EP4211612A1 - Vorrichtung, system und verfahren zur bereitstellung eines künstlichen neuronalen netzes - Google Patents
Vorrichtung, system und verfahren zur bereitstellung eines künstlichen neuronalen netzesInfo
- Publication number
- EP4211612A1 EP4211612A1 EP21746052.6A EP21746052A EP4211612A1 EP 4211612 A1 EP4211612 A1 EP 4211612A1 EP 21746052 A EP21746052 A EP 21746052A EP 4211612 A1 EP4211612 A1 EP 4211612A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- component
- neuron
- optical
- weighting
- frequency
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N3/00—Computing arrangements based on biological models
- G06N3/02—Neural networks
- G06N3/06—Physical realisation, i.e. hardware implementation of neural networks, neurons or parts of neurons
- G06N3/067—Physical realisation, i.e. hardware implementation of neural networks, neurons or parts of neurons using optical means
- G06N3/0675—Physical realisation, i.e. hardware implementation of neural networks, neurons or parts of neurons using optical means using electro-optical, acousto-optical or opto-electronic means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N3/00—Computing arrangements based on biological models
- G06N3/02—Neural networks
- G06N3/04—Architecture, e.g. interconnection topology
- G06N3/048—Activation functions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N3/00—Computing arrangements based on biological models
- G06N3/02—Neural networks
- G06N3/04—Architecture, e.g. interconnection topology
- G06N3/0499—Feedforward networks
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N3/00—Computing arrangements based on biological models
- G06N3/02—Neural networks
- G06N3/04—Architecture, e.g. interconnection topology
- G06N3/045—Combinations of networks
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an apparatus for providing an artificial neural network. Furthermore, the invention relates to a system and a method for this purpose.
- neural networks can significantly improve the reliability of automatic vehicle functions, such as driver assistance systems.
- the neural network is able to classify a camera image from a front camera of the vehicle.
- a class can be assigned to the individual pixels of the camera image by the neural network (e.g. different classes for the roadway, the roadway markings, the vehicles, the pedestrians and/or the surrounding vegetation).
- the environment can be recorded more precisely using this class information.
- a pixel-precise allocation of the environment is possible. Furthermore, this information contributes to the understanding of the scene, so that the vehicle function can act adaptively.
- the camera in particular plays a key role in redundant, robust environment detection, since this type of sensor can precisely measure angles for environment detection and can be used to classify the environment.
- the processing and classification of the camera images is computationally intensive and architecturally complex.
- the 360° 3D environment detection can be problematic because many individual images have to be classified and processed, which increases the computational effort.
- Conventional high-performance artificial neural networks short: NN or ANN already offer the possibility of classifying camera images or data from other sensors with refresh rates of less than 10Hz. Thus, the processing and classification can already be significantly accelerated.
- the data load increases with increasing resolution of the camera images.
- Modern automotive cameras for example, already offer a resolution of around 8 megapixels.
- the classification of these camera images in the vehicle in real time is currently not possible or technically very complex.
- the limiting factor here is the processor speed in particular, even when using a GPU (graphics processor, English Graphics Processing Unit) of modern high-performance computers, which even with GPU acceleration cannot be sufficient to classify and process the images completely in real time.
- the classification can be necessary in particular for understanding the scene of the environment in order to be able to act in accordance with the environment of the vehicle in the driving maneuver. Incomplete or incorrect classification therefore poses a problem for automatic driving functions and driver assistance systems.
- High-resolution camera images and sensor data can only be classified by neural networks, e.g. with a reduced refresh rate below 10 Hz.
- the object is achieved in particular by a device, in particular an optical and/or electro-optical device, for providing an artificial neural network (also referred to below as ANN or NN for short), in particular an optical ANN.
- an artificial neural network also referred to below as ANN or NN for short
- the device according to the invention can have at least one (or more) optical neuron component(s) (each) for providing at least one neuron of the network.
- several neuron components can also be provided in the device in order to provide several neurons (ie, for example, one neuron each) of the network.
- the neuron component can be designed to optically provide the function of a neuron of the ANN. This has the advantage that the ANN at least partially performs optical processing and can therefore perform the processing at a higher speed than a conventional electronic ANN.
- the device according to the invention provides in particular that optical non-linear effects (ie effects of non-linear optics) are used in order to provide the function of the neuron and in particular the activation function.
- optical non-linear effects ie effects of non-linear optics
- the neuron component is designed as a non-linear optical component, preferably in order to output an output signal of the neuron component with a second frequency as a function of an input signal of the neuron component, which has a first frequency, with the second frequency differs from the first frequency.
