EP4229126A1 - Composite material - Google Patents
Composite materialInfo
- Publication number
- EP4229126A1 EP4229126A1 EP21789700.8A EP21789700A EP4229126A1 EP 4229126 A1 EP4229126 A1 EP 4229126A1 EP 21789700 A EP21789700 A EP 21789700A EP 4229126 A1 EP4229126 A1 EP 4229126A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fibers
- composite material
- cellulosic
- material according
- short fibers
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 109
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000747 poly(lactic acid) Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000433 Lyocell Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002215 polytrimethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000008564 Boehmeria nivea Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004634 thermosetting polymer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001896 polybutyrate Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002318 adhesion promoter Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004629 polybutylene adipate terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000035 biogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 3
- CMLFRMDBDNHMRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-1,2-benzoxazine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CNOC2=C1 CMLFRMDBDNHMRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 244000043261 Hevea brasiliensis Species 0.000 description 2
- VHOQXEIFYTTXJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutylene-isoprene copolymer Chemical compound CC(C)=C.CC(=C)C=C VHOQXEIFYTTXJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000459 Nitrile rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920008262 Thermoplastic starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002988 biodegradable polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004621 biodegradable polymer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002361 compost Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009264 composting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004643 cyanate ester Substances 0.000 description 2
- JQVDAXLFBXTEQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutylamine Chemical compound CCCCNCCCC JQVDAXLFBXTEQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AUZONCFQVSMFAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N disulfiram Chemical compound CCN(CC)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(CC)CC AUZONCFQVSMFAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920003049 isoprene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003052 natural elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001194 natural rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005014 poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002961 polybutylene succinate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004631 polybutylene succinate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920009537 polybutylene succinate adipate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004630 polybutylene succinate adipate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001610 polycaprolactone Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004632 polycaprolactone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000903 polyhydroxyalkanoate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004628 starch-based polymer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 244000198134 Agave sisalana Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000907 Musa textilis Species 0.000 description 1
- LFTLOKWAGJYHHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylmorpholine N-oxide Chemical compound CN1(=O)CCOCC1 LFTLOKWAGJYHHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002292 Nylon 6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002302 Nylon 6,6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006065 biodegradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- QKSIFUGZHOUETI-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;azane Chemical compound N.N.N.N.[Cu+2] QKSIFUGZHOUETI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012262 fermentative production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003733 fiber-reinforced composite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010297 mechanical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013502 plastic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004886 process control Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
- C08J5/045—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with vegetable or animal fibrous material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
- C08L23/12—Polypropene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B9/00—Cellulose xanthate; Viscose
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
- C08J5/047—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with mixed fibrous material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L67/00—Compositions of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L67/02—Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L67/00—Compositions of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L67/04—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids, e.g. lactones
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/14—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing polymeric additives characterised by shape
- C08L2205/16—Fibres; Fibrils
Definitions
- the invention relates to a composite material which, in addition to fibers, contains at least one matrix polymer.
- Fiber-reinforced composites have found wide use as construction materials in the past few decades. Aircraft construction is a prominent example in this context. The fuselages and wings of modern large aircraft are now largely made of composite materials. However, bulk goods such as tennis rackets, skis or photo tripods are also made from composite materials because on the one hand they have a low density, but on the other hand they are mechanically extremely hard-wearing and, in particular, have high rigidity, impact strength and resilience in both tension and pressure.
- composite materials are multi-component systems that contain at least one matrix material and at least one fiber material that is chemically different.
- a material recycling of disused objects made of duromer composite materials is therefore only possible to a very limited extent, since corresponding objects i. i.e. R. crushed or thermally recycled.
- thermoplastic composite materials there is the possibility of recycling by means of forming or crushing and subsequent primary shaping.
- a separation into the components matrix polymer and fiber material is usually extremely complex, since in the production of such materials value is usually placed on a close bond between matrix polymer and fiber material that is difficult to break - optimal interface quality.
- Cellulosic fibers offer the potential to improve the CC balance of composite materials because they are fibers of natural origin.
- the composite material is characterized in that it consists of fibers and at least one matrix polymer.
- the composite material is a mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers, the cellulosic short fibers having a fiber length of less than 500 ⁇ m and the cellulosic long fibers having a fiber length of more than 1 mm.
- the information on the fiber lengths relates to the state before processing, i.e. they are the initial values when preparing the mixture.
- cellulosic short fibers should also be understood as meaning wood flour, wood particles, chips and/or fibers in any embodiment and in a wide variety of sieve sizes, as long as the fiber length is less than 500 ⁇ m during the production of the mixture .
- the at least one matrix polymer is a thermoplastic polymer such as a polyolefin such as polypropylene or polyethylene or a polyamide such as polyamide 6,6, polyamide 6, polyamide 4,10, polyamide 6,10 or polyamide 10,10 .
- Polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polylactide (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates such as polyhydroxybutyric acid and polycaprolactone are also conceivable as thermoplastic matrix polymers.
- the thermoplastic polymer can also be present as recyclate.
- Thermoplastic matrix polymers offer the advantage that discarded objects made from the fiber composite material according to the invention can be melted and given a new shape by injection molding, extrusion or casting.
- the composite material according to the invention contains a thermosetting polymer.
- curable resins in particular thermally curable resins such as epoxy, cyanate ester or benzoxazine resins, polyesters, vinyl esters.
- the composite material according to the invention contains an elastomer.
- elastomers based on nitrile rubber, isobutene-isoprene rubber, chloroprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, silicone-based rubbers or natural rubber are conceivable.
- the matrix polymers of the composite material according to the invention are biodegradable polymers.
- biodegradable is understood to mean polymers that can be composted according to the standards DIN EN 13432 or NF T51-800.
- DIN EN 13432 standard describes an industrial method of composting that takes place under conditions that do not correspond to normal environmental conditions. This makes it possible to design the composite material according to the invention in such a way that it is not attacked or only very slowly attacked under environmental conditions, but that biological degradation can take place after the end of use.
- the NF T51-800 standard describes a method of composting in home and garden compost.
- biodegradable polymers are, for example, polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA), polylactide (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates such as polyhydroxybutyric acid and polycaprolactone, thermoplastic starch (TPS) and derivatives of cellulose, e.g.
- the matrix polymers contained in the composite material according to the invention originate entirely or partially from biological sources.
- biological sources reduces the consumption of fossil raw materials such as coal, oil or natural gas and thus improves the CC balance of the composite material according to the invention.
- the production of polymers based on biogenic raw materials has made great progress in recent decades.
- biogenic raw materials such as polyethylene terephthalate based on biogenic ethylene glycol or polyamides such as polyamide 4.10, polyamide 6.10 and polyamide 10.10, which are based on sebacic acid, which can be obtained from castor oil.
- biogenic polymers that are obtained by fermentation, such as polyhydroxybutyric acid.
- the fermentative production offers the possibility of a particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly process control.
