EP4222775A1 - Procédé et dispositif électronique d'estimation d'un ensemble de composant(s) d'un produit à partir d'un dispositif de spectrométrie, programme d'ordinateur et système de mesure associés - Google Patents
Procédé et dispositif électronique d'estimation d'un ensemble de composant(s) d'un produit à partir d'un dispositif de spectrométrie, programme d'ordinateur et système de mesure associésInfo
- Publication number
- EP4222775A1 EP4222775A1 EP21786206.9A EP21786206A EP4222775A1 EP 4222775 A1 EP4222775 A1 EP 4222775A1 EP 21786206 A EP21786206 A EP 21786206A EP 4222775 A1 EP4222775 A1 EP 4222775A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- product
- estimation
- component
- spectrometry
- signatures
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/0027—Methods for using particle spectrometers
- H01J49/0031—Step by step routines describing the use of the apparatus
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/0027—Methods for using particle spectrometers
- H01J49/0036—Step by step routines describing the handling of the data generated during a measurement
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for estimating a set of component(s) of a product from a spectrometry device, implemented by an electronic estimation device.
- the invention also relates to a computer program comprising software instructions which, when executed by a computer, implement such an estimation method.
- the invention also relates to an electronic device for estimating a set of component(s) of a product from a spectrometry device; and a measurement system comprising the spectrometry device and such an estimation device.
- the invention then relates to the field of the analysis of products by spectrometry.
- Spectrometry is used in many technical fields, such as petrochemistry, pharmacy, gas phase chemistry, organic chemistry, physics, astrophysics, biology.
- the methodology applied is a manual analysis of the spectral responses of the products.
- the components of each product are then detected by checking the presence of peaks or sets of peaks characteristic of the chemical species sought in the measured spectrum of each product.
- a theoretical and empirical expertise of the chemical properties of the components sought is required in order to identify the part of the data to be observed to infer the presence or not of a respective component sought.
- the object of the invention is therefore to propose a method, and an associated electronic device, for estimating a set of component(s) of a product from a spectrometry device, making it possible to improve the analysis of the spectral response of each product and then to estimate more effectively the composition of each product, that is to say the sets of component(s) included in each product.
- the subject of the invention is a method for estimating a set of component(s) of a product from a spectrometry device, the spectrometry device comprising an ionization source at inside which an element is capable of being ionized, a separation module connected at the output of the ionization source and capable of separating ions from the ionized element, and a detector connected at the output of the separation module and capable of measuring an ion flux of the element, the method being implemented by an electronic estimation device capable of being connected to the spectrometry device and comprising the following steps:
- each signature being representative of an ion flux of a respective potential component, and measured via the spectrometry device;
- the estimation method according to the invention makes it possible to automatically estimate the set of component(s) of the product, via the implementation of the estimation algorithm from the measured quantity and the group of signatures.
- the estimation method according to the invention is then more efficient and less tedious than the method of the state of the art based on a manual analysis of the spectral response of each product.
- the estimation method comprises one or more of the following characteristics, taken in isolation or in all technically possible combinations:
- the separation module comprises an ion mobility spectrometry cell; and + a two-dimensional map if the separation module comprises a mass spectrometry cell and an ion mobility spectrometry cell, the two-dimensional map representing, according to their mass-to-charge ratio, a drift time of ions in the cell of ion mobility coupled to the mass spectrometry cell.
- the steps of obtaining and acquiring are respectively implemented for several different methods of measurement, and during the step of estimation, the estimated set of component(s) of the product then depends on the groups of signatures and quantities for the different measurement methods;
- the product is an additive linear mixture of the components where each component is weighted by a mixing coefficient, each mixing coefficient having a positive value; and during the estimation step, the quantity is modeled in the form of a sum of the signatures of the group, each signature being weighted by the respective mixing coefficient, then the value of each mixing coefficient is calculated via the algorithm estimate;
- the estimation algorithm includes a minimization of a criterion depending on the magnitude and the group of signatures; the criterion preferably being a quadratic criterion, such as a least squares criterion, or a logarithmic criterion;
- the estimation algorithm further comprises a determination of the presence or not of each potential component in the product by comparing each mixing coefficient with a respective detection threshold; the detection thresholds being preferably predefined using an ROC curve from mixtures, real or simulated, of components;
- the estimation algorithm includes an implementation of a sparse decomposition algorithm based on the magnitude and the group of signatures; the sparse decomposition algorithm preferably being chosen from the group of greedy algorithms consisting of: MP algorithm, OMP algorithm and OLS algorithm;
- an initial residue is equal to the quantity measured, and each subsequent residue is equal to the difference between the quantity and a linear combination of signature(s) of component(s) already estimated(s) present(s) and of coefficient( s) of respective mixture(s);
- the method further comprises, prior to the estimation step, a step of factoring the group of signatures and the magnitude with the same common factor, each signature being represented in the form of a product of the common factor and a factorized signature, the quantity being represented in the form of a product of the factor common and of a factorized quantity; and the estimation step then being performed on the basis of the factorized quantity and the group of factorized signatures.
- the invention also relates to a computer program comprising software instructions which, when executed by a computer, implement an estimation method, as defined above.
- the invention also relates to an electronic device for estimating a set of component(s) of a product from a spectrometry device, the spectrometry device comprising an ionization source inside which an element is capable of being ionized, a separation module connected at the output of the ionization source and capable of separating ions from the ionized element, and a detector connected at the output of the separation module and capable of measuring a flux ion of the element, the electronic estimation device being able to be connected to the spectrometry device and comprising:
- an obtaining module configured to obtain a group of signatures for potential components of the product, each signature being representative of an ion flux of a respective potential component, and measured via the spectrometry device;
- an acquisition module configured to acquire a quantity of an ion flux of the product, measured via the spectrometry device
- an estimation module configured to estimate the set of component(s) of the product from the group of signatures and the quantity and via an estimation algorithm.
