EP4178039A1 - Elektronisch gesteuerte strahlantenne vom spar-typ - Google Patents

Elektronisch gesteuerte strahlantenne vom spar-typ Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4178039A1
EP4178039A1 EP22460055.1A EP22460055A EP4178039A1 EP 4178039 A1 EP4178039 A1 EP 4178039A1 EP 22460055 A EP22460055 A EP 22460055A EP 4178039 A1 EP4178039 A1 EP 4178039A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
ring
basis
radius
section
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP22460055.1A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Mateusz Rzymowski
Lukasz Kulas
Krysztof Nyka
Mateusz Czelen
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Politechnika Gdanska
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Politechnika Gdanska
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Publication date
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Publication of EP4178039A1 publication Critical patent/EP4178039A1/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
    • H01Q3/446—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element the radiating element being at the centre of one or more rings of auxiliary elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/2291—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles used in bluetooth or WI-FI devices of Wireless Local Area Networks [WLAN]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/06—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/28—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using a secondary device in the form of two or more substantially straight conductive elements
    • H01Q19/32—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using a secondary device in the form of two or more substantially straight conductive elements the primary active element being end-fed and elongated
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
    • H01Q9/32—Vertical arrangement of element

Definitions

  • the invention refers to the ESPAR antenna with an electronically steerable main beam direction in the horizontal plane and an additional dielectric structure which modifies radiation pattern in the elevation plane.
  • the invention has application in wireless communication systems where it introduces a beam direction switching capability and the possibility of adapting the beam's shape to operation environment conditions.
  • Reconfigurable antennas that are capable of detecting the direction of incoming signals and pointing their main beam towards the transmitting device are known. Such capability is called beamforming and is typically achieved using phased arrays. This approach requires the utilization of expensive phase shifters and the design of a complex feeding network resulting in reduced energy efficiency. These features make the device unsuitable for use in simple loT (Internet-of-Things) devices and WSN (Wireless Sensor Network).
  • ESPAR Electrode Steerable Parasitic Array Radiator
  • This antenna type achieves beamforming functionality utilizing parasitic/passive elements, i.e. those to which the excitation signal is not applied.
  • a typical structure of the ESPAR antenna e.g. shown in the patent description US6606057 , consists of a single active element, which is excited by a radio signal, and several passive elements surrounding it, connected only to a one-port device with electronically controlled impedance.
  • constructions that do not have a ground plane, e.g. based on dipole elements, and those that have a ground plane, e.g. based on monopole elements placed above it, have been studied. The latter is particularly valuable from the perspective of possible applications since said ground plane allows a control circuit to be placed on its underside, thus reducing its influence on the antenna performance.
  • antenna's main beam direction in the elevation plane is tilted away from the ground plane (typically it is about 60° from the direction perpendicular to the ground plane).
  • Such an outcome may be undesirable, e.g. in the case when the communication devices are placed in the horizontal plane of the antenna.
  • Constructions allowing for a horizontal direction of radiation were studied, e.g. R. Schlub and D. V. Thiel, "Switched parasitic antenna on a finite ground plane with conductive sleeve," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 52, no. 5, pp.
  • the elements responsible for switching the beam direction in the horizontal plane also allow for relatively easy shaping of radiation characteristics parameters in the horizontal cross-section (e.g. half-power beam width).
  • optimization of the shape in the elevation cross-section is challenging.
  • the main beam in this cross-section is tilted at a constant angle related to the antenna constriction.
  • it is approx. 60°.
  • it is difficult to modify the half-power beam width in the elevation cross-section.
  • the default radiation pattern may not be optimal depending on the spatial arrangement of the communicating devices. In any practical use case of wireless communication, it is desirable to maximize power radiated towards these devices. It leads to improvement in the quality of connection and resistance to interfering signals coming from other directions.
  • the maximum radiation in elevation of a typical, monopole-based ESPAR antenna is about 60°.
  • the best performance is achieved in the configuration shown in Fig. 1 , i.e. when the wireless devices (2) are positioned at a height close to h2 - at the angle of maximum radiation.
  • the desirable modification would be increasing the beam angle (>60°) and in the analogical case shown in Fig. 3 , desirable would be decreasing mentioned angle ( ⁇ 60°).