- the cellulosic long fibers of the composite material according to the invention are long fibers made from cellulose, which were obtained using regenerated processes or direct dissolving processes.
- regrind processes are understood to mean processes in which cellulose molecules are brought into a soluble form via an intermediate stage. This soluble form is pressed through nozzles into a coagulation bath, in which the cellulose molecules are reformed and a fiber of regenerated cellulose is spun from the jet of liquid.
- Corresponding processes are known per se to the person skilled in the art, the xanthogenate or viscose process being mentioned as an example.
- direct dissolving processes are understood to be processes in which cellulose molecules are dissolved by a suitable solvent, ie without a further intermediate stage. .
- the solution obtained in this way is pressed through nozzles, optionally with an air gap, into a precipitation bath in which solid cellulose is reformed from the solution.
- Corresponding processes are known per se to those skilled in the art, examples of which would be the so-called Lyocell process, in which N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide is used as a solvent, or the cupro process based on the tetramine copper complex, and processes in which cellulose molecules in ionic liquids are dissolved.
- Both the regenerated process and the direct dissolving process initially produce cellulose fibers of infinite length, which can optionally be cut to shorter lengths.
- long fibers have proven to be particularly useful, the length of which exceeds 1 mm but whose length is not greater than 20 mm. These length specifications refer to the starting material before processing. In one embodiment, the length of the fibers is no greater than 15mm.
- the composite material according to the invention contains short fibers which have been obtained by regenerated processes such as the viscose process or by direct dissolving processes such as the lyocell or cupro process or a process based on ionic liquids. Both the regenerated process and the direct dissolving process initially produce cellulose fibers of infinite length which, after cleaning and drying, can be cut to shorter lengths or ground. Short fibers whose length does not exceed 500 ⁇ m have proven particularly useful for the present invention. In one embodiment, the length of the short fibers does not exceed 400 ⁇ m. In one embodiment, the length of the short fibers does not exceed 300 ⁇ m.
- the short fibers in the composite material according to the invention can also be natural fibers such as cotton fibers, hemp fibers, ramie fibers, abaca fibers, sisal fibers, flax fibers, bagasse fibers, cellulosic fibers obtained from wood (so-called wood pulp) or mixtures thereof. If necessary, the fibers are cleaned, freed from any lignin that may be present and shortened to the required length. Short fibers whose length does not exceed 500 ⁇ m have proven particularly useful for the present invention. In one embodiment, the length of the short fibers does not exceed 400 ⁇ m. In one embodiment, the length of the short fibers does not exceed 300 ⁇ m. In one embodiment, the composite material also contains wood flour. Such a composite material has particularly well-balanced properties.
- the composite material contains a maximum of 60% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains a maximum of 50% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains a maximum of 40% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains a maximum of 30% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains a maximum of 20% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains at least 5% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains at least 10% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains at least 20% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains at least 30% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains at least 40% by mass of wood flour.
- a composite material according to the invention consists, for example, of 10% by mass of short cellulose fibers and 10% by mass of regenerated cellulose fibers. 10% by mass of wood flour, 3% by mass of adhesion promoter and 67% by mass of polypropylene.
- its flexural modulus is 2.7 GPa
- its tensile modulus is 2.9 GPa
- its tensile strength is 46 MPa
- the Charpy impact strength at 23 °C is 50 kJ/m 2
- the Charpy impact strength at -20 °C is 36 kJ/m 2
- the melt flow index is 3.5 g /10 min at 190°C, 2.16 kg.
- the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of cellulosic short fibers is at least 50%. In one embodiment, the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of cellulosic short fibers is at least 60%. In one embodiment, the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of cellulosic short fibers is at least 70%.
- the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is like this composed in such a way that the mass fraction of cellulosic short fibers is at least 80%. In one embodiment, the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of cellulosic short fibers is at least 90%.
- the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers can contain an adhesion promoter that improves adhesion between the cellulosic fibers and the matrix polymer and is thus also able to influence the mechanical properties of the composite material according to the invention.
- an adhesion promoter that improves adhesion between the cellulosic fibers and the matrix polymer and is thus also able to influence the mechanical properties of the composite material according to the invention.
- an optimal amount of adhesion promoter is used, there is strong adhesion between the matrix polymer and cellulosic fibers, resulting in a composite with comparatively high strength.
- the adhesion promoter may be a polymer grafted with maleic anhydride.
- the adhesion promoter can be a mixture of resorcinol, formaldehyde and latex, which is known to those skilled in the art under the name "RFL-Dip".
- the adhesion promoter can be one or more acrylate-based polymers.
- the composite material according to the invention is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is at most 80%. In one embodiment, the composite material is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is at most 40%. In one embodiment, the composite material is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is at most 30%. In one embodiment, the composite material is composed such that the mass fraction of the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is at most 25%.
- the composite material is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is at most 20%. In one embodiment, the composite material is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic short fibers is at most 10%.
- the invention also relates to a method for producing a composite material comprising the steps of providing a mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers, impregnating the mixture with at least one matrix polymer or at least one prepolymer and/or monomer for a matrix polymer, curing the matrix polymer by cooling, evaporating a Solvent or reaction of the prepolymer or prepolymers and / or monomers such as by heating or irradiation with light.
- impregnation is understood to mean the most complete possible penetration of the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers, during which the formation of air bubbles and vapor bubbles, which would have a negative effect on the mechanical properties of the composite material, should be avoided.
- thermoplastic matrix material is melted, mixed with the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers, both components are extruded together and shaped, for example, by injection molding.
- An object made from the composite material according to the invention is then formed in the mold by cooling.
- the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is mixed with one or more prepolymers and/or monomers for a duroplastic or elastomeric matrix polymer. In one embodiment, the mixture from cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers scattered on a prepolymer for a duroplastic or elastomeric matrix polymer.
- Suitable prepolymers for duroplastic matrix resins are liquid, thermally curable resins such as epoxy resins, cyanate ester resins or benzoxazine resins.
- suitable prepolymers for elastomeric matrix resins are vulcanizable rubbers such as nitrile rubber, isobutene-isoprene rubber, chloroprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, silicone-based rubbers or natural rubber.
- hardener components such as aliphatic or aromatic amines or vulcanization aids such as sulfur or sulphur-containing compounds such as tetraethylthiuram disulfide, but also peroxides, metal oxides or dibutylamine can be added to the prepolymer.
- aliphatic or aromatic amines or vulcanization aids such as sulfur or sulphur-containing compounds such as tetraethylthiuram disulfide, but also peroxides, metal oxides or dibutylamine can be added to the prepolymer.
- thermosetting or elastomeric matrix polymers are used, impregnation is followed by a curing or vulcanization step, in which conditions are created which allow chemical curing of the matrix polymer or the formation of an elastomeric structure.
- This can involve one or more heating steps to which the impregnated fiber material is exposed, or else one or more irradiations of the impregnated fiber material with visible light and/or ultraviolet radiation.
