EP4188799A1

EP4188799A1 - Double bench seat for aircraft passengers

Info

Publication number: EP4188799A1
Application number: EP21749236.2A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Alexandra Collins; Mark Collins; Jean-Baptiste BRUYÈRE; Matthias DOARÉ
Original assignee: Airbus Atlantic SAS
Current assignee: Airbus Atlantic SAS
Priority date: 2020-08-03
Filing date: 2021-08-03
Publication date: 2023-06-07
Also published as: FR3113031A1; CN116490398A; WO2022029105A1; US20230286655A1

Abstract

A double bench seat (10) for transport craft passengers, such as aircraft passengers, having a sitting configuration and a lying configuration, and comprising a substantially vertical shell (1) surrounding two independent twin seats (11, 12), characterised in that: - the two twin seats (11, 12) are oriented along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft, - the two twin seats (11, 12) each assume, independently of one another, at least one chair-like position and one bed-like position, - the two twin seats (11, 12) comprise a backrest (111, 121) and a seat (112, 122), - in the bed-like position, the two twin seats are extended by an extension (114, 124) , - when the double bench seat is in the lying configuration, the two twin seats (11, 12) are in the bed-like position and arranged to be at the same height and to form a continuous horizontal surface with a width and length adapted to form a double bed that can accommodate two lying persons, - when the double bench seat is in the sitting configuration, the two twin seats (11, 12) are in the chair-like position and arranged such that their respective backrests (111, 121) are incorporated into the substantially vertical shell (1) of the double bench seat so as to form a continuous vertical wall, separate from an optional headrest, and thus to provide a common backrest for two seated persons.

Description

DESCRIPTION

TITLE: Double seat for aircraft passengers.

The invention relates to a double seat for aircraft passengers. The invention also relates to the arrangement of such double bench seats in an airplane.

The layout of aircraft cabins has a strong impact on passenger comfort and is an important commercial issue, especially on long-haul flights.

The seat is a central point in the layout of aircraft cabins. On long-haul flights, the seat can be converted from an armchair position to a bed position while offering equivalent performance in these two configurations, in terms of comfort and the possibility of isolation from other passengers.

To meet these needs, the solutions proposed by the prior art rely on individual seats leaving little latitude of movement between two adjacent seats. However, there are many passengers who travel as a family, especially as a couple, and would appreciate the possibility of traveling with more proximity to each other.

Thus, an object of the present invention is to provide a seat solution for aircraft passengers which improves passenger comfort, in particular for two passengers from the same family or as a couple.

To this end, the invention relates to a double bench seat allowing passengers who so wish to share the space of their two adjoining seats more freely. More specifically, the double bench seat for a passenger in transport vehicles, such as an aircraft, has a seat configuration and a bed configuration and comprises a substantially vertical shell framing two independent twin seats, characterized in that:

- the two twin seats are oriented along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft,

- the two twin seats each take, independently of each other, at least one armchair position and one bed position,

- the two twin seats include a backrest and a seat,

- in the bed position, the two twin seats are extended by an extension,

- when the double bench seat is in bed configuration, the two twin seats are in bed position, arranged so as to be at the same height and to form a continuous horizontal surface of suitable width and length to form a double bed that can accommodate two people lying down,

- when the double bench seat is in the seated configuration, the two twin seats are in the armchair position, arranged so that their respective backrests are integrated into the substantially vertical shell of the double bench seat, so as to form a continuous vertical wall, outside the an optional headrest, and thus constitute a common backrest for two people seated.

In the seated configuration, the vertical wall of the shell integrating the two backrests of the two twinned seats can be substantially flat between the two backrests, or flat or flat, over at least 80%, or even over at least 90%, of the height. of each backrest and/or the total height of the shell.

The backrest and seat of the two twin seats can be moved between the armchair and bed positions. The backrest of each paired seat can occupy a position integrated into the shell in armchair configuration and a substantially horizontal position forming part of the bed in bed configuration.

The backrest and the seat of the two paired seats can be fixed between the chair and bed positions, and each paired seat can include a leg rest that can be moved between a retracted position and a substantially horizontal position forming part of the bed in the bed configuration.

