly reflective region 3 and a low-reflective region 4. The highly reflective region 3 and the low-reflective region 4 are arranged adjacent to one another in the example in FIG.

In the highly reflective region 3, the optically structured element 1 has a first double-cone reflectance in a double-cone wavelength range 5 (not shown here, compare FIG. 10). The double-cone wavelength range 5 is between greater than or equal to 400 nm and less than or equal to 700 nm. A double-cone reflectance difference ADZ (compare FIG. 12) of the first double-cone reflectance and the second double-cone reflectance is equal to 13% in the exemplary embodiment in FIG. In a further exemplary embodiment, not shown, which includes all the features of the exemplary embodiment in Figure 1, the optically structured element 1 in the highly reflective region 3 has a first BUVD reflectance in a BUVD wavelength range 6 (not shown here, compare Figure 12) and in the low-reflection region 4 has a second BUVD reflectance in the BUVD wavelength range 6 . A BUVD reflectance difference of the first BUVD reflectance and the second BUVD reflectance is less than or equal to 5%.

The first double-cone reflectance is greater than the first BUVD reflectance. In this case, a first double-cone BUVD difference between the first double-cone reflectance and the first BUVD reflectance is greater than or equal to 10%.

The optically structured element 1 has a first VIS transmittance in a VIS wavelength range in the highly reflective area 3 and a second VIS transmittance in the VIS wavelength range in the low reflective area 4 . A VIS transmittance ratio QT _ViS (compare FIG. 12) of the first VIS transmittance and the second VIS transmittance is about 86%.

A color distance AE (compare FIG. 12) between the high-reflection area 3 and the low-reflection area 4 is 6.9.

In the highly reflective region 3, the optically structured element 1 has a layer with a refractive index of 2.0 at 550 nm.

FIG. 2 shows a further exemplary embodiment of an optically structured element 1, in which the highly reflective area 3 (compare FIG. 1) comprises a first highly reflective area 3a and a second highly reflective area 3b. The low-reflection area 4 is arranged between the first high-reflection area 3a and the second high-reflection area 3b. The highly reflective areas 3a, 3b and the low reflective area 4 have a vertical direction 7 the same extent and have different extents in a horizontal direction 8 . The extension of the high-reflection areas 3a, 3b in the horizontal direction 8 is greater than the extension of the low-reflection area 4 in the horizontal direction 8. The high-reflection areas 3a, 3b and the low-reflection area 4 thus form a stripe pattern which includes strips oriented in the vertical direction 7.

The vertical direction 7 and the horizontal direction 8 are arranged orthogonally to one another. The vertical direction 7 corresponds to the direction of gravity.

In the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 2, the low-reflection region 4 has an area of less than or equal to 100 cm ² .

FIG. 3 shows a further exemplary embodiment of an optically structured element 1, in which the low-reflection area 4 comprises a first low-reflection area 4a and a second low-reflection area 4b. The highly reflective area 3 comprises a first highly reflective area 3a, a second highly reflective area 3b and a third highly reflective area 3c.

The first low-reflection area 4a is arranged between the first high-reflection area 3a and the second high-reflection area 3b. The third high-reflection area 3c is arranged in the vertical direction 7 below the first low-reflection area 4a. This results in an alternating sequence of high-reflection areas 3 and low-reflection areas 4 in the vertical direction 7 and in the horizontal direction 8. The alternating sequence of high-reflection areas 3 and low-reflection areas 4 results in a repeating pattern.

In a further exemplary embodiment (not shown here), the highly reflective areas 3 and the low-reflective areas 4 are arranged in irregular sequences. In another exemplary embodiment (not shown here), the highly reflective areas 3 and the low-reflective areas 4 are arranged in the form of a company logo.

