EP4166533A1 - Process for production of ketocarboxylic acid vinyl esters - Google Patents
Process for production of ketocarboxylic acid vinyl esters Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP4166533A1 EP4166533A1 EP21202303.0A EP21202303A EP4166533A1 EP 4166533 A1 EP4166533 A1 EP 4166533A1 EP 21202303 A EP21202303 A EP 21202303A EP 4166533 A1 EP4166533 A1 EP 4166533A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- ketocarboxylic acid
- para
- ketocarboxylic
- acid
- process according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 10
- VILAVOFMIJHSJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicarbon monoxide Chemical group [C]=C=O VILAVOFMIJHSJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butyllithium Chemical compound [Li]CCCC MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-SVYQBANQSA-N oxolane-d8 Chemical compound [2H]C1([2H])OC([2H])([2H])C([2H])([2H])C1([2H])[2H] WYURNTSHIVDZCO-SVYQBANQSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000006539 C12 alkyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003500 enol ether group Chemical group 0.000 claims 2
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000013375 chromatographic separation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002140 halogenating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 16
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 2
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 69
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 48
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- -1 allyl ester Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 16
- CTSLXHKWHWQRSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)C(Cl)=O CTSLXHKWHWQRSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pd]Cl PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 14
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910002666 PdCl2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 230000002102 hyperpolarization Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 9
- HYKDOWFZORNECG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl 2-oxopropanoate Chemical group CC(=O)C(=O)OC=C HYKDOWFZORNECG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000002595 magnetic resonance imaging Methods 0.000 description 7
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- NGNBDVOYPDDBFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2,4-di(pentan-2-yl)phenoxy]acetyl chloride Chemical compound CCCC(C)C1=CC=C(OCC(Cl)=O)C(C(C)CCC)=C1 NGNBDVOYPDDBFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyruvic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)C(O)=O LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- VURFVHCLMJOLKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphane Chemical compound PP VURFVHCLMJOLKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HFTNNOZFRQLFQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenoxy(trimethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)OC=C HFTNNOZFRQLFQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000003818 flash chromatography Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001208 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence Methods 0.000 description 4
- CMOFFTCAXGHJOA-ONEVTFJLSA-N (1z,5z)-cycloocta-1,5-diene;4-diphenylphosphanylbutyl(diphenyl)phosphane;rhodium;tetrafluoroborate Chemical compound [Rh].F[B-](F)(F)F.C\1C\C=C/CC\C=C/1.C=1C=CC=CC=1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)CCCCP(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 CMOFFTCAXGHJOA-ONEVTFJLSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FDWPYUBOEIYSCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(C)=C(C)O[SiH3] Chemical compound CC(C)=C(C)O[SiH3] FDWPYUBOEIYSCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOC SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010931 ester hydrolysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940107700 pyruvic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl-ethylene Natural products C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- KPGXRSRHYNQIFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-oxoglutaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(=O)C(O)=O KPGXRSRHYNQIFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AXWKFRWLYPZEFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-oxobutanoyl chloride Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(Cl)=O AXWKFRWLYPZEFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-M Pyruvate Chemical compound CC(=O)C([O-])=O LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012320 chlorinating reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940076788 pyruvate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DAEPDZWVDSPTHF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium pyruvate Chemical compound [Na+].CC(=O)C([O-])=O DAEPDZWVDSPTHF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)=O FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- GQIRIWDEZSKOCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-n,n,2-trimethylprop-1-en-1-amine Chemical compound CN(C)C(Cl)=C(C)C GQIRIWDEZSKOCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIHLBLSTHOVXOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-oxopentanedioyl dichloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)CCC(=O)C(Cl)=O QIHLBLSTHOVXOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000000023 Kugelrohr distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical class [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound [14CH]([14CH3])=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BTGRAWJCKBQKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N adiponitrile Chemical compound N#CCCCCC#N BTGRAWJCKBQKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005575 aldol reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HWXBTNAVRSUOJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-hydroxyglutaric acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)CCC(O)=O HWXBTNAVRSUOJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940009533 alpha-ketoglutaric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- YCXVDEMHEKQQCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro-dimethyl-propan-2-ylsilane Chemical compound CC(C)[Si](C)(C)Cl YCXVDEMHEKQQCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)Cl IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002872 contrast media Substances 0.000 description 1
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-WFGJKAKNSA-N deuterated acetone Substances [2H]C([2H])([2H])C(=O)C([2H])([2H])[2H] CSCPPACGZOOCGX-WFGJKAKNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960004132 diethyl ether Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000006471 dimerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002084 enol ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZEYMDLYHRCTNEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl 3-oxobutanoate Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(=O)OC=C ZEYMDLYHRCTNEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007701 flash-distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009905 homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001911 insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarisation transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UTLRZTUJSMCBHB-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;3-oxobutanoate Chemical compound [Li+].CC(=O)CC([O-])=O UTLRZTUJSMCBHB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- LWJROJCJINYWOX-UHFFFAOYSA-L mercury dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Hg]Cl LWJROJCJINYWOX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KHPXUQMNIQBQEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxaloacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(=O)C(O)=O KHPXUQMNIQBQEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- MMFXMQNGDAMPHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl propane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound CCCS(=O)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 MMFXMQNGDAMPHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000000275 quality assurance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940054269 sodium pyruvate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009897 systematic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004665 trialkylsilyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229960000834 vinyl ether Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B59/00—Introduction of isotopes of elements into organic compounds ; Labelled organic compounds per se
- C07B59/001—Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/09—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides from carboxylic acid esters or lactones
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/14—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters from carboxylic acid halides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/28—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the hydroxylic moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group
- C07C67/283—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the hydroxylic moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by hydrogenation of unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
- C07F7/18—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages as well as one or more C—O—Si linkages
- C07F7/1804—Compounds having Si-O-C linkages
- C07F7/1872—Preparation; Treatments not provided for in C07F7/20
- C07F7/188—Preparation; Treatments not provided for in C07F7/20 by reactions involving the formation of Si-O linkages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
- C07B2200/05—Isotopically modified compounds, e.g. labelled
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for producing vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, especially vinyl esters of ketocarboxylic acids, which can be ⁇ - ketocarboxylic acids or ⁇ -ketocarboxylic acids.
- the vinyl esters of the carboxylic acids in their vinyl group can have hydrogen and have preferably deuterium in their vinyl group.
- the vinyl esters can be hydrogenated with para -hydrogen and the spin of the para -hydrogen can be transferred to the carbonyl carbon atom of the carboxyl group, which carbonyl-carbon atom is a 13 C, followed by hydrolysis of the ester group, producing carboxylic acids, especially ketocarboxylic acids having a hyperpolarized 13 C in the carbonyl carbon atom of the carboxyl group. Transfer of the spin order created by hydrogenation of the vinyl group with para hydrogen to achieve hyperpolarization of the 13 C carbonyl atom of the carboxyl group can be accelerated by magnetic field cycling or by suitable NMR pulse sequences.