- the neuron component can be designed to carry out a frequency conversion of the input signal in order to obtain the output signal.
- the input signal and the output signal can each be embodied as an optical signal, ie, for example, as light or a light beam and/or laser beam. This makes it possible to optically provide the function of a neuron of the ANN.
- the frequency of the output signal may be nonlinearly dependent on the input signal (e.g., on a parameter of the input signal such as frequency and/or amplitude and/or phase and/or polarization) due to the nonlinear nature of the neuron component.
- This non-linear dependence allows a function of the neuron, e.g. B. an activation function to provide.
- a non-linear mapping can be generated by the neuron component e.g. B. in the form of a sigmoid function.
- the distinction between the second and the first frequency or the frequency conversion can be defined by a non-linear dependency of the output signal on the input signal.
- An increase in the aforementioned parameter of the input signal, such as the frequency or wavelength of the light, can lead to an increase in the frequency or wavelength of the output signal according to the sigmoid-typical S-shape due to non-linear effects.
- the parameters x and y can each denote the frequencies or wavelengths of the light, which can thus serve as an input and output signal.
- the at least one neuron component can, for example, be designed to provide the at least one neuron of the network and/or can be designed as the non-linear optical component in that the neuron component has a material that is transparent and/or non-linear optical effects when passing through Causes light and/or is an optically nonlinear material in which, in particular, the terms with susceptibilities of order greater than or equal to 2 do not disappear, ie are not equal to zero.
- the material can be crystals, for example, which also have a piezo effect.
- the input signal of the neuron component can e.g. B. the light incident on the material, which then passes through the material (i.e. the medium) and then emerges as the output signal.
- the computing speed of an ANN is increased by using optical neurons and optical weights for the optical processing of data.
- the data correspond to the input information, ie the input of the ANN, for example image information such as a camera image or the like.
- the input information can e.g. B. received electronically by the device, but then converted into optical information to obtain the optical input signal of the neuron component.
- an NN usually has a number of neurons, a number of input signals can correspondingly be formed from the input information for a number of neuron components.
- the input information and/or the optical information obtained from it can optionally be processed and/or weighted beforehand in order to obtain the at least one input signal.
- the weighting by a weighting component will be discussed in more detail below.
- Optical materials for optical processing can be used for the neurons and/or weights of the ANN, so that the ANN can be implemented as an optical ANN.
- the at least one neuron component can have an optical material which provides a nonlinear process utilizing the nonlinear susceptibility in optical processes of order > 2 (e.g.
- waveguides can be used as weights of the ANN. Special optical materials can adapt the properties of the waveguides in such a way that weighting can be effected additively, subtractively or multiplicatively.
- the device according to the invention further comprises: at least one (or more) optical weighting component(s) (each) for providing at least one weight of the network in order to output an output signal of the weighting component based on a weighting of an input signal of the weighting component, wherein preferably for this purpose, the weighting component carries out the weighting of the input signal in an optical manner.
- at least one (or more) optical weighting component(s) each for providing at least one weight of the network in order to output an output signal of the weighting component based on a weighting of an input signal of the weighting component, wherein preferably for this purpose, the weighting component carries out the weighting of the input signal in an optical manner.
- the weighting component can e.g. B. serve to provide the at least one weight in that the weight component has a transparent material and/or has a doped material and/or has a material with a defined absorption of the light passing through.
- the input signal of the weighting component is this light incident on the material, passing through the medium of the weighting component and exiting again, so that the output of the weighting component can be the exiting light.
- the neuron component can be connected to the weighting component, in particular optically, e.g. B. via an optical or waveguide to form the input signal of the neuron component at least partially from the output signal of the weighting component and possibly other weighting components.
- the weight component can be used to change the weights of the neurons.
- a classical structure of an ANN can thus be constructed optically by the weighting component and the neuron component.
- a possible topology of the ANN is a recurrent NN or a single- or multi-layer feedforward network.
- CNN convolutional neural network
- the interconnection can also take place in such a way that the output signal of the weighting component corresponds to the input signal of the neuron component to which the weighting component is assigned.
- a weighting component can also be dedicated to a neuron component to perform the weighting of the neuron's input. This can advantageously be done by a fixed optical connection between the weighting and neuron components.
- the neurons of the ANN can each be provided by the neuron component and/or the weights can be provided by the weighting component.
- Weighting requires a linear transformation of the input, so linear optical effects of the weighting component can be used.
- the neurons, and in particular the activation function require that an input be optically non-linearly transformed. Accordingly, non-linear optical effects can be used in the neuron component.
