EP4214454A1 - Échangeur de sorption - Google Patents
Échangeur de sorptionInfo
- Publication number
- EP4214454A1 EP4214454A1 EP21773636.2A EP21773636A EP4214454A1 EP 4214454 A1 EP4214454 A1 EP 4214454A1 EP 21773636 A EP21773636 A EP 21773636A EP 4214454 A1 EP4214454 A1 EP 4214454A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- exchanger
- adiabatic
- refrigerant
- exchange zone
- phase change
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 104
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 claims description 74
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 94
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 39
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000013529 heat transfer fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia Natural products N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910013553 LiNO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B37/00—Absorbers; Adsorbers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B15/00—Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating continuously, e.g. absorption type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2315/00—Sorption refrigeration cycles or details thereof
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/27—Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/62—Absorption based systems
Definitions
- This description generally relates to thermal machines.
- the present description relates more particularly to absorption machines and the exchangers used in such machines.
- thermal machines intended to produce cold or heat known in particular are so-called compression machines, implementing a compression/expansion cycle of a refrigerant, and so-called absorption machines, using implements a refrigerant absorption/desorption cycle.
- compression machines implementing a compression/expansion cycle of a refrigerant
- absorption machines using implements a refrigerant absorption/desorption cycle.
- Absorption machines are generally preferred to compression machines in applications where the use of a thermal energy source proves to be economically more profitable than the use of an electrical energy source.
- absorption machines for example in areas without an electrical power supply network, in places where a very low-cost heat source can be obtained, for example in regions benefiting from strong sunlight or near industrial installations producing a strong release of heat, and/or in regions of the world where gas is less expensive than electricity.
- One embodiment overcomes all or part of the drawbacks of known absorption machines.
- One embodiment provides an adiabatic sorption exchanger, comprising a cylindrical exchange zone with radially variable permeability.
- the exchange zone also has axial symmetry.
- the exchange zone is intended to receive a liquid dripping by gravity.
- the exchange zone comprises a lattice with radial symmetry.
- the lattice comprises vertical mesh planes arranged radially at regular intervals.
- the exchanger further comprises a distributor located directly above the exchange zone.
- the dispenser has a lower face comprising a porous wall.
- the distributor has a lower face through which several pipes pass.
- One embodiment provides a system comprising:
- phase change exchanger an adiabatic sorption exchanger as described; and - A phase change exchanger, the phase change exchanger being separated from the adiabatic sorption exchanger by a droplet barrier.
- the adiabatic sorption exchanger and the phase change exchanger are coaxial
- the phase change exchanger is intended to contain a refrigerant fluid and the adiabatic sorption exchanger is intended to contain an absorbent solution.
- the refrigerant and the absorbent solution are chosen from the H 2 O/LiBr and NH 3 /LiNO 3 pairs.
- the phase change exchanger is a non-adiabatic exchanger having a helical structure surrounding the adiabatic sorption exchanger.
- the phase change exchanger is an adiabatic exchanger having a structure similar to that of the cylindrical exchange zone of the adiabatic sorption exchanger.
- One embodiment provides an absorption machine, comprising at least one exchanger as described.
- One embodiment provides an absorption machine, comprising at least one system as described.
- Figure 1 shows, schematically and in the form of blocks, an example of an absorption machine of the type to which the described embodiments apply;
- Figure 2 shows, schematically and in the form of blocks, an absorption machine according to one embodiment
- Figure 3 shows, schematically and in the form of blocks, a variant of the absorption machine of Figure 2;
- Figure 4 is an exploded view of an exchanger according to one embodiment
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the exchanger of Figure 4.
- Figure 6 is a top view of the exchanger of Figure 4.
- Figure 7 is a side view of the exchanger of Figure 4.
- Figure 8 is a side view and in section of the exchanger of Figure 4.
- Figure 9 is a detail view, side and in section, of the distributor of the exchanger of Figure 4.
- Figure 10 is a top view and in section of the exchanger of Figure 4.
- FIG 11 is a perspective view of an exchange zone of the exchanger of Figure 4.
- FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a droplet guard of the exchanger of FIG. 4;
- Figure 13 is a sectional view of the droplet shield of Figure 12;
- Figure 14 is a top view and in section of a variant of the exchanger of Figure 4;
- Figure 15 is a partial view, side and in section, of the exchanger of Figure 14;
- Figure 16 is a perspective view of a system comprising the exchanger of Figure 4.
- Figure 17 shows, schematically and in the form of blocks, another variant of the absorption machine of Figure 2;
- Figure 18 is a perspective view of an example of layout of the elements of the variant of the absorption machine of Figure 17;
- Figure 19 is a front view corresponding to the example layout of Figure 18.
- the expressions “about”, “approximately”, “substantially”, and “of the order of” mean to within 10%, preferably within 5%.
- upstream and downstream are understood to mean the direction of circulation of the fluids. This direction of circulation is indicated by arrows in figures 1 to 3.
- concentrated solution refers to a solution concentrated in absorbent and “diluted solution” a solution rich in refrigerant fluid. A dilute solution thus has a lower absorbent content than a concentrated solution.