- the process for producing vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, especially vinyl esters of ketocarboxylic acids, has the advantage of a high yield, of allowing the production of deuterated vinyl esters of 13 C-carbonyl-labelled ketocarboxylic acids, and of ketocarboxylic acids having a hyperpolarized 13 C as the carbonyl atom.
- Products of the process are 1- 13 C-hyperpolarized carboxylic acids, preferably 1- 13 C-hyperpolarized ketocarboxylic acids that are e.g. suitable for use as magnetically labelled molecules in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostics.
- a preferred ketocarboxylic acid ester is pyruvic acid vinyl ester, also called vinyl pyruvate, having a hyperpolarized 13 C in the carbonyl carbon atom of the carboxyl group for use in diagnostic 13 C-MRI.
- EP 3 063 119 B 1 describes producing 1- 13 C-hyperpolarized carboxylate containing compounds by providing an unsaturated ester of a carboxylate, hydrogenating the unsaturated ester with para -hydrogen to produce the para -hydrogenated ester, followed by spin order transfer to the 1- 13 C carbonyl carbon atom, e.g. by magnetic field cycling, which ester is converted by removal of the hydrogenated group to yield the 1- 13 C-hyperpolarized carboxylic acid.
- Particularly the allyl ester and the propargyl ester are suggested as substrates for para -hydrogenation because their synthesis from the corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids is straightforward.
- Vinyl esters that are more efficient substrates for 1- 13 C-hyperpolarization are more difficult to prepare.
- a route for synthesis of vinyl pyruvate that could give acceptable yields is not described.
- the unsaturated ester is kept in an organic solvent and reacted therein with para -hydrogen, then the magnetic field cycling is applied and the organic phase is mixed with an aqueous phase, which promotes hydrolysis of the ester and enrichment of the water-soluble 1- 13 C-hyperpolarized carboxylic acid in the aqueous phase.
- the process of the invention should produce the compound having a hyperpolarized 1- 13 C carbonyl carbon atom with high yield and at high purity.
- a further object is to provide a ketocarboxylic acid vinyl ester that allows for a higher efficiency of spin order transfer to the 1- 13 C carbonyl carbon.
- the invention achieves the object by the features of the claims and especially provides a process in which a carboxylic acid halogenide, preferably chloride, or fluoride or bromide, of a ketocarboxylic acid is reacted with a trialkyl silylenolether for producing a ketocarboxylic acid vinyl ester and, as a by-product, a trialkyl silyl halogenide, accordingly a chloride, fluoride or bromide.
- the resulting ketocarboxylic acid vinyl ester can then be para -hydrogenated by hydrogenation with para -hydrogen, resulting in para -hydrogenation of the vinyl group.
- the polarisation transfer from the para -hydrogenated vinyl ester to the 1- 13 C carbonyl carbon of the ketocarboxylic acid can be accelerated by magnetic field cycling or by suitable NMR pulse sequences. Subsequent hydrolysis of the ester bond produces the free ketocarboxylic acid having a hyperpolarized 1- 13 C carbonyl carbon.
- the ketocarboxylic acid, and accordingly its carboxylic acid chloride, has a 1- 13 C carbonyl carbon.
- the trialkyl silylenolether is a trialkylsilyl vinylether.
- the ketocarboxylic acid can be an alpha( ⁇ )-ketocarboxylic acid or a beta( ⁇ )-carboxylic acid.
- the carboxylic acid chloride can be produced by reacting a ketocarboxylic acid to a carboxylic acid chloride according to one of the following reaction schemes:
- the ketocarboxylic acid chloride is produced from the corresponding ketocarboxylic acid by reacting it with a chlorinating agent, e.g. oxalyl chloride as shown here.
- a chlorinating agent e.g. oxalyl chloride as shown here.
- thionyl chloride or phosphor-III-chloride or phosphor-V-chloride can be used.
- Preferred reagents are oxalic chloride and DMF as a catalyst, or 1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethylpropenylamine (tetramethyl- ⁇ -chlorenamine, TMCE) or any other suitable chlorinating reagent.
- TMCE 1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethylpropenylamine
- the ketocarboxylic acid chloride in specific cases can be isolated, however, because of its instability the ketocarboxylic acid chloride is preferably further reacted in solution immediately after its production.
- the ⁇ -, or ⁇ -ketocarboxylic acid halogenide e.g. the ⁇ -, or ⁇ -ketocarboxylic acid chloride
- a trialkyl silylenolether e.g. the ⁇ -, or ⁇ -ketocarboxylic acid chloride
- X the halogen atom, preferably Cl, or Br or F.
- Upper reaction scheme for ⁇ -ketocarboxylic acid halogenide lower reaction scheme for ⁇ -ketocarboxylic acid halogenide.
- R 9 , R 10 , R 11 can each independently be H or an alkyl, e.g. a C 1 -to C 12 - alkyl.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 can each independently be H or an alkyl, e.g. a C 1 - to C 12 - alkyl, preferably each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 is D in order to produce a trialkyl silylenolether bound to a fully deuterated vinyl group.
- the vinyl ester of the ketocarboxylic acid is deuterated at the vinyl group (all of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 are D), and the carbonyl atom of the ketocarboxylic acid chloride is enriched in 13 C.
- the ketocarboxylic acid and accordingly the acid chloride of the ketocarboxylic acid that is reacted with the trialkyl silylenolether, is fully deuterated, carrying deuterium instead of hydrogen atoms.
- a preferred deuterated ketocarboxylic acid is pyruvate in which the terminal methyl group is fully deuterated. Accordingly, in the preferred vinyl ester of the ketocarboxylic acid also the vinyl group is fully deuterated.
- the spin order that is introduced into the vinyl group by para -hydrogenation is more effectively transferred to the 13 C atom of the carbonyl group.
- Deuteration of the R group in ⁇ -ketocarboxylic acid vinylesters leads to a longer half-life ( T 1 ) of the hyperpolarized 13 C.
- the catalysts suitable for the reaction of acid chlorides with trialkyl silylenolethers are transition metal salts or transition metal complexes.
- PdCl 2 is preferred as it gave the best yields.
- the vinyl group of the trialkyl silylenolether is fully deuterated.
- a trialkyl silylenolether of a fully deuterated vinyl group can be produced by reacting fully deuterated tetrahydrofuran (THF), also termed deutero-oxolane-d 8 , with butyllithium (BuLi) to give the lithium salt of the deuterated enolether of acetaldehyde, and further reacting the resulting product with a trialkylhalogensilane, e.g. trialkylchlorosilane, e.g. according to the following reaction scheme: wherein X is a halogen atom, preferably chlorine.