- the invention also relates to a measurement system comprising a spectrometry device and an electronic device for estimating a set of component(s) of a product from the spectrometry device, the electronic estimation device being as defined above and connected to the spectrometry device.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a measurement system according to the invention, comprising a spectrometry device and an electronic device for determining, via the spectrometry device, a set of component(s) of a sample ;
- FIG. 2 illustrates different measurement methods possible with the measurement system of Figure 1, namely a mass spectrum if a separation module included in the spectrometry device of Figure 1 comprises a mass spectrometry cell, a ion mobility spectrum if the separation module comprises a cell of ion mobility spectrometry, and a two-dimensional cartography if the separation module comprises both a mass spectrometry cell and an ion mobility spectrometry cell, the two-dimensional cartography representing, according to their mass/charge ratio, a time of ion drift in the ion mobility cell coupled to the mass spectrometry cell;
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method, according to the invention, for estimating a set of component(s) of a product using the spectrometry device of Figure 1, the method being implemented by the electronic estimation device of FIG. 1, and the estimation of said set being carried out via an estimation algorithm;
- FIG. 4 is an ROC curve used to determine a detection threshold then used to determine the presence or not of a potential component in the product, according to a first embodiment of the estimation algorithm;
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a list of components present in the product as estimated by the estimation device of Figure 1 according to the estimation method of Figure 3, in comparison with the list of components actually contained in the product, for a single measurement modality and according to a first embodiment of the estimation algorithm;
- FIG. 6 is a view similar to that of Figure 5, for a plurality of measurement methods and according to the first embodiment of the estimation algorithm;
- FIG. 7 is a diagram representing for about twenty components a rate of true positive, denoted TPR; a false positive rate, denoted FPR; a true negative rate, denoted TNR; and respectively a false negative rate, denoted FNR; according to the first embodiment of the estimation algorithm; and
- Figure 8 is a view similar to that of Figure 7, according to a second embodiment of the estimation algorithm.
- the expression “substantially equal to” designates a relation of equality of plus or minus 10%, preferably plus or minus 5%.
- a measurement system 10 comprises a spectrometry device 12.
- the spectrometry device 12 comprises an ionization source 14 inside which an element is able to be ionized; a separation module 16 connected at the output of the ionization source 14 and capable of separating ions from the ionized element; and a detector 18 connected at the output of the separation module 16 and capable of measuring an ion flux for said element.
- the measurement system 10 also comprises an electronic device 20 for estimating a set of component(s) of a product from the spectrometry 12, the electronic estimation device 20 being connected to the spectrometry device 12.
- the spectrometry device 12 is known per se, and makes it possible to detect and characterize molecules of interest of the element, by measuring their ionic mobility and/or their mass, and to characterize their chemical structure. Spectrometry is then based on the gas phase separation of charged molecules, namely ions, according to their ionic mobility and/or their mass/charge ratio, also denoted m/z.
- the spectrometry device 12 further comprises a chromatography module, not shown, connected upstream of the ionization source 14.
- the chromatography module comprises for example a liquid chromatography column, also denoted LC (from the English Liquid Chromatography), or even a gas chromatography column, also denoted GC (English Gas Chromatography), such as a gas chromatography column at atmospheric pressure, also denoted APGC (English Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography ).
- the ionization source 14 is able to vaporize the molecules of the element and to ionize them.
- the ionization source 14 is able to be used either in positive mode to study positive ions, or in negative mode to study negative ions.
- the ionization source 14 is for example of the type chosen from the group consisting of: ionization with an atmospheric solids analysis probe or ASAP (Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe), electronic ionization or El (Electron Ionization), chemical ionization or Cl (Chemical Ionization), chemical desorption-ionization or DCI (Desorption Chemical Ionization) fast atom bombardment or FAB (Fast Atom Bombardment), atom bombardment metastable or MAB (from the English Metastable Atom Bombardment), bombardment by ions, such as SI MS (from the English Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry), LSI MS (from the English Liquid Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry); inductive plasma coupling or ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma); ambient ionization, such as APCI (Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization), DESI (Desorption ElectroSpray Ionization), SESI (Secondary ElectroSpray Ionization), LAES
- the separation module 16 comprises for example two cells connected in cascade, namely an ion mobility spectrometry cell and a mass spectrometry cell connected at the output of the ion mobility spectrometry cell.
- the ion mobility spectrometry cell also denoted IMS (lon-Mobility Spectrometry)
- IMS lassion-Mobility Spectrometry
- MS Mass Spectrometry
- MS mass Spectrometry
- the spectrometry device 12 is then also called a coupled spectrometry device, also denoted IMS-MS.
- a coupled spectrometry device is typically capable of producing two-dimensional maps. These two-dimensional maps are optionally given the form of mass or ion mobility spectra.
- the separation module 16 comprises only the ion mobility spectrometry cell, and the spectrometry device 12 is then also called an ion mobility spectrometer.
- an ion mobility spectrometer is typically capable of producing spectra.
- spectra are likely to be obtained with the IMS-MS coupled spectrometry device, or even with an MS mass spectrometry cell connected to the input of an IMS ion mobility spectrometry cell , then another MS mass spectrometry cell. In the latter case, the first MS mass spectrometry cell is not active to obtain spectra, and the spectrometry device 12 then operates in IMS-MS mode.
- the separation module 16 comprises only the mass spectrometry cell, and the spectrometry device 12 is then also called a mass spectrometer.
- the separation module 16 comprises two mass spectrometry cells, namely a first mass spectrometry cell and a second mass spectrometry cell, connected in cascade, ie coupled together.
- the spectrometry device 12 is then also called a mass spectrometer in tandem, also known as tandem MS/MS.
- the first mass spectrometry cell is able to separate the ions
- a collision cell making it possible to fragment the ions
- the second mass spectrometry cell is able to separate the fragment ions.
- the separation module 16 comprises several ion mobility spectrometry cells connected in cascade, i.e. coupled together.
- the spectrometry device 12 is then also called a tandem ion mobility spectrometer, also denoted tandem IMS/IMS, in the case where the number of ion mobility spectrometry cells is equal to two.
- the separation module 16 comprises three cells connected in cascade, namely an ion mobility spectrometry cell connected at the input of two mass spectrometry cells in tandem.
- the spectrometry device 12 is then also called a coupled spectrometry device with IMS coupling with tandem MS/MS.
- the invention then relates in particular to the following configurations of the spectrometry device 12: IMS alone; MS alone; tandem MS/MS; tandem IMS/IMS; IMS-MS coupling; IMS-tandem MS/MS coupling.
- the mass spectrometry cell is for example a low resolution analyzer, such as a quadrupole, a triple quadrupole, or a 3D ion trap (IT - from the English Ion Trap) or linear (LIT - from the English Linear Ion Trap).
- the mass spectrometry cell is a high-resolution analyzer, allowing the exact mass of the analytes to be measured, such as a magnetic sector analyzer coupled to an electric sector, a time-of-flight (TOF - de Time Of Flight), a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FTICR) analyzer and an Orbitrap.
- TOF - de Time Of Flight time-of-flight
- FTICR Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance
- the ion mobility spectrometry cell is according to any of the ion mobility spectrometry cell types shown below.