- the ANN provided according to the invention can be designed to be able to classify and process an input, in particular image information as input information, in real time, and thus with a predetermined limited amount of time.
- This can be achieved in that the ANN consists at least partially of optical components is set up, which perform optical processing.
- the activation function of the neurons of the ANN can be performed optically.
- the ANN can thus be implemented optically.
- a frequency of the input and/or output signal can be used as the parameter to be processed for the activation function. The frequency thus forms the counterpart to the electrical voltage in an electronic implementation of the ANN.
- the weighting component is designed to linearly transform the input signal of the weighting component in order to generate the output signal of the weighting component.
- This has the advantage that linear mappings can be carried out optically and thus more quickly, for example by addition or subtraction.
- an optically active medium can be used with an adjusted doping.
- the weighting component is designed as a waveguide (i.e. optical waveguide) and/or exclusively has a waveguide in order to carry out the weighting of the input signal of the weighting component.
- a weighting that is technically easy to implement is thus possible. It can e.g. B. waveguides with matched absorber layers or optical parametric amplification for the weighting component can be used to obtain a desired weighting of the input signal.
- the weighting can be provided for each input of a neuron of the ANN, so that a corresponding weighting component is provided in each case.
- a weight can be defined for each weighting component in order to boost or attenuate (inversely) the input signal in proportion to the weight. The weights thus determine the degree of influence that the neuron's inputs have in the calculation of later activation.
- an input can have an inhibiting (inhibitory) or exciting (excitatory) effect.
- the neuron component is designed to non-linearly transform the input signal of the neuron component by means of at least one optical non-linear effect in order to generate the output signal of the neuron component.
- the neuron component is adapted to provide an activation function with the input signal of the neuron component as input by at least one optical non-linear effect.
- linear transformations are usually out of the question, since an activation function should be based on a non-linear mapping.
- linear activation functions are subject to too strong a restriction and are therefore usually not used for an ANN.
- the neuron's output can be determined by the (non-linear) activation function.
- the non-linear transformation by the activation function is made possible by the optical non-linear properties of the neuron component.
- the activation function is implemented as a sigmoid function, for example.
- the at least one non-linear effect comprises at least or exactly one of the following effects: frequency multiplication, in particular frequency doubling, sum frequency generation, difference frequency generation, an optical parametric process, optical parametric amplification, a Kerr effect, a self-phase modulation, a four-wave mixing process.
- the neuron component is designed to output an output signal of the neuron component with a second amplitude and/or phase as a function of the input signal of the neuron component, which has a first amplitude and/or phase, with the second amplitude and/or phase differs from the first amplitude and/or phase. Accordingly, it is possible to optically process not (only) the frequency as a parameter of the input and/or output signal, but also other parameters such as the amplitude and/or phase. The reliability of the processing can thus be further increased.
- an electronic and/or electro-optical interface arrangement is provided, in particular for at least one electronic vehicle component, preferably in order to provide the artificial neural network in a vehicle.
- the interface arrangement can convert electrical input information (e.g. in the form of digital data and/or electrical signals) into optical information to enable processing by the optical ANN.
- Electrical output information can then be formed again from the optical output signals of the neuron components by the interface arrangement or another interface arrangement.
- the electrical information is not optical, but via transfer electrical conductors. Accordingly, provision can be made for the device according to the invention to be connected via the interface arrangement via cables to electronics, in particular vehicle components, in order to electrically transmit the input and output information.
- the vehicle is in the form of a motor vehicle, in particular a land motor vehicle without a track.
- the vehicle can B. as a hybrid vehicle, which includes an internal combustion engine and an electric machine for traction, or as a (pure) electric vehicle or only with an internal combustion engine.
- the vehicle can preferably be designed with a high-voltage vehicle electrical system and/or an electric motor.
- the vehicle can also be designed as a fuel cell vehicle.
- the vehicle can also be a passenger vehicle or a truck.
- no internal combustion engine is preferably provided in the vehicle; it is then driven solely by electrical energy.
- the invention also relates to a system comprising: a device according to the invention, at least one vehicle component.
- the device according to the invention has an electronic and/or electro-optical interface arrangement in order to: receive (electrical) input information from the vehicle component, and/or an (optical) input signal for the neural network on the basis to provide the input information received, and/or to provide (electrical) output information for the vehicle component based on the (optical) output signal of the neuron component.
- the input signal can be linearly transformed by a weighting component in order to serve weighted as input for the neural network.
- the Output information may be formed from the output signal of the last neuron. If there are several neurons, several input signals can be formed from the input information.
