EP4226392A1 - Procédé de fabrication d'un composant de réacteur nucléaire revêtu muni d'un marquage - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication d'un composant de réacteur nucléaire revêtu muni d'un marquageInfo
- Publication number
- EP4226392A1 EP4226392A1 EP21786875.1A EP21786875A EP4226392A1 EP 4226392 A1 EP4226392 A1 EP 4226392A1 EP 21786875 A EP21786875 A EP 21786875A EP 4226392 A1 EP4226392 A1 EP 4226392A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- coating
- pattern
- marking
- manufacturing process
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/02—Fuel elements
- G21C3/04—Constructional details
- G21C3/06—Casings; Jackets
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
- G06K19/06037—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking multi-dimensional coding
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C17/00—Monitoring; Testing ; Maintaining
- G21C17/06—Devices or arrangements for monitoring or testing fuel or fuel elements outside the reactor core, e.g. for burn-up, for contamination
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C21/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted to the manufacture of reactors or parts thereof
- G21C21/02—Manufacture of fuel elements or breeder elements contained in non-active casings
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of the manufacture of nuclear reactor components, and in particular of nuclear fuel rods.
- a nuclear fuel assembly intended for use in a nuclear reactor generally comprises a bundle of nuclear fuel rods, each nuclear fuel rod comprising a sheath containing nuclear fuel, the sheath being formed of a tube closed at each of its two ends with a plug.
- the cladding tube of a nuclear fuel rod may be formed from a tubular substrate whose outer surface is covered with a coating intended to protect the substrate from the particularly aggressive environment inside a nuclear reactor. .
- the coloration produced by laser marking is generally accompanied by oxidation of the substrate, which can lead to a weakening of the substrate, and therefore of the nuclear fuel rod.
- a protective coating masks the marking made by coloring the substrate when the coating then applied to the substrate is non-transparent, as is the case for example of a metallic coating.
- One of the aims of the invention is to propose a method for manufacturing a nuclear reactor component provided with a marking, for example of a nuclear fuel rod, which is easy to implement while making it possible to ensure reliable and easy traceability.
- the invention proposes a process for manufacturing a nuclear reactor component comprising a substrate and a coating covering a surface of the substrate, the manufacturing process comprising the laser marking of a pattern on the surface of the substrate, the marking being carried out in such a way as to form recessed reliefs drawing the pattern in the surface of the substrate, then the application of the coating on the surface of the substrate, over the pattern.
- the manufacturing method includes one or more of the following optional features:
- the marking is carried out in such a way that the pattern is readable before and after application of the coating;
- the recessed reliefs drawing the pattern have a depth of less than 5 ⁇ m;
- the pattern comprises at least a series of lines drawing a readable identification code, each line being formed of a plurality of dots and/or lines;
- the pattern comprises at least one code, for example a bar code, a matrix code and/or an alphanumeric code;
- the laser marking is carried out by pulses, preferably with a pulse frequency between 5 kHz and 2 MHz, a power between 18 W and 22 W, a pulse width between 200x10 -15 s and 50x10 -12 s and/or a scanning speed of between 200 mm/s and 2000 mm/s, so as to achieve sufficient topographic contrast to ensure the legibility of the pattern before and after application of the coating;
- the substrate is metallic
- the substrate is made of a material based on zirconium
- the coating is metallic or is an oxide
- the coating is made of a chromium-based material
- the coating is made of an oxide, for example an oxide of the ZrOs or Crus type;
- the nuclear reactor component is a tube, the substrate having a tubular shape and the surface marked with the pattern and covered by the coating being the external surface of the tubular-shaped substrate;
- the nuclear reactor component is a cladding tube, for example a nuclear fuel rod cladding tube or a control rod cladding tube.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a step of marking a surface of a substrate of a nuclear reactor component carried out during a process for manufacturing this nuclear reactor component
- FIG. 2 illustrates a step of automatic reading of the marking carried out during the manufacturing process
- FIG. 3 illustrates a step of applying a coating to the marked substrate, carried out during the manufacturing process
- FIG. 4 illustrates a step of automatic reading of the marking carried out during the manufacturing process
- FIG. 5 illustrates a portion of the marking made during the marking step in front view
- FIG. 6 illustrates a surface profile of the marked surface, taken along the line V - V in Figure 5;
- FIG. 7 is a sectional view of a nuclear fuel rod having a sheath tube obtained according to the manufacturing process illustrated in Figures 1 to 4.