- the alkyl groups R 9 , R 10 , R 11 of the trialkylchlorosilane and accordingly of the trialkyl silylenolether of the deuterated vinyl can each be the same or can independently be selected from e.g. C 1 - to C 12 - alkyl, e.g. R9, R10 und R11 can each independently be branched alkyl, e.g. isopropyl or tert. butyl, or phenyl, e.g. R9, R10 are each methyl, R11is iso-proypl or tert.-butyl; or R9, R10 are each methyl, R11 is phenyl.
- ketocarboxylic acids either non-deuterated, fully deuterated or deuterated in their vinyl groups are stable and can be stored for extended periods of time.
- the following steps have to be performed in a magnetic field, preferentially inside a MRI scanner. Each step has to be performed as fast as possible because spin order and hyperpolarization decrease exponentially with relaxation.
- the purified aqueous solution of the hyperpolarized ketocarboxylic acid is now ready for injection and MRI measurement.
- This embodiment has the advantage of producing the ketocarboxylic acid having a hyperpolarized 1- 13 C carbonyl carbon in a short time while providing a high yield in substance and hyperpolarization and a high purity of the ketocarboxylic acid.
- a hydrogenation catalyst is added to the reaction mixture.
- the catalyst is a homogeneous hydrogenation catalyst, preferentially a rhodium complex of the general formula [Rh(diphosphine)(diene)] + such as [1,4-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-butane]-(1,5-cyclooctadiene)-rhodium(I)-tetrafluoroborate (79255-71-3) or (bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene)-[1,4-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-butane]-rhodium(I)-tetrafluoroborate (82499-43-2) or for hydrogenation in water, a water soluble rhodium complex with the diphosphine ligand being 1,4-bis-[(phenyl-3-propansulfonate)-phosphine]-butane disodium salt.
- the process of the invention has been found to give a yield of at least 60%, e.g. up to 85%, preferably up to 95%, for ⁇ -ketocarboxylic acids. This high yield is also obtained after the separation of the ketocarboxylic acid from the reaction mixture. It is currently believed that the high yield, and accordingly a high purity of the ketocarboxylic acid is caused by the steps of the reaction, especially caused by reacting a carboxylic acid chloride of a ketocarboxylic acid with a trialkyl silylenolether, and therefore minimizing the occurrence of reverse reactions or of dimerization, e.g.
- an oven dried 50 mL two neck flask flushed with nitrogen was charged with 10 mL dry dichloromethane.
- the flask was cooled to 0°C and 0.961 mL (1.58 g, 12.5 mmol) of oxalylchloride were added.
- 0.787 mL (1.00 g, 11.2 mmol) of pyruvic acid were mixed with 5 mL dried dichloromethane and 13 drops of N, N-dimethylformamide.
- the mixture was added dropwise to the cooled solution in the two-neck flask.
- the reaction was stirred for 2 h at 0°C and then another 2 h at room temperature.
- the solution was carefully degassed under Schlenk conditions. During the process, the volume of the solution was reduced from 15 mL to 10 mL (now referred to as solution A).
- ⁇ -oxaloacetic acid (1.00 g, 7.57 mmol) was placed in a three necked round bottom flask under N 2 atmosphere and brought into suspension with dichloromethane (75 ml). The flask was cooled to 0 °C and N,N-dimethylformamide (13 drops) was added. Afterwards oxalyl chloride (1.17 ml, 13.7 mmol) was added dropwise as a solution in dichloromethane (10 ml). The solution was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C and another 2 h at rt.
- solution A ⁇ -oxaloacetic acid chloride
- Palladium(II)chloride 48.5 mg, 0.274 mmol
- dichloromethane 10 ml
- the suspension was cooled to 0 °C and trimethyl vinyloxy silane (2.48 ml. 16.7 mmol) was added.
- the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h and the prior prepared solution A was added dropwise over 0.5 h. With no further cooling the solution was stirred for 20 h.
- the product was obtained after flash column chromatography using a gradient of n -pentane and dichloromethane with a yield of 17%.
- the vinyl group of the trimethyl(vinyloxy)silane was deuterated.
- ⁇ -ketoglutaric acid (1.00 g, 6.84 mmol) was placed in a three necked round bottom flask under N 2 atmosphere and brought into suspension with dichloromethane (75 ml). The flask was cooled to 0 °C and N,N-dimethylformamide (13 drops) was added. Afterwards oxalyl chloride (1.17 ml, 13.7 mmol) was added drop wise as a solution in dichloromethane (10 ml). The solution was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C and another 2 h at rt.
- the gas line was flushed with N 2 for approximately 5 s at 5 bar before connecting to the NMR tube to prevent premature hydrogenation.
- the NMR tube was inserted into a NMR spectrometer (WB NMR 400 MHz, Avance Neo, 9.4 T, Bruker) with the probe set to 330 K. After 2-3 minutes waiting time to reach temperature stabilization, the pressure was built up by flushing para hydrogen through the sample for 10-15 seconds at 7 bar. Then the para hydrogen bubbling was stopped and a spin order transfer sequence was executed after 2 seconds.
- the same procedure can be performed with other solvents including alkanes (e.g. pentane, butane, hexane etc), acetone, and alcohols and chlorine containing solvents.
- the spin order transfer sequences phINEPT+, Kadlecek, Goldman (10.1016/j.jmr.2012.08.016), SEPP-INEPT (10.1016/j.pnmrs.2012.03.001), ESOTHERIC ( https://doi.org/10.1002/open.201800086 ) and their derivatives including adiabatic and shape RF pulses (10.1021/jz501754j) or variation of magnetic field (10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06222) were used to transfer polarization from para -hydrogen to 13 C. Experimentally we used ESOTHERIC SOT sequence that provides 100% polarization of 13 C of 1- 13 C-ethyl pyruvate-d 6 after hydrogenation. Other ketocarboxylic acid esters provide similar degrees of hyperpolarization with the same procedure.
- ketocarboxylic ester is a pyruvic ester
- the ester hydrolysis is performed in acetone-D6.
- Sodium pyruvate is scarcely soluble in acetone and is purified by precipitation, washing and re-dissolution in water.