- the invention also relates to a component containing the composite material according to the invention.
- the component can be a semi-finished product in the form of a rod, a cylinder or a block.
- the component can be a profile part for interior fittings.
- the component can be a support for interior fittings.
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Abstract
Composite material containing fibers and at least one matrix polymer, characterized in that the composite material contains a mix of cellulose short fibers and cellulose long fibers, the cellulose short fibers having a fiber length of less than 500 µm and the cellulose long fibers having a fiber length of more than 1 mm.
Description
Verbundwerkstoff composite
Beschreibung: Description:
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Verbundwerkstoff, der neben Fasern mindestens ein Matrixpolymer enthält. The invention relates to a composite material which, in addition to fibers, contains at least one matrix polymer.
Faserverstärkte Verbundwerkstoffe haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten breite Verwendung als Werkstoffe gefunden. Als prominentes Beispiel kann in diesem Zusammenhang der Flugzeugbau gelten. Rümpfe und Tragflächen moderner Großflugzeuge bestehen inzwischen zu einem großen Teil aus Verbundwerkstoffen. Aber auch Massengüter wie Tennisschläger, Skier oder Photostative werden aus Verbundwerkstoffen gefertigt, weil sie einerseits eine niedrige Dichte aufweisen, andererseits aber mechanisch äußerst strapazierfähig sind und insbesondere eine hohe Steifigkeit, Schlagzähigkeit und Belastbarkeit auf Zug wie auf Druck aufweisen. Fiber-reinforced composites have found wide use as construction materials in the past few decades. Aircraft construction is a prominent example in this context. The fuselages and wings of modern large aircraft are now largely made of composite materials. However, bulk goods such as tennis rackets, skis or photo tripods are also made from composite materials because on the one hand they have a low density, but on the other hand they are mechanically extremely hard-wearing and, in particular, have high rigidity, impact strength and resilience in both tension and pressure.
Ein wesentlicher Schwachpunkt von Verbundwerkstoffen ist nach wie vor ihre schlechte Umweltverträglichkeit. Dies liegt zum einen im Herstellungsprozess begründet, der in der Regel sehr energieintensiv ist und gleichzeitig oft auch die Verwendung stark umweit- und gesundheitsgefährdender Stoffe erfordert. Zum anderen ist das Recycling ausgedienter Gegenstände aus Verbundwerkstoffen in der Regel nicht auf wirtschaftliche Art und Weise möglich, so dass für Abfälle aus Verbundwerkstoffen oft lediglich eine thermische Verwertung in Frage kommt, was in der Regel zu einer schlechten CO2-Bilanz entsprechender Produkte führt.
Vor diesem Hintergrund besteht die Notwendigkeit, Verbundwerkstoffe bereitzustellen, die zwar die vorteilhaften Eigenschaften herkömmlicher Verbundwerkstoffe - starke mechanische Belastbarkeit bei gleichzeitig geringer Dichte - aufweisen, deren Herstellung umweltfreundlich möglich ist und die gleichzeitig die Möglichkeit eines wirtschaftlichen Recyclings bieten. A major weakness of composite materials is still their poor environmental compatibility. On the one hand, this is due to the manufacturing process, which is usually very energy-intensive and at the same time often requires the use of substances that are extremely hazardous to the environment and health. On the other hand, the recycling of discarded objects made of composite materials is usually not possible in an economical manner, so that waste made of composite materials can often only be used thermally, which usually leads to a poor CO2 balance of corresponding products. Against this background, there is a need to provide composite materials which have the advantageous properties of conventional composite materials - high mechanical strength combined with low density - but which can be produced in an environmentally friendly manner and at the same time offer the possibility of economical recycling.
Beim Recycling werden zwei grundsätzliche Wege unterschieden: Zum einen das stoffliche Recycling bzw. die stoffliche Verwertung, wobei ein ausgedienter Gegenstand in eine neue Form gebracht und die Ausgangsmatenalien weiterverwendet werden. Dies wird insbesondere beim Recycling von Glas und Metallen häufig und sehr erfolgreich praktiziert. Eine andere, aufwändigere Möglichkeit des Recyclings ist, den zu recycelnden Gegenstand als Rohstoff zu betrachten und aus ihm neue Stoffe zu gewinnen, die dann zu gänzlich anderen Produkten verarbeitet werden können. Dies wird ansatzweise im Bereich Kunststoffrecycling praktiziert, wo Kunststoffabfälle in ihre Monomere zerlegt und die Monomere dann industriellen Prozessen zugeführt werden. Diese Vorgänge lassen sich mittels mechanischer und chemischer Verfahren umsetzen. When it comes to recycling, a distinction is made between two basic paths: On the one hand, material recycling or material recycling, whereby a worn-out object is given a new form and the starting materials are reused. This is practiced frequently and very successfully, particularly in the recycling of glass and metals. Another, more complex way of recycling is to regard the object to be recycled as a raw material and to gain new materials from it, which can then be processed into completely different products. This is practiced to some extent in the field of plastics recycling, where plastic waste is broken down into its monomers and the monomers are then fed into industrial processes. These processes can be implemented using mechanical and chemical processes.
In der Regel wird es sich bei Verbundwerkstoffen um mehrkomponentige Systeme handeln, die mindestens ein Matrixmaterial und mindestens ein chemisch davon verschiedenes Fasermaterial enthalten. Ein stoffliches Recycling ausgedienter Gegenstände aus duromeren Verbundwerkstoffen ist daher nur sehr eingeschränkt möglich, da entsprechende Gegenstände i. d. R. zerkleinert oder thermisch verwertet werden. Bei thermoplastischen Verbundwerkstoffen besteht einerseits die Möglichkeit einer Verwertung mittels Umformung oder Zerkleinerung sowie anschließender Urformung. As a rule, composite materials are multi-component systems that contain at least one matrix material and at least one fiber material that is chemically different. A material recycling of disused objects made of duromer composite materials is therefore only possible to a very limited extent, since corresponding objects i. i.e. R. crushed or thermally recycled. In the case of thermoplastic composite materials, there is the possibility of recycling by means of forming or crushing and subsequent primary shaping.
Eine Trennung in die Komponenten Matrixpolymer und Fasermaterial ist in der Regel ausgesprochen aufwändig, da bei der Herstellung entsprechender Materialien in der Regel auf eine enge, nur schlecht zu lösende Verbindung von Matrixpolymer und Fasermaterial Wert gelegt wird - optimale Grenzflächenqualität.
Cellulosische Fasern bieten das Potential die CC -Bilanz von Verbundwerkstoffen zu verbessern, da es sich um Fasern natürlichen Ursprungs handelt. A separation into the components matrix polymer and fiber material is usually extremely complex, since in the production of such materials value is usually placed on a close bond between matrix polymer and fiber material that is difficult to break - optimal interface quality. Cellulosic fibers offer the potential to improve the CC balance of composite materials because they are fibers of natural origin.
Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Defizite vom Stand der Technik, insbesondere hinsichtlich der mechanischen Eigenschaften, wie beispielsweise die Schlagzähigkeit behoben werden können. Der Verbundwerkstoff ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass er aus Fasern und mindestens einem Matrixpolymer besteht. Der Verbundwerkstoff ist ein Gemisch aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern, wobei die cellulosischen Kurzfasern eine Faserlänge von kleiner als 500 pm aufweisen und die cellulosischen Langfasern eine Faserlänge von über 1 mm aufweisen. Hierbei beziehen sich die Angaben zu den Faserlängen auf den Zustand vor der Verarbeitung, sind also die Ausgangsgrößen bei der Bereitung des Gemisches. It could be proven that the deficits of the prior art, in particular with regard to mechanical properties such as impact strength, can be remedied. The composite material is characterized in that it consists of fibers and at least one matrix polymer. The composite material is a mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers, the cellulosic short fibers having a fiber length of less than 500 μm and the cellulosic long fibers having a fiber length of more than 1 mm. The information on the fiber lengths relates to the state before processing, i.e. they are the initial values when preparing the mixture.
Unter dem Begriff „cellulosische Kurzfaser“ sollen im Rahmen der Erfindung auch Holzmehl, -partikel, -spänen oder/und -fasern in jeglicher Ausführungsform und verschiedenster Siebgrößen zu verstehen sein, solange die Faserlänge unter dem Wert von 500 pm bei der Herstellung des Gemisches liegt. In the context of the invention, the term “cellulosic short fibers” should also be understood as meaning wood flour, wood particles, chips and/or fibers in any embodiment and in a wide variety of sieve sizes, as long as the fiber length is less than 500 μm during the production of the mixture .
In einer Ausführungsform handelt es sich bei dem mindestens einen Matrixpolymer um ein thermoplastisches Polymer wie beispielsweise ein Polyolefin wie Polypropylen oder Polyethylen oder ein Polyamid wie Polyamid 6,6, Polyamid- 6, Polyamid 4,10, Polyamid 6,10 oder Polyamid 10,10. Auch Polyester wie Polyethylenterephthalat (PET), Polytrimethylenterephthalalat (PTT), Polybutylenterephthalat (PBT), Polybutylenadipatterephthalat (PBAT), Polylactid (PLA), Polyhydroxyalkanoate wie Polyhydroxybuttersäure und Polycaprolacton sind als thermoplastische Matrixpolymere denkbar. Das thermoplastische Polymer kann dabei auch als Rezyklat vorliegen. Thermoplastische Matrixpolymere bieten den Vorteil, dass sich ausgediente Gegenstände aus dem erfindungsgemäßen Faserverbundmaterial aufschmelzen und durch Spritzen, Extrudieren oder Gießen in eine neue Form bringen lassen. In one embodiment, the at least one matrix polymer is a thermoplastic polymer such as a polyolefin such as polypropylene or polyethylene or a polyamide such as polyamide 6,6, polyamide 6, polyamide 4,10, polyamide 6,10 or polyamide 10,10 . Polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polylactide (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates such as polyhydroxybutyric acid and polycaprolactone are also conceivable as thermoplastic matrix polymers. The thermoplastic polymer can also be present as recyclate. Thermoplastic matrix polymers offer the advantage that discarded objects made from the fiber composite material according to the invention can be melted and given a new shape by injection molding, extrusion or casting.
In einer Ausführungsform enthält der erfindungsgemäße Verbundwerkstoff ein duroplastisches Polymer. Denkbar sind in diesem Zusammenhang alle Arten von
härtbaren Harzen, insbesondere thermisch härtbare Harze wie beispielsweise Epoxid-, Cyanatester- oder Benzoxazinharze, Polyester, Vinylester. In one embodiment, the composite material according to the invention contains a thermosetting polymer. All kinds of are conceivable in this context curable resins, in particular thermally curable resins such as epoxy, cyanate ester or benzoxazine resins, polyesters, vinyl esters.
In einer Ausführungsform enthält der erfindungsgemäße Verbundwerkstoff ein Elastomer. Denkbar sind in diesem Zusammenhang Elastomere auf Basis von Nitrilkautschuk, Isobuten-Isopren-Kautschuk, Chloroprenkautschuk, Styrol- Butadien-Kautschuk, Ethylen-Propylen-Dienkautschuk, siliconbasierte Kautschuke oder Naturkautschuk. In one embodiment, the composite material according to the invention contains an elastomer. In this context, elastomers based on nitrile rubber, isobutene-isoprene rubber, chloroprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, silicone-based rubbers or natural rubber are conceivable.
In einer Ausführungsform handelt es sich bei den Matrixpolymeren des erfindungsgemäßen Verbundwerkstoffs um biologisch abbaubare Polymere. Unter „biologisch abbaubar“ im Sinne der vorliegenden Anmeldung werden dabei solche Polymere verstanden, die sich nach den Normen DIN EN 13432 oder NF T51-800 kompostieren lassen. Die Norm DIN EN 13432 beschreibt dabei eine industrielle Methode der Kompostierung, die unter Bedingungen erfolgt, die nicht normalen Umweltbedingungen entsprechend. Dies ermöglicht es, den erfindungsgemäßen Verbundwerkstoff so zu gestalten, dass er unter Umweltbedingungen nicht oder nur sehr langsam angegriffen wird, dass ein biologischer Abbau aber nach dem Ende der Benutzung erfolgen kann. Die Norm NF T51-800 beschreibt dabei eine Methode der Kompostierung im Heim- und Gartenkompost. Dies ermöglicht es, den erfindungsgemäßen Verbundwerkstoff so zu gestalten, dass nach Ende der Nutzungsphase ein biologischer Abbau unter Heim- und Gartenkompostbedingungen stattfindet. Mögliche biologisch abbaubare Polymere sind beispielsweise Polybutylenadipatterephthalat (PBAT), Polybutylensuccinat (PBS), Polybutylensuccinat-Adipat (PBSA), Polylactid (PLA), Polyhydroxyalkanoate wie Polyhydroxybuttersäure und Polycaprolacton, , thermoplastische Stärke (TPS) sowie Derivate der Cellulose, wie z.B. In one embodiment, the matrix polymers of the composite material according to the invention are biodegradable polymers. In the context of the present application, “biodegradable” is understood to mean polymers that can be composted according to the standards DIN EN 13432 or NF T51-800. The DIN EN 13432 standard describes an industrial method of composting that takes place under conditions that do not correspond to normal environmental conditions. This makes it possible to design the composite material according to the invention in such a way that it is not attacked or only very slowly attacked under environmental conditions, but that biological degradation can take place after the end of use. The NF T51-800 standard describes a method of composting in home and garden compost. This makes it possible to design the composite material according to the invention in such a way that biodegradation takes place under home and garden compost conditions after the end of the use phase. Possible biodegradable polymers are, for example, polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA), polylactide (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates such as polyhydroxybutyric acid and polycaprolactone, thermoplastic starch (TPS) and derivatives of cellulose, e.g.
