EP4162283A1 - Ortung eines lichtbogens - Google Patents
Ortung eines lichtbogensInfo
- Publication number
- EP4162283A1 EP4162283A1 EP21739601.9A EP21739601A EP4162283A1 EP 4162283 A1 EP4162283 A1 EP 4162283A1 EP 21739601 A EP21739601 A EP 21739601A EP 4162283 A1 EP4162283 A1 EP 4162283A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- arc
- sound
- sensor
- signal
- time
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/12—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing
- G01R31/1209—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing using acoustic measurements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for locating an arc in a low-voltage switchgear, a device for carrying out the method, and the use of a sound-based lateration locating method.
- Explicit arc fault detection systems are used to detect arc faults.
- the conventional arc fault detection systems available on the market consist of several components (multi-component systems) that have to be installed individually at the installation site.
- fiber optic cables are installed in the areas of the system to be protected.
- the fiber optics capture the light emission generated by an arc and forward the optical signal to a centrally installed detection unit.
- overcurrent provides a trigger signal for a short-circuiter, which is usually used to extinguish the arc.
- the short circuiters can produce a short circuit when activated, e.g. B. by detonating an internally installed explosive charge. This means that arc voltage can no longer build up at the arc and the arc is extinguished.
- Arc fault detection system is z. B. in WO 2017/050764 A1 (Siemens AG) 30.03.2017 described.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide improved arc location.
- this object is achieved by a method according to claim 1, a device according to claim 6 and a use according to claim 7.
- the method according to the invention for locating an arc in a low-voltage switchgear has the following steps: An arrival time at which an electromagnetic radiation signal generated by the arc arrives at at least one radiation sensor is recorded. An arrival time is detected at which a sound signal generated by the arc and corresponding to the electromagnetic radiation signal arrives at at least one sound sensor. For the sensor position of the at least one sound sensor, a sound propagation time is determined, which the sound signal requires from the position of the arc to the sensor position, with the arrival time of the radiation signal being assumed to be the time at which the sound signal was generated. And the position of the arc is determined on the basis of the at least one determined time of flight according to the lateration locating method.
- a single radiation sensor is used for detection arrival time of the electromagnetic radiation signal generated by the arc is sufficient: Due to the propagation of the electromagnetic signal at the speed of light, it is justified to place the radiation sensor at any position in the low-voltage switchgear, or even in the vicinity of the low-voltage switchgear. With typical dimensions of a low-voltage switchgear in the range of 1 to 10 m, the sound propagation time from the arc to the sound sensor is in the range of 3 to 30 ms, while the corresponding propagation time of the electromagnetic radiation signal from the arc to the radiation sensor is a millionth of this Values. Therefore, the exact position of the radiation signal is not important and can be neglected.
- the device according to the invention for locating an arc in a low-voltage switchgear has at least one radiation sensor for detecting an arrival time of an electromagnetic radiation signal generated by the arc.
- the device according to the invention has at least one sound sensor for detecting an arrival time of a sound signal generated by the arc, which corresponds to the electromagnetic radiation signal.
- the device also has a computing unit connected to the radiation sensor and the sound sensor.
- the computing unit is designed to determine, for the sensor position of the at least one sound sensor, a sound propagation time which the sound signal requires from the position of the arc to the sensor position, the arrival time of the radiation signal being the time at which the sound signal was generated. than is assumed.
- the arithmetic unit is also designed to determine the position of the arc on the basis of the at least one determined sound propagation time according to the lateration locating method.
- the inventive use of a sound-based hyperbolic locating method is for locating an arc in a low-voltage switchgear.
- Low voltage means voltages up to 1000 volts AC or 1500 volts DC. Low voltage means more specifically voltages that are greater than extra-low voltage with values of 50 volts AC or 120 volts DC.
- the lateration locating method also known as trilateration, is a well-known method for determining position; this exploits the fact that the propagation time of a signal is proportional to the distance between the transmitter and the receiver. This principle is used to estimate how far away a thunderstorm is by counting the seconds between the lightning and the thunder. If the propagation speed of the signal is known, the distance between the transmitter and the receiver can be calculated from the propagation time of a signal. Once the distance between the sender and a single receiver has been determined in this way, the desired position of the sender (when viewed flat) lies on a circle, in 3D space on a spherical shell around the position of the receiver.