- the resulting hyperpolarized aqueous solution is filled into an NMR tube for quality analysis, or prefilled with enzymes or proteins for in vitro studies. If necessary, the pH of the solution is adjusted by addition of more acidic buffer to obtain the desired pH value ( ⁇ 7.4). After quality assurance (pH, purity, temperature) the hyperpolarized 13 C- ketocarboxylic acid can be used for in vivo molecular MRI
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Abstract
A process for producing vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, especially vinyl esters of ketocarboxylic acids, which can be α-ketocarboxylic acids or β-ketocarboxylic acids. The vinyl esters of the carboxylic acids in their vinyl group can have hydrogen and have preferably deuterium in their vinyl group. The vinyl esters can be hydrogenated with para-hydrogen and the spin of the para-hydrogen can be transferred to the carbonyl carbon atom of the carboxyl group, which carbonyl-carbon atom is a <sup>13</sup>C, followed by hydrolysis of the ester group, producing carboxylic acids, especially ketocarboxylic acids having a hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup>C in the carbonyl carbon atom of the carboxyl group.
Description
- The present invention relates to a process for producing vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, especially vinyl esters of ketocarboxylic acids, which can be α- ketocarboxylic acids or β-ketocarboxylic acids. The vinyl esters of the carboxylic acids in their vinyl group can have hydrogen and have preferably deuterium in their vinyl group. The vinyl esters can be hydrogenated with para-hydrogen and the spin of the para-hydrogen can be transferred to the carbonyl carbon atom of the carboxyl group, which carbonyl-carbon atom is a 13C, followed by hydrolysis of the ester group, producing carboxylic acids, especially ketocarboxylic acids having a hyperpolarized 13C in the carbonyl carbon atom of the carboxyl group. Transfer of the spin order created by hydrogenation of the vinyl group with para hydrogen to achieve hyperpolarization of the 13C carbonyl atom of the carboxyl group can be accelerated by magnetic field cycling or by suitable NMR pulse sequences.
- The process for producing vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, especially vinyl esters of ketocarboxylic acids, has the advantage of a high yield, of allowing the production of deuterated vinyl esters of 13C-carbonyl-labelled ketocarboxylic acids, and of ketocarboxylic acids having a hyperpolarized 13C as the carbonyl atom.
- Products of the process are 1-13C-hyperpolarized carboxylic acids, preferably 1-13C-hyperpolarized ketocarboxylic acids that are e.g. suitable for use as magnetically labelled molecules in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostics. A preferred ketocarboxylic acid ester is pyruvic acid vinyl ester, also called vinyl pyruvate, having a hyperpolarized 13C in the carbonyl carbon atom of the carboxyl group for use in diagnostic 13C-MRI.
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EP 3 063 119 B 1 describes producing 1-13C-hyperpolarized carboxylate containing compounds by providing an unsaturated ester of a carboxylate, hydrogenating the unsaturated ester with para-hydrogen to produce the para-hydrogenated ester, followed by spin order transfer to the 1-13C carbonyl carbon atom, e.g. by magnetic field cycling, which ester is converted by removal of the hydrogenated group to yield the 1-13C-hyperpolarized carboxylic acid. Particularly the allyl ester and the propargyl ester are suggested as substrates for para-hydrogenation because their synthesis from the corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids is straightforward. Vinyl esters that are more efficient substrates for 1-13C-hyperpolarization (the spin ordered H atoms are closer to the 13C-carbonyl) are more difficult to prepare. A route for synthesis of vinyl pyruvate that could give acceptable yields is not described. - The unsaturated ester is kept in an organic solvent and reacted therein with para-hydrogen, then the magnetic field cycling is applied and the organic phase is mixed with an aqueous phase, which promotes hydrolysis of the ester and enrichment of the water-soluble 1-13C-hyperpolarized carboxylic acid in the aqueous phase.
- Chukanov et al., ACS Omega 2018, 3, 6673-6682 describes a yield of 6% of synthesizing vinyl pyruvate from vinyl acetate and pyruvic acid with PdII acetate and KOH at 25°C for 3d.
- It is an object of the invention to provide a process for efficiently producing a ketocarboxylic acid vinyl ester and its para-hydrogenation product, which after spin transfer and ester hydrolysis yields a hyperpolarized 1-13C carbonyl carbon compound, especially for use as a diagnostic compound in magnetic resonance imaging. Preferably, the process of the invention should produce the compound having a hyperpolarized 1-13C carbonyl carbon atom with high yield and at high purity. A further object is to provide a ketocarboxylic acid vinyl ester that allows for a higher efficiency of spin order transfer to the 1-13C carbonyl carbon.
- The invention achieves the object by the features of the claims and especially provides a process in which a carboxylic acid halogenide, preferably chloride, or fluoride or bromide, of a ketocarboxylic acid is reacted with a trialkyl silylenolether for producing a ketocarboxylic acid vinyl ester and, as a by-product, a trialkyl silyl halogenide, accordingly a chloride, fluoride or bromide. The resulting ketocarboxylic acid vinyl ester can then be para-hydrogenated by hydrogenation with para-hydrogen, resulting in para-hydrogenation of the vinyl group. The polarisation transfer from the para-hydrogenated vinyl ester to the 1-13C carbonyl carbon of the ketocarboxylic acid can be accelerated by magnetic field cycling or by suitable NMR pulse sequences. Subsequent hydrolysis of the ester bond produces the free ketocarboxylic acid having a hyperpolarized 1-13C carbonyl carbon. The ketocarboxylic acid, and accordingly its carboxylic acid chloride, has a 1-13C carbonyl carbon. Preferably, the trialkyl silylenolether is a trialkylsilyl vinylether.
- The ketocarboxylic acid can be an alpha(α)-ketocarboxylic acid or a beta(β)-carboxylic acid.
-
- The ketocarboxylic acid chloride is produced from the corresponding ketocarboxylic acid by reacting it with a chlorinating agent, e.g. oxalyl chloride as shown here. As an alternative to the oxalyl chloride, thionyl chloride or phosphor-III-chloride or phosphor-V-chloride can be used. Preferred reagents are oxalic chloride and DMF as a catalyst, or 1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethylpropenylamine (tetramethyl-α-chlorenamine, TMCE) or any other suitable chlorinating reagent. The ketocarboxylic acid chloride in specific cases can be isolated, however, because of its instability the ketocarboxylic acid chloride is preferably further reacted in solution immediately after its production.
- In a subsequent step, the α-, or β-ketocarboxylic acid halogenide, e.g. the α-, or β-ketocarboxylic acid chloride, is reacted with a trialkyl silylenolether to yield the corresponding vinylester.
- In the trialkyl silylenolether, R9, R10, R11 can each independently be H or an alkyl, e.g. a C1-to C12- alkyl. R1, R2, R3 can each independently be H or an alkyl, e.g. a C1- to C12- alkyl, preferably each of R1, R2, R3 is D in order to produce a trialkyl silylenolether bound to a fully deuterated vinyl group.