Celluloseacetat. cellulose acetate.
In einer Ausführungsform stammen die im erfindungsgemäßen Verbundwerkstoff enthaltenen Matrixpolymere vollständig oder teilweise aus biologischen Quellen. Die Verwendung biologischer Quellen reduziert den Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe
wie Kohle, Erdöl oder Erdgas und verbessert so die CC -Bilanz des erfindungsgemäßen Verbundwerkstoffs. Die Herstellung von Polymeren auf Basis biogener Rohstoffe hat in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten große Fortschritte gemacht. Insbesondere im Bereich der Polyamide und Polyester bzw. Polyolefine existiert inzwischen eine Anzahl ganz oder teilweise biobasierter Produkte wie beispielsweise Polyethylenterephthalat basierend auf biogenem Ethylenglycol oder Polyamide wie Polyamid 4.10, Polyamid 6.10 und Polyamid 10.10, die auf Sebacinsäure basieren, welche aus Ricinusöl gewonnen werden kann. Besonders hervorzugeheben sind biogene Polymere, die auf fermentativem Weg gewonnen werden wie beispielsweise Polyhydroxybuttersäure. Die fermentative Herstellung bietet die Möglichkeit einer besonders energieeffizienten und umweltfreundlichen Prozessführung. In one embodiment, the matrix polymers contained in the composite material according to the invention originate entirely or partially from biological sources. The use of biological sources reduces the consumption of fossil raw materials such as coal, oil or natural gas and thus improves the CC balance of the composite material according to the invention. The production of polymers based on biogenic raw materials has made great progress in recent decades. Especially in the field of polyamides and polyesters or polyolefins, there are now a number of completely or partially bio-based products such as polyethylene terephthalate based on biogenic ethylene glycol or polyamides such as polyamide 4.10, polyamide 6.10 and polyamide 10.10, which are based on sebacic acid, which can be obtained from castor oil. Of particular note are biogenic polymers that are obtained by fermentation, such as polyhydroxybutyric acid. The fermentative production offers the possibility of a particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly process control.
In einer Ausführungsform handelt es sich bei den cellulosischen Langfasern des erfindungsgemäßen Verbundwerkstoffs um Langfasern aus Cellulose, die nach Regeneratverfahren oder Direktlöseverfahren gewonnen wurden. Unter Regereneratverfahren werden im Sinne der vorliegenden Anmeldung solche Verfahren verstanden, bei denen Cellulosemoleküle über eine Zwischenstufe in eine lösliche Form gebracht werden. Diese lösliche Form wird durch Düsen in ein Koagulationsbad gepresst, in der die Cellulosemoleküle zurückgebildet werden, und aus dem Flüssigkeitsstrahl so eine Faser aus regenerierter Cellulose gesponnen wird. Entsprechende Verfahren sind dem Fachmann an sich bekannt, zu nennen wäre exemplarisch das Xanthogenat- oder Viscoseverfahren. In one embodiment, the cellulosic long fibers of the composite material according to the invention are long fibers made from cellulose, which were obtained using regenerated processes or direct dissolving processes. In the context of the present application, regrind processes are understood to mean processes in which cellulose molecules are brought into a soluble form via an intermediate stage. This soluble form is pressed through nozzles into a coagulation bath, in which the cellulose molecules are reformed and a fiber of regenerated cellulose is spun from the jet of liquid. Corresponding processes are known per se to the person skilled in the art, the xanthogenate or viscose process being mentioned as an example.
Unter Direktlöseverfahren werden im Sinne der vorliegenden Anmeldung solche Verfahren verstanden, bei denen Cellulosemoleküle durch ein geeignetes Lösemittel in Lösung gebracht werden, also ohne eine weitere Zwischenstufe. . Die so erhaltene Lösung wird durch Düsen ggf. mit einem Luftspalt in ein Fällbad gepresst, in der aus der Lösung feste Cellulose zurückgebildet wird. Entsprechende Verfahren sind dem Fachmann an sich bekannt, zu nennen wären exemplarisch das sog. Lyocellverfahren, bei dem N-Methylmorpholin-N-oxid als Lösungsmittel verwendet wird oder das auf dem Tetraminkupferkomplex beruhende Cuproverfahren, sowie Verfahren, bei denen Cellulosemoleküle in
ionischen Flüssigkeiten gelöst werden. Sowohl nach Regeneratverfahren als auch nach Direktlöseverfahren entstehen zunächst Cellulosefasern unendlicher Länge, die gegebenenfalls auf kürzere Längen geschnitten werden können. Für die vorliegende Erfindung haben sich Langfasern als besonders zweckmäßig erwiesen, deren Länge 1 mm übersteigt, deren Länge aber nicht größer ist als 20 mm. Diese Längenangaben beziehen sich auf den Ausgangswerkstoff vor der Verarbeitung. In einer Ausführungsform ist die Länge der Fasern nicht größer als 15 mm. In the context of the present application, direct dissolving processes are understood to be processes in which cellulose molecules are dissolved by a suitable solvent, ie without a further intermediate stage. . The solution obtained in this way is pressed through nozzles, optionally with an air gap, into a precipitation bath in which solid cellulose is reformed from the solution. Corresponding processes are known per se to those skilled in the art, examples of which would be the so-called Lyocell process, in which N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide is used as a solvent, or the cupro process based on the tetramine copper complex, and processes in which cellulose molecules in ionic liquids are dissolved. Both the regenerated process and the direct dissolving process initially produce cellulose fibers of infinite length, which can optionally be cut to shorter lengths. For the present invention, long fibers have proven to be particularly useful, the length of which exceeds 1 mm but whose length is not greater than 20 mm. These length specifications refer to the starting material before processing. In one embodiment, the length of the fibers is no greater than 15mm.
In einer Ausführungsform enthält der erfindungsgemäße Verbundwerkstoff Kurzfasern, die nach Regeneratverfahren wie dem Viskoseverfahren oder nach Direktlöseverfahren wie dem Lyocell-, dem Cuproverfahren oder einem auf ionischen Flüssigkeiten basierenden Verfahren gewonnen wurden. Sowohl nach Regeneratverfahren als auch nach Direktlöseverfahren entstehen zunächst Cellulosefasern unendlicher Länge, die gegebenenfalls nach dem Reinigen und Trocknen, auf kürzere Längen geschnitten oder gemahlen werden können. Für die vorliegende Erfindung haben sich Kurzfasern als besonders zweckmäßig erwiesen, deren Länge 500 pm nicht übersteigt. In einer Ausführungsform übersteigt die Länge der Kurzfasern nicht 400 pm. In einer Ausführungsform übersteigt die Länge der Kurzfasern nicht 300 pm. In one embodiment, the composite material according to the invention contains short fibers which have been obtained by regenerated processes such as the viscose process or by direct dissolving processes such as the lyocell or cupro process or a process based on ionic liquids. Both the regenerated process and the direct dissolving process initially produce cellulose fibers of infinite length which, after cleaning and drying, can be cut to shorter lengths or ground. Short fibers whose length does not exceed 500 μm have proven particularly useful for the present invention. In one embodiment, the length of the short fibers does not exceed 400 µm. In one embodiment, the length of the short fibers does not exceed 300 µm.
