EP4209728A1 - Heat pump with adsorber and catalyst - Google Patents
Heat pump with adsorber and catalyst Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP4209728A1 EP4209728A1 EP23150229.5A EP23150229A EP4209728A1 EP 4209728 A1 EP4209728 A1 EP 4209728A1 EP 23150229 A EP23150229 A EP 23150229A EP 4209728 A1 EP4209728 A1 EP 4209728A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- adsorbent
- oxidation catalyst
- adsorption zone
- oxidation
- heat pump
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 6
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000274 adsorptive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propene Chemical compound CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002156 adsorbate Substances 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004887 air purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003421 catalytic decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012855 volatile organic compound Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B30/00—Heat pumps
- F25B30/02—Heat pumps of the compression type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F25B49/005—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices of safety devices
Definitions
- the invention relates to irregular states in refrigeration circuits in which a dangerous working fluid acting as a refrigerant is circulated in a thermodynamic cycle, such as the Clausius-Rankine cycle.
- thermodynamic cycle such as the Clausius-Rankine cycle.
- These are mainly heat pumps, air conditioning systems and refrigerators, as they are common in residential buildings.
- the invention relates to use in a heat pump placed inside a dwelling.
- Residential buildings are private houses, apartment building complexes, hospitals, hotel complexes, gastronomy and combined residential and commercial buildings in which people live and work permanently, in contrast to mobile devices such as car air conditioning systems or transport boxes, or industrial systems or medical devices. What these cycle processes have in common is that they generate useful heat or cold using energy and form heat transfer systems.
- the heat pump itself as well as its installations for the users are set up inside a building, which results in high safety requirements.
- the DE 10 2011 116 863 A1 describes a method for securing a device for a thermodynamic cycle which is operated with a process fluid which contains or consists of at least one environmentally hazardous, toxic and/or flammable substance.
- a process fluid which contains or consists of at least one environmentally hazardous, toxic and/or flammable substance.
- an adsorbent with the process fluid in particular ammonia, propane or propene, brought into contact and the substance is selectively bound by the adsorbent.
- the adsorbent is regenerated after use.
- Zeolite also in combination with imidazole or phosphates, as well as CuBTC and activated carbon are proposed as adsorbents; the adsorbent can be provided in the form of a bed, a shaped body, a paint, a spray film or a coating.
- the support structure of the shaped body can consist of a microstructure, lamellar structure, tube bundle, tube register and sheet metal and must be mechanically stable and greatly increase the surface area.
- the potentially contaminated air is usually circulated continuously, but it can also be initiated by a sensor that switches on the ventilation after a threshold value has been reached or if an accident is detected.
- the adsorption can be carried out inside or outside a closed space.
- the EP 3 486 564 A1 describes the lining of the heat pump housing with activated carbon, in which the activated carbon is preloaded with an inert gas, which is displaced by the working fluid that has escaped during loading. This reduces the heat generated during adsorption.
- the EP 3 486 582 A1 describes a system with which the loading of the adsorber can be determined using a weight measurement.
- the EP 3 581 861 A1 describes a heat pump canister stuffed with activated carbon mold pads.
- the EP 3 748 257 A1 describes a device in which the adsorber opens a gas outlet via an adsorber in the event of a pressure increase in the heat pump container.
- the EP 3 693 683 A1 describes protective layers in an adsorber that is open to the environment.
- the EP 3 693 687 A1 describes an adsorber which is arranged in the heat pump housing and has cooling.
- the breakthrough curve moves quickly through the adsorption, but remains relatively flat.
- the advantage of this is that the adsorbate only heats up slightly as a result, the disadvantage is that very large amounts of adsorbent would be required for complete separation, which would be uneconomical and impractical.
- a high partial pressure on the other hand, a lot can be adsorbed, but the adsorbate heats up considerably, which reduces the absorption capacity. There is an unwanted feedback.
- a desorption of already separated adsorbent takes place at the same time, so the breakthrough curve pushes a kind of bow wave in front of it as it travels through the adsorber.
- the adsorbed working fluid is desorbed from the adsorbate as soon as the partial pressure falls again, since there is then no back pressure.
- the open, flow-through adsorber as well as the introduced adsorber cushions or walls coated with adsorbent cannot hold the adsorbed working fluid permanently, but only ensure that no ignitable mixture can form. It would therefore be desirable if the adsorber were able to destroy the separated substance immediately after the separation process, i.e. to switch to chemisorption after adsorption.
- the dilemma is that oxidation of the adsorptive could lead to significant heat generation, since alkanes are ideal fuels as working fluids.
- the extremely low temperatures in the freezer compartment mean that the pressure of the refrigerant is below atmospheric pressure and practically no refrigerant escapes in the event of a leak.
- the heater for defrosting the storage compartment also heats the catalytic converter for any necessary catalytic decomposition of the refrigerant.
- this trick cannot be transferred and applied at the usual temperatures of a heat pump.