- Advantageously for hyperpolarization by subsequent para-hydrogenation and polarization transfer, the vinyl ester of the ketocarboxylic acid is deuterated at the vinyl group (all of R1, R2, R3 are D), and the carbonyl atom of the ketocarboxylic acid chloride is enriched in 13C.
- In a preferred embodiment, the ketocarboxylic acid, and accordingly the acid chloride of the ketocarboxylic acid that is reacted with the trialkyl silylenolether, is fully deuterated, carrying deuterium instead of hydrogen atoms. A preferred deuterated ketocarboxylic acid is pyruvate in which the terminal methyl group is fully deuterated. Accordingly, in the preferred vinyl ester of the ketocarboxylic acid also the vinyl group is fully deuterated. A preferred vinyl ester of a ketocarboxylic acid that is obtainable by the process of the invention is of the structure
- In embodiments in which the vinyl group of the ketocarboxylic acid is partially deuterated, preferably fully deuterated, the spin order that is introduced into the vinyl group by para-hydrogenation is more effectively transferred to the 13C atom of the carbonyl group. Deuteration of the R group in α-ketocarboxylic acid vinylesters leads to a longer half-life (T 1) of the hyperpolarized 13C.
- The catalysts suitable for the reaction of acid chlorides with trialkyl silylenolethers are transition metal salts or transition metal complexes. Among the tested catalysts, PdCl2 is preferred as it gave the best yields.
- Catalysts for the reaction of acid chlorides with trialkyl silylenolethers
Catalyst Eq. Solvent Yield[a] PdAc2 0.04 MeCN 41 PdCl2 0.04 MeCN 80 HgCl2 0.04 MeCN 34 [a] raw yield determined by 1H-NMR after 20 h. - The systematic variation of solvents gave the following yields, showing that all solvents gave yields above 50%, with benzonitrile and dichloromethane being preferable, and with THF and acetonitrile most preferred.
Entry Kat. Eq. Solv. Yield[%][a] 1 PdCl2 0.04 dichloromethane 74 2 PdCl2 0.04 THF 80 3 PdCl2 0.04 acetonitrile 80 4 PdCl2 0.04 benzonitrile 56 5 PdCl2 0.04 adiponitrile 53 6 PdCl2 0.04 toluene 52 7 PdCl2 0.04 1,2 dimethoxyethane 52 [a] raw yield determined by 1H-NMR after 20 h reaction time. - Preferably, the vinyl group of the trialkyl silylenolether is fully deuterated. Generally, a trialkyl silylenolether of a fully deuterated vinyl group can be produced by reacting fully deuterated tetrahydrofuran (THF), also termed deutero-oxolane-d8, with butyllithium (BuLi) to give the lithium salt of the deuterated enolether of acetaldehyde, and further reacting the resulting product with a trialkylhalogensilane, e.g. trialkylchlorosilane, e.g. according to the following reaction scheme:
- The alkyl groups R9, R10, R11 of the trialkylchlorosilane and accordingly of the trialkyl silylenolether of the deuterated vinyl can each be the same or can independently be selected from e.g. C1- to C12- alkyl, e.g. R9, R10 und R11 can each independently be branched alkyl, e.g. isopropyl or tert. butyl, or phenyl, e.g. R9, R10 are each methyl, R11is iso-proypl or tert.-butyl; or R9, R10 are each methyl, R11 is phenyl.
- It was found that in vinyl pyruvate, with the vinyl group carrying hydrogen, after para-hydrogenation and applying suitable NMR pulse sequences, approx. 15% of the spin order was transferred as hyperpolarization to the 1-13C carbonyl carbon of the ketocarboxylic acid group, whereas the same procedure applied to a deuterated vinyl group results in a transfer of approx. 96% hyperpolarization to the 1-13C carbonyl carbon.
- The ketocarboxylic acids either non-deuterated, fully deuterated or deuterated in their vinyl groups are stable and can be stored for extended periods of time. The following steps have to be performed in a magnetic field, preferentially inside a MRI scanner. Each step has to be performed as fast as possible because spin order and hyperpolarization decrease exponentially with relaxation.
- In the process for producing a ketocarboxylic acid having a hyperpolarized carbonyl atom, the reaction mixture obtained by reacting the carboxylic acid halogenide of the ketocarboxylic acid with the trialkyl silylenolether, preferably the vinyl ester of the ketocarboxylic acid ester that is isolated from the reaction mixture, optionally with a period of storing the reaction mixture, respectively the isolated vinyl ester of the ketocarboxylic acid ester, is contacted with para-hydrogen for para-hydrogenating the vinyl group of the ketocarboxylic acid ester with subsequent spin order transfer from the para-hydrogen atoms to hyperpolarize a 13C carbonyl carbon of the ketocarboxylic acid group, and the complete reaction mixture resulting from the para-hydrogenation is subjected to hydrolysis of the ester bond to produce the ketocarboxylic acid having a hyperpolarized 1-13C carbonyl carbon, and the then resulting complete reaction mixture is subsequently subjected to separation of the ketocarboxylic acid from the reaction mixture. The separated ketocarboxylic acid is then suitable for use in diagnostics, e.g. as a contrast medium for use in MRI diagnostics.
- (1) In detail, before application in vivo, the vinyl ester of the ketocarboxylic acid is dissolved in water or in an organic solvent (e.g. chloroform, pentane) and treated with para-hydrogen under pressure and in the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst. Thereby, the intrinsic spin order of para-hydrogen is transferred to the vinyl group, which is now an ethyl group.
- (2) Magnetic field cycling or suitable NMR pulse sequences are now applied to transfer the spin order from the ethyl group into hyperpolarization of the 13C atom of the neighboring carbonyl group. This hyperpolarization transfer is much more efficient if the vinyl group is deuterated. Further deuteration of the alkyl group in the ketocarboxylic acid increases the half-life (T 1) of the hyperpolarized state, which is in the order of only 0.5-2 minutes.
- (3) Hydrolysis of the ethylester with a strong base, e.g. aqueous NaOH, yields the free hyperpolarized ketocarboxylic acid salt, e.g. pyruvate, and ethanol. In the two-phase system, the latter two compounds are in the aqueous phase and the catalyst and unreacted starting compounds are in the organic (e.g. chloroform or pentane) phase.
- (4) The strongly basic aqueous solution is brought to pH 7.4 by adding a buffer. Before injecting the hyperpolarized compound in vivo, the remaining traces of the hydrogenation catalyst have to be removed because these transition metal catalysts are toxic. A simple way to remove the catalysts is filtration over an ion exchange column. Any remaining traces of organic solvent also have to be removed, e.g. by passing the solution over a column of activated charcoal. This purification step can also be applied at an earlier stage.
- The purified aqueous solution of the hyperpolarized ketocarboxylic acid is now ready for injection and MRI measurement.