- a first type of ion mobility spectrometry cell is for example a drift time ion mobility spectrometry cell, also denoted DTI MS (Drift Time Ion Mobility Spectrometer).
- a second type of ion mobility spectrometry cell is a traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry cell, also denoted TWIMS (Travelling Wave Ion Mobility Spectrometer).
- TWIMS Travel Wave Ion Mobility Spectrometer
- a third type of ion mobility spectrometry cell is a high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry cell, also denoted FAIMS (high Field Asymmetric waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometer).
- a fourth type of ion mobility spectrometry cell is an ion mobility spectrometry cell trapped, also denoted TIMS (Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometer).
- a fifth type of ion mobility spectrometry cell is an open loop ion mobility spectrometry cell, also denoted OLIMS (Open Loop Ion Mobility Spectrometer); also called suction ion mobility spectrometry cell and then denoted AIMS (Aspiration Ion Mobility Spectrometer).
- a sixth type of ion mobility spectrometry cell is a differential mobility analyzer, also denoted DMA (Differential Mobility Analyzer).
- a seventh type of ion mobility spectrometry cell is a transverse modulation ion mobility spectrometry cell, also denoted TMIMS (Transversal Modulation Ion Mobility Spectrometer).
- An eighth type of ion mobility spectrometry cell is a harmonic mobility spectrometry cell, also denoted OMS (Overtone Mobility Spectrometer).
- the detector 18 is capable of transforming the ions into an electrical signal. The more ions there are, the greater the current. In addition, the detector 18 is capable of amplifying the signal obtained, in particular so that it can be processed more easily by the electronic determination device 20.
- the electronic estimation device 20 is configured to estimate the set of component(s) of the product via the spectrometry device 12.
- the electronic estimation device 20 comprises a module 22 for obtaining a group of signatures for potential components Ci of the product, and a module 24 for acquiring a magnitude of an ion flux of the product, measured via the spectrometry device 12.
- the estimation device 20 comprises a module 26 for factoring the group of signatures and the magnitude, with the same common factor.
- the electronic estimation device 20 also comprises a module 28 for estimating the set of component(s) of the product from the group of signatures and the magnitude and via an estimation algorithm.
- the estimation device 20 includes the factorization module 26, the estimation module 28 is then configured to perform the estimation of the set of component(s) of the product from the factorized quantity and of the group of factorized signatures.
- the electronic estimation device 20 comprises an information processing unit 30 formed for example of a memory 32 and a processor 34 associated with the memory 32.
- the product is for example a petroleum matrix.
- oil matrix is meant a composition comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons.
- base oils in particular those used in lubricating compositions
- lubricating compositions or even bitumens.
- Each component likely to be contained in the product is for example chosen from the group comprising:
- a detergent such as a detergent of the calcium phenate or calcium sulphonate type
- polymeric dispersant such as polyisobutylene succinimide
- an antioxidant such as an antioxidant of zinc dithiophosphate type
- the obtaining module 22, the acquisition module 24 and the estimation module 28, as well as in optional addition the factorization module 26, are each produced in the form of a software, or a software brick, executable by the processor 34.
- the memory 32 of the electronic estimation device 20 is then suitable for storing software for obtaining the group of signatures for potential components Ci of the product, software for acquisition of the magnitude of the ion flux of the product, measured via the spectrometry device 12, and software for estimating the set of component(s) of the product from the group of signatures and the magnitude, and via the estimation algorithm.
- the memory 32 of the electronic estimation device 20 is able to store software for factoring the group of signatures and the magnitude with the same common factor, and the estimation software is then configured to estimate the set of component(s) of the product from the factorized quantity and the group of factorized signatures.
- the processor 34 is then capable of executing each of the software among the obtaining software, the acquisition software, and the estimation software, as well as in optional addition the factorization software.
- the obtaining module 22, the acquisition module 24 and the estimation module 28, as well as in optional addition the factorization module 26, are each made in the form of a programmable logic component, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Away), or else in the form of a dedicated integrated circuit, such as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit).
- a programmable logic component such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Away)
- ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
- the electronic estimation device 20 When the electronic estimation device 20 is produced in the form of one or more software, that is to say in the form of a computer program, it is also capable of being recorded on a medium, not shown, readable by computer.
- the computer-readable medium is, for example, a medium capable of storing electronic instructions and of being coupled to a bus of a computer system.
- the readable medium is an optical disc, a magneto-optical disc, a ROM memory, a RAM memory, any type of non-volatile memory (for example EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH, NVRAM), a magnetic card or optical card.
- On the readable medium is then stored a computer program comprising software instructions.
- the obtaining module 22 is configured to obtain the group of signatures for potential components Ci of the product, each signature being representative of an ion flux of a respective potential component Ci, each signature being measured via the spectrometry device 12.
- the obtaining module 22 is for example configured to group together the different signatures obtained in the form of a matrix S verifying the following equation:
- S [ S1
- S represents the matrix of signatures, i.e. the group of signatures obtained
- P is the number of potential components Ci likely to be contained in the analyzed product, i.e. the number of components Ci in the considered group of components.
- the acquisition module 24 is configured to acquire the magnitude of the ion flux of the product, said magnitude being measured via the spectrometry device 12, and also called fingerprint.
- the quantity acquired by the acquisition module 24 is for example denoted x and verifies the following property:
- Each signature obtained and the quantity acquired typically correspond to the same measurement modality of the spectrometry device 12, such as a modality chosen from the group consisting of: a mass spectrum, an ion mobility spectrum and a two-dimensional cartography.
- the measurement method used that is to say the type of measurement used, for each signature obtained and the quantity acquired is typically a mass spectrum 40, visible in FIG. 2, if the separation module 16 includes a mass spectrometry cell; or an ion mobility spectrum 50 also visible in FIG. 2, if the separation module 16 comprises an ion mobility spectrometry cell; or even a two-dimensional map 60, also visible in FIG. 2, if the separation module 16 comprises both a mass spectrometry cell and an ion mobility spectrometry cell, the map two-dimensional representing, as a function of their mass-to-charge ratio, denoted m/z in FIG. 2, an ion drift time, denoted dt and expressed in milliseconds, during an analysis with the aforementioned separation module 16.
- the factorization module 26 is configured to factor the group of signatures obtained and the quantity acquired with the same common factor D, each signature then being represented in the form of a product of the common factor D and of a factored signature , and the quantity then being represented in the form of a product of said common factor D and of a factorized quantity.
- the factorized quantity and the group of factorized signatures are then taken into account by the estimation module 28 to estimate the set of component(s) of the product, and the factorization carried out by the factorization module 26 allows then a reduction in size, which offers several advantages, in particular a greater speed of calculation to carry out the estimation of the set of component(s) of the product, and a lower consumption of computer resources, in particular of memory space.