- the DE 69 60 740 T2 describes a filtering process for gas in the engine compartment of a vehicle and presents, among other things, a catalytic treatment of hydrocarbons, noble metals such as platinum, palladium and rhodium serve as catalysts, as well as metallic, high-melting carriers for this purpose.
- a catalytic treatment of hydrocarbons noble metals such as platinum, palladium and rhodium serve as catalysts, as well as metallic, high-melting carriers for this purpose.
- an auxiliary heated surface is required for this.
- the construction can be carried out in accordance with conventional honeycomb catalytic converters, as has long been the state of the art in vehicle exhaust gas purification.
- the catalytic reaction can also be preceded by adsorption with subsequent desorption.
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide a device and a method for safe and efficient adsorptive gas treatment in a heat pump, which is installed in a residential building, and in which a left-handed thermodynamic cycle in a closed, hermetically sealed working fluid circuit using an inflammable, hydrocarbon-containing Working fluid is carried out. This should no longer have the problems described above.
- the adsorptive When using the adsorption process in the housing of a heat pump or in connection with it inside a building, the adsorptive is slowly broken down with low leakage rates resulting in a very flat breakthrough curve in the adsorber, whereby it is assumed that atmospheric oxygen is available for oxidation is.
- Configurations relate to an enclosed adsorption zone, which the air-hydrocarbon mixture can flow against, around or through, and a gas-permeable casing of this enclosed adsorption zone, with an adsorbent and an oxidation catalyst being provided within the enclosed adsorption zone.
- Oxidation catalysts for alkanes are mainly used industrially to produce alkenes, for example propane is processed into propylene in a propane dehydrogenation, or butane is partially oxidized into butylene or butadiene.
- the known processes are carried out catalytically, care being taken to ensure the highest possible selectivity and avoiding the formation of oxidation products such as carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide.
- the catalysts used for this achieve the desired activity in temperature windows of at least 150 degrees Celsius.
- oxidation that is as complete as possible at room temperatures is desired. Even the case of an incomplete oxidation in the form of a partial oxidation is acceptable as long as the partially oxidized products remain on the adsorbent, i.e. are either also adsorbed or are liquid or form solids, and if the heat of reaction remains low.
- the amount of catalyst should therefore be small compared to the adsorbent. Therefore, it is envisaged that the ratio of oxidation catalyst to adsorbent is between 1:10 and 1:1000, calculated on the mass fraction. But it doesn't have to be the same everywhere.
- Catalytic compounds containing Fe(III), Cu(II), Ce(IV), PB(IV), Rh or Pd or mixtures thereof are used in the device. They are either applied directly to the adsorbent, i.e. using the adsorbent as a carrier substance, or other carrier materials are used which are mixed with the adsorbent. Activated carbon is used as an adsorbent.
- the oxidation catalyst is supported on the adsorbent.
- This includes shaped bodies of a bed, such as cylindrical pellets, or honeycomb shaped bodies with flow channels, or shaped cushions or foams or other known carriers for adsorbents and catalysts.
- the oxidation catalysts can also be applied to separate shaped bodies which, for example, are admixed to a bed. For example, if activated charcoal is used as an adsorbent in the form of a bed, small amounts of other shaped bodies on which catalysts are applied can be admixed to the bed.
- the adsorption zone is formed by a sorption channel which has a gas inlet and insert baskets which are filled with adsorbent and oxidation catalyst are filled, and a gas outlet that is open to the atmosphere.
- the sorption channel can be equipped with additional equipment, such as protective layers, baffles, etc.
- one embodiment provides that the bulk density of catalyst increases with the bed height, ie the length of the flow, and the bulk density of catalyst at the adsorber outlet assumes the highest value. This ensures that the lowest reaction heat occurs at the adsorber inlet, where most of the heat of adsorption occurs, while the catalytic degradation is strongest at the adsorber outlet, where initially only little adsorption takes place. In this way, the heat load is best distributed over the adsorber bed height.
- the covers can be fitted with a catalyst. If adsorber walls are used, the catalyst should be arranged on the side facing the vessel wall, since the heat of reaction can best be dissipated via the vessel wall or other walls. If shaped bodies are used for adsorption, the catalyst must be installed at the flow outlet or on the side walls in a higher concentration than in the middle or at the flow inlet.
- the adsorption zone is then formed by a shaped body with inner and outer inflow surfaces. It can also be provided that the shaped body is attached to the inner wall of the housing of a heat pump and the bulk density of oxidation catalyst on the adsorbent increases with proximity to the wall. All of these measures and designs can also be used side by side in combination.
- the temperature of the adsorbent is measured. If this rises too much, a small amount of inerting nitrogen is added, which slows down the oxidation by lowering the partial pressures of the reactants, especially oxygen. If the addition amount is small, influences the adsorption, on the other hand, hardly does.
- the temperature measurement and the addition of nitrogen can also take place in different places or layers.
- the nitrogen to be added, if necessary, is kept under high pressure, which during the expansion during the addition also leads to a cooling of the adsorbent due to the Joule-Thomson effect.
- the adsorber can also be cooled alternatively or additionally with known cooling devices according to the prior art, as described above.