- This embodiment has the advantage of producing the ketocarboxylic acid having a hyperpolarized 1-13C carbonyl carbon in a short time while providing a high yield in substance and hyperpolarization and a high purity of the ketocarboxylic acid.
- For para-hydrogenation, a hydrogenation catalyst is added to the reaction mixture.
- Preferably, the catalyst is a homogeneous hydrogenation catalyst, preferentially a rhodium complex of the general formula [Rh(diphosphine)(diene)]+ such as [1,4-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-butane]-(1,5-cyclooctadiene)-rhodium(I)-tetrafluoroborate (79255-71-3) or (bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene)-[1,4-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-butane]-rhodium(I)-tetrafluoroborate (82499-43-2) or for hydrogenation in water, a water soluble rhodium complex with the diphosphine ligand being 1,4-bis-[(phenyl-3-propansulfonate)-phosphine]-butane disodium salt.
- The process of the invention has been found to give a yield of at least 60%, e.g. up to 85%, preferably up to 95%, for α-ketocarboxylic acids. This high yield is also obtained after the separation of the ketocarboxylic acid from the reaction mixture. It is currently believed that the high yield, and accordingly a high purity of the ketocarboxylic acid is caused by the steps of the reaction, especially caused by reacting a carboxylic acid chloride of a ketocarboxylic acid with a trialkyl silylenolether, and therefore minimizing the occurrence of reverse reactions or of dimerization, e.g. Aldol-reactions as they are currently assumed to cause the very low yield in the synthesis described by Chukanov et al., ACS Omega 2018. For the same reason the yields for β-ketocarboxylic acids according to our procedure are somewhat lower than those for α-ketocarboxylic acids.
- The invention is now described in greater detail by way of examples.
- An oven dried 100 mL flask flushed with nitrogen was charged with 27.9 mL (24.8 g, 344 mmol) of THF-D8, (fully deuterated tetrahydrofuran). The flask was cooled to 0°C and 7.82 mL (86.0 mmol) of 11 M n-butyllithium in n-hexane was added dropwise. After 0.5 h at 0°C the solution was warmed to room temperature and after additional 0.5 h heated to 40 °C. The solution was stirred at 40 °C for 16 h and the solvent was subsequently removed in vacuo. The remaining white solid was dissolved in 20 mL dry diglyme and further residues of THF where removed in vacuo (40°C, 50 mbar). An additional amount of 30 mL dry diglyme was added and the solution was cooled to 0°C. Then 11.2 mL (88.0 mmol) of dry trimethylsilyl chloride was slowly added and a significant amount of white precipitate was formed. After stirring for 2 h at room temperature the raw product was separated from the precipitate by flash distillation of the reaction mixture at 25°C and 50 mbar (reduced to 10 mbar during the process). The raw product containing some diglyme was then further distilled at atmospheric pressure and 75°C by Kugel Rohr distillation.
- An oven dried 100 mL flask flushed with nitrogen was charged with 27.9 mL (24.8 g, 344 mmol) of THF-D8. The flask was cooled to 0°C and 7.82 mL (86.0 mmol) of 11 M n-butyllithium in n-hexane was added dropwise. After 0.5 h at 0°C the solution was warmed to room temperature and after additional 0.5 h heated to 40 °C. The solution was stirred at 40 °C for 16 h and the solvent was subsequently removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 50 mL of dry diethylether and cooled to 0°C. Then 10.85 mL (9.47 g, 69.3 mmol) of dry dimethylisopropylsilyl chloride were slowly added to the solution and a significant amount of white precipitate was formed. After stirring for 2 h at room temperature the solution was transferred into a separatory funnel and washed with 50 mL saturated sodium bicarbonate solution once and two times with 50 mL of distilled water. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed i. vac. The obtained raw product (>95 %) was used without further purification.
- In a preferred embodiment to obtain the vinyl pyruvate, an oven dried 50 mL two neck flask flushed with nitrogen was charged with 10 mL dry dichloromethane. The flask was cooled to 0°C and 0.961 mL (1.58 g, 12.5 mmol) of oxalylchloride were added. 0.787 mL (1.00 g, 11.2 mmol) of pyruvic acid were mixed with 5 mL dried dichloromethane and 13 drops of N, N-dimethylformamide. The mixture was added dropwise to the cooled solution in the two-neck flask. The reaction was stirred for 2 h at 0°C and then another 2 h at room temperature. The solution was carefully degassed under Schlenk conditions. During the process, the volume of the solution was reduced from 15 mL to 10 mL (now referred to as solution A).
- In an oven-dried 50 mL two neck flask flushed with nitrogen 80.0 mg (0.450 mmol) of palladium(II)chloride were placed, and 10 mL of dry dichloromethane were added. The flask was cooled to 0°C and 1.84 mL (1.43 g, 12.34 mmol) trimethyl(vinyloxy)silane as the silylenolether were added. The solution was stirred for 0.5 h at 0°C, then the solution A was added dropwise over a time of 0.5 h at 0°C. After complete addition, the solution was allowed to warm up to room temperature and was further stirred for 20 h. The solution was transferred into a one-neck flask, a spatula tip of hydroquinone (~30 mg, 0,27 mmol) was added and the solvent was removed at reduced pressure (600 mbar 30°C). The remains were collected in 3 mL dichloromethane: n-pentane (1:1) and then purified by flash column chromatography using a gradient of n-pentane, dichloromethane. The product was isolated as a slightly yellow oil in 68% yield.
- In a preferred embodiment to obtain the 13C vinyl pyruvate-D6, an oven dried 50 mL two neck flask flushed with nitrogen was charged with 10 mL dry dichloromethane. The flask was cooled to 0° C and 0.961 mL (1.58 g, 12.5 mmol) of oxalylchloride were added. 0.787 mL (1.00 g, 11.2 mmol) of 13C pyruvic acid were mixed with 5 mL dried dichloromethane and 13 drops of N,N-dimethylformamide. The mixture was added dropwise to the cooled solution in the two-neck flask. The reaction was stirred for 2 h at 0° C and then another 2 h at room temperature. The solution was carefully degassed under Schlenk conditions. During the process, the volume of the solution was reduced from 15 mL to 10 mL (now referred to as solution A).
- In an oven-dried 50 mL three neck flask flushed with nitrogen 80.0 mg (0.450 mmol) of palladium(II)chloride were placed, and 10 mL of dry dichloromethane were added. The flask was cooled to 0° C and 1.84 mL (1.82 g, 12.38 mmol) dimethylisopropyl(vinyloxy)silane-D3 as was added. The solution was stirred for 0.5 h at 0°C, then the solution A was added using a dropping funnel over a time of 0.5 h at 0° C. After complete addition, the solution was allowed to warm up to room temperature and was further stirred for 20 h. The solution was transferred into a one-neck flask, a spatula tip of hydroquinone (~30 mg, 0,27 mmol) was added and the solvent was removed at reduced pressure (600 mbar 30°C). The remains were collected in 3 mL dichloromethane: n-pentane (1:1) and then purified by flash column chromatography using a gradient of n-pentane, dichloromethane. The product was isolated as a slightly yellow oil in 29% yield.