- Figures 1 to 4 illustrate a process for manufacturing a nuclear reactor component 2 comprising a substrate 4 provided with a coating 8, the process successively comprising:
- a laser marking step of the substrate 4 comprising the marking of a pattern 6 on a surface 4A of the substrate 4 (FIG. 1),
- a step of automatic reading of the pattern 6 after application of the coating 8 (FIG. 4).
- the marking of the pattern 6 and the application of the coating 8 are carried out in such a way that the pattern 6 is readable, preferably automatically, before the application of the coating 8 ( Figure 2) and after the application of the coating 8 ( Figure 4).
- the pattern 6 is for example an individual identification code making it possible to ensure the traceability of the nuclear component 2.
- the pattern 6 marked on the substrate 4 before application of the coating 8 is readable before application of the coating 8 to identify the substrate 4 uncoated, and after application of coating 8 to identify substrate 4 once it has been coated with coating 8.
- the marking of the pattern 6 is carried out in such a way that the marking locally increases the roughness of the surface 4A of the substrate 4.
- the marking is made in such a way that the pattern 6 is in the form of recessed reliefs 10, and optionally projecting reliefs 12, formed on the surface 4A of the substrate 4.
- the marking is therefore carried out in such a way that the pattern 6 is readable before and after the application of the coating 8 by topographic contrast.
- topographic contrast means that the recessed reliefs 10, and optionally the protruding reliefs 12, generated by the marking have surfaces which have different orientations which cause differences in contrast, which allows the reading of the pattern 6 , in particular by automatic reading.
- the substrate 4 is for example a metallic substrate, i.e. a substrate 4 made of a metallic material.
- the substrate 4 is for example made of a material based on zirconium.
- a zirconium-based material means a pure zirconium material or a zirconium-based alloy.
- a pure zirconium material is a material comprising, by weight, at least 99% zirconium.
- a zirconium-based alloy is an alloy comprising, by weight, at least 95% zirconium.
- the zirconium-based material of the substrate 6 is a zirconium-based alloy containing, by weight, from 0.8 to 1.8% niobium, from 0.2 to 0.6% tin and 0.02 to 0.4% iron, the rest being made up of zirconium and the inevitable impurities.
- the substrate 4 is for example of tubular shape, the surface 4A marked during the marking step being the external surface of the substrate 4 of tubular shape.
- the substrate 4 can have another shape, for example a plate shape.
- the marking step (FIG. 1) is carried out automatically, using a laser marking machine 14 comprising a laser 16 capable of generating a laser beam 18 directed onto the surface 4A on which the pattern must be marked. 6.
- the laser marking machine 14 is configured to move the laser beam 18 relative to the substrate 4 so as to mark the surface 4A by forming the pattern 6.
- the laser marking machine 14 is for example configured to move the laser beam 18, the substrate 4 remaining stationary, or to move the substrate 4, the laser beam 18 remaining stationary, or to move both the laser beam 18 and the substrate 4, by moving them relative to each other.
- the laser marking is carried out by pulses with a pulse frequency and parameters defined so as to achieve sufficient topographic contrast to ensure the legibility of the pattern 6, preferably automatically, before and after application of the coating 8.
- the laser marking is carried out with a pulse frequency between 5 kHz and 2 MHz, a laser power between 18W and 22W, a pulse width between 200x10 -15 s and 50x10 -12 s and/or a scanning speed between 200 mm/s and 2000 mm/s.
- Respecting each of these parameters, a fortiori when they are taken in combination, makes it possible to produce an appropriate marking, by forming recessed and/or projecting reliefs allowing the reading of the marking before the application of the coating 8 and after coating application 8.