In einer Ausführungsform kann es sich bei den Kurzfasern im erfindungsgemäßen Verbundwerkstoff auch um Naturfasern wie Baumwollfasern, Hanffasern, Ramiefasern, Abacäfasern, Sisalfasern, Flachsfasern, Bagassefasern, aus Holz gewonnene Cellulosefasern (sog. Holzzellstoff) oder Mischungen daraus handeln. Die Fasern werden bei Bedarf gereinigt, von eventuell vorhandenem Lignin befreit und auf die nötige Länge gekürzt. Für die vorliegende Erfindung haben sich Kurzfasern als besonders zweckmäßig erwiesen, deren Länge 500 pm nicht übersteigt. In einer Ausführungsform übersteigt die Länge der Kurzfasern nicht 400 pm. In einer Ausführungsform übersteigt die Länge der Kurzfasern nicht 300 pm.
In einer Ausführungsform enthält der Verbundwerkstoff zusätzlich noch Holzmehl. Ein derartiger Verbundwerkstoff weist besonders ausgewogene Eigenschaften auf. In one embodiment, the short fibers in the composite material according to the invention can also be natural fibers such as cotton fibers, hemp fibers, ramie fibers, abaca fibers, sisal fibers, flax fibers, bagasse fibers, cellulosic fibers obtained from wood (so-called wood pulp) or mixtures thereof. If necessary, the fibers are cleaned, freed from any lignin that may be present and shortened to the required length. Short fibers whose length does not exceed 500 μm have proven particularly useful for the present invention. In one embodiment, the length of the short fibers does not exceed 400 µm. In one embodiment, the length of the short fibers does not exceed 300 µm. In one embodiment, the composite material also contains wood flour. Such a composite material has particularly well-balanced properties.
In einer Ausführung enthält der Verbundwerkstoff maximal 60 Massen %-Holzmehl. In einer Ausführung enthält der Verbundwerkstoff maximal 50 Massen-% Holzmehl. In einer Ausführung enthält der Verbundwerkstoff maximal 40 Massen-% Holzmehl. In einer Ausführung enthält der Verbundwerkstoff maximal 30 Massen-% Holzmehl. In einer Ausführung enthält der Verbundwerkstoff maximal 20 Massen-% Holzmehl. In einer Ausführung enthält der Verbundwerkstoff mindestens 5 Massen-% Holzmehl. In einer Ausführung enthält der Verbundwerkstoff mindestens 10 Massen-% Holzmehl. In einer Ausführung enthält der Verbundwerkstoff mindestens 20 Massen-% Holzmehl. In einer Ausführung enthält der Verbundwerkstoff mindestens 30 Massen-% Holzmehl. In einer Ausführung enthält der Verbundwerkstoff mindestens 40 Massen-% Holzmehl. In one embodiment, the composite material contains a maximum of 60% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains a maximum of 50% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains a maximum of 40% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains a maximum of 30% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains a maximum of 20% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains at least 5% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains at least 10% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains at least 20% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains at least 30% by mass of wood flour. In one embodiment, the composite material contains at least 40% by mass of wood flour.
Ein erfindungsgemäßer Verbundwerkstoff ist beispielsweise aus 10 Massen-% Cellulosekurzfasern, 10 Massen-% Celluloseregeneratfasern. 10 Massen-% Holzmehl, 3 Massen-% Haftvermittler und 67 Massen-% Polypropylene zusammengesetzt. Sein Biegemodul beträgt beispielsweise 2.7 GPa, sein Zugmodul 2.9 GPa, seine Zugfestigkeit 46 MPa, die Charpy-Schlagzähigkeit bei 23 °C 50 kJ/m2, die Charpy-Schlagzähigkeit bei -20 °C 36 kJ/m2 Der Schmelzflussindex beträgt 3.5 g/10 min bei 190 °C, 2,16 kg. A composite material according to the invention consists, for example, of 10% by mass of short cellulose fibers and 10% by mass of regenerated cellulose fibers. 10% by mass of wood flour, 3% by mass of adhesion promoter and 67% by mass of polypropylene. For example, its flexural modulus is 2.7 GPa, its tensile modulus is 2.9 GPa, its tensile strength is 46 MPa, the Charpy impact strength at 23 °C is 50 kJ/m 2 , the Charpy impact strength at -20 °C is 36 kJ/m 2 The melt flow index is 3.5 g /10 min at 190°C, 2.16 kg.
Das Gemisch aus cellulosischen Kurzfasen und cellulosischen Langfasern ist so zusammengesetzt, dass der Massenanteil an cellulosischen Kurzfasern mindestens 50 % beträgt. In einer Ausführungsform ist das Gemisch aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern so zusammengesetzt, dass der Massenanteil an cellulosischen Kurzfasern mindestens 60 % beträgt. In einer Ausführungsform ist das Gemisch aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern so zusammengesetzt, dass der Massenanteil an cellulosischen Kurzfasern mindestens 70 % beträgt. In einer Ausführungsform ist das Gemisch aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern so
zusammengesetzt, dass der Massenanteil an cellulosischen Kurzfasern mindestens 80 % beträgt. In einer Ausführungsform ist das Gemisch aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern so zusammengesetzt, dass der Massenanteil an cellulosischen Kurzfasern mindestens 90 % beträgt. The mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of cellulosic short fibers is at least 50%. In one embodiment, the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of cellulosic short fibers is at least 60%. In one embodiment, the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of cellulosic short fibers is at least 70%. In one embodiment, the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is like this composed in such a way that the mass fraction of cellulosic short fibers is at least 80%. In one embodiment, the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of cellulosic short fibers is at least 90%.