- mass exchanger refers to an exchanger in which mass transfers occur under the effect, for example, of a chemical potential gradient.
- phase change exchangers
- sorption exchangers
- FIG. 1 shows, schematically and in the form of blocks, an example of an absorption machine 100 of the type to which the described embodiments apply.
- the FIG. 1 more precisely represents an example of a single-stage absorption machine.
- the embodiments described also apply to multistage machines.
- the absorption machine 100 comprises an evaporator block 101 (EVAPORATOR), an absorber block 103 (ABSORBER), a generator block 105 (GENERATOR) and a condenser block 107 (CONDENSER).
- EVAPORATOR evaporator block 101
- ABSORBER absorber block 103
- GENEATOR generator block 105
- CONDENSER condenser block 107
- a refrigerant or refrigerant fluid is evaporated, for example in a low pressure environment.
- heat is taken from a heat transfer fluid, for example water, flowing for example in a circuit (not shown) located at the inside the evaporator block 101.
- a heat transfer fluid for example water
- a circuit not shown
- an air/water heat exchanger can be connected to the water circuit and placed in the medium to be cooled, so as to allow heat exchange between the water in the circuit and the air. environment of the medium to be cooled.
- the refrigerant previously transformed into vapor by change of state in the evaporator block 101, is then received (arrow 109) by the absorber block 103 of the absorption machine 100.
- the absorber block 103 contains for example a substance typically liquid, called absorbent solution, intended to absorb the refrigerant.
- the absorbent solution is circulated inside the absorber block 103 where the vapor of the refrigerant fluid is absorbed by the absorbent solution.
- the phenomenon of absorption of the vapor of the refrigerant by the absorbent solution tends to dilute this solution, and therefore to reduce its capacity for absorption of the refrigerant.
- the absorbent solution diluted under the effect of the absorption of the refrigerant is therefore for example sent (arrow 111) to the desorber block 105, also called generator block, concentrator block or boiler block, in order to be regenerated there.
- the solution contained in the absorber block 103 is pressurized and circulated by a pump 113, then passes through a solution heat exchanger 115 (SHX) before being received by the desorber block 105.
- SHX solution heat exchanger 115
- the solution heat exchanger 115 placed between the absorber block 103 and the desorber block 105, makes it possible, for example, to increase the performance of the machine 100 by recovering internal heat.
- the dilute solution is then for example heated inside the desorber block 105, for example by an external heat source, which makes it possible to desorb, by vaporization, the refrigerant contained by this solution.
- the desorber block 105 is in this case a non-adiabatic block because it performs both heat exchanges and mass exchanges, like the absorber block 103.
- the initially diluted absorbent solution is then concentrated, or regenerated.
- the regenerated solution is returned (arrow 117) to the absorber block 103 by via the solution heat exchanger 115 and an expansion valve 119.
- the vapor of the refrigerant fluid is transmitted (arrow 121) to the condenser block 107.
- a fluid coolant for example water
- the refrigerant in the liquid state is then sent (arrow 123) to the evaporator block 101 via another expansion valve 125, thus completing an operating cycle of the absorption machine 100.
- the evaporator unit 101 takes, in the medium to be cooled, a thermal power Qe.
- the generator block 105 takes, from a thermal source (not shown), a thermal power Qg.
- the absorber block 103 rejects a thermal power Qa.
- the condenser block 107 rejects a thermal power Qc.
- the pump 113 absorbs mechanical work W.
- the coefficient of thermal performance COPth of the absorption machine 100 is typically of the order of 0.6 to 0.75.
- the absorption machine 100 has the advantage of making it possible to exploit, in particular for heating the dilute solution in the desorber unit 105, heat sources available at very low cost.
- the absorption machine 100 can use gas heat sources, so-called renewable sources, for example from the sun, or fatal, for example from residual heat release from an industrial process.
- the electrical coefficient of performance COPel of the absorption machine 100 is typically of the order of a few tens, for example comprised between 15 and 30, against around 2 to 4 for a compression machine.
- the electrical coefficient of performance COPel of the absorption machine 100 is therefore generally much higher than that of compression machines. This stems in particular from the fact that the pump 113 of the absorption machine 100 has a much lower electrical consumption than that of a compressor of a compression machine of equivalent capacity. The absorption machine 100 can therefore sometimes prove to be more advantageous than the compression machines, in particular because of its low electrical consumption.
- the absorption machine 100 it would be desirable to use the absorption machine 100 to cool homes located in hot regions of the planet, often benefiting moreover from a high level of sunshine. This would allow, for example, to consume less fossil fuels, generally used to produce the electricity necessary for the operation of the machine, and to advantageously exploit the heat radiated "freely" by the sun. More generally, the use of an absorption machine proves to be advantageous as soon as the implementation of a thermal source is more profitable than the use of an electric source.
- the absorption machine 100 currently remains, in most cases, uncompetitive against compression machines. This stems in particular from the fact that, in thermal power ranges suitable in particular for cooling a dwelling, typically of the order of a few kilowatts to a few tens of kilowatts, the absorption machine 100 is generally more expensive and bulkier than a compression machine of equivalent capacity.