FIG. 4 shows a further exemplary embodiment of an optically structured element 1, in which the highly reflective area 3 and the low-reflective areas 4a, 4b form a vertical stripe pattern. The highly reflective area 3 and the low reflective area 4 have a greater extent in the vertical direction 7 than in the horizontal direction 8. The highly reflective area 3 comprises an area of high areal density 9a, two areas of medium areal density 9b and two areas of low areal density 9c. The area of high areal density 9a is arranged between the two areas of medium areal density 9b. The two areas of medium areal density 9b are each arranged between the area of high areal density 9a and the adjoining areas of low areal density 9c. The two areas of low areal density 9c are each arranged between the adjoining areas of medium areal density 9b and the adjoining low-reflection areas 4a, 4b.

The highly reflective area 3 comprises circular areas which are shown as points in FIG. The circular surfaces are spaced apart from one another both in the vertical direction 7 and in the horizontal direction 8 . In the area of high areal density 9a, the distance between two circular areas is greater than in the area of medium areal density 9b. The distance between two circular surfaces in the area of medium surface density 9b is again smaller than that in the area of low surface density 9c.

In a further exemplary embodiment, which is not shown, the area with a high areal density 9a corresponds to a continuously coated area. The circular areas overlap in all directions, resulting in a continuous layer.

Figure 5 shows another embodiment of an optically structured element 1, in which the highly reflective area 3 has sawtooth-curved surfaces includes. Two adjacent sawtooth-curved surface areas have a distance in the horizontal direction 8 which is greater in the area of high surface density 9a than in the area of medium surface density 9b. In the area of medium areal density 9b, the distance in the horizontal direction 8 is again greater than in the area of low areal density 9c.

In a further exemplary embodiment, which is not shown, the highly reflective area comprises only a single sawtooth-curved surface, in particular a surface with at least one sawtooth-curved edge.

FIG. 6a shows an optically structured element 1 with a first highly reflective area 3a, a second highly reflective area 3b and a carrier element 2. The carrier element 2 can be in the form of a film, for example, and can be glued to a window glass.

In a further exemplary embodiment, which is not shown, the highly reflective areas 3a, 3b again have silicon nitride, whereas the low-reflective area 4 is formed from the pure film, ie without silicon nitride.

FIG. 6b shows an optically structured element 1, in which the first highly reflective region 3a and the second highly reflective region 3b are arranged on the low-reflective region 4. FIG. The low-reflection area 4 corresponds to a conventional soda-lime glass or a conventional film that is transparent in the VIS wavelength range. The low-reflection area 4 is coated with the high-reflection areas 3a, 3b.

In a further exemplary embodiment, which is not shown, the high-reflection area 3 is coated with the low-reflection area 4 or with a plurality of low-reflection areas.

FIG. 6c shows an optical system 10 in which the carrier element 2 has a first partial carrier element 2a and a second partial carrier element 2b. The optically structured element 1 corresponds to that of FIG. 6b. The second Partial carrier element 2b corresponds to a window glass, in particular a soda-lime glass. In particular, the low-reflection region 4 corresponds to a surface of the uncoated second partial carrier element 2b that is visible when viewed from above.

FIG. 6d shows an optical system 10 in which the second partial carrier element 2b is coated with the first partial carrier element 2a. In this exemplary embodiment, the second partial carrier element 2b is a coated window glass made of soda-lime glass. The highly reflective region 3 has a single layer 11 containing silicon nitride with a layer thickness 12 of 86 nm.

In this case, the low-reflection area 4 comprises a layer of uncoated soda-lime glass. The low-reflection area 4 is preferably formed from soda-lime glass. The low-reflection area 4 can preferably also correspond to the uncoated carrier element 2 .

FIG. 6e shows a first optical system 10a, which has the following layer structure:

A first layer 11 with a first dielectric made of silicon nitride and with a layer thickness 12a of 160 nm is arranged on the first partial carrier element 2a. A second layer 11b with a second dielectric made of titanium dioxide and with a layer thickness 12b of 190 nm is arranged on this first layer 11a. A third layer 11c, which has the first dielectric, is arranged on the second layer 11b. The third layer 11c has a layer thickness 12c of 220 nm. A fourth layer 11d with a layer thickness 12d of 190 nm, which has the second dielectric, is arranged on the third layer 11c. A fifth layer 11e with a layer thickness 12e of 160 nm, which has the first dielectric, is arranged on the fourth layer 11d. A sixth layer 11f, which has a thickness 12f of 150 nm and consists of silicon dioxide, is arranged on the fifth layer 11e. The optical properties of the first optical system 10a are summarized in the table in FIG.