In Abhängigkeit vom verwendeten Matrixpolymer kann das Gemisch aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern einen Haftvermittler enthalten, der die Haftung zwischen den cellulosischen Fasern und dem Matrixpolymer verbessert und so auch in der Lage ist, die mechanischen Eigenschaften des erfindungsgemäßen Verbundwerkstoffs zu beeinflussen. Wird eine optimale Menge Haftvermittler verwendet, so kommt es zu einer starken Haftung zwischen Matrixpolymer und cellulosischen Fasern, was zu einem Verbundwerkstoff mit vergleichsweise hoher Festigkeit führt. Wird dagegen eine zu geringe Menge Haftvermittler eingesetzt, entsteht ein Verbundwerkstoff von geringerer Festigkeit aber größerer Duktilität und somit größerer Schlagzähigkeit. In einer Ausführungsform kann es sich bei dem Haftvermittler um mit Maleinsäureanhydrid gepfropftes Polymer handeln. In einer Ausführungsform kann es sich bei dem Haftvermittler um eine Mischung aus Resorcin, Formaldehyd und Latex, die dem Fachmann unter dem Namen „RFL-Dip“ bekannt ist, handeln. In einer Ausführungsform kann es sich bei dem Haftvermittler um ein und mehrere acrylatbasierte Polymere handeln. Depending on the matrix polymer used, the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers can contain an adhesion promoter that improves adhesion between the cellulosic fibers and the matrix polymer and is thus also able to influence the mechanical properties of the composite material according to the invention. When an optimal amount of adhesion promoter is used, there is strong adhesion between the matrix polymer and cellulosic fibers, resulting in a composite with comparatively high strength. On the other hand, if too little adhesion promoter is used, the result is a composite material with lower strength but greater ductility and therefore greater impact strength. In one embodiment, the adhesion promoter may be a polymer grafted with maleic anhydride. In one embodiment, the adhesion promoter can be a mixture of resorcinol, formaldehyde and latex, which is known to those skilled in the art under the name "RFL-Dip". In one embodiment, the adhesion promoter can be one or more acrylate-based polymers.
Der erfindungsgemäße Verbundwerkstoff ist so zusammengesetzt, dass der Massenanteil des Gemisches aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern höchstens 80 % beträgt. In einer Ausführungsform ist der Verbundwerkstoff so zusammengesetzt, dass der Massenanteil des Gemisches aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern höchstens 40 % beträgt. In einer Ausführungsform ist der Verbundwerkstoff so zusammengesetzt, dass der Massenanteil des Gemisches aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern höchstens 30 % beträgt. In einer Ausführungsform ist der Verbundwerkstoff so zusammengesetzt, dass der Massenanteil des
Gemisches aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern höchstens 25 % beträgt. In einer Ausführungsform ist der Verbundwerkstoff so zusammengesetzt, dass der Massenanteil des Gemisches aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern höchstens 20 % beträgt. In einer Ausführungsform ist der Verbundwerkstoff so zusammengesetzt, dass der Massenanteil des Gemisches aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Kurzfasern höchstens 10 % beträgt. The composite material according to the invention is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is at most 80%. In one embodiment, the composite material is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is at most 40%. In one embodiment, the composite material is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is at most 30%. In one embodiment, the composite material is composed such that the mass fraction of the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is at most 25%. In one embodiment, the composite material is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is at most 20%. In one embodiment, the composite material is composed in such a way that the mass fraction of the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic short fibers is at most 10%.
Die Erfindung betrifft außerdem ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Verbundwerkstoffs beinhaltend die Schritte Vorlegen eines Gemisches aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern, Imprägnieren des Gemisches mit mindestens einem Matrixpolymer oder mindestens einem Präpolymer und/oder Monomer für ein Matrixpolymer, Aushärten des Matrixpolymers durch Abkühlen, Verdampfen eines Lösungsmittels oder Ausreagieren des oder der Präpolymere und/oder Monomere wie beispielsweise durch Erwärmen oder Bestrahlen mit Licht. The invention also relates to a method for producing a composite material comprising the steps of providing a mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers, impregnating the mixture with at least one matrix polymer or at least one prepolymer and/or monomer for a matrix polymer, curing the matrix polymer by cooling, evaporating a Solvent or reaction of the prepolymer or prepolymers and / or monomers such as by heating or irradiation with light.
Unter „Imprägnierung“ wird im Sinne der vorliegenden Anmeldung eine möglichst vollständige Durchdringung des Gemisches aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern verstanden, bei der die Ausbildung von Luftblasen und Dampfblasen, die sich negativ auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften des Verbundwerkstoffs auswirken würden, vermieden werden sollte. In the context of the present application, "impregnation" is understood to mean the most complete possible penetration of the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers, during which the formation of air bubbles and vapor bubbles, which would have a negative effect on the mechanical properties of the composite material, should be avoided.
In einer Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird das thermoplastische Matrixmaterial aufgeschmolzen, mit dem Gemisch aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern vermischt, beide Komponenten gemeinsam extrudiert und zum Beispiel durch Spritzgießen in Form gebracht. Ein Gegenstand aus dem erfindungsgemäßen Verbundwerkstoff entsteht dann in der Form durch Abkühlen. In one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the thermoplastic matrix material is melted, mixed with the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers, both components are extruded together and shaped, for example, by injection molding. An object made from the composite material according to the invention is then formed in the mold by cooling.
In einer Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird das Gemisch aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern mit einem oder mehreren Präpolymeren und/oder Monomeren für ein duroplastisches oder elastomeres Matrixpolymer vermengt. In einer Ausführungsform wird das Gemisch
aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern auf ein Präpolymer für ein duroplastisches oder elastomeres Matrixpolymer aufgestreut. In one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers is mixed with one or more prepolymers and/or monomers for a duroplastic or elastomeric matrix polymer. In one embodiment, the mixture from cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers scattered on a prepolymer for a duroplastic or elastomeric matrix polymer.
Als Präpolymere für duroplastische Matrixharze kommen dabei zum Beispiel flüssige, thermisch härtbare Harze wie Epoxidharze, Cyanatesterharze oder Benzoxazinharze in Betracht. Als Präpolymere für elastomere Matrixharze eignen sich beispielsweise vulkanisierbare Kautschuke wie Nitrilkautschuk, Isobuten- Isopren-Kautschuk, Chloroprenkautschuk, Styrol-Butadien-Kautschuk, Etylen- Propylen-Dienkautschuk, siliconbasierte Kautschuke oder Naturkautschuk. Gegebenenfalls können Härterkomponenten wie aliphatische oder aromatische Amine oder Vulkanisierhilfsmittel wie zum Beispiel Schwefel oder schwefelhaltige Verbindungen wie Tetraethylthiuramdisulfid aber auch Peroxide, Metalloxide oder Dibutylamin dem Präpolymer beigemischt werden. Examples of suitable prepolymers for duroplastic matrix resins are liquid, thermally curable resins such as epoxy resins, cyanate ester resins or benzoxazine resins. Examples of suitable prepolymers for elastomeric matrix resins are vulcanizable rubbers such as nitrile rubber, isobutene-isoprene rubber, chloroprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, silicone-based rubbers or natural rubber. Optionally, hardener components such as aliphatic or aromatic amines or vulcanization aids such as sulfur or sulphur-containing compounds such as tetraethylthiuram disulfide, but also peroxides, metal oxides or dibutylamine can be added to the prepolymer.