- Fig.1 shows a heat pump 1 with an encapsulated housing 2 in which a refrigeration circuit 3 is operated with the flammable refrigerant R290.
- This refrigeration circuit comprises a compressor 4, a condenser 5, an expansion valve 6 and an evaporator 7.
- the encapsulated housing is provided with a connection 8 to a sorption channel 9.
- the sorption channel 9 contains a bed with the adsorbent activated carbon and an oxidation catalyst made of iron (III), which is applied to the activated carbon.
- the concentration of the doping increases with the run length. Cleaned air can leave the sorption channel 9 via the outlet 10 . Normally there is hardly any flow through the sorption channel.
- the pressure in the encapsulated housing 2 increases and drives the resulting air-R290 mixture into the sorption channel 9, where it is adsorbed in the lower area.
- the adsorbent heats up and the applied catalyst causes a slow reaction, oxidation products of the R290 up to to the carbon dioxide. If larger amounts should occur due to a larger leakage, which is extremely rare, the heat of adsorption causes significant heating, which also accelerates oxidation and can cause further heating.
- an injection 11 of nitrogen or another inert gas is provided in order to modulate this reaction.
- a temperature reduction can also be achieved by pressure relief during injection, which on the one hand increases the capacity of the adsorbent and on the other hand the reaction heat of the oxidation reduced.
- a temperature measuring point T is provided in the sorption channel 9 in order to detect such excessive heating in good time.
Abstract
Vorrichtung zur sicheren Durchführung eines linksdrehenden thermodynamischen Kreisprozesses in einer zur Aufstellung in einem Gebäude geeigneten Wärmepumpe mittels eines kohlenwasserstoffhaltigen Arbeitsfluids, welches in einem geschlossenen, hermetisch dichten Arbeitsfluidumlauf geführt wird, wobei eine umschlossene Adsorptionszone, die von dem Luft-Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch angeströmt, umströmt oder durchströmt werden kann, eine gasdurchlässige Umhüllung dieser umschlossenen Adsorptionszone, innerhalb der umschlossenen Adsorptionszone ein Adsorptionsmittel und ein Oxidationskatalysator vorgesehen werden, und das Verhältnis von Oxidationskatalysator zu Adsorptionsmittel zwischen 1 zu 10 und 1 zu 1000 beträgt.Device for safely carrying out a counterclockwise thermodynamic cycle in a heat pump suitable for installation in a building using a hydrocarbon-containing working fluid, which is conducted in a closed, hermetically sealed working fluid circuit, with an enclosed adsorption zone, which the air-hydrocarbon mixture flows against, flows around or flows through a gas-permeable envelope of said enclosed adsorption zone, an adsorbent and an oxidation catalyst can be provided within the enclosed adsorption zone, and the ratio of oxidation catalyst to adsorbent is between 1:10 and 1:1000.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft irreguläre Zustände in Kältekreisen, in denen ein als Kältemittel wirkendes, gefährliches Arbeitsfluid in einem thermodynamischen Kreisprozess, wie zum Beispiel dem Clausius-Rankine-Kreisprozess, geführt wird. Vorwiegend sind dies Wärmepumpen, Klimaanlagen und Kühlgeräte, wie sie in Wohngebäuden gebräuchlich sind. Insbesondere betrifft die Erfindung die Verwendung in einer Wärmepumpe, die innerhalb eines Wohngebäudes aufgestellt.The invention relates to irregular states in refrigeration circuits in which a dangerous working fluid acting as a refrigerant is circulated in a thermodynamic cycle, such as the Clausius-Rankine cycle. These are mainly heat pumps, air conditioning systems and refrigerators, as they are common in residential buildings. In particular, the invention relates to use in a heat pump placed inside a dwelling.
Unter Wohngebäuden werden dabei Privathäuser, Miethauskomplexe, Krankenhäuser, Hotelanlagen, Gastronomie und kombinierte Wohn- und Geschäftshäuser verstanden, in denen Menschen dauerhaft leben und arbeiten, im Unterschied zu mobilen Vorrichtungen wie KFZ-Klimaanlagen oder Transportboxen, oder auch Industrieanlagen oder medizintechnischen Geräten. Gemeinsam ist diesen Kreisprozessen, dass sie unter Einsatz von Energie Nutzwärme oder Nutzkälte erzeugen und Wärmeverschiebungssysteme bilden. Die Wärmepumpe selbst wie auch ihre Installationen für die Nutzer werden innerhalb eines Gebäudes aufgestellt, woraus hohe Ansprüche an die Sicherheit folgen.Residential buildings are private houses, apartment building complexes, hospitals, hotel complexes, gastronomy and combined residential and commercial buildings in which people live and work permanently, in contrast to mobile devices such as car air conditioning systems or transport boxes, or industrial systems or medical devices. What these cycle processes have in common is that they generate useful heat or cold using energy and form heat transfer systems. The heat pump itself as well as its installations for the users are set up inside a building, which results in high safety requirements.