  • Fig. 1 the maximum radiation in elevation of a typical, monopole-based ESPAR antenna
  • the beam broadening would allow for unifying the communication conditions for all wireless devices (2). Therefore, there are different requirements for the radiation pattern when the wireless devices (2) are at a similar height (e.g. antenna on an autonomous vehicle) and different when their placement height is distant (e.g. antenna on the ceiling of a warehouse). When it is not possible to determine a single direction of incoming signals (in elevation) then the best option would be uniformly cover all elevation angles.
  • the presented invention which provides a solution for easy radiation pattern adjusting to specific system needs.
  • the goal was achieved by introducing a dielectric ring into the antenna structure, which changes the shape of the radiation pattern in the elevation plane.
  • the invention makes it possible to change the shape of the elevation cross-section of the radiation pattern, not only the horizontal one as in the known ESPAR antennas, and thus allows the use of the same base antenna in different spatial configurations of the wireless devices (situations shown in Figs. 1-4 ) solely by simply adjusting the parameters of the dielectric ring.
  • the application of the invention will allow for improving the transmission quality, thereby increasing the resistance to interference, and the accuracy of the direction of arrival estimating algorithms.
  • the invention is based on the construction of a known ESPAR-type electronically beam-steered antenna, in which the radiation pattern is modified using a dielectric ring, hereinafter interchangeably called the ring. It allows for changing the radiation pattern in the elevation plane.
  • the term base antenna which states for known ESPAR antenna without the ring.
  • the proposed invention is an antenna that consists of a base antenna and a dielectric ring that modifies the radiation pattern.
  • the use of the base ESPAR antenna enables the control of the radiation direction in the horizontal plane, while the characteristic feature of the antenna according to the invention is the modification of the shape of the radiation pattern in the elevation plane thanks to the accordingly set properties of the dielectric ring.
  • the ring is a geometric body limited by the surface of the toroid, i.e. can be created by the rotation of any flat, closed curve around an axis lying in the plane of this curve, but not intersecting it.
  • the rotation axis passes through the center of the basis of the base antenna and is perpendicular to it, so the ring is placed parallel to the basis of the antenna.
  • the rotated closed curve is a circle, and the radius of such a circle is referred to as the ring longitudinal cross-section radius Ro.
  • Another possible shape is a regular polygon.
  • Ro the radius of the longitudinal cross-section of the ring.
  • An octagon can be an example of a regular polygon, in which case the radius of the circumscribed circle is hereinafter referred to as the radius of the longitudinal ring cross-section Ro.
  • longitudinal cross-section means a cross-section in the plane that is perpendicular to the basis of the base antenna and contains its center.
  • a transversal cross-section means this plane is parallel to the antenna basis.
  • the ring touches the basis of the base antenna - then it is possible to mount it directly to the basis of the base antenna.
  • the ring does not touch the basis of the base antenna
  • additional positioning elements e.g. in the form of pillars
  • the scope and essence of the invention is the determination of the following properties of the dielectric ring: the radius of the ring in the transverse cross-section R, the ring longitudinal cross-section radius Ro, the distance of the ring from the basis plane of the base antenna H and the relative permittivity of the ring material.
  • the relative permittivity of the ring material ranges from 2 to 20
  • ring radius R ranges from 0.5 ⁇ 0 to 1 ⁇ 0
  • longitudinal cross-section ring radius Ro ranges from 0.05 ⁇ 0 to 0.2 ⁇ 0
  • the distance from the ring to the antenna basis H ranges from -0.3 ⁇ 0 to 0.3 ⁇ 0.
  • ⁇ 0 is the length of the electromagnetic wave in free space.
  • the ring is mounted on the positioning elements that assure the right orientation and distance of the ring in relation to the base antenna, preferably in the form of at least three pillars.
  • the material of which the positioning element is made has a relative permittivity in the range of 1.01 to 3.
  • the positioning element can be made of the same material as the ring or a different material with the same permittivity or a different material with a different permittivity, preferably the ring is made of a material with a higher permittivity than the positioning elements.
  • the advantage of the invention is in its versatility, as the introduction of the ring does not require modification of the base antenna design. Therefore, it is possible to use one base antenna and adapt its characteristics to different scenarios only by changing the ring parameters, i.e. the radius of the longitudinal cross-section of the ring Ro, the ring radius R, the distance of the ring from the basis plane of the base antenna H and the relative permittivity - in ranges stated above.
  • a known structure of the ESPAR-type base antenna with switched beam (3) is used.
  • the ESPAR base antenna is shown in Fig. 5 , while Fig. 6 shows its longitudinal cross-section view. The following features of the invention have been developed.