Werden duroplastische oder elastomere Matrixpolymere verwendet, schließt sich an die Imprägnierung ein Aushärtungs- oder ein Vulkanisationsschritt an, bei dem Bedingungen erzeugt werden, die ein chemisches Aushärten des Matrixpolymers bzw. die Bildung einer Elastomerstruktur ermöglichen. Dabei kann es sich um einen oder mehrere Heizschritte handeln, denen das imprägnierte Fasermaterial ausgesetzt wird oder auch einen oder mehrere Bestrahlungen des imprägnierten Fasermaterials mit sichtbarem Licht und/oder ultravioletter Strahlung. If thermosetting or elastomeric matrix polymers are used, impregnation is followed by a curing or vulcanization step, in which conditions are created which allow chemical curing of the matrix polymer or the formation of an elastomeric structure. This can involve one or more heating steps to which the impregnated fiber material is exposed, or else one or more irradiations of the impregnated fiber material with visible light and/or ultraviolet radiation.
Die Erfindung betrifft außerdem ein Bauteil beinhaltend den erfindungsgemäßen Verbundwerkstoff. In einer Ausführungsform kann es sich bei dem Bauteil um ein Halbzeug in Form einer Stange, eines Zylinders oder eines Blocks handeln. In einer Ausführungsform kann es sich bei dem Bauteil um ein Profilteil für den Innenausbau handeln. In einer Ausführungsform kann es sich bei dem Bauteil um einen Träger für den Innenausbau handeln.
The invention also relates to a component containing the composite material according to the invention. In one embodiment, the component can be a semi-finished product in the form of a rod, a cylinder or a block. In one embodiment, the component can be a profile part for interior fittings. In one embodiment, the component can be a support for interior fittings.
Claims
1 . Verbundwerkstoff enthaltend Fasern und mindestens ein Matrixpolymer dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Verbundwerkstoff ein Gemisch aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern enthält, wobei die cellulosischen Kurzfasern eine Faserlänge von kleiner als 500 pm aufweisen und die cellulosischen Langfasern eine Faserlänge von über 1 mm aufweisen, wobei sichdie Faserlängen jeweils auf den Ausgangszustand vor der Verarbeitung beziehen. 1 . Composite material containing fibers and at least one matrix polymer, characterized in that the composite material contains a mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers, the cellulosic short fibers having a fiber length of less than 500 μm and the cellulosic long fibers having a fiber length of more than 1 mm, the fiber lengths in each case refer to the initial state before processing.
2. Verbundwerkstoff nach Anspruch 1 , wobei es sich bei dem mindestens einen Matrixpolymer um ein thermoplastisches Polymer, bevorzugt Polyolefin, Polyamid, Polylactid, PBAT, PBT oder PTT handelt. 2. Composite material according to claim 1, wherein the at least one matrix polymer is a thermoplastic polymer, preferably polyolefin, polyamide, polylactide, PBAT, PBT or PTT.
3. Verbundwerkstoff nach einem oder mehreren der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei der Verbundwerkstoff ein duroplastisches Polymer enthält. 3. Composite material according to one or more of the preceding claims, wherein the composite material contains a thermosetting polymer.
4. Verbundwerkstoff nach einem oder mehreren der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei der Verbundwerkstoff ein Elastomer enthält. 4. Composite material according to one or more of the preceding claims, wherein the composite material contains an elastomer.
5. Verbundwerkstoff nach einem oder mehreren der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei die enthaltenen Matrixpolymere vollständig nach DIN EN 13432 oder NF T51 -800 abbaubar sind. 5. Composite material according to one or more of the preceding claims, wherein the matrix polymers contained are completely degradable according to DIN EN 13432 or NF T51 -800.
6. Verbundwerkstoff nach einem oder mehreren der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei die Matrixpolymere vollständig oder teilweise aus biologischen Quellen stammen. 6. Composite material according to one or more of the preceding claims, wherein the matrix polymers originate completely or partially from biological sources.
7. Verbundwerkstoff nach einem oder mehreren der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei es sich bei den Langfasern um Langfasern aus Cellulose handelt, die
nach Regeneratverfahren insbesondere dem Viskoseverfahren, oder nach Direktlöseverfahren, insbesondere dem Lyocell-,dem Cuproverfahren oder Ionischen Flüssigkeiten gewonnen wurden. 7. The composite material according to one or more of the preceding claims, wherein the long fibers are long fibers made of cellulose were obtained by the regenerated process, in particular the viscose process, or by the direct dissolving process, in particular the lyocell process, the cupro process or ionic liquids.
8. Verbundwerkstoff nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei die Kurzfasern nach Regeneratverfahren, insbesondere dem Viskoseverfahren, oder nach Direktlöseverfahren, insbesondere dem Lyocell-, dem Cuproverfahren oder Ionischen Flüssigkeiten, gewonnen wurden. 8. Composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the short fibers were obtained by a regenerated process, in particular the viscose process, or by a direct dissolving process, in particular the lyocell process, the cupro process or ionic liquids.
9. Verbundwerkstoff nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei es sich bei den Langfasern oder Kurzfasern um Naturfasern, insbesondere Baumwollfasern, Hanffasern, Ramiefasern und Bagassefasern, oder aus Holz gewonnene Cellulosefasern wie Holzmehl handelt. 9. Composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the long fibers or short fibers are natural fibers, in particular cotton fibers, hemp fibers, ramie fibers and bagasse fibers, or cellulose fibers obtained from wood, such as wood flour.
10. Verbundwerkstoff nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, wobei der Verbundwerkstoff neben den cellulosischen Kurzfasern und Langfasern zusätzlich Holzmehl , -partikel, -späne oder/und -fasern verschiedenster Siebgrößen in jeglicher Ausführungsform bzw. Siebgrößenverteilung, enthält. 10. Composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the composite material contains, in addition to the cellulosic short fibers and long fibers, wood flour, particles, shavings and/or fibers of the most varied sieve sizes in any embodiment or sieve size distribution.
11 .Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Verbundwerkstoffs nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, beinhaltend die Schritte Vorlegen eines Gemisches aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern, Imprägnieren des Gemisches aus cellulosischen Kurzfasern und cellulosischen Langfasern mit mindestens einem Matrixpolymer oder mindestens einem Präpolymer und/oder Monomer für ein Matrixpolymer, Aushärten des Matrixpolymers durch Abkühlen, Verdampfen eines Lösungsmittels oder Ausreagieren des oder der Präpolymere und/oder Monomere. 11 .A method for producing a composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 10, including the steps of presenting a mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers, impregnating the mixture of cellulosic short fibers and cellulosic long fibers with at least one matrix polymer or at least one prepolymer and/or monomer for a matrix polymer, curing the matrix polymer by cooling, evaporating a solvent, or reacting the prepolymer(s) and/or monomer(s) to completion.
12. Ein Bauteil beinhaltend einen Verbundwerkstoff nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 11 .
12. A component containing a composite material according to one or more of claims 1 to 11.
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