- FIG. 2 shows, schematically and in the form of blocks, an absorption machine 200 according to one embodiment.
- the absorption machine 200 of FIG. 2 comprises common elements with the absorption machine 100 of FIG. 1. These common elements will not be detailed again below.
- the absorption machine 200 of FIG. 2 differs from the absorption machine 100 of FIG. 1 mainly in that the absorption machine 200 comprises, in the absorber 103 and desorber 105 blocks, equipment making it possible to dissociate the heat transfers and mass transfers.
- the desorber unit 105 of the absorption machine 200 comprises a heat exchanger 201 (HXg) and an adiabatic desorber 203 (MXg).
- the heat exchanger 201 is located for example upstream of the adiabatic desorber 203, after the heat exchanger 115 of solution.
- the heat exchanger 201 is for example intended to heat the dilute absorbent solution, coming from the absorber block 103, before this solution reaches the adiabatic desorber 203.
- This allows, for example, the adiabatic desorber 203 to receive the dilute absorbent solution in a so-called overheated state, that is to say at a temperature above an equilibrium temperature depending on the pressure of the adiabatic desorber 203 and the concentration of the absorbent solution.
- the desorption, in the adiabatic desorber 203, of the refrigerant contained in the dilute absorbent solution is thus facilitated.
- the heat exchanger 201 uses, for example, an external heat source (not shown), for example a solar heating device or a gas supply, in order to heat the fluid.
- the adiabatic desorber 203 is for example intended to cause adiabatic desorption of the refrigerant contained by the dilute and superheated absorbent solution coming from the heat exchanger 201.
- the refrigerant thus desorbed is then sent, in the vapor phase, to the block condenser 107 then, in the liquid phase, to the evaporator block 101.
- the absorber block 103 of the absorption machine 200 comprises another heat exchanger 205 (HXa) and an adiabatic absorber 207 (MXa).
- the heat exchanger 205 is located for example upstream of the adiabatic absorber 207, after the expansion valve 119.
- the heat exchanger 205 is for example intended to cool the concentrated absorbent solution, coming from the adiabatic desorber 203 of the desorber block 105, before this solution reaches the adiabatic absorber 207.
- This allows, for example, the absorber adiabatic absorber 207 to receive the concentrated absorbent solution in a so-called sub-cooled state, that is to say at a temperature below an equilibrium temperature depending on the pressure of the adiabatic absorber 207 and the concentration of the absorbent solution.
- the absorption, in the adiabatic absorber 207, of the refrigerant by the concentrated absorbent solution is thus facilitated.
- the heat exchanger 205 is for example supplied at the secondary, that is to say on the cold heat transfer fluid side, by a cold source external (not shown), for example a cooling tower or ambient air.
- the adiabatic absorber 207 is for example intended to cause adiabatic absorption of the vapor of the refrigerant, coming from the evaporator block 101, by the concentrated and sub-cooled absorbent solution coming from the heat exchanger 205.
- the dilute solution that is to say having absorbed the refrigerant, is then sent to the desorber block 105.
- the heat exchangers 201 and 205 are plate exchangers.
- the person skilled in the art is able, to produce the exchangers 201 and 205, to implement a heat exchanger technology adapted to the constraints and the performance of the absorption machine 200.
- the absorption machine 200 further comprises reservoirs 209 and 211, for example tanks, respectively forming part of the evaporator 101 and absorber 103 blocks.
- the reservoir 209 is for example intended to contain the fluid refrigerant.
- the reservoir 211 is for example intended to contain the dilute absorbent solution.
- the absorption machine 200 comprises, in addition to the pump 113 previously described, another pump 213.
- the pump 213 is for example part of the evaporator block 101.
- the pump 213 is for example connected, suction side , to the reservoir 209 of refrigerant fluid and, on the discharge side, to a tapping 215 located downstream of the expansion valve 125.
- the pump 213 makes it possible, for example, to cause a recirculation of refrigerant fluid inside the evaporator block 101.
- the absorption machine 200 further comprises yet another pump 217.
- the pump 217 is for example part of the absorber unit 103.
- the pump 217 is for example connected, on the suction side, to the tank 211 of dilute absorbent solution and, on the discharge side, to another connection 219 located between the expansion valve 119 and the heat exchanger 205
- the pump 217 makes it possible, for example, to cause a recirculation of absorbent solution inside the adiabatic absorber 207. This makes it possible to limit a flow rate of solution circulating between the absorber block 103 and the desorber block 105.
- the coefficient of thermal performance COPth of the absorption machine 200 is for example part of the absorber unit 103.
- the pump 217 is for example connected, on the suction side, to the tank 211 of dilute absorbent solution and, on the discharge side, to another connection 219 located between the expansion valve 119 and the heat exchanger 205
- the pump 217 makes it possible, for example, to cause a recirculation
- the absorption machine 200 further comprises yet another pump 221.
- the pump 221 is for example part of the desorber block 105.
- the pump 221 is for example connected, on the suction side, to yet another branch 223 located between the downstream of the adiabatic desorber 203 and the solution heat exchanger 115 and, on the discharge side, to yet another branch 225 located between the upstream of the heat exchanger 201 and the solution heat exchanger 115.