FIG. 7 shows a further exemplary embodiment of an optical system 10, in which a heat protection layer 13 and/or a sun protection layer 14 is arranged between the first partial carrier element 2a and the second partial carrier element 2b.

FIG. 8 shows an alternative exemplary embodiment of an optical system 10, the first partial carrier element 2a being arranged between the heat protection layer 13 and/or the sun protection layer 14 and the second partial carrier element 2b.

FIG. 9 shows a further alternative exemplary embodiment of an optical system 10, in which the second partial carrier element 2b is arranged between the heat protection layer 13 and/or the sun protection layer 14 and the first partial carrier element 2a.

In the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 9, the second partial carrier element 2b corresponds to a window glass, with the first partial carrier element 2a being arranged on an outside of the window glass. The heat protection layer 13 and/or the sun protection layer 14 are accordingly arranged on an inner side of the window glass facing an interior space.

In a further exemplary embodiment, which is not shown, a multi-pane insulating glass structure is used. The first partial carrier element 2a is arranged on the first glass surface counted from the outside, the so-called position 1. The heat protection layer 13 and/or the sun protection layer 14 is arranged on a second glass surface, the so-called position 2, facing the space between the panes.

FIG. 10 shows a diagram which describes the optical properties of the optical system 10, in which the highly reflective region 3 has a single layer 11 containing silicon nitride (not shown here, compare FIG 6d). The wavelength λ is shown in nanometers on the abscissa of the diagram and the double-pivot wavelength range 5 and the BUVD wavelength range 6 are identified. Normalized values of a relative sensitivity of sensory cells of a bird's eye for a BUVD65 spectrum 15 and an Osorio99D65 spectrum 16 are plotted on the ordinate. In addition, normalized values of a reflection spectrum 17 of the highly reflective region 3 of the optically structured element 1 of the optical system 10 are plotted on the ordinate. The low-reflection area 4 preferably has a wavelength-constant reflection of approximately 8% and particularly preferably a wavelength-constant transmission of approximately 92%.

The BUVD65 spectrum 15 is used to weight measured BUVD reflectances as previously described. The Osorio99D65 spectrum 16 is used to weight measured double-cone reflectances and is also available from the aforementioned publication by Osorio et al. famous.

The reflection spectrum 17 was determined by reflection measurements on the optics system 10 . The reflectance spectrum 17 values show that the first double-cone reflectance is greater than the first BUVD reflectance.

FIG. 11 shows a diagram which describes the optical properties of the first optical system 10a (not shown here, compare FIG. 6e). The diagram shows a reflection spectrum 18 and a transmission spectrum 19 of the first optical system 10a, in particular of the highly reflective region 3 of the first optical system 10a.

The reflection spectrum 18 of Figure 1 1 includes several local extreme values and thus has a more complex profile than the reflection spectrum 17 of Figure 10. It is clear from the reflection spectrum 18 that the reflection in the double-pivot wavelength range 5 is greater than the reflection in the BUVD wavelength range 6. Accordingly, the first double-cone reflectance is greater than the first BUVD reflectance.

A transmission spectrum 19 of the optically structured element 1 in the highly reflective area 3 in the VIS wavelength range deviates only slightly from a transmission spectrum in the low reflective area 4, which leads to a large VIS transmission ratio QT _ViS and a small color difference AE.