- the desired position of the transmitter is on the intersections of the circles around the positions of the two receivers, in 3D space on the intersection of the two spherical shells around the positions of the receivers, i.e. on a circular line.
- the invention is based on the finding that an arcing event, e.g. B. an ignition of the arc, the arc signal generated is noticeable to an observer both in the form of a sound signal and in the form of an electromagnetic radiation signal, whereby the two different types of signals are assigned to the same arc signal and are therefore emitted at the same time, but arrive at an observer or a sensor at significantly different arrival times.
- the reason for these different arrival times is the well-known fact that sound waves in air and electromagnetic waves have a propagation speed that differs by a factor of about 10 6 : the speed of sound v s is approx. 343 m/s, the speed of light is c at about 3 x 10 8 m/s. Due to the propagation of the electromagnetic signal at the speed of light, it is justified to equate the arrival time of the electromagnetic signal with the ignition time of the arc, ie the time at which the arc emits both the electromagnetic signal and the acoustic signal.
- the invention is also based on the finding that the distinctive sound emission of the arc can be used to locate it in a low-voltage switchgear. Sound is better suited for this than the electromagnetic radiation emission of the arc, since sound has a relatively low propagation speed, i. H. significant transit time differences between the sensors arise, and sound propagates better in a switchgear than light, e.g. B. is less absorbed or shielded by installations and partition walls of the low-voltage switchgear.
- the invention it is possible to locate an arc in a switchgear with an accuracy of a few centimeters, and thus more precisely than with conventional optical detection systems.
- parallel, high-current accidental arcs in low-voltage switchgear and distribution systems can be located by a locating system that does not have to meet any time requirements with regard to an accidental arc protection system.
- the locating system consists of several sensors that evaluate non-electrical signals that are typical for an arc and determine the position of the arc by evaluating transit times.
- An arc can be located in a switchgear with an accuracy of a few centimetres.
- the locating system leads to lower installation costs: A complex installation of fiber optic cables in the switchgear under protection requirements, which is necessary for a conventional locating system, is not necessary.
- a central arc fault detection based on current and voltage measurement forms the protective function in the switchgear.
- the locating system locates an arc autonomously, i. H. independent of the detection system. The results of the arc location are only evaluated if an arc was detected by the detection system. Since the detection of the arcs is not based on the locating system, the locating system cannot cause an arc detection to be triggered incorrectly.
- the sound signal is an ultrasonic signal.
- This has the special The advantage is that the signal emitted by the arc in the ultrasonic range is less influenced by other noises, e.g. e.g. from a circuit breaker, than in another acoustic area, e.g. B. in the listening area.
- the electromagnetic radiation signal is a UV light signal.
- the radiation signal emitted by the arc in the UV wavelength range is less affected by other types of radiation, e.g. B.the IR heat radiation from all surrounding bodies and the visible light, which z. B. through ventilation slots in the interior of the low-voltage switchgear (ambient light), is superimposed than in another spectral range.
- the UV light arriving at the at least one radiation sensor usually originates for the most part from the arc, since an arc is a strong UV emitter due to its high temperature.
- the method has the following steps: At least one partial area of the low-voltage switchgear is formed. And at least one, preferably at least two, spatially spaced apart sound sensors are assigned to each partial area.
- the sound sensor or the sound sensors are arranged at the edge of the partial area. This has the particular advantage that the partial area delimited by the sound sensors can be monitored for the existence of an arc. The accuracy of the localization depends on the area is stretched over the sound sensors. It is advantageous to place the sound sensor(s) in the corners.
- At least one sound sensor is preferably used to determine the position of an arc on a spherical surface or circle centered around the sensor position of a sound sensor and at least one further sound sensor spaced apart from the other sound sensors for each additional dimension. If, for example, the position of an arc is only to be determined on a spherical surface (in 3D space) or a circle (in 2D space) centered around the sensor position of the sound sensor, it is sufficient to use a sound sensor and the position of the arc derived from the propagation time of the signal to the sound sensor. An additional sound sensor is required for each additional dimension of position determination.
- the position of the arc on a general room surface can be determined by at least two sound sensors, while at least three sound sensors are required to determine the position in the room, which must not lie in one plane.