- the pump 221 makes it possible, for example, to cause a recirculation of solution inside the adiabatic desorber 203. This makes it possible to limit a flow rate of solution circulating between the desorber block 105 and the absorber block 103. The thermal performance coefficient is thus further improved. COPth of the absorption machine 200.
- the person skilled in the art is able, to produce the pumps 113, 213, 217 and 221, to implement a pump technology adapted to the constraints and the performance of the absorption machine 200.
- gear or paddles can for example be used.
- the absorption machine 200 may include other reservoirs, for example an intermediate solution reservoir located between the tapping 223 and the pump 221, this reservoir making it possible to supply the pump 221 with absorbent solution.
- the condenser block 107 of the absorption machine 200 comprises a circuit 227 of heat transfer fluid, for example water.
- the circuit 227 is for example intended to condense the vapor of the refrigerant fluid extracted by the adiabatic desorber 203.
- the circuit 227 uses an external cold source (not shown), for example a cooling tower or the ambiant air. This source is for example the same as that which is implemented by the heat exchanger 205.
- the absorption machine 200 further comprises another circuit 229 of heat transfer fluid, for example water, forming for example part of the evaporator block 101.
- the circuit 229 is for example connected to a device (not shown) for heat exchange with the ambient air of the medium to be cooled.
- the mass transfers that is to say the absorption and desorption phenomena, take place respectively in the adiabatic absorber 207 and the adiabatic desorber 203.
- the adiabatic absorber 207 and the adiabatic desorber 203 constitute adiabatic sorption exchangers.
- the heat transfers associated with absorption and desorption are externalized, and carried out respectively in the heat exchangers 205 and 201.
- This separation of the heat transfers and the mass transfers, associated with the phenomena of absorption and desorption of the refrigerant by the absorbent solution, has the advantage of implementing the adiabatic sorption exchangers 203 and 207, which are compact sorption exchangers.
- Heat exchangers 205 and 201 are also compact.
- Figure 3 shows, schematically and in the form of blocks, a variant of the absorption machine 200 of Figure 2.
- the variant of Figure 3 differs from the embodiment of the absorption machine 200 described above. above in relation to FIG. 2 mainly in that, in this variant, the absorption machine 200 comprises, in the evaporator 101 and condenser 107 blocks, equipment making it possible to separate the heat transfers and the mass transfers.
- the condenser unit 107 of the absorption machine 200 comprises yet another heat exchanger 301 (HXc) and an adiabatic condenser 303 (MXc).
- the heat exchanger 301 is located for example downstream of the adiabatic condenser 303, before the expansion valve 125.
- the heat exchanger 301 is for example intended to cool the refrigerant in the liquid state, coming from the adiabatic condenser 303. This makes it possible to ensure that the refrigerant enters the adiabatic condenser 303 in a state called sub-ref stiff, that is to say at a temperature below an equilibrium temperature depending on the pressure of the adiabatic condenser 303. The condensation of the vapor coming from the adiabatic desorber 203 is thus facilitated.
- the evaporator unit 101 of the absorption machine 200 further comprises yet another heat exchanger 305 (HXe) and an adiabatic evaporator 307 (MXe).
- the heat exchanger 305 is located for example upstream of the adiabatic evaporator 307, after the expansion valve 125.
- the heat exchanger 305 is for example intended to heat the refrigerant in the liquid state and close to saturation, from the heat exchanger 301, before this fluid reaches one adiabatic evaporator 307. This allows for example one adiabatic evaporator 307 to receive the refrigerant in the overheated state, that is to say at a temperature above an equilibrium temperature depending on the pressure of the adiabatic evaporator 307. The vaporization of the refrigerant in the evaporator block 101 is thus facilitated.
- the heat exchangers 301 and 305 include, for example, coolant circuits respectively analogous to circuits 227 and 229 of the absorption machine 200 of Figure 2, these circuits 227 and 229 being omitted. of the variant of FIG. 3.
- the heat exchanger 301 is for example connected, on the secondary side, to a cold source (not shown).
- the heat exchanger 305 is for example connected, on the primary side, to a device (not shown) for heat exchange with the ambient air of the medium to be cooled.
- heat exchangers 301 and 305 are plate heat exchangers, for example similar to heat exchangers 201 and 205. to implement a heat exchanger technology adapted to the constraints and performance of the variant of the absorption machine 200.
- the adiabatic condenser 303 and one adiabatic evaporator 307 constitute for example adiabatic phase change exchangers.
- the absorption machine 200 further comprises yet another pump 309.
- the pump 309 is for example connected, on the suction side, to a connection 311 located between the heat exchanger 301 and the expansion valve 125 and, on the discharge side, to the adiabatic condenser 303.
- the pump 309 makes it possible, for example, to cause recirculation of refrigerant inside the adiabatic condenser 303.
- the person skilled in the art is able, to produce the pump 309, to implement a pump technology adapted to the constraints and the performance of the variant of the absorption machine 200.
- the variant of Figure 3 allows the use, to achieve the heat transfers associated with the evaporator block 101 and the condenser block 107, commercial exchangers available at low cost. This further reduces the overall cost of the absorption machine 200, in particular compared to an absorption machine without heat exchangers 301 and 305.