In solchen Systemen werden unter anderem Adsorber verwendet, um leckagebedingt ausgetretenes Arbeitsfluid adsorptiv zu binden. Die
Auch viele weitere Schriften lehren die Verwendung von Adsorbern zur Abscheidung von Arbeitsfluid, welches aus einer Leckage des Kältekreises in das Gehäuse einer Wärmepumpe ausgetreten ist, in welchem sich Kältekreis und Wärmetauscher befinden. Die
Das in diesen Schriften behandelte technisch-physikalische Problem ist darin begründet, dass man nicht wissen kann, welche Konzentration an Kältemitteldampf sich bei einer Leckage im Wärmepumpengehäuse ergeben wird, da man die Leckage im Voraus nicht kennen kann. Für die Dimensionierung der Adsorption hinsichtlich der Menge des Adsorptionsmittels und der erforderlichen Querschnitte sind der Partialdruck des jeweiligen Adsorptivs und die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des durchströmenden Gases jedoch entscheidend.The technical-physical problem dealt with in these documents is based on the fact that it is not possible to know what concentration of refrigerant vapor will result in the event of a leak in the heat pump housing, since the leakage cannot be known in advance. However, the partial pressure of the respective adsorbent and the flow rate of the gas flowing through are decisive for the dimensioning of the adsorption with regard to the quantity of adsorbent and the required cross-sections.
Bei einem geringen Partialdruck und hoher Durchströmungsgeschwindigkeit wandert die Durchbruchskurve schnell durch die Adsorption, sie bleibt aber relativ flach. Der Vorteil dabei ist, dass sich das Adsorbat dadurch nur schwach erwärmt, der Nachteil ist, dass für eine vollständige Abscheidung sehr große Mengen an Adsorptionsmittel benötigt würden, was unwirtschaftlich und unpraktikabel wäre. Bei einem hohen Partialdruck dagegen kann zwar viel adsorbiert werden, das Adsorbat erwärmt sich dabei aber stark, was die Aufnahmefähigkeit verringert. Es ergibt sich eine ungewollte Rückkopplung. Durch die Erwärmung findet gleichzeitig eine Desorption bereits abgeschiedenen Adsorptivs statt, die Durchbruchskurve schiebt bei ihrer Wanderung durch den Adsorber also eine Art Bugwelle vor sich her.At a low partial pressure and high flow rate, the breakthrough curve moves quickly through the adsorption, but remains relatively flat. The advantage of this is that the adsorbate only heats up slightly as a result, the disadvantage is that very large amounts of adsorbent would be required for complete separation, which would be uneconomical and impractical. With a high partial pressure, on the other hand, a lot can be adsorbed, but the adsorbate heats up considerably, which reduces the absorption capacity. There is an unwanted feedback. As a result of the heating, a desorption of already separated adsorbent takes place at the same time, so the breakthrough curve pushes a kind of bow wave in front of it as it travels through the adsorber.
In beiden Fällen desorbiert das adsorbierte Arbeitsfluid aber vom Adsorbat, sobald der Partialdruck wieder sinkt, da dann der Gegendruck fehlt. Der offene, durchströmte Adsorber wie auch eingebrachte Adsorberkissen oder mit Adsorptionsmittel beschichtete Wände können das adsorbierte Arbeitsfluid also nicht dauerhaft festhalten, sondern lediglich dafür sorgen, dass sich kein zündfähiges Gemisch bilden kann. Wünschenswert wäre es also, wenn der Adsorber nach dem Abscheidevorgang in der Lage wäre, die abgeschiedene Substanz auch gleich zu vernichten, also nach der Adsorption in eine Chemisorption überzuwechseln. Das Dilemma daran ist aber, dass eine Oxidation des Adsorptivs zu einer erheblichen Wärmeentwicklung führen könnte, da Alkane als Arbeitsfluide ideale Brennstoffe sind. Im Falle von Aktivkohle als Adsorptionsmittel bestünde dann auch die Gefahr der Bildung von giftigem Kohlenmonoxid oder sogar einer Entzündung. Das muss unbedingt vermieden werden, egal wie groß die hypothetische Leckage und damit die Beladungssituation in seltenen Fällen auch immer ausfallen mag.In both cases, however, the adsorbed working fluid is desorbed from the adsorbate as soon as the partial pressure falls again, since there is then no back pressure. The open, flow-through adsorber as well as the introduced adsorber cushions or walls coated with adsorbent cannot hold the adsorbed working fluid permanently, but only ensure that no ignitable mixture can form. It would therefore be desirable if the adsorber were able to destroy the separated substance immediately after the separation process, i.e. to switch to chemisorption after adsorption. However, the dilemma is that oxidation of the adsorptive could lead to significant heat generation, since alkanes are ideal fuels as working fluids. In the case of activated charcoal as an adsorbent, there would also be a risk of the formation of toxic carbon monoxide or even ignition. This must be avoided at all costs regardless of how large the hypothetical leakage and thus the loading situation may turn out to be in rare cases.