- the factorization module 26 is for example configured to factorize the group of signatures according to the following equation:
- S represents the matrix of the group of factorized signatures.
- the factorization module 26 is for example configured to factorize the quantity according to the following equation:
- D represents the common factor
- x represents the factored quantity
- the common factor is for example obtained using an algorithm of the non-negative matrix factorization type, and the common factor, also called dictionary, is for example a dictionary of parametric form defined by two-dimensional Gaussians .
- the factorization module 26 is then, for example, configured to format each signature or magnitude, in particular when the signatures and magnitudes are two-dimensional maps, such as the sampling of a distribution in the form of a set of G Gaussians in two dimensions, satisfying for example the following equations:
- the factorization module 26 is for example configured to represent each signature or magnitude via a set of three parameters, namely an intensity, an average and a variance-covariance matrix.
- the factorization module 26 is then typically configured to represent the two-dimensional Gaussian Gs, in the form: of an intensity vector satisfying the following equation:
- M [ni, ..., HG] e ]R 2XG and/or a set of variance-covariance matrices according to the following equation: [Math 10]
- the factorization module 26 is then for example configured to define a set of Gaussians Gdict whose means and variances-covariances are respectively denoted M d ict and Edict- These mean values and variances-covariances then define the common factor D and are adjusted via an expectation-maximization algorithm on the group of signatures.
- the factorization module 26 is then configured to estimate the relative intensities of the Gaussians of the common factor D for each signature and magnitude, typically for each two-dimensional mapping, and a vector of intensities denoted TTspec is then obtained for each signature and magnitude, typically for each two-dimensional mapping, running the expectation-maximization algorithm initialized to positions M d ict, dict without updating them afterwards.
- the representation TT sP ec is then used as factorized quantity and respective factorized signature for estimating the set of component(s) of the product.
- the estimation module 28 is configured to estimate the set of component(s) of the product from the group of signatures obtained by the obtaining module 22 and from the quantity acquired by the acquisition module 22, said estimation being performed via the estimation algorithm.
- the estimation module 28 is configured to determine the signature or signatures which, among the group of signatures, are present in the acquired magnitude of the ion flux of the product, in order to estimate the component or components which among the group of components corresponding to the group of signatures are present in the analyzed product, these signatures and quantities being measured via the spectrometry device 12.
- the product is considered to be an additive linear mixture of the components where each component is weighted by a mixing coefficient ai, each mixing coefficient ai having a positive value.
- the estimation module 28 is then configured to model the magnitude of the product, that is to say the fingerprint of the product, in the form of a sum of the signatures of the group, where each signature is weighted by the mixing coefficient ai, then to estimate the value of each mixing coefficient ai via the estimation algorithm.
- the estimation module 28 is for example configured to model the magnitude of the ion flux of the analyzed product, according to the following equation:
- x represents the quantity, ie the footprint of the product
- a represents the mixing coefficient for the component of index i, i being an integer index associated with the component and of value between 1 and P, P being the number of components in the group of components, corresponding to the group of signatures,
- a represents a vector of the P mixing coefficients for the group of components
- Si represents the signature of the component of index i.
- the factorization module 26 is configured to factor the group of signatures obtained and the quantity acquired with the same common factor D, the factorized quantity and the group of factored signatures are then, as indicated previously, taken into account by the estimation module 28 to estimate the set of component(s) of the product.
- the preceding equation (11), as well as all the equations below involving the quantity x and/or one or more signatures Si are then, according to this optional complement, typically implemented by replacing the quantity x by the factorized quantity x and/or each signature Si by the corresponding factorized signature.
- the estimation module 28 is configured to estimate the mixing coefficients, that is to say the vector a of the mixing coefficients of the components in the product, by minimization of a criterion depending on the magnitude and the group of signatures.
- the criterion to be minimized for the estimation of the mixing coefficients ai is for example a quadratic criterion, such as a least squares criterion.
- the estimation module 28 is for example configured to estimate the vector a of mixing coefficients by minimizing the quadratic criterion satisfying the following equation:
- the estimation module 28 is then configured to solve the previous equation 12 and estimate the mixing coefficients ai of the vector a for example by using a so-called interior points method, such as that described in the document “Solving Least Squares Problems” - Lawson et al, 1995.
- the criterion to be minimized for the estimation of the mixing coefficients ai is a logarithmic criterion.
- the estimation module 28 is for example configured to model the quantity x via a Poisson law.
- the quantity x is a mass spectrum
- the number of ion impacts measured for the i th value of the mass/charge ratio m/z is denoted Xi
- this number of ion impacts Xi is considered as a sample of the Poisson law of parameter, verifying for example the following equation:
- the estimation module 28 is then for example configured to minimize the logarithmic criterion verifying the following equation:
- the estimation module 28 is then, for example, configured to resolve this minimization of the logarithmic criterion, via an Expectation-Maximization algorithm, also denoted EM, such as that described in the document “A Modified Expectation Maximization Algorithm for Penalized Likelihood Estimation in Tomography broadcast” - De Pierro, 1995.
- EM Expectation-Maximization algorithm
- the estimation module 28 is configured to determine the presence or not of each potential component in the product by comparing each mixing coefficient a with a respective detection threshold 0i.
- the estimation module 28 is for example configured to implement a binary classifier h g . with respect to the threshold 0i and on the mixing coefficient ai according to the following equation:
- 0i represents a respective detection threshold for the component of index i, i being between 1 and P.
- Each detection threshold 0i associated with a respective component is preferably predefined.
- Each detection threshold 0i is typically determined during a preliminary training phase from a set of K products, each consisting of various mixtures of components, where the components are chosen from the predefined group of components.
- This set of K products is also called a training set, and each product of this training set consists of a mixture, real or simulated, of said components.
- the detection thresholds 0i for the components of the predefined group are then, for example, determined using a ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve, such as the curve 70 visible in FIG. 4.
- ROC Receiveiver Operating Characteristic
- a ROC curve is typically determined for each component.
- Each ROC curve such as curve 70, has a plurality of points 72, where each point 72 corresponds to a respective possible value 0 of the detection threshold 0i to be determined for the component of index i.
- Each point 72 then has as abscissa an FPR (False Positive Rate) value corresponding to a false-positive rate for this value 0, and verifying for example the following equation:
- FP(h e (ai)) represents a number of estimated false-positive(s) for this classifier h e (ai) and this value 0, and
- Total Negative represents the number of mixtures among the K training mixtures where the component of index i is actually absent.