- the refrigerant and the absorbent solution used in the absorption machine 200 previously described in relation to FIGS. 2 and 3 are chosen from the following pairs:
- the absorption machine 200 described above in relation to FIG. 3 may include other reservoirs, for example an intermediate refrigerant reservoir located between the tapping 311 and the pump 309, this reservoir allowing the pump 309 to be supplied with refrigerant.
- an intermediate refrigerant reservoir located between the tapping 311 and the pump 309, this reservoir allowing the pump 309 to be supplied with refrigerant.
- FIGS 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 are respectively exploded views, in perspective, from above, from the side and in section of an exchanger 400 according to one embodiment.
- the exchanger 400 is for example used to produce all or part of the adiabatic sorption exchangers 203 and 207 of the absorption machine 200 of Figures 2 and 3.
- the exchanger 400 includes an exchange zone 401.
- the exchange zone 401 is preferably surrounded by a droplet guard 403.
- the exchange zone 401 is for example surmounted by a distributor 405.
- an upper face 405T of the distributor 405 comprises openings 407, or openings.
- the exchanger 400 comprises for example a collector or recuperator 409, located in the lower part directly above the exchange zone 401.
- the exchanger 400 also comprises an upper flange 411T, for example secured to the upper face 405T of the distributor 405, and a lower flange 411B, for example secured to a lower face of the recuperator 409.
- the exchanger 400 further comprises a fixing foot 413 ( Figures 7 and 8), for example intended to fix the exchanger 400 on a frame.
- the fixing foot 413 is for example secured to the underside of the recuperator 409.
- the fixing foot 413 can be omitted or replaced by any attachment means.
- the exchanger 400 further comprises, for example, an external enclosure, or casing, surrounding the droplet barrier 403.
- This enclosure is for example designed to be hermetic and is for example sized to withstand an internal pressure higher or lower than atmospheric pressure.
- the exchanger 400 corresponds for example to the adiabatic sorption exchanger 203 of the desorber block 105 (FIGS. 2 and 3)
- the diluted and superheated absorbent solution coming from the heat exchanger 201, between inside the exchanger 400 for example by the upper flange 411T (vertical arrow 415 in Figure 8).
- This solution is then distributed or distributed at the entrance to the exchange zone 401 (that is to say in the upper part of the exchange zone 401, in the orientation of FIG. 4) by the distributor 405
- the distributor 405 has a structure making it possible to ensure that the solution is distributed in a homogeneous or random manner, for example, at the entrance to the exchange zone 401. This structure is described in more detail below. in relation to figure 9.
- the exchange zone 401 has a structure adapted in particular to increase the exchange surface of the solution, and to mix it by imposing on it, for example, numerous changes of direction .
- the exchanger 400 corresponds by example to the adiabatic desorber 203 of the desorber block 105, this makes it possible in particular to promote the phenomenon of desorption of the refrigerant.
- the structure of the exchange zone comprises, for example, vertical plane gratings. The structure of the exchange zone 401 is described in more detail below in relation to figures 10, 11, 14 and 15.
- the concentrated or regenerated absorbent solution reaches the outlet of the exchange zone, this solution is then, for example, collected by the recuperator 409.
- the concentrated absorbent solution is then, for example, evacuated from the exchanger 400 by the lower flange 411B (vertical arrow 419 in Figure 8), for example to be returned to the adiabatic absorber 207 ( Figures 2 and 3).
- the concentrated and stiffened sub-ref absorbing solution coming from the heat exchanger 205, enters inside the exchanger 400 for example by the upper flange 411T (vertical arrow 415 in Figure 8) .
- This solution is then distributed or distributed at the entrance to the exchange zone 401 by the distributor 405.
- the structure of the exchange zone generally makes it possible to promote the phenomenon of absorption of the refrigerant by the solution.
- the structure of the exchange zone 401 is for example in this case identical, except for manufacturing dispersions, to that of the structure used in the case where the exchanger 400 corresponds for example to the adiabatic desorber 203 of the desorber block 105.
- the absorbent solution As the concentrated and sub-ref stiffened absorbent solution approaches the exit of the exchange zone 401 (that is to say the lower part of the exchange zone 401, in the orientation of Figure 4), the refrigerant is absorbed and the temperature of this solution increases. More precisely, the refrigerant, then in vapor form, penetrates radially (in a direction opposite to the horizontal arrows 417 in FIG. 8) towards the inside of the exchange zone 401 of the adiabatic mass exchanger 400. The absorbent solution is thus more dilute, that is to say it has a higher refrigerant content, at the outlet of the exchange zone 401 than at the inlet of this zone.
- the dilute absorbent solution reaches the outlet of the exchange zone 401, this solution is then for example collected by the recuperator 409.
- the dilute absorbent solution is then for example evacuated out of the exchanger 400 by the lower flange 411B (vertical arrow 419 in Figure 8), for example to be returned to the desorber block 105 ( Figures 2 and 3).
- the droplet guard 403 makes it possible in particular to maintain the absorbent solution in the exchange zone 401. This avoids, for example, possible liquid exchanges, for example with other fluids likely to be outside the droplet guard 403.