Das Problem ist auch bei Gefrier- und Kühlschränken bekannt, welche mit Luft im Kühlraum durchströmt werden. So beschriebt die
Auch bei Luftfiltern ist es bekannt, VOCs zunächst abzuscheiden und dann katalytisch zu zersetzen. Hierfür beschreibt die
Die
Die Aufgabe der Erfindung ist daher, eine Vorrichtung und ein Verfahren für eine sichere und effiziente adsorptive Gasbehandlung in einer Wärmepumpe bereitzustellen, die in einem Wohngebäude aufgestellt ist, und in der ein linksdrehender thermodynamischer Kreisprozess in einem geschlossenen, hermetisch dichten Arbeitsfluidumlauf mittels eines entzündlichen, kohlenwasserstoffhaltigen Arbeitsfluids durchgeführt wird. Diese soll die oben beschriebenen Probleme nicht mehr aufweisen.The object of the invention is therefore to provide a device and a method for safe and efficient adsorptive gas treatment in a heat pump, which is installed in a residential building, and in which a left-handed thermodynamic cycle in a closed, hermetically sealed working fluid circuit using an inflammable, hydrocarbon-containing Working fluid is carried out. This should no longer have the problems described above.
Die Erfindung löst diese Aufgabe durch eine Vorrichtung zur sicheren Durchführung eines linksdrehenden thermodynamischen Kreisprozesses in einer zur Aufstellung in einem Gebäude geeigneten Wärmepumpe mittels eines kohlenwasserstoffhaltigen Arbeitsfluids, welches in einem geschlossenen, hermetisch dichten Arbeitsfluidumlauf geführt wird, wobei
- eine umschlossene Adsorptionszone, die von dem Luft-Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch angeströmt, umströmt oder durchströmt werden kann,
- eine gasdurchlässige Umhüllung dieser umschlossenen Adsorptionszone,
- innerhalb der umschlossenen Adsorptionszone ein Adsorptionsmittel und ein Oxidationskatalysator vorgesehen werden,
- und das Verhältnis von Oxidationskatalysator zu Adsorptionsmittel zwischen 1 zu 10 und 1 zu 1000 beträgt.
- an enclosed adsorption zone which the air-hydrocarbon mixture can flow onto, around or through,
- a gas-permeable envelope of this enclosed adsorption zone,
- an adsorbent and an oxidation catalyst are provided within the enclosed adsorption zone,
- and the ratio of oxidation catalyst to adsorbent is between 1:10 and 1:1000.
Hierdurch wird bewirkt, dass die Oxidation des adsorbierten Kohlenwasserstoffs katalysiert wird, und die in geringer Menge dem Adsorptionsmittel zugesetzten Oxidationskatalysatoren eine langsame Oxidation bewirken. Durch die katalytische Oxidation ergibt sich zwar eine Wärmeentwicklung zusätzlich zur Adsorptionswärme, die jedoch durch die geringe Menge an Katalysator geringgehalten wird und damit gut beherrschbar bleibt.The effect of this is that the oxidation of the adsorbed hydrocarbon is catalyzed, and the oxidation catalysts added in small amounts to the adsorbent cause slow oxidation. Although the catalytic oxidation results in heat generation in addition to the heat of adsorption, this is kept low by the small amount of catalyst and thus remains easily controllable.
Bei Anwendung des Adsorptionsverfahrens im Gehäuse einer Wärmepumpe oder in Verbindung mit ihr innerhalb eines Gebäudes wird erreicht, dass bei geringen Leckageraten mit der Folge einer sehr flachen Durchbruchskurve im Adsorber das Adsorptiv dabei langsam abgebaut wird, wobei davon ausgegangen wird, dass Luftsauerstoff für die Oxidation vorhanden ist.When using the adsorption process in the housing of a heat pump or in connection with it inside a building, the adsorptive is slowly broken down with low leakage rates resulting in a very flat breakthrough curve in the adsorber, whereby it is assumed that atmospheric oxygen is available for oxidation is.
Ausgestaltungen betreffen eine umschlossene Adsorptionszone, die von dem Luft-Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch angeströmt, umströmt oder durchströmt werden kann, und eine gasdurchlässige Umhüllung dieser umschlossenen Adsorptionszone wobei innerhalb der umschlossenen Adsorptionszone ein Adsorptionsmittel und ein Oxidationskatalysator vorgesehen werden.Configurations relate to an enclosed adsorption zone, which the air-hydrocarbon mixture can flow against, around or through, and a gas-permeable casing of this enclosed adsorption zone, with an adsorbent and an oxidation catalyst being provided within the enclosed adsorption zone.