- Each point 72 has as its ordinate a TPR (True Positive Rate) value corresponding to a true-positive rate for this value 0, and verifying for example the following equation:
- he(ai) represents the binary classifier associated with this value 0, such as the classifier defined in equation (16) above,
- VP(he(a)) represents a number of estimated true-positive(s) for this classifier h e (ai) and this value 0, and
- Total Positive represents the number of mixtures among the K training mixtures where the component of index i is actually present.
- a true-positive corresponds to an estimate of the presence of an element which is actually present
- a false-positive corresponds to an estimate of the presence of an element which is actually absent
- a false-negative corresponds to an estimate of the absence of an element which is actually present
- a true-negative corresponds to an estimate of the absence of an element which is actually absent
- the optimal value among the values 0 considered for each component of index i corresponds to the value 0 for which the point 72 obtained is closest to a point ideal A, visible in FIG. 2, and corresponding to a TPR value equal to 1 for a zero FPR value.
- the optimal value among the 0 values considered corresponds to the point 72 represented by a cross and denoted OPT, the other points 72 being each represented by a circle.
- the optimal detection threshold 0i for the component of index i then typically satisfies the following equation:
- 0i argmind((TPR(0), FPR(0)), (1,0)) e where 0i represents the optimal detection threshold for the component of index i,
- FPR(0), TPR(0) are defined by the preceding equations (17) and (18) respectively, d(.,.) represents the usual Euclidean distance.
- each detection threshold 0i is for example carried out using real mixtures of components, that is to say real mixtures of signatures of said components.
- Each real mixture then typically corresponds to the quantity, also called fingerprint, acquired by the acquisition module 24.
- each detection threshold 0i is carried out from simulated mixtures.
- the simulation of the mixtures is carried out using the signatures of the components and a physical model of the mixture, verifying for example the following equation:
- xs represents the magnitude, i.e. the footprint, of the simulated mixture
- a represents the mixing coefficient for the component of index i
- f( . ) is a function representing a joint effect of a noise of measurement and physical phenomena inherent to the measurement, such as non-linearity, interaction and shift of peaks.
- the estimation module 28 is configured to determine the presence or absence of each component in the product analyzed, by comparing the mixing coefficient ai estimated for this component of index i with the detection threshold 0i predefined for said component, i.e. by implementing a binary classifier, such as that defined in equation (16) above, then to supply the result of said estimation of the presence or absence of each component in the product, in the form of a binary list p is , typically defined according to the following equation:
- FIG. 5 An example of such a binary list thus obtained is shown in Figure 5 in the form of a histogram labeled "Is" where, for each component Ci with the index i between 1 and 20, a shaded box corresponds to a estimation of the presence of said component in the product and a white box corresponds to the estimation of an absence of said component in the product.
- FIG. 5 is also represented a histogram labeled “Ref” showing the components actually present in the product analyzed, and the person skilled in the art will then observe that, in this example, the binary list p is estimated by the estimation device 20 according to the invention is correct for all the components C1 to C20, with the exception of the component C10 for which its presence was estimated in the product analyzed, whereas it is not actually present in this product.
- the obtaining module 22 is configured to obtain the group of signatures for potential components of the product for a plurality of distinct measurement modalities, each measurement modality being typically chosen from a mass spectrum, a mobility spectrum ionic and two-dimensional mapping.
- the acquisition module 24 is configured to acquire the magnitude of the product analyzed for the plurality of distinct measurement modalities, i.e. for the same measurement modalities as those used for the group of signatures obtained by the obtaining 22.
- the plurality of measurement methods used is likely to contain several methods of the same nature, for example several mass spectra and/or several ion mobility spectra and/or several two-dimensional maps.
- the different mass spectra are an ASAP+ mass spectrum, and respectively an ASAP- mass spectrum, with the ionization source 14 of the ASAP+ type, and respectively ASAP-.
- the different ion mobility spectra are an ASAP+ ion mobility spectrum, and respectively an ASAP ⁇ ion mobility spectrum, with the ionization source of ASAP+ type, and respectively ASAP ⁇ .
- the estimation module 28 is then configured to estimate the set of component(s) of the analyzed product, according to the signature groups and the quantities for said plurality of measurement methods.
- the estimation module is then configured to represent the quantities of ion flux of the product acquired for the different measurement methods according to the following equation:
- I is an integer index designating a measurement modality, I having a value between 1 and L, L defining the number of distinct measurement modalities, x (l) represents the quantity for the measurement modality with index I, ai (l) represents the mixing coefficient associated with the component of index i for the measurement mode of index I,
- Si (l) represents the signature obtained for the component of index i and the measurement modality of index I.
- the estimation module 28 is then for example configured to estimate each mixing coefficient ai (l) independently from one measurement mode to another.
- the estimation module 28 is then typically configured to estimate the mixing coefficients ai (l) separately for each of the index measurement modalities I and in an identical manner to what was previously described in the case of a single modality of measurement.
- the estimation module 28 is for example configured to estimate the mixing coefficients at 0 for the index measurement mode I by minimizing a quadratic criterion, such as the quadratic criterion verifying the following equation:
- a® argmin(
- a (l) represents the vector of mixing coefficients ai (l) for the index measurement mode I
- x (l) represents the magnitude acquired for the index measurement mode I
- S (l) represents the matrix of signatures obtained for measurement modality I.
- a binary classifier is then for example defined for each component of index I and each method of measurement of index I, for example according to the following equation:
- 0i (l) represents the detection threshold for the index component i and the index measurement modality I.
- Each detection threshold 0i (l) is predefined, and for example obtained separately for each of the index measurement modes I and in an identical manner to what was previously described for the detection threshold 0i in the case of a single measurement modality, typically using an ROC curve for each detection threshold 0i (l) .
- the estimation module 28 is for example configured to calculate a weighting score for each binary classifier, for example according to the following equation:
- VP (h® (a®)) + NV (h® (a®)) Total Positive + Total Negative
- VP represents the number of true-positives for classifier hi (l) associated with index component i and measurement modality I
- VN represents the number of true-negative for said classifier hi (l) .
- Total Positive represents the number of mixtures among the K training mixtures for the measurement modality of index I, where the component of index i is actually present, and
- Total Negative represents the number of mixtures among the K training mixtures for the index measurement modality I, where the component of index i is really absent.
- the estimation module 28 is then for example configured to use, for each component of index i, a multi-classifier system, corresponding to a weighted sum of the binary classifiers hi (l) , typically according to the following equation: [Math 25] where represents the multi-classifier system for the component of index i,
- Yi (l) represents a weighting coefficient for the index component i and the measurement mode I, defined for example in table (2) below in combination, where applicable, with the preceding equation (24), and hi (l) represents the binary classifier for the component of index i and the modality of measurement of index I, satisfying for example the equation (23) above.