- the droplet guard 403 can be omitted, for example in a case where the adiabatic mass exchanger does not include an additional fluid circuit.
- the droplets which reach the periphery of the exchange zone 401 run off, for example, along the internal wall of the casing of the exchanger 400 and are collected by the recuperator 409.
- the openings 407 formed in the face 405T are for example used to evacuate the steam likely to penetrate inside the distributor 405, for example by the upper flange 411T. These openings 407 are particularly useful in the case where the exchanger 400 is intended to desorb the refrigerant. The openings 407 can for example be omitted in the case where the exchanger 400 is intended to absorb the refrigerant.
- the exchanger 400 is designed for low-power cold applications, for example of the order of a few kilowatts.
- the skilled person is able to adapt the dimensions of the exchanger 400 to increase the cooling capacity of the absorption machine 200.
- Figure 9 is a detail view, from the side and in section, of the distributor 405 of the exchanger 400 of Figures 4 to 8.
- the distributor 405 has a lower face 405B comprising for example a porous wall.
- the lower face 405B is more precisely crossed by pipes 901, for example portions of tubes.
- the pipes 901 are for example substantially perpendicular to the face 405B. All the pipes 901 have, for example, a shape and dimensions that are identical to each other, except for manufacturing variations. In addition, the pipes 901 are for example all aligned horizontally with respect to each other, so that all the pipes 901 have an upper end separated from the face 405B by the same distance, except for manufacturing variations. This notably allows the solution to be dispersed in substantially the same way in each of the pipes 901.
- the pipes 901 are for example evenly distributed on the underside 405B.
- part of the face 405B, located directly above the flange 411T is however devoid of pipes 901. This makes it possible, for example, to ensure, at the entrance to the exchange zone 401 under underlying, a homogeneous distribution of the solution entering the distributor 405, in particular avoiding that this solution is oritarily distributed towards a central part of the exchange zone 401.
- the lower face 405B of the distributor 405 does not include pipes 901 but is made of a material, for example porous, making it possible to distribute the solution inside the exchange zone 401 of the mass exchanger 400.
- the person skilled in the art is able to choose a porous wall adapted to the absorbent solution implemented by the exchanger 400.
- the person in the profession is in particular able to choose a wall having a permeability adapted to the application.
- Figure 10 is a top view and in section of the exchanger 400 according to the plane AA of Figure 7, and Figure 11 is a perspective view of the exchange zone 401 of the exchanger 400 of Figure 4.
- the exchange zone 401 is intended to receive a liquid dripping by gravity, for example the absorbent solution of the absorption machine 200 of FIGS. 2 and 3.
- the zone of exchange 401 of the exchanger 400 has a cylindrical shape, of substantially circular section.
- the exchange zone 401 has for example an axial symmetry.
- the exchange zone 401 comprises a mesh 1001 comprising vertical mesh planes 1003.
- the mesh 1001 has for example radial symmetry, the vertical mesh planes 1003 being for example arranged radially and at regular intervals around a central cylinder 1005.
- the central cylinder 1005 performs, for example, a function of mechanical support for the vertical mesh planes 1003, and is in particular not intended to contain the absorbent solution.
- horizontal lines of the vertical mesh planes 1003 can be omitted, for example so that the vertical mesh planes 1003 of the mesh 1001 overlap each other, or overlap.
- the trellis 1001 then forms, for example, a structure of the helical type.
- the vertical mesh planes 1003 have regular meshes. These meshes are for example of polygonal shape, for example of rectangular or square shape, or of circular shape. By way of example, the vertical mesh planes 1003 present meshes of the order of a few square millimeters. The shape and the dimensions of the meshes of the vertical mesh planes 1003 are for example chosen according to physical properties and a flow regime of the absorbent solution used.
- the exchange region 401 has a radially variable permeability.
- the exchange region 401 is for example all the more permeable, for example to the absorbent solution, as one moves away radially from the central cylinder 1005.
- the exchange region 401 has for example a density which decreases with the Ray. This makes it possible in particular to obtain a better balance of the pressure drops inside the exchange region 401.
- the exchange region 401 has a radius of between 10 and 30 cm, for example equal to around 10 cm.
- the exchange region 401 also has a height of between 15 and 30 cm, for example equal to approximately 22 cm.
- the exchange region 401 is for example produced at least partially by additive manufacturing, for example by 3D printing. This in particular makes it possible to access more complex shapes than those that could be obtained, for example, by conventional injection or machining techniques.
- supports used for the manufacture of the exchange region 401 may remain. These supports are for example located on the periphery of the trellis 1001.
- At least part of the exchange region 401 is made of a plastic material.
- An advantage of the exchange region 401 lies in the fact that it makes it possible to produce instabilities within the absorbent solution when the latter trickles by gravity inside the exchanger 400. More precisely, the lattice structure 1001 of the exchange region 401 makes it possible to disturb the flow inside the exchanger 400. This notably allows an improvement in the mass transfers during absorption or desorption.
- Figure 12 is a perspective view of the droplet guard 403 of the exchanger 400 of Figure 4.