Ausgestaltungen der Vorrichtung betreffen die eingesetzten Katalysatoren. Oxidationskatalysatoren für Alkane werden industriell überwiegend dazu genutzt, Alkene herzustellen, beispielsweise wird Propan in einer Propandehydrierung zu Propylen verarbeitet, oder Butan wird zu Butylen oder Butadien teiloxidiert. Die bekannten Verfahren werden katalytisch durchgeführt, wobei auf möglichst hohe Selektivität geachtet wird und es wird vermieden, dass sich Oxidationsprodukte wie Kohlenmonoxid oder Kohlendioxid bilden. Die dafür verwendeten Katalysatoren bekommen in Temperaturfenstern von mindestens 150 Grad Celsius die gewünschte Aktivität.Configurations of the device relate to the catalysts used. Oxidation catalysts for alkanes are mainly used industrially to produce alkenes, for example propane is processed into propylene in a propane dehydrogenation, or butane is partially oxidized into butylene or butadiene. The known processes are carried out catalytically, care being taken to ensure the highest possible selectivity and avoiding the formation of oxidation products such as carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. The catalysts used for this achieve the desired activity in temperature windows of at least 150 degrees Celsius.
Im hier vorliegenden Fall ist jedoch eine möglichst vollständige Oxidation bei Raumtemperaturen gewünscht. Auch der Fall einer unvollständigen Oxidation in Form einer Teiloxidation ist akzeptabel, sofern die teiloxidierten Produkte auf dem Adsorptionsmittel verbleiben, also entweder ebenfalls adsorbiert werden oder flüssig sind oder Feststoffe bilden, und wenn die Reaktionswärme gering bleibt. Die Menge an Katalysator soll daher gegenüber dem Adsorptionsmittel gering sein. Daher ist vorgesehen, dass das Verhältnis von Oxidationskatalysator zu Adsorptionsmittel zwischen 1 zu 10 und 1 zu 1000 beträgt, auf den Massenanteil gerechnet. Es muss aber nicht überall dasselbe Verhältnis sein.In the present case, however, oxidation that is as complete as possible at room temperatures is desired. Even the case of an incomplete oxidation in the form of a partial oxidation is acceptable as long as the partially oxidized products remain on the adsorbent, i.e. are either also adsorbed or are liquid or form solids, and if the heat of reaction remains low. The amount of catalyst should therefore be small compared to the adsorbent. Therefore, it is envisaged that the ratio of oxidation catalyst to adsorbent is between 1:10 and 1:1000, calculated on the mass fraction. But it doesn't have to be the same everywhere.
Verwendet werden in der Vorrichtung katalytische Verbindungen enthaltend Fe(III), CU(II), Ce(IV), PB(IV), Rh oder Pd oder Mischungen daraus. Sie werden entweder direkt auf dem Adsorptionsmittel aufgebracht, nutzen also das Adsorptionsmittel als Trägersubstanz, oder es werden andere Trägermaterialien verwendet, die mit dem Adsorptionsmittel vermischt werden. Als Adsorptionsmittel dient Aktivkohle.Catalytic compounds containing Fe(III), Cu(II), Ce(IV), PB(IV), Rh or Pd or mixtures thereof are used in the device. They are either applied directly to the adsorbent, i.e. using the adsorbent as a carrier substance, or other carrier materials are used which are mixed with the adsorbent. Activated carbon is used as an adsorbent.
In einer Ausgestaltung ist vorgesehen, dass der Oxidationskatalysator auf dem Adsorptionsmittel geträgert ist. Dies umfasst Formkörper einer Schüttung, etwa zylindrische Pellets, oder Wabenformkörper mit Strömungskanälen, oder Formkissen oder Schaumstoffe oder andere bekannte Träger für Adsorptionsmittel und Katalysatoren. Alternativ dazu können die Oxidationskatalysatoren auch auf separaten Formkörpern aufgebracht sein, die beispielsweise einer Schüttung zugemischt werden. Wird beispielsweise Aktivkohle als Adsorptionsmittel in Form einer Schüttung verwendet, können geringe Mengen anderer Formkörper, auf denen Katalysatoren aufgebracht sind, der Schüttung beigemischt werden.In one configuration it is provided that the oxidation catalyst is supported on the adsorbent. This includes shaped bodies of a bed, such as cylindrical pellets, or honeycomb shaped bodies with flow channels, or shaped cushions or foams or other known carriers for adsorbents and catalysts. As an alternative to this, the oxidation catalysts can also be applied to separate shaped bodies which, for example, are admixed to a bed. For example, if activated charcoal is used as an adsorbent in the form of a bed, small amounts of other shaped bodies on which catalysts are applied can be admixed to the bed.
In einer Ausgestaltung ist vorgesehen, dass die Adsorptionszone durch einen Sorptionskanal gebildet wird, der einen Gaseinlass aufweist, weiterhin Einsatzkörbe, die mit Adsorbensschüttung und Oxidationskatalysator gefüllt sind, und einen Gasauslass, der zur Umgebung hin offen ist. Der Sorptionskanal kann mit weiteren Ausstattungen versehen werden, wie Schutzschichten, Schikanen etc.In one embodiment, it is provided that the adsorption zone is formed by a sorption channel which has a gas inlet and insert baskets which are filled with adsorbent and oxidation catalyst are filled, and a gas outlet that is open to the atmosphere. The sorption channel can be equipped with additional equipment, such as protective layers, baffles, etc.