  • the basis 4 of the base antenna 3 is realized in the form of a round printed circuit board with a radius Rg ranging from 0.5 ⁇ 0 to 0.7 ⁇ 0 ( ⁇ 0 - free space wavelength), the top layer is the antenna's ground plane, while on the bottom one, a beam steering circuit is realized.
  • Active element 5 in the form of a monopole antenna is placed in the center of the basis 4 of the base antenna 3 with a height of Ha ranging from 0.2 ⁇ 0 to 0.3 ⁇ 0.
  • the antenna is excited using a coaxial connector 7 (e.g. SMA - SubMiniature version A) - the inner conductor is connected to the active element 5, while the outer conductor is connected to the antenna's ground plane (top layer of the basis 4.
  • a coaxial connector 7 e.g. SMA - SubMiniature version A
  • the active element 5 is surrounded by 2 to 24 passive elements 6 with a height Hp in the range from 0.2 ⁇ 0 to 0.3 ⁇ 0, evenly distributed on a circle with a radius Rp being in the range from 0.25 ⁇ 0 to 0.5 ⁇ 0, also in the form of monopole antennas, however, these are connected to the one-port devices with electronically controlled impedance 8. Setting the impedance close to an electrical short-circuit makes the element act as the reflector (reflects an electromagnetic wave) while setting an impedance similar to an electric open-circuit makes the element act as the director (passes through an electromagnetic wave). When all passive elements are directors, the antenna has an omnidirectional radiation pattern and setting at least one as a reflector causes it to take on directional properties.
  • Optimum directional properties are obtained in the case when 40 - 60% of the elements are set to the reflector.
  • a characteristic and essential feature of the invention is the dielectric ring 9 in the form of a toroid.
  • it has a circular longitudinal cross-section through the ring, i.e. the figure forming the ring is a circle.
  • a general embodiment of the invention is shown in Fig. 7 .
  • the relative permittivity of the material of which ring 9 is made ranges from 2 to 20
  • the radius of the ring R is in the range of 0,5 ⁇ 0 to 1 ⁇ 0
  • the ring longitudinal cross-section radius Ro is in the range 0.05 ⁇ 0 to 0.2 ⁇ 0
  • the ring distance from the antenna basis H is in the range 0.3 ⁇ 0 to 0.3 ⁇ 0.
  • the ring 9 is mounted on the antenna base by means of positioning elements 10, preferably in the form of pillars, e.g. three to four elements.
  • the specific form of the positioning elements 10 is of secondary importance as they are made of a dielectric material with a low relative permittivity ranging from 0.01 to 3, e.g. ABS - acrylonitrile butadiene styrene terpolymer - with a relative permittivity of about 2.6, therefore their influence on the radiation pattern is negligible.
  • inventions' activity utilizes propagation properties of the dielectric material from which the ring is made. It has greater permittivity than air, and therefore its presence affects electromagnetic wave propagation and, consequently, changes the radiation pattern of the antenna. On the one hand, there also are reflections at the medium boundary (air-dielectric) related to the impedance difference, on the other hand, the velocity of the wave propagating through the dielectric decreases.
  • a closed curve the rotation of which creates the ring - the figures the rotation of which creates the ring and defines its longitudinal cross-section does not have to be a circle, but a regular polygon, e.g. a hexagon or an octagon.
  • the regular polygon can be characterized by the circumscribed circle radius Ro.
  • the invention's essence - feature and advantages - lies in an easy change of the parameters of the entire antenna by replacing the ring with one that provides a different effect, but the parameters of the ring - R, Ro, H and relative permittivity - must be within predetermined ranges. Thus, the use of the invention does not require modification of the base antenna structure.
  • the invention is applicable - used in wireless systems where it provides the capability of adjusting the radiation pattern of the ESPAR antenna to a specific arrangement of wireless devices. In consequence, it is enough to have a once-designed base antenna and, depending on the needs, select adequate ring parameters, however, in the predefined range of R, Ro and H and the relative permittivity.
  • the example application concerns the scenario in which the invention is mounted on the ceiling of a warehouse and is communicating with devices located on the ground. Then the invention can be used to increase the signal level in the area directly below the antenna compared to the unmodified base antenna. On the other hand, if these devices are mounted at the same height as the invention, then an accordingly chosen ring will allow the concentration of the radiation close to the horizontal plane. In a scenario where the invention will be mounted on an inspection robot receiving data from various types of sensors located in different places and at different heights, another ring will increase half-power beam width to ensure reliable communication with each of the sensors.
  • the invention has a simpler construction, lower price and lower power consumption compared to the conventional phased arrays used to implement beamforming, As a result, the invention can be used in wireless sensor networks, where the use of the directional radiation pattern allows for a reduction of the required transmitting powers, resulting in extended battery life or a reduction of the minimum number of nodes by increasing their communication range.
  • the invention in conjunction with the direction of arrival estimation, it is possible to determine the position of wireless devices, and the possibility of modifying the antenna beam shape in the elevation plane improves positioning accuracy.