- Figure 13 is a sectional view, along the plane BB of Figure 12, of the droplet guard 403.
- the droplet guard 403 comprises fins 1201.
- the fins 1201 have for example, seen from above, a substantially circular shape.
- the fins 1201 have for example an inverted "V" shaped section.
- the fins 1201 are separate from each other, in particular so as to allow free circulation of the vapor of the refrigerant.
- the fins 1201 are separated at regular intervals and held mechanically by uprights 1203.
- the droplet guard 403 is for example produced by 3D printing, for example at the same time as the exchange zone 401 so as to form a single piece. Analogously to what was previously described for the exchange zone 401, supports used for 3D printing may remain in the structure of the droplet guard 403 after manufacturing.
- FIG. 14 is a top view and in section of a variant of the exchanger 400 of Figures 4 to 8.
- Figure 15 is a partial view, from the side and in section according to the plane CC of Figure 14 , of the variant of the exchanger 400 of figure 14.
- the lattice 1001 of the exchange zone 401 forms a three-dimensional network with cubic mesh. Although this is not shown in FIGS. be smaller near the center of the structure of the exchange zone 401 than in the vicinity of the droplet shield 403. This allows for example the exchange zone 401 to have a radially variable permeability.
- the mesh of the lattice 1001 comprises, for example, bars of larger section near the center of the structure of the exchange zone 401 than in the vicinity of the droplet guard 403.
- Figure 16 is a perspective view of a system 1600 comprising the exchanger 400 of Figure 4.
- the upper face 405T of the distributor 405 of the exchanger 400 has not been shown.
- the system 1600 comprises, in addition to the adiabatic mass exchanger 400, another exchanger 1601.
- the exchanger 1601 is for example a heat exchanger, for example a phase change exchanger (evaporator or condenser).
- the exchanger 1601 is located on the periphery of the adiabatic mass exchanger 400 and is laterally separated from this exchanger 400 by the droplet guard 403.
- the exchanger 1601 has for example a helical or serpentine shape. , comprising for example several turns wound around the exchanger 400.
- the exchangers 400 and 1601 are for example coaxial.
- the phase change exchanger 1601 has a so-called single-turn structure.
- an architecture with multiple towers for example double towers, can alternatively be provided in order to obtain a higher thermal power.
- phase change exchanger 1601 of helical shape it is possible to replace the phase change exchanger 1601 of helical shape with a phase change exchanger 1601 having another geometry, for example an exchanger having a structure similar to that of the zone exchanger 401 of the exchanger 400 and forming a cylinder surrounding the droplet barrier 403.
- adiabatic sorption exchanger 203 of the desorber block 105 (FIG. 3), or the adiabatic phase change exchanger 307 in the case where the exchanger 400 corresponds for example to the adiabatic sorption exchanger 207 of the absorber block 103.
- the structures of the adiabatic sorption exchanger and of the phase change exchanger are for example produced during the same 3D printing step.
- the structure of the adiabatic phase change exchanger is made separately, then attached around the structure of the adiabatic sorption exchanger.
- the system 1600 can for example make it possible to produce, in a single piece of equipment, the adiabatic desorber 203 of the desorber block 105 and the circuit 227 of the non-adiabatic condenser block 107 previously exposed in relation to FIG. 2.
- the vapor of the refrigerant produced by desorption and then extracted radially from the exchange zone 401, crosses for example the droplet guard 403 before being condensed in contact with the phase change exchanger 1601.
- the refrigerant at the liquid state as well obtained can then be collected in the lower part of the system
- the system 1600 can for example make it possible to produce, in a single piece of equipment, the adiabatic absorber 207 of the absorber block 103 and the circuit 229 of the non-adiabatic evaporator block 101 previously exposed in relation to FIG. 2.
- the system 1600 may further comprise another distributor (not shown) located directly above the coil formed by the exchanger 1601.
- This other distributor forming for example a ring around the distributor 405 of the exchanger 400 , is for example intended to drip the refrigerant in the liquid state on the turns of the coil of the exchanger 1601.
- this other distributor has a lower face similar to the lower face 405B of the distributor 405 of the exchanger 400, that is to say comprising for example pipes or consisting at least partially of a porous material.
- the refrigerant in the liquid state is distributed on the exchanger 1601 to be vaporized there.
- the vapor thus produced can then pass through the droplet barrier 403 before penetrating radially towards the inside of the exchange zone 401 to be absorbed there.
- the droplet guard 403 makes it possible to avoid any exchanges by liquid means between, on the one hand, the refrigerant located on the phase change exchanger side 1601 and, on the other hand, the absorbent solution located side exchange zone 401.
- the openings 407 of the face 405T can for example communicate with the exchanger 1601 so as to allow the condensation of the vapor of the refrigerant fluid likely to s introduced inside the distributor 405 for example by the upper flange 411T.
- An advantage of the exchanger 400 and the system 1600 previously described is that the exchanger and the system 1600 can be used either on the absorber block side 103 or on the desorber block side 105, for example with some minor adaptations. This makes it possible to manufacture components capable of fulfilling several functions alternately. Production and manufacturing costs are thus obtained that are lower than those which would be generated by specific developments.