The double bench seat may comprise a mobile separating wall, which can occupy a separating position in which it forms a wall separating the two twinned seats and which can occupy a retracted position in which the two twinned seats belong to the same space.

Said partition wall may comprise at least two parts, including a fixed part, and at least one movable part, the at least one movable part sliding in vertical translation relative to the fixed part and fitting into at least one guide groove located on the hull between the two twin seats.

The double passenger bench seat can include two boxes located on either side of the two twin seats and can be used as an armrest or utility surface.

Each box can incorporate an extension accessible to a passenger from a seat behind the double bench seat.

The double bench seat for passenger can be intended to be arranged behind an intermediate row of intermediate seats comprising extensions which make it possible to extend the twin seats of said double bench seat when in bed position.

The invention also relates to a face-to-face module for a passenger, characterized in that it comprises a double bench seat as described previously and an additional row arranged face to face, and in that the additional row provides extensions which make it possible to extend the twin seats of said double bench when they are in the bed position.

The invention also relates to an arrangement of rows of seats for passengers, characterized in that it comprises such a face-to-face module which occupies two rows at the end of the arrangement, and in that the following rows consist an alternation of double benches as described above and intermediate rows.

These objects, characteristics and advantages of the present invention will be explained in detail in the following description of two particular embodiments made on a non-limiting basis in relation to the attached figures, among which:

FIG. 1 represents a double seat for aircraft passengers according to a first embodiment of the invention in a seated configuration.

FIG. 2 represents the double seat for aircraft passengers according to the first embodiment of the invention in a bed configuration.

FIG. 3a represents a double seat for aircraft passengers according to a second embodiment of the invention in a seated configuration.

FIG. 3b represents a double seat for aircraft passengers according to the second embodiment of the invention in a bed configuration. FIG. 4 shows a rear three-quarter view of an arrangement of rows of seats comprising double bench seats according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 shows a three-quarter front view of an arrangement of rows of seats comprising a double bench seat according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 shows a rear three-quarter view of an arrangement of rows of seats comprising double bench seats according to one embodiment of the invention.

Figure 7 shows in perspective a face-to-face module containing a double bench seat according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 shows in perspective an arrangement of rows of seats comprising double bench seats according to one embodiment of the invention and a face-to-face module containing a double bench seat according to one embodiment of the invention.

Thereafter, we will designate by longitudinal direction the direction by considering the direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of an aircraft. We will use this same frame of reference in an extended manner for an aircraft seat, considering the position in which it is intended to be mounted within an aircraft.

Two embodiments of the double bench seat 10 are described below:

- A first embodiment, illustrated by Figures 1, 2 and 5 to 8, using twin seats 1 1, 12 with backrest and movable seat,

- A second embodiment, illustrated by Figures 3a, 3b and 4, using twin seats 1 1, 12 with fixed backrest and seat and movable leg rest.

In these two embodiments, the double seat 10 comprises a shell 1 flanking two twin seats 11 and 12 as well as two boxes 14 and 15. The shell 1 is a curved vertical wall, the horizontal section of which is U-shaped stretched in width. The shell 1 also has a central part S1 and two lateral parts S2, S3 which are perpendicular to it, these parts being substantially planar and interconnected by curved connections. The two twin seats 11 and 12 can occupy an armchair position and a bed position, as will be detailed later.

The shell 1 has a longitudinal vertical plane of symmetry A1 perpendicular to the central part S1. The vertical plane A1 is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. The shell 1 is fixed relative to the ground of the aircraft on which it is intended to be mounted, and supports the elements of the double bench seat 10 of the invention.

In the first embodiment, the central part S1 of the shell 1 has on its front face two contiguous recesses E1, E2, visible in FIG. 2, and arranged on either side of its plane of symmetry A1, intended respectively to receive the files 1 1 1 , 1 12 of the twin seats 1 1 , 12 mobiles.

The twin seats 11, 12 mobile each consist of a backrest 111, 121 mobile and a seat 112, 122 mobile, articulated in rotation with respect to each other. The recesses E1, E2 of the shell 1 are made in such a way that they make it possible to fully integrate the backrests 111, 121 when the mobile seats are configured in the armchair position. In this position, the backrests 111, 121 therefore occupy a substantially vertical position, slightly inclined towards the rear. The seats 112, 122 occupy a substantially horizontal position.