Figure 12 shows a tabular summary of the optical parameters of conventional soda-lime glass (first line), the optics system 10 of Figure 6d (second line) and the first optics system 10a (third line). In this case, Tvis designates the transmission in the VIS wavelength range; the parameters L*, a* and b* denote parameters of an L*a*b* color space. The L* parameter corresponds to a brightness value. The a* parameter specifies a chromaticity and color intensity between green and red. The b* parameter specifies a chromaticity and color intensity between blue and yellow. The L*a*b* color space is already known and standardized from EN ISO 1 1664-4 "Colorimetry-Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* color space".

The Osorio99D65 column gives the first double-cone reflectance in the double-cone wavelength range 5. The BUVD65 column gives the first BUVD reflectance in the BUVD wavelength range. The ADZ column indicates the double-cone reflectance difference ADZ of the first double-cone reflectance and the second double-cone reflectance. The column AE indicates the color difference between the high-reflection area 3 and the low-reflection area 4 . The color difference AE is determined using the parameters L*, a* and b* mentioned above.

As can be seen from the numerical values in the table in FIG. 12, the first double-cone reflectances of the optical system 10 and the first optical system 10a are greater than the first BUVD reflectances of the corresponding optical systems 10, 10a. The double cone reflectance differences ADZ of the Optical systems 10, 10a are greater than or equal to 10% and the color distances AE of the optical systems 10, 10a are less than 8.

reference sign

1 optically structured element

2 support element

2a First carrier part element

2b Second carrier part element

3 highly reflective area

3a First highly reflective area

3b Second highly reflective area

3c Third highly reflective area

4 low reflective area

4a First low-reflective area

4b Second low-reflective area

5 double-pivot wavelength range

6 BUVD wavelength range

7 vertical direction

8 horizontal direction

9a Area of high areal density

9b Area of medium areal density

9c Area of low areal density

10 optical system

10a First optical system

1 1 layer

1 1 a-f layers

12 layer thickness

12a-f Other layer thicknesses

13 thermal protection layer

14 sun protection layer

15 BUVD65 spectrum

16 Osorio99D65 spectrum

17 Reflectance spectrum of the high reflective area of 10

18 Reflectance spectrum of the high reflective area of 10a

19 Transmission spectrum of the highly reflective region of 10a

ADZ double cone reflectance difference

T _ViS Transmission in the VIS wavelength range

QT _ViS VIS transmission ratio

L* Lightness value a* chromaticity and color intensity between green and red b* chromaticity and color intensity between blue and yellow

AE color distance

Claims

Claims Optically structured element (1) for minimizing or preventing bird collisions, comprising at least one carrier element (2); at least one highly reflective area (3); and at least one low-reflection area (4); wherein the carrier element (2) has the at least one highly reflective area (3) and/or the at least one low-reflective area (4); characterized in that the optically structured element (1) in the highly reflective region (3) has a first double-cone reflectance in a double-cone wavelength range (5); and having a first VIS transmittance in a VIS wavelength range; and in the low-reflection region (4) has a second double-cone reflectance in the double-cone wavelength range (5); and having a second VIS transmittance in the VIS wavelength range; wherein the double-pivot wavelength range (5) between greater than or equal to

400 nm and less than or equal to 700 nm; the VIS wavelength range is from greater than or equal to 380 nm to less than 780 nm; a double-cone reflectance difference of the first double-cone reflectance and the second double-cone reflectance is greater than or equal to 5%, preferably greater than or equal to 10%, more preferably greater than or equal to 15%, most preferably greater than or equal to 20%; and a VIS transmittance ratio of the first VIS transmittance and the second VIS transmittance is greater than or equal to 70%, preferably greater than or equal to 80%, more preferably greater than or equal to 85%, most preferably greater than or equal to 90%; and the VIS transmission ratio is less than or equal to 200%, preferably less than or equal to 180%, particularly preferably less than or equal to 150%, most preferably less than or equal to 130%.

2. Optically structured element (1) according to claim 1, in which the first and the second double-cone reflectance of the optically structured element are each determined by reflection measurements in the double-cone wavelength range and weighting with an Osorio99D65 spectrum.