- sound propagation times to the sensor positions of two spatially spaced sound sensors are determined and the position of the arc is determined on the basis of the two sound propagation times determined as an intersection line or intersection curve of two spherical surfaces each centered around a sensor position (3D view) or as Intersections of two circles each centered around a sensor position (2D view) determined.
- two spatially spaced sound sensors are used for locating.
- only two coordinates of the arc in the low-voltage switchgear are determined using the la- tation location method as the intersection curve of two spherical surfaces, but the third coordinate is based on additional information about the low-voltage switchgear. More information can see the physical dimensions (height, width, depth) of the low-voltage switchgear and the routing of lines in the low-voltage switchgear. This has the particular advantage that the required number of sensors can be reduced.
- a single sound sensor is used for locating. Only one coordinate of the arc in the low-voltage switchgear is determined using the lateration locating method, but the second and third coordinates are determined on the basis of additional information about the low-voltage switchgear. Additional information can be the physical dimensions (height, width, depth) of the low-voltage switchgear, the position and dimensions of parts of the low-voltage switchgear and the routing of lines in the low-voltage switchgear. If a low-voltage switchgear has sections that are sealed off from one another, a sensor can be arranged in each section, e.g. B. each above or below in the sub-area.
- a sound signal of an arc is detected by two sound sensors in the manner described above by way of a lateration method
- two possible locations as intersections of two circles around the positions are used as first location information in a plane defined by the component of the two sound sensors with radii equal to the product of the respective transit time and the speed of sound.
- an unambiguous solution for the position of the arc can be determined, if necessary, by a plausibility check taking into account the geometry of the low-voltage switchgear, e.g. B. when one of the two possible locations is outside the low-voltage switchgear.
- an unambiguous solution for the arc position can be obtained by additionally determining at least one third Term to a third sound sensor can be obtained, which is arranged at a third sensor position, wherein the third sensor position is different from the first sensor position of the first sound sensor and from the second sensor position of the second sound sensor.
- the low-voltage switchgear has at least one sub-area to which a sound sensor is assigned, the sound sensor being arranged at the edge of the sub-area.
- an arrival time of an electromagnetic radiation signal of an arc signal serves as the point in time at which a sound signal of the arc signal, which corresponds to the electromagnetic radiation signal, is emitted.
- a method for locating an arc in a low-voltage switchgear according to one of claims 1 to 5 is combined with a method for detecting the arc on the basis of voltage values and current values in the low-voltage switchgear.
- a device for locating an arc in a low-voltage switchgear is combined with a device for detecting the arc in the low-voltage switchgear on the basis of voltage values and current values.
- the tracking system is both a good addition It can be used for fast, central arcing fault detection and alternatively as a replacement for classic arcing fault detection systems that have not previously been able to locate them explicitly.
- the location system can be evaluated centrally in combination with an arc detection system or work as a stand-alone system.
- the locating system can be connected to an arc detection system by radio or via a bus system. With regard to the transmission times, there are no special time requirements, as the signal is not required for detection and is therefore not required for the protection function for arc fault protection.
- such a combination has a protection and a location function for a low-voltage switchgear, because a part of the low-voltage switchgear can be monitored by an arc detection system and an arc location system, e.g. B. in each sub-area a photodiode and an additional positioning system.
- the advantage of this is that the protection system can be made very compact, e.g. by measuring current and/or voltage, and the locating system is not part of the protection system.
- an existing arc detection system of a low-voltage switchgear can be supplemented with an arc location system.
- a computer program product is also proposed which can be loaded directly into the internal memory of a digital computing device and comprises software code sections which are used to carry out the steps of the method described herein when the product is run on the computing device.
- the computer program product can be stored on a data carrier, such as a USB memory stick, a DVD or a CD-ROM, a flash memory, EEPROM or an SD card.
- the computer program product may also be in the form of a signal loadable over a wired or wireless network.
- the method is preferably implemented in the form of a computer program for automatic execution.
- the invention is therefore on the one hand also a computer program with program code instructions that can be executed by a computer and on the other hand a storage medium with such a computer program, i.e. a computer program product with program code means, and finally also a low-voltage switchgear in its memory as a means of implementation of the method and its configurations such a computer program is loaded or can be loaded.