Each paired seat 11, 12 can perform a translational movement relative to the shell 1, possibly in combination with a rotational movement of the backrest relative to the seat. So, to pass from the chair position shown in Figure 1 to the bed position shown in Figure 2, the seat 1 12, 122 undergoes a longitudinal translation, moving it away from the shell 1. At the same time, the back

1 1 1, 121 undergoes a vertical translation with respect to the shell and a simultaneous rotation with respect to the seat 1 12, 122, so as to pass from a substantially vertical position integrated into the shell to a substantially horizontal position, occupying at least partially the location previously occupied by the seat 112, 122. The backrest 111, 121 and the seat

January 12, 122 thus form a continuous substantially horizontal surface in the bed position of the seat, forming part of the bed for a passenger.

Thus, when the seat is configured in the bed position, the maximum angle formed between the backrest and the seat can be 180 degrees.

The invention is not limited to the embodiment described. In particular, the transitions between the armchair position and the bed position can be achieved by any other type of combination of movements.

In the second embodiment shown in Figures 3 and 4, the shell 1 has no recess and the twin seats 1 1, 12 are partially fixed. Removable folders 1 1 1, 121 are fixed in support against the shell 1 in the armchair position and can be removed in the bed position to increase the length of the bedding. Alternatively, these folders are fixed and not removable. In addition, the bases 112, 122 of the twin seats 11, 12 are fixed.

In the second embodiment, the twin seats 1 1, 12 further comprise a leg rest 1 13, 123 movable. The movable leg rest 113, 123 is articulated in rotation with respect to the fixed seat 112, 122. The movement of the legrest 113, 123 makes it possible to independently adjust each of the twin seats 11, 12 in the armchair position. or bed position. In the armchair position, represented in FIG. 3a, the rest legs 113, 123 occupies a substantially vertical position, or more generally retracted, in which it releases a space in front of the seat allowing a passenger to position his feet in a seated position. In bed position, shown in Figure 3b, it is raised by rotation vis-à-vis the seat, until it comes to occupy a substantially horizontal position extending the seat and forming part of the passenger bed.

In a variant of the second embodiment, the legrest 113, 123 has a flared shape at its distal end, thus offering greater freedom of movement to a user when the seat is in the bed position. This freedom of movement also allows a user of the twin seat in the bed position to rest his feet on an extension which would be located laterally with respect to the direction of the twin seat 11, 12.

In all the embodiments, when the two twin seats 11, 12 are in the armchair position, the double bench seat is in the seated configuration. The two seats 1 1, 12 are arranged so that their respective files 1 1 1, 121 are integrated into the substantially vertical shell 1 of the double seat, so as to form a continuous vertical wall, apart from a headrest optional.

In other words, when the two twin seats are in the armchair position, the backrests 111, 112 form an integral part of the curved wall defined by the shell. In the first embodiment, the files are incorporated into the shell by filling the recesses E1, E2, so as to form an integral part of the curved wall defined by the shell. In other words, the shell and the backrests together form a curved vertical wall with no discontinuity. The assembly formed by the shell 1 and the integrated backrests 111, 121 constitutes a common and continuous backrest for the two twin seats 11, 12. Thus, the invention has the advantage of forming a single surface, equivalent to a single backrest, despite the existence of two separate seats. The shell erases any separation between the two seats, which are no longer perceived as two distinct parts of the surface of the backrest. The double bench thus constitutes a common backrest for two people seated. Thanks to this construction, the two people have the possibility of positioning themselves indifferently over the entire width of the double bench, thus making the most of maximum space. In other words, their positioning is not strictly limited to the back of their assigned seat. Comfort is thus increased.

In particular, the surface of each folder 1 1 1, 121 of each paired seat 1 1, 12 comes in continuity with the surface of the neighboring shell. The surface remains continuous between the two backrests 111, 121, which allows the bringing together of the two passengers. In other words, the hull has no separation, even small, at the level of the backrests between the two passengers in the seated configuration. According to the embodiment, this continuity is formed by a substantially flat surface between the two seats. As a variant, it can be formed by any surface that does not have a marked relief. This continuity is noted by observing a horizontal section of the hull. Advantageously, this continuity extends over the entire height of the backrests. Alternatively, it extends over at least 80% or even 90% of the height of each backrest or the total height of the shell.