- the at least one vehicle component can have a detection device, such as a camera, in order to generate the input information in the form of image information, and/or for the at least one vehicle component to have a driver assistance system for providing an automatic driving function, preferably to evaluate the output information by the driver assistance system, and to use the output information as a classification of an environment of the vehicle.
- the use of the optical ANN can enable the complete image information to be evaluated in real time.
- the detection device comprises z. B. a radar and / or lidar and / or ultrasound, or at least one radar and / or lidar and / or ultrasonic sensor, and / or at least one camera, in particular the front camera of the vehicle.
- the detection device can be designed to detect the surroundings of the vehicle, in particular in the direction of travel.
- the invention also relates to a method for providing an artificial neural network, in particular an optical one. It is provided that the following steps are carried out, preferably one after the other in the specified order or in any order, whereby individual steps can also be carried out repeatedly:
- the method according to the invention thus brings with it the same advantages as have been described in detail with reference to a device according to the invention.
- the method can be suitable for operating a device according to the invention and/or a system according to the invention.
- the system according to the invention and/or the device according to the invention can be designed to carry out the steps of a method according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a device according to the invention and a system according to the invention
- FIG. 1 shows a device 10 according to the invention for providing an artificial neural network 200. Furthermore, the device 10 according to the invention is part of a system 1 according to the invention with an electronic and/or electro-optical
- the at least one vehicle component 5 can have a detection device 6 in order to generate input information 231 in the form of image information, and have a driver assistance system 7 for providing an automatic driving function in order to evaluate output information 232 by driver assistance system 7 .
- the device 10 can comprise at least one optical neuron component 220 for providing at least one neuron of the network 200.
- optical neuron components 220 can be provided in order to implement all neurons of the ANN by the neuron components 220.
- the neuron component 220 can in each case be designed as a non-linear optical component in order to generate an output signal 222 of the neuron component as a function of an input signal 221 of the neuron component 220, which has a first frequency 220 at a second frequency, the second frequency being different than the first frequency.
- the second frequency can be dependent on a non-linear relationship between the input signal and the output signal, this relationship being defined by the non-linear properties of the neuron component 220 .
- the second frequency can correspond to twice the first frequency.
- a type of sigmoid function can be simulated in this way.
- the device 10 can also have at least one optical weighting component 210 for providing at least one weight of the network 200 in order to output an output signal 212 of the weighting component 210 based on a weighting of an input signal 211 of the weighting component 210 .
- the output signal 212 can correspond to the input signal 221 of the neuron or the neuron component 220 to which the weighting component 210 is assigned.
- the weighting component 210 can perform the weighting of the neuron's input and thus determine the degree of influence that the neuron's inputs will have in the calculation of later activation.
- the neuron component 220 can be connected to the weighting component 210 in accordance with this assignment.
- the weighting component 210 can be designed to linearly transform the input signal 211 of the weighting component 210 in order to generate the output signal 212 of the weighting component 210 .
- the weighting component 210 is embodied, for example, as a waveguide and/or exclusively has a waveguide in order to carry out the weighting of the input signal 211 of the weighting component 210 .
- the neuron component 220 can be designed to non-linearly transform the input signal 221 of the neuron component 220 (i.e. in particular the output signal 212 of the weighting component 210) by means of at least one optical non-linear effect in order to generate the output signal 222 of the neuron component 220.
- the neuron component 220 may be adapted to provide an activation function with the input signal 221 of the neuron component 220 as an input through at least one optical non-linear effect.
- a first method step 101 at least one neuron of the network 200 is provided by at least one optical neuron component 220, the neuron component 220 being designed as a non-linear optical component.
- an output signal 222 of neuron component 220 is output at a second frequency as a function of an input signal 221 of neuron component 220, the second frequency of output signal 222 differing from a first frequency of input signal 221.
- the input and output of the neuron component 220 thus have different frequencies.
- a structure of an optical ANN is shown schematically and by way of example in FIG.
- Artificial neural networks are mainly used in automatic driving functions to classify the environment.
- sensor data (of the input information 231) are electronically passed on to the neurons a°i, a° 2 , . . . etc. via a weighting.
- an optical ANN can be used instead.
- the sigmoid function of the neurons can each be provided by a neuron component 220 and the weights can each be provided by a weighting component 210 .
- the input and output information 231, 233 can be provided by an interface arrangement 20.
- optical components such as the neuron and/or weighting components 210, 220 offers the possibility of carrying out the aforesaid arithmetic operations with light.
- Mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction or multiplication can be achieved by in-phase superimposition or amplification and absorption of light waves.
- a possible optical component is an optical fiber.