- Table (2) below presents, in the "Equation” column, different examples of weighting coefficient y 1 *, in particular as a function of the variable pi (l) defined in equation (24), and this for different types of weighting corresponding to the denominations indicated in the “Denomination” column.
- the estimation module 28 is then configured to determine the presence or absence of each potential component in the analyzed product, in the form of a merged binary list obtained from the multi-classifier systems for the different components, the merged binary list verifying for example the following equation:
- Examples of binary lists obtained for several measurement methods and according to the first embodiment of the estimation algorithm, are represented in figure 6 in the form of several histograms.
- Three first histograms labeled “MS ASAP-”, “IMS ASAP+” and “IMS ASAP-” show the binary lists obtained for respectively the MS ASAP- modalities corresponding to a mass spectrum for the ASAP- type ionization source 14, IMS ASAP+ corresponding to an ion mobility spectrum for the ASAP+ type ionization source 14, and IMS ASAP- corresponding to an ion mobility spectrum for the ASAP- type ionization source 14,
- a fourth histogram labeled "Fusion” shows a merged binary list estimated by the estimation module 28, for example using the preceding equations (26) and (27), a fifth histogram labeled “Ref” showing the components actually present in the product analyzed .
- the estimation carried out by the estimation device 20 according to the invention in the case of the merging of the plurality of measurement modalities is perfect, the merged binary list Pf US as provided by the estimation module 28, being exact for all the components C1 to C20, the histograms “Merge” on the one hand and “Ref” on the other hand being identical for each of the components C1 to C20, as can be seen in Figure 6.
- the estimates made by the estimation device 20 for each of the measurement methods taken separately is less efficient, the respective binary lists provided by the estimation module 28 showing for each measurement method one or more estimation errors for some of the components.
- MS ASAP- measurement mode represented on the first histogram "MS ASAP-”
- the determination of the presence or not of a component in the product is erroneous for the C5 component which is estimated to be absent even though it is actually present, and also for the component C14 estimated to be present when it is actually absent.
- IMS ASAP+ measurement mode corresponding to the second “IMS ASAP+” histogram in FIG.
- the components C10, C13, C14, C17 and C20 all of which are considered to be present although they are in fact absent from the said product analyzed, the component C18 being itself considered to be absent although it is in fact present in the analyzed product.
- the determination of the presence or not of each respective component in the product is erroneous for the components C8, C10, C13, C15 and C20 all estimated to be present when they are actually absent from the analyzed product, as well as for the C18 component estimated to be absent when it is actually present in the analyzed product.
- the estimation algorithm comprises an implementation of a sparse decomposition algorithm based on the magnitude and the group of signatures.
- the sparse decomposition algorithm is typically chosen from the group of greedy algorithms consisting of: MP (Matching Pursuit) algorithm, OMP (Orthogonal Matching Pursuit) algorithm, and OLS (Orthogonal Matching Pursuit) algorithm. Orthogonal Least Squares).
- the estimation module 28 is typically configured to define an initial residual ro equal to the magnitude, measured via the spectrometry device 12 and acquired by the acquisition module 24 , then to compute each subsequent residual r k as being equal to the difference between the magnitude and a signature product of component(s) already estimated present(s) and respective mixing coefficient(s)( s), and this until a convergence criterion is reached.
- residual we then also mean the remainder of a difference between two terms, in particular the remainder of the difference between the quantity and a linear combination of signature(s) of component(s) already estimated(s) present(s) and respective mixing coefficient(s).
- the convergence criterion is typically the achievement of a minimum value s for a given subsequent residue r k , and the list of estimated component(s) present via the estimation algorithm according to the second mode of realization is then that associated with the subsequent residue r k when the convergence criterion of the algorithm is reached.
- the sparse decomposition algorithm is for example the greedy algorithm of the OMP type.
- the initial residue ro is equal to the magnitude x
- an initial set of estimated component(s) present(s) l 0 is empty
- an initial set of component(s) ) potential(s) Lo is equal to the interval of integer values between 1 and P, this interval corresponding to the set of possible values for an index j designating a respective component of the group of components considered, P being the number of components contained in said component group.
- the initial residue ro, the initial set of estimated component(s) present l 0 and the initial set of potential component(s) Lo then typically verify the following equations:
- the component index is denoted j to avoid any confusion with the component index i used in the equations relating to the estimation algorithm according to the first mode of realization.
- the estimation module 28 is configured to calculate a correlation score P(Sj,r k ) between each potential component signature, c' that is, each of the signatures Sj where j belongs to L k and the current residue at this iteration k, denoted r k .
- the correlation score P(Sj,r k ) calculated by the estimation module 28 is for example a canonical scalar product, and typically satisfies the following equation:
- the correlation score in the form of a canonical scalar product is particularly suitable when each signature is in the form of a Gaussian distribution.
- the estimation module 28 After having calculated the correlation score P(Sj,r k ) for each index j belonging to the set L k , the estimation module 28 is configured to add, to the set l k .i of the estimated components present at the previous iteration with index k-1 , the index j k corresponding to the maximum correlation score among those calculated at the iteration with index k, and then obtain the set l k of estimated components present at the iteration index k, and by complementarity to subtract, ie remove, from the current set L k of potential component(s), the component index j k added to the estimated current set l k , for then obtain the potential subsequent set L k+ i.
- Ik Ik-1 u ⁇ jk ⁇
- L k+i L k ⁇ j k ⁇
- l k -i and l k represent the set of estimated components present at the previous iteration with index k-1 , and respectively at the current iteration with index k
- Lk and Lk+i represent the set of potential components at the current iteration of index k, and respectively at the next iteration of index k+1 , also called subsequent iteration
- jk represents the index of the newly estimated present at the current iteration of index k, and then added to the set l k -i to form the new set lk, while being subtracted from the set Lk to form the new set L k+i .
- the estimation module is configured to update parameters for the next iteration of index k+1, in particular a matrix Fk of the estimated components present, mixing coefficients via the update of a parameter ⁇ t> k , as well as the residual rk at the current iteration of index k, for example according to the following equations:
- Fk represents the updated matrix of estimated components present
- q>k represents the updated mixing coefficients
- the estimation module 28 is then configured to calculate a convergence variable between the residue rk at the current iteration k and the residue rk-i at the previous iteration k-1, this convergence variable being denoted Ck(rk- i, rk), and verifying for example the following equation:
- the estimation module 28 is then configured to interrupt the sparse decomposition algorithm if the current residual rk is zero, or if the iteration index k is equal to P, meaning that all of the components potentials has been scanned by the algorithm, or if the convergence variable Ck is considered as sufficiently small, and for example less than the predefined minimum value E, according to the following equation:
- the estimation module 28 is then configured to determine the list of components present in the analyzed product, as being equal to the list of components associated with the indices contained in the current set l k of components estimated to be present.