In addition, in both embodiments, when the two twin seats 1 1, 12 are in bed position, the double seat is in bed configuration. The seats are then arranged so as to be at the same height and to form a continuous horizontal surface of width and length adapted to form a double bed that can accommodate two people lying down. The overall space is also optimized for two people. Naturally, the two seats remain independent and can occupy different positions.

In both embodiments, the shell 1 may also have a vertical groove R1 on its front face. This groove R1, located between the two twin seats 11, 12, is intended for guiding in vertical translation of a removable partition 13. This dividing wall 13 is arranged between the twin movable seats 11, 12 and makes it possible to separate the space of the double bench seat 10 into two individual sub-spaces in a high position, represented by figure 2.

According to the embodiment, the partition wall 13 consists of a fixed part 131 and at least one mobile part 132 which slides vertically in the fixed part 131. Alternatively, there could be several mobile parts, which can occupy several positions according to a telescopic type operation.

The fixed part 131 is in the form of a hollow rectangular partition accommodating a slide mechanism intended for the movement in vertical translation of the at least one movable part 132. The fixed part 131 of the partition wall 13 is fixed to the ground and to the hull 1 , perpendicular to the central part of the shell 1, and is located in the vertical plane of symmetry A1 of the shell 1. In its longitudinal dimension, the fixed part 131 extends between the shell 1 of the seat 10 and substantially a row intermediate 20 of intermediate seats located in front thereof, so as to create a fixed physical separation between the two twin seats 1 1, 12 at the level of the legs, as shown in Figure 6. On the other hand, the height of the part fixed 131 (measured in the vertical direction) corresponds to the height of the plane formed by the seats 112, 122 of the twin seats 11,12, as is particularly visible in FIG. In the two embodiments described, the at least one movable part 132 of the partition wall 13 can take at least:

- A so-called high position, shown in Figure 2, corresponding to maximum deployment of the partition wall 13, in which it separates the double seat 10 into two separate seats;

- and a so-called low position, shown in Figure 1, corresponding to the complete retraction of the movable part inside the fixed part, in which the double bench seat 10 forms a single user-friendly space for two people. The low position of the partition wall 13 corresponds to the height of the bedding.

As a variant, the partition wall 13 can assume a so-called low position, a so-called intermediate position and so-called high positions. The intermediate position corresponds to a partial retraction of the at least one movable part inside the fixed part, which positions the partition wall 13 at the height of an armrest, so as to form a central armrest common to the two seats . The high positions correspond to a deployment of the partition wall 13 located beyond the intermediate position and which can go up to the maximum deployment of the partition wall, this latter position being represented in FIG. 2. In the high position, the dividing wall 13 constitutes two individual armrests and divides the double seat 10 into two separate seats.

When it is fully deployed, the at least one movable part 132 extends substantially longitudinally between the shell 1 of the bench seat 10 and the intermediate row 20 of intermediate seats located in front of the latter, and vertically, over a given maximum height, close to the height of the hull 1, to form a complete separation between the two twin seats 11, 12. In a variant of the embodiments presented, the maximum deployment height of the partition 13 can assume any other height, possibly lower than that of the shell 1 .

In the embodiments, the movement of the at least one movable part 132 is also guided by the vertical groove R1 present on the front face of the shell 1 and located between the two twin seats 11, 12, as mentioned above.

In a variant of the embodiments presented, a complementary groove serving to guide the at least one movable part at its front end opposite to its end guided in the groove R1 of the shell, is arranged on the rear face of the intermediate row 20 intermediate seats located just in front of the double 10 bench seat.

The at least one movable part 132 can be at least partially translucent or opaque.

According to the embodiment, the partition wall 13 can be partially made of materials allowing visual and/or acoustic insulation.

The adjustment of the position of the partition wall 13 can be controlled by each of the passengers of the twin seats 11 and 12.