Unabhängig davon ist in einer Ausgestaltung vorgesehen, dass die Raumdichte von Katalysator mit der Schüttungshöhe, also der Lauflänge der Strömung, zunimmt und die Raumdichte an Katalysator am Adsorberauslass den höchsten Wert annimmt. Dadurch wird erreicht, dass am Adsorbereinlass, wo die meiste Adsorptionswärme anfällt, gleichzeitig die geringste Reaktionswärme hinzukommt, während am Adsorberauslass, an dem zunächst nur geringe Adsorption stattfindet, der katalytische Abbau am stärksten ist. Auf diese Weise wird die Wärmebelastung über die Adsorberschüttungshöhe am besten verteilt.Irrespective of this, one embodiment provides that the bulk density of catalyst increases with the bed height, ie the length of the flow, and the bulk density of catalyst at the adsorber outlet assumes the highest value. This ensures that the lowest reaction heat occurs at the adsorber inlet, where most of the heat of adsorption occurs, while the catalytic degradation is strongest at the adsorber outlet, where initially only little adsorption takes place. In this way, the heat load is best distributed over the adsorber bed height.
Werden Adsorberkissen verwendet, können die Bezüge mit Katalysator versehen werden. Werden Adsorberwände verwendet, soll der Katalysator an der Seite zur Behälterwand angeordnet werden, da die Reaktionswärme am besten über die Behälterwand oder andere Wandungen abgegeben werden kann. Werden Formkörper zur Adsorption verwendet, ist der Katalysator am Strömungsaustritt oder an den Seitenwänden in höherer Konzentration als in der Mitte oder am Strömungseinlass anzubringen. Die Adsorptionszone wird dann durch einen Formkörper mit inneren und äußeren Anströmflächen gebildet. Es kann auch vorgesehen werden, dass der Formkörper an der Innenwand des Gehäuses einer Wärmepumpe befestigt ist und die Raumdichte von Oxidationskatalysator auf dem Adsorptionsmittel mit der Nähe zur Wandung zunimmt. Alle diese Maßnahmen und Bauformen können auch nebeneinander in Kombination verwendet werden.If adsorber cushions are used, the covers can be fitted with a catalyst. If adsorber walls are used, the catalyst should be arranged on the side facing the vessel wall, since the heat of reaction can best be dissipated via the vessel wall or other walls. If shaped bodies are used for adsorption, the catalyst must be installed at the flow outlet or on the side walls in a higher concentration than in the middle or at the flow inlet. The adsorption zone is then formed by a shaped body with inner and outer inflow surfaces. It can also be provided that the shaped body is attached to the inner wall of the housing of a heat pump and the bulk density of oxidation catalyst on the adsorbent increases with proximity to the wall. All of these measures and designs can also be used side by side in combination.
In Ausgestaltungen wird vorgesehen, dass die Temperatur des Adsorptionsmittels gemessen wird. Steigt diese zu stark an, wird eine geringe Menge an inertisierendem Stickstoff hinzugegeben, dies bremst die Oxidation durch Absenkung der Partialdrücke der Reaktionspartner, vor allem den von Sauerstoff. Sofern die Zugabemenge gering ist, beeinflusst dies die Adsorption dagegen kaum. Die Temperaturmessung und die Stickstoffzugabe kann auch in verschiedenen Stellen oder Schichten erfolgen. Der ggf. zuzugebende Stickstoff wird unter hohem Druck vorgehalten, was bei der Entspannung während der Zugabe aufgrund des Joule-Thomson-Effekts zusätzlich zu einer Abkühlung des Adsorptionsmittels führt. Es kann in diesem Fall, der auf eine hohe Leckagerate hinweist, mehr Adsorptiv aufnehmen, als es bei einer Erwärmung infolge der Adsorptionswärme möglich wäre. Der Kühleffekt kompensiert dabei lokal die Adsorptionswärme und ggf. die Reaktionswärme.In configurations it is provided that the temperature of the adsorbent is measured. If this rises too much, a small amount of inerting nitrogen is added, which slows down the oxidation by lowering the partial pressures of the reactants, especially oxygen. If the addition amount is small, influences the adsorption, on the other hand, hardly does. The temperature measurement and the addition of nitrogen can also take place in different places or layers. The nitrogen to be added, if necessary, is kept under high pressure, which during the expansion during the addition also leads to a cooling of the adsorbent due to the Joule-Thomson effect. In this case, which indicates a high leakage rate, it can absorb more adsorptive than would be possible if it were heated as a result of the heat of adsorption. The cooling effect locally compensates for the heat of adsorption and possibly the heat of reaction.
Weiterhin kann eine Kühlung des Adsorbers alternativ oder additiv auch mit bekannten Kühleinrichtungen nach dem Stand der Technik, wie oben beschrieben, vorgenommen werden.Furthermore, the adsorber can also be cooled alternatively or additionally with known cooling devices according to the prior art, as described above.