  • the invention can also be applied in vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems to improve link quality in a demanding, highly reflective environment (e.g. city center) in which usually such systems are used.
  • Modification of the beam direction in the elevation plane allows for more stable communication with road infrastructure elements located at a specific height in relation to the vehicle. As a result, it will reduce the level of signals received from undesirable directions, thereby improving the security of communication by increasing immunity to interfering signals.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention is an antenna, the longitudinal cross-section of which is shown in Fig. 8 .
  • the antenna operates at a frequency of 2.45 GHz.
  • the basis 4 is made of a PCB (printed circuit board), using an FR4 substrate, the top layer of which is the antenna's ground plane.
  • the ring 9 and the base antenna 3 are connected by positioning elements 10, in the form of four dielectric pillars equally spaced around the perimeter of the basis 4 and made of a material with low relative permittivity (in this case ABS - acrylonitrile butadiene styrene terpolymer with a relative permittivity of about 2.6).
  • positioning elements 10 in the form of four dielectric pillars equally spaced around the perimeter of the basis 4 and made of a material with low relative permittivity (in this case ABS - acrylonitrile butadiene styrene terpolymer with a relative permittivity of about 2.6).
  • Such configuration provides the effect of tilting the beam towards the basis/ground plane, thus increasing radiation in the horizontal plane.
  • a comparison of the radiation patterns in the elevation plane of the antenna according to the invention (with the ring) and the base antenna (without the ring) is shown in Fig. 9 .
  • the effect achieved in the first preferred embodiment is a beam tilting but not a beam widening, and is therefore not included in Table 1.
  • Fig. 9 shows that the maximum of radiation in the elevation plane of the first embodiment antenna is at an angle greater than that of the base antenna (without the ring), so the main beam has been tilted down towards the basis of the antenna.
  • the antenna operates at a frequency of 2.45 GHz.
  • the basis 4 is made of a PCB (printed circuit board), using an FR4 substrate, the top layer of which is the antenna's ground plane.
  • the ring 9 and the base antenna 3 are connected by positioning elements 10, in the form of four dielectric pillars equally spaced around the perimeter of the basis 4 and made of a material with low relative permittivity (in this case ABS - acrylonitrile butadiene styrene terpolymer with a relative permittivity of about 2.6).
  • positioning elements 10 in the form of four dielectric pillars equally spaced around the perimeter of the basis 4 and made of a material with low relative permittivity (in this case ABS - acrylonitrile butadiene styrene terpolymer with a relative permittivity of about 2.6).
  • Such configuration provides the effect of increasing half-power beam width in the elevation plane, thus ensuring wider angular coverage.
  • a comparison of the radiation patterns in the elevation plane of the antenna according to the invention (with the ring) and the base antenna (without the ring) is shown in Fig. 11 .
  • Fig. 11 shows that the half-power beam width in the elevation plane of the second embodiment antenna is greater than that of the base antenna (without the ring).
  • the values of the relative permittivity of the rings' dielectrics in the above embodiments are exemplary values, and in general, can have any values in the range of 2 - 20. Appropriately changing the dimensions of the ring, it is possible to adjust its operation to a specific permittivity value and obtain a similar effect.
  • the table below shows the half-power beam widths of exemplary embodiments of the antenna at 2.45 GHz using a dielectric of relative permittivity of 2 and 20, together with the value from the second embodiment i.e., 7.5. This validates the proposed range of the ring's relative permittivity.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
EP22460055.1A 2021-11-04 2022-10-25 Elektronisch gesteuerte strahlantenne vom spar-typ Pending EP4178039A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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PL439415A PL439415A1 (pl) 2021-11-04 2021-11-04 Antena z elektronicznie sterowaną wiązką typu ESPAR

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EP4178039A1 true EP4178039A1 (de) 2023-05-10

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020158798A1 (en) * 2001-04-30 2002-10-31 Bing Chiang High gain planar scanned antenna array
JP2014082736A (ja) * 2012-03-29 2014-05-08 Denso Wave Inc アレーアンテナ装置
US20160302081A1 (en) * 2015-04-07 2016-10-13 Wistron Neweb Corporation Smart Antenna Module and Omni-Directional Antenna Thereof

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020158798A1 (en) * 2001-04-30 2002-10-31 Bing Chiang High gain planar scanned antenna array
US6606057B2 (en) 2001-04-30 2003-08-12 Tantivy Communications, Inc. High gain planar scanned antenna array
JP2014082736A (ja) * 2012-03-29 2014-05-08 Denso Wave Inc アレーアンテナ装置
US20160302081A1 (en) * 2015-04-07 2016-10-13 Wistron Neweb Corporation Smart Antenna Module and Omni-Directional Antenna Thereof

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
R. SCHLUBD. V. THIEL: "Switched parasitic antenna on a finite ground plane with conductive sleeve", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 52, no. 5, May 2004 (2004-05-01), pages 1343 - 1347

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