- the estimation module 28 is configured to increment the iteration index k by one unit, which then becomes equal to k+1 , and to reiterate the calculation of the correlation scores, the determination of the maximum correlation score for the addition to the set l k of the index j k+i to form the new estimated set l k+ i, while removing l 'index j k of the current set L k to obtain the following set L k+i of potential components, then the updating of the parameters, as well as of the convergence variable c k+ i.
- the estimation module 28 is then typically configured to implement the sparse decomposition algorithm at the iteration of index k+1 via the preceding equations (31) to (39) and by iterating the index k of one unit, this then being equal to k+1 .
- the estimation module 28 is configured to check again if at least one of the three aforementioned criteria is fulfilled, that is to say if the residual r k+i is zero , or if the index k+1 is equal to P, or if the convergence variable c k+ i(r k ,r k+ i) is less than or equal to the minimum value E and to stop the sparse decomposition algorithm if applicable; or otherwise to reiterate the algorithm by again incrementing the iteration index by one unit, the latter then becoming equal to k+2, and so on.
- the set I of the indices of the estimated components present by this algorithm then typically verifies the following equation:
- the estimation module 28 is configured to estimate the set of components of the product from a plurality of distinct measurement modalities, when several groups of signatures have been obtained by the module 22 for said plurality of measurement modalities and that several quantities have been acquired by the acquisition module 24 for this plurality of measurement modalities.
- the estimation module 28 is further configured to calculate at each iteration of index k a joint correlation score between the different modalities of said plurality, by example according to the following equation:
- Sj represents the signature for the component of index j belonging to the set Lk
- rk represents the residual at iteration k
- a m represents a mixing coefficient associated with said component of index j and for the measurement modality of index m, where m is an integer varying between 1 and L, L representing the number of distinct measurement modalities, and
- i(Sj m , r k m ) represents a unitary correlation score for each measurement modality of index m, such as the canonical scalar product according to the following equation:
- the estimation module 28 is then configured to update parameters similar to those described previously in the example of the single measurement modality, and this for each measurement modality of index m, for example according to the following equations:
- the analysis of the convergence of the sparse decomposition algorithm is then carried out jointly for all the measurement modalities, and the estimation module 28 is configured to calculate a joint convergence variable for the different measurement modalities, for example according to the following equation:
- L represents the number of measurement modalities
- rk (m) represents the residual at the iteration of index k for the modality of index m
- rk+i (m) represents the residual at the iteration of index k +1 for said modality with index m.
- the estimation module 28 is then configured to check, at the end of the iteration of index k, if the residual rk (m) is zero for each of the measurement methods of index m; and/or if the iteration index k is equal to P; and/or if the convergence criterion is verified, and the convergence variable Ck is for example less than the predefined minimum value E, according to the following equation:
- the sparse decomposition algorithm has just been described in detail above in the example of the OMP-type greedy algorithm, and those skilled in the art will then be able to deduce the implementation of a sparse decomposition algorithm from type MP algorithm or OLS algorithm, from the example above for the OMP algorithm.
- each iteration of index k of the sparse decomposition algorithm such as a greedy algorithm, in particular the OMP algorithm, the MP algorithm, or else the OLS algorithm , comprises three successive phases, namely a first phase E1 corresponding to the selection of a new component to be added from among the estimated components, a second phase E2 consisting in calculating the contribution of this component added to the mixture, and a third phase E3 consisting in checking the satisfaction or not of the convergence criterion, that is to say of a criterion for stopping the algorithm.
- the first phase E1 comprises for example the calculation of a scalar product Vj between the residue rk at iteration k, and the signatures Sj for each index component j belonging to the set Lk of the potential components at iteration k.
- the second phase E2 comprises the selection of the signature Sj most correlated to the residue r k ; and the third phase E3 comprises the subtraction of the projection, on the current residue r k , of the most correlated signature.
- the greedy algorithm is the OMP algorithm described above, those skilled in the art will observe that the first and second phases E1, E2 are similar to those of the MP algorithm, and that the third phase E3 includes the calculation of a orthogonal projection of the residue r k on a subspace generated by the components detected beforehand and maintaining the one selected in the second phase E2.
- this algorithm essentially comprises two phases, namely the first phase E1 comprising the calculation of the orthogonal projection of the residue rk at iteration k on subspaces including the signatures of the components already selected and candidate signatures, with only one signature each time; and the second phase E2 comprising the conservation of the signature Sj for the component of index j for which the residual is minimal after projection.
- FIG. 3 representing a flowchart of the method for estimating the set of component(s) of the product to be analyzed, said method of estimation being implemented by the electronic estimation device 20.
- the estimation device 20 obtains, via its obtaining module 22, the group of signatures for potential components of the product, where each signature is representative of an ion flux of a potential component respective, and measured via the spectrometry device 12.
- the estimation method then proceeds to the next acquisition step 110 during which the estimation device 20 acquires, via its acquisition module 24, the magnitude of the ion flux of the product to be analyzed, this magnitude also being measured via the spectrometry device 12.
- the method passes to an optional step 120 of factoring the group of signatures and the magnitude, or else passes directly to an estimation step 130.
- the estimation device 20 factors, via its factorization module 26, the group of signatures obtained during the obtaining step 100 via the obtaining module 22, and the magnitude of ion flux of the product acquired during the step acquisition 110 via the acquisition module 24, with the same common factor, such as the common factor D.
- the factorization of the group of signatures is for example carried out according to the preceding equation (3) and that of the quantity for example according to the preceding equation (4), the common factor D being for example determined in the manner described previously with regard to the equations (5) to (10) above.
- the steps of obtaining 100 and acquisition 110 are respectively implemented for several distinct measurement methods, as well as the optional factorization step 120.
- the estimation method passes to the step of estimation 130 during which it estimates, via its module of estimation 28 and the associated estimation algorithm, the set of component(s) of the analyzed product, this from the group of signatures and the magnitude.
- This estimation of the set of component(s) of the product is for example carried out with the estimation algorithm according to the first embodiment, that is to say the estimation algorithm based on the minimization of a criterion depending on the size and the group of signatures.