Naturally, the invention is not limited to the embodiment described. The separation wall 13 could have any other mobility to pass from a retracted position to a separation position. Such mobility can for example be obtained by a rotation, or a combination of rotation(s) and translation(s). In the two embodiments presented, the central part S1 of the shell 1 has two lateral openings 01, 02 open on the rear face of the shell 1 (shown in FIG. 6), located opposite the boxes 14, 15 of the double seat 10. These side openings 01, 02 are used by passengers occupying the seats located behind the double seat 10, to allow them to access an additional space 141, 151 located inside the boxes 14, 15.

The two boxes 14, 15 are arranged symmetrically with respect to each other with respect to the vertical plane of symmetry A1. The horizontal section of the boxes has a rectangular trapezium shape which is rounded at the corners. The section is smaller towards the front of the boxes.

The boxes are arranged against the hull 1 as follows:

- the base of the trapezium formed by said section of the boxes 14, 15 is positioned against the central part S1 of the shell 1, and

- the rounded right angle located at the base of the trapezium formed by the box sections is adjusted to the rounded corners of the hull 1 .

The boxes 14, 15 are hollow and open towards the rear of the shell 1. They thus form an additional space 141, 151, as mentioned above, accessible by passengers positioned behind the double seat. This additional space 141, 151 comprises an additional flat surface or extension 114, 124, visible in FIG. 6, intended to constitute a bed extension for a seat located behind the double bench seat 10.

The boxes 14, 15 further define a large armrest for each of the users of the twin seats 11, 12. The upper surface of the boxes 14, 15 also provides a utility surface allowing objects to be placed, for example. The two side parts S2, S3 of the shell 1 delimit the space of the double seat. A retractable side wall 16, 17, shown in Figure 5, can extend each side part S2, S3 of the hull, to create a partition between the space of the double seat 10 and the corridor. This side wall slides in longitudinal translation inside the side parts S2, S3 of the shell 1. It thus forms a separating wall. It can form an access door to the space of the double bench from an adjoining corridor. In variant embodiments, this access door to the space of the double bench seat can be made by other types of mechanisms and/or materials capable of providing visual insulation, such as for example a curtain.

In one embodiment, the shell 1 can be equipped with a sound insulation coating.

The invention also relates to the layout of an aircraft section with double bench seats 10 as described above.

This arrangement comprises an arrangement, for example shown in Figure 6, in which a double seat 10 according to the invention is arranged behind an intermediate row 20, so that the twin seats 1 1, 12 of the double seat 10 are extended , in their bed position, by an additional surface or extension 1 14, 124, provided by this intermediate row 20. An intermediate row 20 thus advantageously comprises a bench seat comprising two boxes similar to those of the double bench seat 10, positioned as an extension of the seats paired with the double bench seat 10. Advantageously again, this intermediate row 20 also includes two seats 21, 22.

An aircraft layout with double bench seats 10 according to the first embodiment is represented by FIGS. 5 and 6. The layout of an aircraft according to this embodiment comprises a alternation between double benches 10 as described and intermediate rows 20.

An aircraft layout with double bench seats 10 according to the second embodiment is represented by FIG. 4. It is based on a succession of double bench seats according to the invention, arranged one after the other. In such an aircraft layout, the intermediate row 20 mentioned above is thus an identical bench seat 10. The extensions 114, 124 of a first double bench seat 10 are therefore located in the boxes 14, 15 of a second double bench seat 10 located in front of the first double bench seat 10. In this embodiment, the legrest 113, 123 has a flared shape at its distal end, thus offering greater freedom of movement to a user when the seat is in the bed position. This latitude of movement allows the user to comfortably access the extensions 114, 124 as shown in Figure 4, that is to say located laterally with respect to the direction of the seat 11 , 12.

The layout of an aircraft section with double bench seats 10 includes a particular implementation concerning the first row, or even the last row, of the section, so that the latter provides the extensions 114, 124 required for the use of a bench seat 10 located behind this first row.

Thus, in the particular case where no intermediate row is located in front of a double bench seat 10, an additional row 40 can be arranged so as to face the double bench seat 10, to provide it with extensions 114, 124. This set , named face-to-face module 30, is illustrated in Figure 7.

Thus, the development of an aircraft section with double bench seats 10 could consist of a face-to-face module 30 followed by an alternation intermediate rows 20 and double benches 10 according to one of the embodiments presented.

Alternatively, the alternation of intermediate rows 20 and double benches 10 will consist of a succession of double benches 10.