3. Optically structured element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which a color difference in the visual transmission (AE) between the high reflective area (3) and the low reflective area (4) is less than or equal to 20, preferably less than or equal to 15, in particular preferably less than or equal to 10, most preferably less than or equal to 5.

4. Optically structured element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the at least one highly reflective region (3) and the at least one low-reflective region (4) are arranged adjacent to one another.

5. Optically structured element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the at least one highly reflective area (3) is designed in such a way that a circular area with a diameter of 15 cm, preferably with a diameter of 10 cm, in particular with a diameter of 8 cm cannot be arranged completely within the highly reflective area (3) and the at least one low-reflective area (4) is designed in such a way that a circular area with a diameter of 15 cm, preferably with a diameter of 10 cm, in particular with a diameter of 8 cm, is not can be arranged completely within the low-reflection area (4). Optically structured element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which in the highly reflective region (3) has a first BUVD reflectance in a BUVD wavelength range (6); wherein the BUVD wavelength range (6) is between greater than or equal to 300 nm and less than or equal to 450 nm; and the first double-cone reflectance is greater than the first BUVD reflectance. Optically structured element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which in the highly reflective region (3) has a first BUVD reflectance in a BUVD wavelength range (6); wherein the BUVD wavelength range (6) is between greater than or equal to 300 nm and less than or equal to 450 nm; and a first double-cone BUVD difference of the first double-cone reflectance and the first BUVD reflectance is greater than or equal to 2%, preferably greater than or equal to 5%, more preferably greater than or equal to 10%, most preferably greater than or equal to 15%. Optically structured element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which in the highly reflective region (3) has a first BUVD reflectance in a BUVD wavelength range (6); and in the low-reflection region (4) has a second BUVD reflectance in the BUVD wavelength range; wherein the BUVD wavelength range (6) is between greater than or equal to 300 nm and less than or equal to 450 nm; and a BUVD reflectance difference of the first BUVD reflectance and the second BUVD reflectance is less than or equal to 20%, preferably less than or equal to 10%, more preferably less than or equal to 5%, most preferably less than or equal to 3%. . Optically structured element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which in the highly reflective region (3) has a layer with a refractive index between greater than or equal to 1.5 and less than or equal to 2.6, preferably between greater than or equal to 1.7 and less than or equal to 2, 3, particularly preferably between greater than or equal to 1.9 and less than or equal to 2.2 and/or which has a silicon nitride-containing layer with a layer thickness of greater than or equal to 50 nm in the highly reflective region (3), preferably greater than or equal to 70 nm, particularly preferably greater than or equal to 80 nm, most preferably equal to 86 nm. 0. Optically structured element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which has a plurality of low-reflection areas (4) and high-reflection areas (3), in particular at least 10, preferably at least 20, more preferably at least 50 low-reflection areas (4) and high-reflection areas (3), in particular, are the low-reflection areas (4) and high-reflection tivbe- areas (3) arranged alternately, preferably as a stripe pattern of alternating arranged strips of highly reflective areas (3) and low-reflective areas (4). 1. Optically structured element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the double-cone reflectance difference is greater than or equal to 10% and less than or equal to 30%.

12. Optically structured element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the VIS transmission ratio is greater than or equal to 80% and less than or equal to 130%.

13. Optical system (10) comprising an optically structured element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 12, in which the carrier element (2) has a first carrier part element (2a) and a second carrier part element (2b); preferably a glass or a foil; in which the first partial carrier element (2a) is preferably arranged on the second partial carrier element (2b).

14. Optical system (10) according to claim 13, comprising a heat protection layer (13) and/or a sun protection layer (14); in which the second partial carrier element (2b) is designed as an outer glass pane with an inner side and the first partial carrier element (2a) and the heat protection layer (13) and/or the sun protection layer (14) are arranged on the inner side of the outer glass pane.

15. Use of the optically structured element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 12 for attachment to or on an optical facade element, preferably a window or other facade glazing.