- the estimation step 130 is performed via the estimation algorithm according to the second embodiment, that is to say the estimation algorithm based on a sparse decomposition algorithm, such as a greedy algorithm, in particular the OMP algorithm, the MP algorithm, or even the OLS algorithm.
- a sparse decomposition algorithm such as a greedy algorithm, in particular the OMP algorithm, the MP algorithm, or even the OLS algorithm.
- the estimated set of component(s) of the product then depends, during the step of estimating 130, groups of signatures and quantities for the different measurement methods.
- the estimation algorithm implemented is then the estimation algorithm according to the first embodiment for the variant with several measurement modalities, or else the estimation algorithm according to the second embodiment here again for the variant with several measurement methods.
- the estimation device 20 makes it possible to provide satisfactory estimates of the set of component(s) contained in the product to be analyzed, both with the estimation algorithm according to the first mode embodiment than with the estimation algorithm according to the second embodiment, as will now be explained with regard to FIGS. 7 and 8.
- FIG. 1 the estimation device 20 according to the invention makes it possible to provide satisfactory estimates of the set of component(s) contained in the product to be analyzed, both with the estimation algorithm according to the first mode embodiment than with the estimation algorithm according to the second embodiment, as will now be explained with regard to FIGS. 7 and 8.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram of histograms showing, for each component C2 to C20, four estimation rate histograms, namely a TVP true-positive rate histogram, also denoted TPR (True Positive Rate) ; a false-positive rate histogram TFP, also denoted FPR (False Positive Rate); a true-negative TVN rate histogram, also denoted TNR (True Negative Rate); and respectively a TFN false-negative rate histogram, also denoted FNR (False Negative Rate); these histograms having been obtained with the estimation algorithm according to the first embodiment.
- TPR True Positive Rate
- TFP false-positive rate histogram
- TNR true-negative TVN rate histogram
- FNR Fale Negative Rate
- FIG. 8 is a histogram diagram showing the same histograms for the same components C2 to C20, but obtained here with the estimation algorithm according to the second embodiment.
- VP represents the number of true-positive
- Total Positive represents the number of products analyzed where the corresponding component is actually present
- Total Negative represents the number of products analyzed where the corresponding component is actually absent
- VN represents the number of true-negative
- Total Negative represents the number of products analyzed where the corresponding component is actually absent
- NFT - - - -
- TFN represents the false-negative rate, also denoted FNR
- FN represents the number of false negatives
- Total Positive represents the number of products analyzed where the corresponding component is actually present.
- the DVT true-positive rate represents the ability of the estimation device 20 to correctly detect a component when it is actually present, the ideal value of the DVT true-positive rate being equal to 1 .
- the false-positive rate TFP represents the tendency of the estimation device 20 to erroneously detect the presence of a component when it is not actually present, the ideal value of the false-positive rate TFP being then equal to 0.
- the DVT true-negative rate represents the capacity of the estimation device 20 to correctly estimate the absence of a component when it is actually absent, the ideal value of the DVT true-negative rate then being equal to 1.
- the false-negative rate TFN represents, for its part, the tendency of the estimation device 20 to incorrectly estimate an absent component when it is actually present, the ideal value of the false-negative rate TFN then being equal to 0.
- a first indicator ACC (Accuracy) aims to represent the proportion of good detections made by the estimation device 20, the ideal value of this first indicator ACC being equal to 100%.
- a second MCC indicator (from the English Matthews Correlation Coefficient) has a value between -1 and 1 , the ideal value of the second MCC indicator being 1 , and conversely a value equal to -1 characterizing an estimation device systematically indicating a estimate contrary to the actual situation.
- the first indicator ACC then verifies for example the following equation:
- the second MCC indicator then verifies for example the following equation:
- FIGS. 7 and 8 show that the estimation device 20 according to the invention generates satisfactory results for the two embodiments of the estimation algorithm, while observing that the estimation results are slightly better for the first embodiment than for the second embodiment, in particular for the components C6, C8, C10, C11, C13 and C18 in these examples of figures 7 and 8.
- the estimation results are excellent for the components C2, C3, C4, C5, C7, C15, C16, C17, C19 and C20, with TPR and TNR rates close to 1 in absolute value, and respectively FPR and FNR rates close to 0, both in Figures 7 and 8.
- the results represented in FIG. 7 are also excellent for the components C9 to C1 1 and for the component C18, these results also being satisfactory for the components C8, C12 and C13 and more average for C6 and C14 components.
- the results as represented in FIG. 8 are also satisfactory for the components C9, C11 and C12, these results being more average for the components C8, C13 and C14, even unsatisfactory for components C6 and C18.
- the first indicator MCC is equal to 0.764 and the second indicator ACC is equal to 91.13% for the first embodiment of the estimation algorithm.
- the first indicator MCC is equal to 0.700, and the second indicator ACC is equal to 87.74%.
- the values of the first and second indicators MCC, ACC are satisfactory, with a value of the first indicator MCC each time greater than or equal to 0.7 and a value of the second indicator ACC close to 90%, this for the two embodiments.
- These first and second indicators MCC, ACC also make it possible to confirm the slightly better estimation results with the first embodiment of the estimation algorithm, in comparison with those of the second embodiment of the estimation algorithm. estimate.
- the electronic estimation device 20 and the estimation method according to the invention then make it possible to provide satisfactory estimates of the composition of a product to be analyzed, that is to say satisfactory estimates of the set of components constituting said product, this from spectrometry measurements carried out via the spectrometry device 12 and for products in various technical fields, such as petrochemistry, pharmacy, gas phase chemistry, organic chemistry, physics, astrophysics or even biology.
- the estimation device 20 makes it possible to effectively estimate the set of chemical or biological component(s) forming the product to be analyzed in technical fields such as than those mentioned above.
- the product analyzed is a petrochemical oil, or base oil
- the components C1 to C20 likely to be contained in this product analyzed are, for example, detergents of the calcium phenate or sulphonate type.
- calcium polymeric dispersants (polyisobutylene succinimide), antioxidants of the zinc dithiophosphate type, and/or compounds of the molybdenum dithiocarbamate type.
- the electronic estimation device 20 make it possible to improve the analysis of a spectral frequency measured by the spectrometry device 12 of each product to be analyzed, and to draw then more effectively the composition of each product, i.e. the sets of component(s) included in each product.
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| PCT/EP2021/076971 WO2022069649A1 (fr) | 2020-10-01 | 2021-09-30 | Procédé et dispositif électronique d'estimation d'un ensemble de composant(s) d'un produit à partir d'un dispositif de spectrométrie, programme d'ordinateur et système de mesure associés |
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