More generally, the invention relates to the layout of transport vehicles, such as air, water or rail transport vehicles with double seats 10 according to the invention, in particular the layout of ferry boats or cruise ships, as well as the development of long-distance trains. The invention relates more particularly to fittings of a business class or a first class or any other premium class of such air, water or rail transport vehicles.

Claims

1 . Double seat (10) for a passenger in transport vehicles, such as an aircraft, having a seated configuration and a bed configuration and comprising a substantially vertical shell (1) flanking two independent twin seats (11, 12), characterized in that:

- the two twin seats (11, 12) are oriented along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft,

- the two twin seats (1 1 , 12) each take, independently of each other, at least one chair position and one bed position,

- the two twin seats (1 1, 12) comprise a backrest (1 1 1, 121) and a seat (1 12, 122),

- in the bed position, the two twin seats are extended by an extension (1 14, 124),

- when the double bench is in bed configuration, the two twin seats (1 1, 12) are in bed position, arranged so as to be at the same height and to form a continuous horizontal surface of width and length adapted to form a double bed that can accommodate two people lying down,

- When the double bench seat is in the seated configuration, the two twin seats (1 1 , 12) are in the armchair position, arranged so that their respective backrests (11 1 , 121 ) are integrated into the substantially vertical shell (1 ) of the double bench seat, so as to form a continuous vertical wall, apart from an optional headrest, and thus constitute a common backrest for two people seated.

2. Double seat (10) for passenger according to the preceding claim, characterized in that in the seated configuration, the vertical wall of the shell (1) integrating the two backrests (1 1 1, 121) of the two twin seats (1 1 , 12) is substantially flat between the two backrests (11 1 , 121 ), or without relief or without apex, on at least 80%, or even over at least 90%, of the height of each backrest (111, 121) and/or of the total height of the shell (1). Double seat (10) for passenger according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the back (1 1 1, 121) and the seat (112, 122) of the two twin seats (1 1, 12) are movable between chair and bed positions. Double seat (10) for passenger according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the backrest (1 1 1, 121) of each paired seat (1 1, 12) occupies a position integrated into the shell in armchair configuration and a substantially horizontal position forming a bed part in bed configuration. Double seat (10) for passenger according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the backrest (1 1 1, 121) and the seat (1 12, 122) of the two twin seats (1 1, 12) are fixed between the chair and bed positions, and in that each paired seat (1 1, 12) comprises a leg rest (1 13, 123) movable between a retracted position and a substantially horizontal position forming a bed part in bed configuration . Double bench seat (10) for a passenger according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a movable partition (13), which can occupy a separating position in which it forms a wall separating the two twin seats ( 1 1, 12) and which can occupy a retracted position in which the two twin seats (1 1, 12) belong to the same space. Double seat (10) for passenger according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the said dividing wall (13) comprises at least two parts (131, 132), one of which is fixed 19

(131) and at least one movable part (132), the at least one movable part (132) sliding in vertical translation relative to the fixed part (131) and being inserted into at least one guide groove (R1) located on the hull (1) between the two twin seats (1 1, 12). Double seat (10) for passenger according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises two boxes (14, 15) located on either side of the two twin seats (1 1, 12) and can be used as an armrest or utility surface. Double bench seat (10) for a passenger according to the preceding claim, characterized in that each box (14, 15) incorporates an extension (114, 124) accessible to a passenger from a seat arranged behind the double bench seat (10). Double seat (10) for passenger according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is intended to be arranged behind an intermediate row (20) of intermediate seats (21, 22) comprising extensions (1 14, 124) which make it possible to extend the twin seats of said double bench (10) when they are in the bed position. Face-to-face module (30) for a passenger, characterized in that it comprises a double bench seat (10) according to one of the preceding claims and an additional row (40) arranged face to face, and in that the additional row ( 40) provides extensions (114, 124) which make it possible to extend the twin seats of said double bench seat (10) when they are in the bed position. Arrangement of rows of seats (100) for passengers, characterized in that it comprises a face-to-face module (30) according to the preceding claim which occupies two rows at the end of 20 the arrangement, and in that the following rows consist of an alternation of double benches (10) according to one of claims 1 to 10 and intermediate rows (20).