- firmware in firmware or in firmware and software or in firmware and hardware can also be implemented in the form of firmware in firmware or in firmware and software or in firmware and hardware. It should therefore apply to the description presented here that the term software or the term computer program also includes other implementation options, namely in particular an implementation in firmware or in firmware and software or in firmware and hardware are.
- FIG. 2 shows a first switchgear in an oblique view
- 3 shows the first switchgear of FIG. 2 in a front view
- 4 shows a second switchgear in an oblique view
- FIG. 5 shows the second switchgear of FIG. 4 in a front view
- 6 shows a hyperbola locating method with three sensors in a switchgear
- 7 shows a switch cabinet; 8 shows a hyperbolic locating method with two sensors in a switchgear;
- FIG. 9 shows a lateration method
- FIG. 10 shows the time profile of ultrasonic and UV measured variables that are recorded during the ignition of an arc
- FIG. 11 shows a lateration method with two detector units in a switchgear
- FIG. 13 shows a cross correlation
- 14 shows an envelope curve enveloping a sound signal
- FIG. 15 shows a threshold method.
- An arc quickly reaches temperatures in the range of a few 10,000 K.
- An arc therefore exhibits intensive electromagnetic radiation with a radiation maximum in the UV spectral range.
- the air surrounding the arc expands due to the high temperature quickly, which can be perceived as a sound emission from the arc.
- Graphic a shows the voltage U LB across and the current i LB through the arc.
- Graphic b shows relative voltage values of a sound sensor S s receiving in the human hearing range and an ultrasonic sensor S us that detect sound generated by the arc; the measured voltage values u s of the sensors are normalized to the magnitude of the maximum voltage value
- Graph c shows relative voltage values of an IR sensor SIR, a VIS sensor S VIS and a UV sensor Suv detecting electromagnetic radiation generated by the arc; the measured voltage values u s of the sensors are normalized to the magnitude of the maximum voltage value Iu s
- This characteristic of an arc the emission of electromagnetic radiation and sound waves that begins after it is ignited, can be used to locate the arc.
- the switchgear 20 has a floor 24, two side walls 21, 22, a ceiling and a rear wall 26.
- the bottom 24 and the top 23 are parallel to the x-z plane, the two side walls 21, 22 are parallel to the y-z plane and the rear wall 26 and the front wall 25 are parallel to the x-y plane.
- a sound sensor 1 to 4 was positioned at each of the two ends of the front edge of the floor 24 and at the two ends of the left side edge of the ceiling 23, which is designed to receive ultrasonic signals, which are generated by a light beam. gene generated in the interior of the switchgear 20 to receive.
- the sound sensors 1 to 4 have mutually synchronized clocks.
- the sound sensors 1 to 4 are each connected to a computing unit 35 via signal lines 34; the sound sensors 1 to 4 can thus transmit the arrival times t1 to t4 of an ultrasonic signal, which was generated by an arc in the interior of the switchgear 20, to the arithmetic unit 35.
- the arithmetic unit can calculate three independent transit time differences and use this to determine the 3D coordinates P A (x A , y A , z A ) of the position P A of the arc in the interior of the switchgear 20 in accordance with the hyperbola locating method .
- FIG. 3 shows the first switching system 20 shown in FIG. 2 in a front view.
- the z-coordinate z A of the position P A of the arc is not essential for locating the arc, because the dimension of the switchgear 20 along the z-axis is relatively small and the possible positions of an arc in z -direction are limited, e.g. B. because there is only one current-carrying conductor in the z dimension. It is therefore sufficient for locating the arc to merely determine the 2D coordinates P A (x A , y A ) of the arc in the interior of the switchgear 20 .
- a sound sensor 1 to 3 was positioned at each of the two ends of the front edge of the floor 24 and at the front end of the left-hand side edge of the ceiling 23, which is designed to generate ultrasonic signals generated by an arc in the interior of the switchgear 20 become to receive.
- the sound sensors 1 to 3 have mutually synchronized clocks.
- the sound sensors 1 to 3 are each connected to a computing unit 35 via signal lines 34; thus, the sound sensors 1 to 3 can transmit the arrival times t1 to t3 of an ultrasonic signal, which was generated by an arc in the interior of the switchgear 20, to the computing unit 35.