- Another advantage of the exchanger 400 is due to the fact that its operation implements runoff by gravity of the absorbent solution. This makes it possible to reduce the pressure drops and the size of the exchanger 400, in particular with respect to other types of adiabatic exchangers, for example adiabatic exchangers by jet or by membrane. It is thus possible to use the exchanger 400 to produce more compact and less energy-intensive absorption machines.
- FIG. 17 represents, schematically and in the form of blocks, another variant of the absorption machine of FIG. 2.
- the variant of Figure 17 differs from the embodiment of the absorption machine 200 described in relation to Figure 2 mainly in that, in this variant, the absorption machine 200 is devoid of pumps 213 and 217 and expansion valves 125 and 119.
- the operating pressure difference (high and low pressure) can be obtained by columns of liquid. More specifically, in this example, high pressure steam is found in the sorption exchanger 203 and in the phase change exchanger 227, while steam at a lower pressure, called low pressure steam, is found. in the tanks 209 and 211, in the sorption exchanger 207 and in the phase change exchanger 229.
- a column of liquid CL1 makes it possible to replace the expansion valve 125 on the refrigerant side
- another column of liquid CL2 makes it possible to replace the expansion valve 119 on the absorbent solution side.
- a recirculation line makes it possible, with respect to the absorption machine of FIG. 2, to compensate for the absence of the pump 217.
- the recirculation line is connected between a tapping 231, located between the heat exchangers 115 and 205, and another tapping 233, located between the pump 113 and the heat exchanger 115.
- Figures 18 and 19 are respectively perspective and front views of an example of layout of the elements of the variant of the absorption machine 200 of Figure 17.
- the absorption machine 200 comprises, from top to bottom, the sorption exchangers 203 and 207, the phase change exchangers 227 and 229, the tanks 209 and 211, the heat exchanger 201, the heat exchanger 115, and the pumps 113 and 221 .
- the liquid column CL1 (FIG. 19) makes it possible, for example, to guarantee a pressure difference greater than or equal to approximately 65 mbar (at which add an additional pressure related to a height of liquid inside the tank 209).
- the absorption machine 200 contains, on the absorbent solution side, a solution of the H 2 O/LiBr type concentrated to about 50% by absorbing and having a temperature of about 30°C
- the liquid column CL2 makes it possible, for example, to guarantee a pressure difference greater than or equal to about 80 mbar (at which can be added an additional pressure related to a height of liquid inside the tank 211).
- liquid columns CL1 and CL2 have heights respectively equal to approximately 650 mm and 525 mm.
- the lower parts of the exchanger 229 and of the refrigerant tank 209 are located approximately at the same height, these lower parts being connected to each other by a pipe. T1. Furthermore, in this example, the upper parts of the exchanger 229 and of the tank 209 are connected to each other by another pipe T2. In this example, the refrigerant reservoir 209 and the evaporator 229 are therefore at equal pressure. This makes it possible to maintain the same height of liquid inside these two elements. In other words, the regulation of the level of the refrigerant in the exchanger 229 is carried out, in the case of the variant illustrated in FIGS. 17 to 19, by the so-called principle of communicating vessels. A bubble evaporator 229 is thus obtained, the filling height of which is directly regulated by the level of liquid inside the reservoir 209 of refrigerant.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2009477A FR3114381B1 (fr) | 2020-09-18 | 2020-09-18 | Échangeur de sorption |
| PCT/EP2021/075557 WO2022058469A1 (fr) | 2020-09-18 | 2021-09-17 | Échangeur de sorption |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4214454A1 true EP4214454A1 (fr) | 2023-07-26 |
Family
ID=73401810
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21773636.2A Pending EP4214454A1 (fr) | 2020-09-18 | 2021-09-17 | Échangeur de sorption |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4214454A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3114381B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022058469A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1057466A (fr) * | 1952-05-28 | 1954-03-09 | Appareil frigorifique à absorption pour armoire domestique et commerciale | |
| US4432914A (en) * | 1982-06-23 | 1984-02-21 | Kenneth C. Schifftner, Inc. | Mass transfer contact apparatus |
| US5660049A (en) * | 1995-11-13 | 1997-08-26 | Erickson; Donald C. | Sorber with multiple cocurrent pressure equalized upflows |
| CN101893347A (zh) * | 2009-05-19 | 2010-11-24 | 刘应江 | 直接式太阳能空调复合系统 |
| CN203586615U (zh) * | 2013-11-29 | 2014-05-07 | 深圳职业技术学院 | 带均匀布气器的绝热喷雾吸收器及吸收式制冷系统 |
| CN109341141B (zh) * | 2018-08-27 | 2020-03-27 | 山东大学 | 一种管外降膜热管式吸收换热装置 |
-
2020
- 2020-09-18 FR FR2009477A patent/FR3114381B1/fr active Active
-
2021
- 2021-09-17 WO PCT/EP2021/075557 patent/WO2022058469A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-09-17 EP EP21773636.2A patent/EP4214454A1/fr active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2022058469A1 (fr) | 2022-03-24 |
| FR3114381B1 (fr) | 2023-02-24 |
| FR3114381A1 (fr) | 2022-03-25 |
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