- the non-linear function as in the example above, the sigmoid function, is of great importance.
- non-linear optical processes of higher order, so-called multi-photon processes can be used during the interaction of light and matter.
- the use of the Multi-photon processes can take place or be implemented by the neuron component 220 .
- the evolution of the electric polarization P is an established model to describe multiphoton processes in light-matter interaction: with P as the electric polarization, % n as the electric susceptibility, E as the electric field, and e 0 as the dielectric constant.
- n > 1 shows a non-linear proportionality to the electric field strength.
- These processes are called multiphoton processes.
- the number of photons required scales with the order n of Effects such as frequency doubling or sum and difference frequency generation require two photons, generate photons with a frequency corresponding to the fundamental light frequency and thus induce a second-order non-linearity in the material.
- Third-order effects, such as frequency tripling, the Kerr effect, or similar. require three photons for frequency conversion of order three, four-wave mixing processes corresponding to four photons, etc.
- non-linear light-matter interaction provides the ability to non-linearly modulate an incident light wave (the input signal 221), comparable to the non-linear modulation of electrical current by an artificial neuron.
- the non-linear material acts as an optical neuron, which is a function of the electric field, the non-linear or linear susceptibility and the interaction in the material and outputs frequency, amplitude or phase information as a function value, for example:
- FIG. 4 shows the data processing by means of an optical neuronal network.
- the input information 231 can first be transformed from a matrix into a column vector (step 103).
- the at least one interface arrangement 20 can then be used to convert the input information 231 from an electrical signal into an optical signal in accordance with step 104 and then transfer it, for example, via a waveguide of the weighting component 210 .
- the waveguide can function as an optical weight and transmits the optical signal to an optical neuron, ie to the neuron component 220.
- the neuron can be formed from an optically non-linear material of the neuron component 220.
- the response function can result as a superimposition of the signals from all optical neurons of the ANN, which lead to a non-linear effect in the material and are transferred to the next neuron layer via another optical weight.
- the output signal can be forwarded to electronics such as a conventional computer by means of the at least one electro-optical interface arrangement 20 according to step 105 .
- electronics such as a conventional computer by means of the at least one electro-optical interface arrangement 20 according to step 105 .
- the classification of the input data takes place purely optically and is made available as an electronic signal for further data processing.
- the output information 232 can be forwarded to a processing device (such as a processor, e.g. a GPU).
- the output information 232 can then be evaluated in order to adjust the optical weights via a feedback loop and to optimize the result.
- Interface arrangement first method step second method step - further method steps artificial neural network
- Neuron component second component
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102020211341.6A DE102020211341A1 (de) | 2020-09-09 | 2020-09-09 | Vorrichtung, System und Verfahren zur Bereitstellung eines künstlichen neuronalen Netzes |
| PCT/EP2021/070482 WO2022053213A1 (de) | 2020-09-09 | 2021-07-22 | Vorrichtung, system und verfahren zur bereitstellung eines künstlichen neuronalen netzes |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4211612A1 true EP4211612A1 (de) | 2023-07-19 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21746052.6A Pending EP4211612A1 (de) | 2020-09-09 | 2021-07-22 | Vorrichtung, system und verfahren zur bereitstellung eines künstlichen neuronalen netzes |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20230334305A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4211612A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN116113954A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102020211341A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2022053213A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU2017273863C1 (en) | 2016-06-02 | 2022-05-05 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Apparatus and methods for optical neural network |
| US10338630B2 (en) | 2017-04-03 | 2019-07-02 | International Business Machines Corporation | Optical computing system |
| EP3776373A4 (de) | 2018-03-27 | 2022-01-05 | Bar Ilan University | Einheit mit optischem neuronalem netz und konfiguration von optischem neuronalem netz |
| US11823038B2 (en) * | 2018-06-22 | 2023-11-21 | International Business Machines Corporation | Managing datasets of a cognitive storage system with a spiking neural network |
-
2020
- 2020-09-09 DE DE102020211341.6A patent/DE102020211341A1/de active Pending
-
2021
- 2021-07-22 US US18/044,323 patent/US20230334305A1/en active Pending
- 2021-07-22 CN CN202180061708.6A patent/CN116113954A/zh active Pending
- 2021-07-22 EP EP21746052.6A patent/EP4211612A1/de active Pending
- 2021-07-22 WO PCT/EP2021/070482 patent/WO2022053213A1/de not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20230334305A1 (en) | 2023-10-19 |
| DE102020211341A1 (de) | 2022-03-10 |
| CN116113954A (zh) | 2023-05-12 |
| WO2022053213A1 (de) | 2022-03-17 |
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