- the unit of account can calculate two independent transit time differences on the basis of the three arrival times t1 to t3 and use this to determine the 2D coordinates P A (x A , y A ) of the arc in the interior of the switchgear 20 in accordance with the hyperbolic localization method.
- FIG. 4 shows a second cuboid switchgear 20 in an oblique view, which is designed similarly to the switchgear 20 shown in FIG. 2, but with the difference that the switchgear 20 now has two partitions 27 running parallel to the y-z plane which divide the switchgear 20 into three switch cabinets 28.1, 28.2 and 28.3.
- a sound sensor 1 to 4 was positioned, which is designed to ultrasonic signals, which from an arc generated in the interior of the switchgear 20 to receive.
- the sound sensors 1 to 4 have mutually synchronized clocks.
- the sound sensors 1 to 4 are each connected to a computing unit (not shown) via signal lines; thus the sound sensors 1 to 4 can transmit the arrival times t1 to t4 of an ultrasonic signal, which was generated by an arc in the interior of the left switch cabinet 28.1 of the switchgear 20, to the computing unit 35.
- the arithmetic unit can calculate three independent transit time differences and from this, according to the hyperbolic localization method, the 3D coordinates P A (x A , y A , z A ) of the position P A of the arc inside the left one Control cabinet 28.1 of the switchgear 20.
- FIG. 5 shows the second switching system 20 shown in FIG. 3 in a front view.
- this switchgear 20 for the same reasons as in the switchgear shown in FIG. 3, it is sufficient to locate the arc determine the 2D coordinates P A (x A , y A ) of the arc in the interior of the switchgear 20 .
- FIG. 6 illustrates a 2D hyperbolic location method in a switchgear 20 based on three sound sensors 1, 2 and 3, which are positioned on the components of the switchgear 20 delimiting the interior.
- a Cartesian coordinate system (x, y) is introduced to determine the location, the position of which can be defined arbitrarily.
- the term “length” is used to designate a distance between two points; the term “difference in length” designates the difference between two lengths.
- the time difference ⁇ ti j between a pair of sensors is measured.
- the lengths li can be replaced with the arc coordinates (x A , y A ) and the known sensor positions (x i , y i ) using the Pythagorean theorem.
- the resulting equation (2), from the sensor combination i and j, corresponds to a hyperbolic equation.
- two independent hyperbolic equations can have the following form: be set up.
- Equation (2) For a three-dimensional localization of an arc A, Equation (2) must be extended by a z-coordinate. Based on four arrival times t1 to t4 of a sound signal at four sensors, three independent hyperbolic equations of the following form can be formulated: set up and the required arc coordinates (x A , y A , z A ) are calculated. Geometrically, this corresponds to the determination of the 3D position P A (x A , y A , z A ) of the arc A as the intersection of three hyperboloids, which are described by three hyperbolic equations according to Equation (3).
- Table 1 below gives an overview of the boundary conditions of the hyperbola localization method: Table 1
- At least d+1 sensors In order to determine d coordinates of the position P A of the arc, at least d+1 sensors must each measure the arrival time of a sound signal from the arc.
- FIG. 7 shows a switch cabinet 28.1, which, as outlined in FIGS. 4 and 5, can be part of a larger switchgear 20.
- FIG. Fastening elements 32, 33 are arranged in the interior of the switch cabinet 28.1, which divide the interior into smaller partial spaces: horizontally running fastening elements 32 separate inserts 29 arranged one above the other in the right-hand part of the interior, while a vertically running fastening element 33 separates a power distribution channel 31 running vertically in the left part of the interior from the plug-in units 29 arranged to the right of it.
- the current distribution channel 31 can have any width; he can e.g. B. a width of 60 to 80 mm exhibit.
- a busbar 36 runs in the vertical direction in the power distribution channel 31 , via which electrical energy is brought to different electrical operating means 30 which are arranged in the racks 29 .
- Equipment is a collective term for all devices that can be installed in the switch cabinet.
- Three sound sensors 1, 2, 3 are arranged on the floor and on the ceiling of the current distribution channel 31 to detect arcing on the busbar 36.
- FIG 8 illustrates an ID hyperbolic localization method in a switch cabinet 28.1, which is constructed similarly to the switch cabinet shown in FIG Power rails 36, which extend over the entire height H of the switch cabinet 28.1, are electrically supplied with equipment (not shown), which is arranged in six horizontally stacked plug-in units 29.1 to 29.6.