Die Erfindung wird anhand eins Beispiels in
Sollte eine Leckage auftreten, erhöht sich der Druck im gekapselten Gehäuse 2 und treibt das entstehende Luft-R290-Gemisch in den Sorptionskanal 9, wo es im unteren Bereich adsorbiert wird. Dabei erwärmt sich das Adsorptionsmittel und der aufgebrachte Katalysator bewirkt eine langsame Reaktion, es entstehen Oxidationsprodukte des R290 bis hin zum Kohlendioxid. Sofern größere Mengen aufgrund einer größeren Leckage auftreten sollten, was ausgesprochen selten ist, bewirkt die Adsorptionswärme eine deutliche Erwärmung, was auch die Oxidation beschleunigt und eine weitere Aufheizung hervorrufen kann.Should a leak occur, the pressure in the encapsulated
Für diesen Fall ist eine Eindüsung 11 von Stickstoff oder einem anderen Inertgas vorgesehen, um diese Reaktion zu modulieren, im Falle von Stickstoff kann durch Druckentspannung bei der Eindüsung auch eine Temperaturabsenkung erreicht werden, was einerseits die Kapazität des Adsorptionsmittels erhöht und andererseits die Reaktionswärme der Oxidation verringert. Um eine solche übermäßige Erwärmung rechtzeitig zu erkennen, wird im Sorptionskanal 9 eine Temperaturmessstelle T vorgesehen.In this case, an
- 11
- Wärmepumpeheat pump
- 22
- GehäuseHousing
- 33
- Kältekreisrefrigeration cycle
- 44
- Verdichtercompressor
- 55
- Kondensatorcapacitor
- 66
- Entspannungsventilrelief valve
- 77
- VerdampferEvaporator
- 88th
- AnschlussConnection
- 99
- Sorptionskanalsorption channel
- 1010
- Auslassoutlet
- 1111
- Anschluss/ Eindüsungconnection/ injection
- TT
- Temperaturmessstelletemperature measuring point
Claims (8)
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
characterized in that
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Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2000320950A (en) | 1999-05-11 | 2000-11-24 | Matsushita Refrig Co Ltd | Refrigerator |
DE102011116863A1 (en) | 2011-10-25 | 2013-04-25 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Method for securing device for closed thermodynamic cycle, involves contacting adsorbent with environmentally hazardous, toxic and/or flammable material, and selectively binding flammable substance by adsorbent |
EP3486564A1 (en) | 2017-11-16 | 2019-05-22 | Vaillant GmbH | Fluid adsorption with inert gas displacement |
EP3486582A1 (en) | 2017-11-16 | 2019-05-22 | Vaillant GmbH | Leakage detection using absorber |
EP3581861A2 (en) | 2018-04-23 | 2019-12-18 | Vaillant GmbH | Fluid absorption |
EP3693687A2 (en) | 2019-02-06 | 2020-08-12 | Vaillant GmbH | Adsorption cooling |
EP3693683A1 (en) | 2019-02-06 | 2020-08-12 | Vaillant GmbH | Diffusion barrier using protective layers |
DE102019118984A1 (en) * | 2019-02-06 | 2020-10-08 | Vaillant Gmbh | Diffusion barrier by means of protective layers |
EP3748257A1 (en) | 2019-06-03 | 2020-12-09 | Vaillant GmbH | Device for the safe performance of a left-rotating thermodynamic circular process by means of a flammable working fluid with the use of fluidadsoption |
US20210108810A1 (en) | 2019-10-14 | 2021-04-15 | Bluezone Ip Holding Llc | Method and apparatus for air treatment employing catalyst material |
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- 2022-01-07 DE DE102022100269.1A patent/DE102022100269A1/en active Pending
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Patent Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2000320950A (en) | 1999-05-11 | 2000-11-24 | Matsushita Refrig Co Ltd | Refrigerator |
DE102011116863A1 (en) | 2011-10-25 | 2013-04-25 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Method for securing device for closed thermodynamic cycle, involves contacting adsorbent with environmentally hazardous, toxic and/or flammable material, and selectively binding flammable substance by adsorbent |
EP3486564A1 (en) | 2017-11-16 | 2019-05-22 | Vaillant GmbH | Fluid adsorption with inert gas displacement |
EP3486582A1 (en) | 2017-11-16 | 2019-05-22 | Vaillant GmbH | Leakage detection using absorber |
EP3581861A2 (en) | 2018-04-23 | 2019-12-18 | Vaillant GmbH | Fluid absorption |
EP3693687A2 (en) | 2019-02-06 | 2020-08-12 | Vaillant GmbH | Adsorption cooling |
EP3693683A1 (en) | 2019-02-06 | 2020-08-12 | Vaillant GmbH | Diffusion barrier using protective layers |
DE102019118984A1 (en) * | 2019-02-06 | 2020-10-08 | Vaillant Gmbh | Diffusion barrier by means of protective layers |
EP3748257A1 (en) | 2019-06-03 | 2020-12-09 | Vaillant GmbH | Device for the safe performance of a left-rotating thermodynamic circular process by means of a flammable working fluid with the use of fluidadsoption |
US20210108810A1 (en) | 2019-10-14 | 2021-04-15 | Bluezone Ip Holding Llc | Method and apparatus for air treatment employing catalyst material |
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