- To obtain the divinyl-oxaloacetate, α-oxaloacetic acid (1.00 g, 7.57 mmol) was placed in a three necked round bottom flask under N2 atmosphere and brought into suspension with dichloromethane (75 ml). The flask was cooled to 0 °C and N,N-dimethylformamide (13 drops) was added. Afterwards oxalyl chloride (1.17 ml, 13.7 mmol) was added dropwise as a solution in dichloromethane (10 ml). The solution was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C and another 2 h at rt. The solution was degassed under Schlenk conditions and it's volume reduced to 35 ml to obtain a solution of α-oxaloacetic acid chloride (now referred to as solution A). Palladium(II)chloride (48.5 mg, 0.274 mmol) was placed in a round bottom flask under N2 atmosphere and brought into suspension with dichloromethane (10 ml). The suspension was cooled to 0 °C and trimethyl vinyloxy silane (2.48 ml. 16.7 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 0.5 h and the prior prepared solution A was added dropwise over 0.5 h. With no further cooling the solution was stirred for 20 h. The product was obtained after flash column chromatography using a gradient of n-pentane and dichloromethane with a yield of 17%. Optionally, the vinyl group of the trimethyl(vinyloxy)silane was deuterated.
- To obtain the divinyl-α-ketoglutarate, α-ketoglutaric acid (1.00 g, 6.84 mmol) was placed in a three necked round bottom flask under N2 atmosphere and brought into suspension with dichloromethane (75 ml). The flask was cooled to 0 °C and N,N-dimethylformamide (13 drops) was added. Afterwards oxalyl chloride (1.17 ml, 13.7 mmol) was added drop wise as a solution in dichloromethane (10 ml). The solution was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C and another 2 h at rt. The solution was degassed under Schlenk conditions and its volume reduced to 35 ml to obtain a solution of α-ketoglutaric acid chloride (now referred to as solution A). Palladium(II)chloride (48.5 mg, 0.274 mmol) was placed in a round bottom flask under N2 atmosphere and brought into suspension with dichloromethane (10 ml). The suspension was cooled to 0 °C and trimethyl vinyloxy silane (2.48 ml. 16.7 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 0.5 h and the prior prepared solution A was added dropwise over 0.5 h. With no further cooling the solution was stirred for 20 h. The product was obtained after flash column chromatography using a gradient of n-pentane and dichloromethane with a yield of 18%. Optionally, the vinyl group of the trimethyl(vinyloxy)silane was deuterated.
- To obtain the vinyl acetoacetate, lithium acetoacetate (1.00 g, 9.26 mmol) was placed in a three necked round bottom flask under N2 atmosphere and brought into suspension with dichloromethane (75 ml) and oxalic acid (anhydrous, 0.83 g, 9.26 mmol) and stirred for 5 min. The flask was cooled to 0 °C and DMF (13 drops) was added. Afterwards oxalyl dichloride (0.791 ml, 9.26 mmol) was added dropwise as a solution in dichloromethane (10 ml). The Solution was stirred for 2 h at 0° C and another 2 h at room temperature. The solution was degassed under Schlenk conditions and its volume reduced to 35 ml to obtain a solution of acetoacetic acid chloride, which cannot be isolated or stored because it rapidly decomposes under ambient conditions. Palladium(II)chloride (65.1 mg, 0.370 mmol) was placed in a round bottom flask under N2 atmosphere and brought into suspension with dichloromethane (10 ml). The suspension was cooled to 0 °C and trimethyl vinyloxy silane (1.51 ml. 10.2 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 0.5 h and the prior prepared solution of acetoacetic acid chloride was added drop wise over 0.5 h. With no further cooling the solution was stirred for 20 h. The product was obtained with a yield of 15 %. Optionally, the vinyl group of the trimethyl(vinyloxy)silane was deuterated.
- Para hydrogenation: The substrate precursors 1-13C-vinyl pyruvate-d3 (or d6) (6.8 mg) and hydrogenation catalyst [1,4-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-butan]-(1,5-cyclooctadien)-rhodium(I)-tetrafluoroborat (26 mg [Rh], CAS 79255-71-3) were dissolved in 6 mL of chloroform-d. A NMR tube (5 mm diameter, medium wall, high pressure) was filled with 450 µL of the above solution (vinyl pyruvate and Rh catalyst) and connected to a gas line. The gas line was flushed with N2 for approximately 5 s at 5 bar before connecting to the NMR tube to prevent premature hydrogenation. The NMR tube was inserted into a NMR spectrometer (WB NMR 400 MHz, Avance Neo, 9.4 T, Bruker) with the probe set to 330 K. After 2-3 minutes waiting time to reach temperature stabilization, the pressure was built up by flushing para hydrogen through the sample for 10-15 seconds at 7 bar. Then the para hydrogen bubbling was stopped and a spin order transfer sequence was executed after 2 seconds.
The same procedure can be performed with other solvents including alkanes (e.g. pentane, butane, hexane etc), acetone, and alcohols and chlorine containing solvents. - Spin order transfer: The spin order transfer sequences: phINEPT+, Kadlecek, Goldman (10.1016/j.jmr.2012.08.016), SEPP-INEPT (10.1016/j.pnmrs.2012.03.001), ESOTHERIC (https://doi.org/10.1002/open.201800086) and their derivatives including adiabatic and shape RF pulses (10.1021/jz501754j) or variation of magnetic field (10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06222) were used to transfer polarization from para-hydrogen to 13C. Experimentally we used ESOTHERIC SOT sequence that provides 100% polarization of 13C of 1-13C-ethyl pyruvate-d6 after hydrogenation. Other ketocarboxylic acid esters provide similar degrees of hyperpolarization with the same procedure.
- Ester Hydrolysis: To perform hydrolysis, the 13C-hyperpolarized ethyl ester (450 µL) is pushed out of the para-hydrogen reaction chamber into a glass vial that is prefilled with an aqueous solution of NaOH (450 µL, 100 mmol/L). After pushing the hyperpolarized sample into the aqueous solution, the vial is shaken for about 3 seconds and let stand still to achieve phase separation for another 5-10 seconds. Then the top aqueous phase is collected. Traces of remaining catalyst are removed by pushing the aqueous phase through an ion exchange column and traces of solvent are removed by fast filtration through activated charcoal. If the ketocarboxylic ester is a pyruvic ester, the ester hydrolysis is performed in acetone-D6. Sodium pyruvate is scarcely soluble in acetone and is purified by precipitation, washing and re-dissolution in water.