- the pattern 6 is for example an individual identification code, i.e. is a unique code making it possible to individually identify the substrate 4, distinguishing it from other substrates.
- the laser marking machine 14 is configured to mark a specific code on each substrate 4, the code being different from one substrate to another.
- the pattern 6 comprises for example a bar code, a matrix code and/or an alphanumeric code.
- a matrix code is for example a QR code.
- the pattern 6 comprises a bar code, i.e. a code formed from a plurality of parallel bars.
- the coding results from the number of bars, the width of the bars and/or the spacing between the bars.
- each line 20 is for example a continuous line or a line formed by an alignment of dots and/or dashes, in particular a line formed by an alignment of dots 22, as illustrated in Figure 5.
- a line 20 formed from an alignment of dots 22 is for example formed by generating a laser beam 18 by pulses, each dot 22 being formed by a respective pulse, the laser beam 18 being moved relative to the substrate 4 to form the dot 22 next with the next pulse.
- the marking of lines 20 formed by alignment of points 22 makes it possible to control the marking of the substrate 4, and in particular to control the depth of the recessed reliefs generated by the marking and the height of any protruding reliefs generated by the marking.
- the invention makes it possible to produce a line 20 formed by an alignment of points 22 so as to produce the lines or characters of the necessary thicknesses and widths as described above.
- each bar 23 is defined by a line 20 defining a narrow bar 23 or several adjacent lines 20 defining a wide bar. The more lines 23 the bar 23 comprises, the wider the bar 23 is.
- Figure 5 In Figure 5 are shown, from left to right, a wide bar 23 formed by three lines 20, a thin bar 23 formed by one line 20, a wide bar 23 formed by three lines 20 and a medium bar 23 formed by two lines 20.
- Figure 6 is a surface profile of the surface 4A along the line V - V in Figure 5, the profile indicating the abscissa the depth / height of the recessed reliefs / projection.
- the marking is made in such a way as to generate recessed reliefs 10 having for example a depth of less than 5 ⁇ m.
- the marking is made in such a way as to generate recessed reliefs 10 of a depth adapted to the thickness of the coating 8 which will be applied subsequently.
- the depth of the reliefs of the substrate is taken relative to the surface 4A in a zone not affected by the marking.
- projecting reliefs 12 generated by the marking have a height of less than 10 ⁇ m.
- the protruding reliefs 12 are generated by the material which was present at the location of the recessed reliefs 10.
- the marking of a recessed relief can generate raised reliefs that are less extensive than the recessed relief but having a greater height than the depth of the recessed relief.
- protruding reliefs having a greater height than the depth of the recessed reliefs is not a problem, in particular for the resistance of the substrate 4.
- each point 22 has a central zone formed by a central recessed relief 10 and optionally a peripheral zone formed by an annular protruding relief 12 surrounding the central zone.
- Each point 22 may also optionally comprise an additional projecting relief 12 substantially at the center of the central zone, as illustrated in dotted lines in Figure 6.
- the marking is carried out in such a way as to generate recessed reliefs having a depth greater than the roughness of the surface 4A of the substrate 4 before the marking and/or protruding reliefs having a height greater than the roughness of the surface 4A of the substrate 4 before marking.
- the area of surface 4A of substrate 4 bearing pattern 6 has a higher roughness than the rest of surface 4A of substrate 4.
- the surface 4A has a roughness of between 0.1 and 0.3 microns before marking.
- the measurement is carried out, for example, using a roughness meter or a profilometer.
- the coating application step ( Figure 3) is performed automatically using a coating application machine (not shown).
- coating 8 has a thickness of between 5 ⁇ m and 25 ⁇ m.
- the coating 8 is for example made of a chromium-based material.
- a chromium material means a pure chromium material or a chromium alloy.
- a pure chromium material is a material comprising, by weight, at least 99% chromium.
- a chromium-based alloy is an alloy comprising, by weight, at least 85% chromium.
- the chromium-based material is a chromium-based alloy chosen from: a binary chromium-aluminum alloy (CrAI), a binary chromium-nitrogen alloy (CrN) and a binary chromium-titanium alloy (CrTi ).
- the topographic contrast produced on the substrate 4 must be sufficient for the application of a coating 8 (for example by physical vapor deposition, in particular by physical vapor deposition by sputtering, and even more in particular by sputtering cathodic magnetron) makes it possible to maintain the contrast necessary for reading pattern 6.
- a coating 8 for example by physical vapor deposition, in particular by physical vapor deposition by sputtering, and even more in particular by sputtering cathodic magnetron
- the free surface 8A of the coating 8 has recessed reliefs 10 to the right, corresponding recessed reliefs 10A, and, if necessary, to the right of the projecting reliefs 12, corresponding protruding reliefs 12A.
- the pattern 6 remains legible after the application of the coating 8.
- Each automatic reading step (FIGS. 2 and 4) is carried out for example using an automatic reading machine 24 comprising a read head 26 and a data processing unit 28 configured to read the pattern 6, in particular to decode pattern 6 when it is a code.
- the reading head 26 is for example an image capture device, such as a still camera or a video camera, in which case the data processing unit 28 is configured to read the pattern 6 by image analysis.
- the read head 24 is a scanner.
- Reading pattern 6 after the marking step makes it possible to ensure that pattern 6 is readable before continuing with the manufacturing process and/or to ensure the traceability of the component after marking.
- Reading the pattern 6 before the step of applying the coating 8 makes it possible to identify the substrate 4 before applying the coating 8.
- the manufacturing method comprises an automatic reading step carried out at the end of the marking step to ensure that the pattern 6 is readable, before storing the marked substrate and/or transferring it to the coating application machine, and an automatic reading step carried out before the entry of the marked substrate 4 into the coating application machine 8 to identify the substrate 4 before applying the coating 8 and ensure traceability to the course of the manufacturing process.
- Reading the pattern 6 after the step of applying the coating 8 makes it possible to ensure that the pattern 6 is readable after the deposition of the coating 8, before continuing the manufacturing process and/or ensuring the traceability of the substrate 4 of the nuclear reactor component 2 after the application of the coating 8 when the pattern 6, for example an individual identification code, makes it possible to ensure traceability.
- a single marking operation is necessary and allows the reading of pattern 6 before and after the application of the coating.
- the marking operation does not negatively affect the substrate 4 of the nuclear reactor component, and therefore does not affect the structural strength of this nuclear reactor component.
- the invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments mentioned above, other exemplary embodiments being possible.
- the substrate 4 is metallic, in particular made from a material based on zirconium
- the coating 8 is metallic, in particular made from a material based on chromium.
- the substrate 4 can be made of a non-metallic material, for example of a composite material comprising a matrix reinforced with fibers, for example with carbon fibers.
- the coating 8 is made of a non-metallic material, in particular an oxide, for example an oxide of the ZrOs, CrOs, etc. type.
- An oxide can provide effective protection, especially on a metallic substrate.
- the nuclear fuel rod 30 is intended for example to be used in a light water reactor, in particular a pressurized water reactor (or PWR for "Pressurized Water Reactor”) or a boiling water reactor (or BWR for “Boiling Water Reactor”), a “VVER” type reactor, an “RMBK” type reactor or a CANDU type heavy water reactor.
- the nuclear fuel rod 32 has the shape of an elongated rod along a central axis A.
- the nuclear fuel rod 32 includes a sheath 34 containing nuclear fuel.
- the sheath 34 comprises a tube 36 each of its ends by a plug 38 welded to the tube 36.
- the tube 36 extends along the central axis A of the nuclear fuel rod 32.
- the tube 36 is a nuclear reactor component made according to the manufacturing process illustrated in Figures 1 to 6.
- the tube 36 thus comprises a tubular substrate 4 covered with a coating 8, the substrate 4 being marked with the pattern 6 before applying the coating 8, the coating 8 then being applied by covering the pattern 6, the pattern 6 remaining readable after application of coating 8.