- The resulting hyperpolarized aqueous solution is filled into an NMR tube for quality analysis, or prefilled with enzymes or proteins for in vitro studies. If necessary, the pH of the solution is adjusted by addition of more acidic buffer to obtain the desired pH value (~7.4). After quality assurance (pH, purity, temperature) the hyperpolarized 13C- ketocarboxylic acid can be used for in vivo molecular MRI
Claims (14)
- Process for producing a ketocarboxylic acid vinyl ester by reacting a carboxylic acid halogenide of the ketocarboxylic acid with a trialkyl silylenolether.
- Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the carboxylic acid halogenide of the ketocarboxylic acid is produced by reacting a ketocarboxylic acid with a halogenating agent.
- Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that halogenide is a chloride, a fluoride or a bromide.
- Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the carbonyl carbon of the ketocarboxylic acid is 13C or a carbon having the natural or an enriched proportion of 13C.
- Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the enolether moiety of the trialkyl silylenolether is fully deuterated.
- Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the enolether moiety of the trialkyl silylenolether is a vinyl group.
- Process according to claim 4, characterized in that the trialkyl silylenolether has a fully deuterated vinyl group and is produced by reacting fully deuterated tetrahydrofuran with butyllithium (BuLi), and reacting the reaction product with a trialkylhalogensilane.
- Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the ketocarboxylic acid is an α-ketocarboxylic acid or a β-ketocarboxylic acid.
- Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the vinyl group is para-hydrogenated with para-hydrogen, followed by spin order transfer from the para-hydrogenated vinyl group to a 13C carbonyl carbon of the ketocarboxylic acid, hydrolysis of the ester bond and separation of the resulting hyperpolarized ketocarboxylic acid from the reaction mixture.
- Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the reaction mixture obtained by reacting the carboxylic acid halogenide of the ketocarboxylic acid with the trialkyl silylenolether is contacted with para-hydrogen for para-hydrogenating the vinyl group of the ketocarboxylic acid ester with subsequent spin transfer from the para-hydrogen atoms to hyperpolarize a 13C carbonyl carbon of the ketocarboxylic acid group, the resulting complete reaction mixture is subjected to hydrolysis of the ester bond to produce the ketocarboxylic acid having a hyperpolarized 1-13C carbonyl carbon, and the then resulting complete reaction mixture is subsequently subjected to separation of the ketocarboxylic acid.
- Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the ketocarboxylic acid is separated from a reaction mixture by evaporating the solvent and the trialkyl halogen silane by-product and/or one chromatographic separation step.
- Process for producing deuterated trialkyl silylenolether, especially for use in a process according to one of the preceding claims, by reacting fully deuterated tetrahydrofuran (THF) with butyllithium (BuLi) and further reacting the resulting product with a trialkylhalogensilane, e.g. trialkylchlorosilane.
- Vinyl ester of a ketocarboxylic acid having the structures:
- Use of a vinyl ester according to claim 13 for para-hydrogenation of the vinyl group with para-hydrogen, followed by spin order transfer from the para-hydrogenated vinyl group to the 13C carbonyl carbon of the ketocarboxylic acid, hydrolysis of the ester bond and separation of the resulting hyperpolarized ketocarboxylic acid from the reaction mixture.
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Non-Patent Citations (10)
Title |
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CAS , no. 79255-71-3 |
CHUKANOV ET AL., ACS OMEGA, vol. 3, 2018, pages 6673 - 6682 |
CHUKANOV NIKITA V. ET AL: "Synthesis of Unsaturated Precursors for Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization and Molecular Imaging of 1- 13 C-Acetates and 1- 13 C-Pyruvates via Side Arm Hydrogenation", ACS OMEGA, vol. 3, no. 6, 30 June 2018 (2018-06-30), US, pages 6673 - 6682, XP055868578, ISSN: 2470-1343, DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00983 * |
DE ET AL: "ETUDE STRUCTURALE D'ENOXYSILANES I. ATTRIBUTION DES SPECTRES DE VIBRATION DU TRIMETHYL- SILOXYETHYLENE, SES HOMOLOGUES DEUTERLES ET DES METHOXY- TRIMETHYLSILANES DIVERSEMENT DEUTERIES. DISCUSSION DES CONFORMATIONS MOLECULAIRES DE L'ENOXYSILANE", JOURNAL OF ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTY, vol. 81, 1 January 1971 (1971-01-01), pages 161 - 175, XP055902916 * |
HOFECKER ANDREAS ET AL: "Novel synthesis routes for the preparation of low toxic vinyl ester and vinyl carbonate monomers", SYNTHETIC COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 50, no. 23, 22 September 2020 (2020-09-22), US, pages 3629 - 3641, XP055902904, ISSN: 0039-7911, DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1808995 * |
JUNG M E ET AL: "Generation of the enolate of acetaldehyde from non-carbonyl substances and its C-alkylation, O-acylation and O-silylation", TETRAHEDRON LETTERS, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM , NL, vol. 18, no. 43, 1 January 1977 (1977-01-01), pages 3791 - 3794, XP026637041, ISSN: 0040-4039, [retrieved on 19770101], DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)83355-4 * |
KALTSCHNEE LUKAS ET AL: "Hyperpolarization of Amino Acids in Water Utilizing Parahydrogen on a Rhodium Nanocatalyst", CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, vol. 25, no. 47, 26 July 2019 (2019-07-26), DE, pages 11031 - 11035, XP055868735, ISSN: 0947-6539, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/chem.201902878> DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902878 * |
KORCHAK SERGEY ET AL: "Over 50?% 1 H and 13 C Polarization for Generating Hyperpolarized Metabolites-A para -Hydrogen Approach", CHEMISTRY OPEN, vol. 7, no. 9, 13 July 2018 (2018-07-13), pages 672 - 676, XP055868763, ISSN: 2191-1363, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/open.201800086> DOI: 10.1002/open.201800086 * |
LIMAT DOMINIQUE ET AL: "The Selective O-Acylation of Enolates Providing a Simple Entry to O-Enesters", TETRAHEDRON, vol. 51, no. 20, 1 January 1995 (1995-01-01), pages 5799 - 5806, XP055902911 * |
SALNIKOV OLEG G. ET AL: "Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization of 1- 13 C-Acetates and 1- 13 C-Pyruvates Using Sidearm Hydrogenation of Vinyl, Allyl, and Propargyl Esters", THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, vol. 123, no. 20, 23 May 2019 (2019-05-23), US, pages 12827 - 12840, XP055868593, ISSN: 1932-7447, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b02041 * |
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