- the process for manufacturing the nuclear fuel rod 32 comprises, for example, the manufacture of the tube 36 provided with its pattern 6 according to the manufacturing process illustrated by Figures 1 to 6, then the insertion of the nuclear fuel inside the tube 36 and closing tube 36 with plugs 38.
- the nuclear reactor component is not necessarily a nuclear fuel rod sheath tube. It is possible to craft other nuclear reactor components.
- a control rod sheath tube is intended to be inserted into the core of the nuclear reactor to control the reactivity of the core.
- a control rod differs from a nuclear fuel rod in particular in that it contains neutron-absorbing material instead of containing nuclear fuel.
- the reactor component need not be tubular. It can take another form.
- a plate-shaped nuclear reactor component is for example a plate of a nuclear fuel sheath to form a plate-shaped nuclear fuel element comprising nuclear fuel sandwiched between two sheath plates.
- a nuclear fuel element is for example used in experimental nuclear reactors.
- Pattern 6 is not necessarily a code, in particular an individual identification code. Pattern 6 can be a simple trade mark or a product type identification code.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2010145A FR3114770B1 (fr) | 2020-10-05 | 2020-10-05 | Procédé de fabrication d’un composant de réacteur nucléaire revêtu muni d’un marquage |
| PCT/EP2021/077226 WO2022073896A1 (fr) | 2020-10-05 | 2021-10-04 | Procédé de fabrication d'un composant de réacteur nucléaire revêtu muni d'un marquage |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4226392A1 true EP4226392A1 (fr) | 2023-08-16 |
Family
ID=74871447
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21786875.1A Pending EP4226392A1 (fr) | 2020-10-05 | 2021-10-04 | Procédé de fabrication d'un composant de réacteur nucléaire revêtu muni d'un marquage |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20230352197A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4226392A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN116325022A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3114770B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022073896A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4822987A (en) * | 1988-01-25 | 1989-04-18 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Method and apparatus for providing fuel rod identification to permit traceability during manufacture and use |
| US4978917A (en) * | 1989-08-04 | 1990-12-18 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Method for nondestructive measurement of heat affected zone of identification code on nuclear fuel rod |
| US9164575B2 (en) * | 2002-09-13 | 2015-10-20 | Jds Uniphase Corporation | Provision of frames or borders around pigment flakes for covert security applications |
| SE0300453D0 (sv) * | 2003-02-20 | 2003-02-20 | Micronic Laser Systems Ab | Pattern generation method |
| DE102010054528A1 (de) * | 2010-12-15 | 2012-06-21 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Verfahren zur Erzeugung von dreidimensionalen Mustern in Beschichtungen |
| US9646729B2 (en) * | 2013-01-18 | 2017-05-09 | Westinghouse Electric Company Llc | Laser sintering systems and methods for remote manufacture of high density pellets containing highly radioactive elements |
| FR3025929B1 (fr) * | 2014-09-17 | 2016-10-21 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Gaines de combustible nucleaire, procedes de fabrication et utilisation contre l'oxydation. |
| CN110565143A (zh) * | 2019-10-10 | 2019-12-13 | 徐州柏通铝业有限公司 | 一种铝面板 |
-
2020
- 2020-10-05 FR FR2010145A patent/FR3114770B1/fr active Active
-
2021
- 2021-10-04 US US18/030,070 patent/US20230352197A1/en active Pending
- 2021-10-04 WO PCT/EP2021/077226 patent/WO2022073896A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-10-04 CN CN202180068401.9A patent/CN116325022A/zh active Pending
- 2021-10-04 EP EP21786875.1A patent/EP4226392A1/fr active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20230352197A1 (en) | 2023-11-02 |
| FR3114770A1 (fr) | 2022-04-08 |
| FR3114770B1 (fr) | 2023-01-20 |
| WO2022073896A1 (fr) | 2022-04-14 |
| CN116325022A (zh) | 2023-06-23 |
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