- Sound sensors 2, 3 are arranged at the lower and upper end of the left-hand outer wall 21, each at a horizontal distance B from the conductor rail 36 arranged towards the center of the cabinet Arc emitted sound signal can measure.
- FIG. 9 visualizes the property of an arc A positioned at a position P A , both electromagnetic radiation and electromagnetic waves EM, e.g. B.
- UV ultraviolet light
- SW sound waves
- z. B. ultrasound US
- An arcing event e.g. B. an ignition of the arc
- the arc signal 10 generated is noticeable to an observer both in the form of a sound signal 10S and in the form of an electromagnetic radiation signal 10EM, with the two different types of signals 10S, 10EM being assigned to the same arc signal 10 and consequently to the are sent out at the same point in time t0, but arrive at an observer or a sensor at significantly different arrival times ti or t EM,i .
- UV light has.
- a microphone or an ultrasonic sensor can be used as the sound sensor S s .
- the detector unit 38 has a microcontroller 39 for electronic processing of the sensor signals received from the two sensors S s and S EM .
- the above-mentioned fact can be used that the electromagnetic waves 10EM and sound waves 10S emitted by an arc A propagate at very different speeds.
- a dynamic threshold value can be used for the evaluation, which results as a percentage of the maximum modulation during the event.
- FIG. 10 shows an example of an evaluation of the transit time difference between a UV signal UV and an ultrasonic signal US by a detector unit, as shown in FIG. After the arc is ignited, a strong UV signal UV reaches the UV sensor after approx. 0.2 ms, whereas the acoustic signal at the US sensor takes approx.
- FIG. 11 illustrates a 2D latation method in a switchgear 20 based on two detector units 38, 39, each comprising a sound sensor 1 or 2 and an electromagnetic radiation sensor, which are positioned on the components of the switchgear 20 delimiting the interior.
- the distinctive progression of sound and radiation is used to determine the distance to the arc; for this purpose, the fact that the radiation propagates about six powers of ten faster than the sound is used is used.
- Exceeding a limit value on the radiation sensor is defined as the point in time t0 at which the arc ignites.
- the transit time ⁇ ti of the sound signal is determined from the time ti, at which a limit value on the sound sensor is exceeded, and the time t0.
- the propagation time ⁇ ti can be converted into a distance l i according to equation (1).
- Distance li determined by a sensor i can already severely restrict the location where the arc burned. If the position of the arc is to be determined even more precisely, the distances of several sensors can be combined. For this purpose, a Cartesian coordinate system (x, y) is introduced, the position of which can be defined arbitrarily.
- the switching system 10 can have a computing unit which can calculate sound propagation times from the arrival times obtained from the sound sensors 1, 2 and the at least one electromagnetic radiation sensor.
- the length li between a sound sensor i and the arc can be replaced with the arc coordinates (x A , y A ) and the known sensor positions (x i , y i ) using the Pythagorean theorem.
- the resulting equation (4) corresponds to a circle equation. With the two sound sensors 1 and 2, two such independent circuit equations can be set up. Since the sound propagation times ⁇ ti, the sound velocity v s and the sensor coordinates (x i , y i ) are known, the arc coordinates (x A , y A ) sought can be calculated from them; there are generally two equivalent solutions, since the arc position can be symmetrical to the line connecting the sensors.
- Equation (4) For a three-dimensional localization of an arc A, Equation (4) must be extended by a z-coordinate.
- three independent sphere equations can have the following form: are set up and the required arc coordinates (x A , y A , z A ) are calculated therefrom; here, too, there are several mathematically equivalent solutions. Geometrically this corresponds to the determination of the 3D position P A (x A , y A , z A ) of the arc A as the intersection of three spheres, which are described by three sphere equations according to Equation (5).
- Table 2 provides an overview of the boundary conditions of the lateration method: Table 2
- FIG. 12 illustrates an ID latation method in a switch cabinet 28.1, which is constructed similarly to the switch cabinet shown in FIG Busbar 36 extending in the switch cabinet is electrically supplied to equipment (not shown) which is arranged in six horizontally stacked plug-in units 29.1 to 29.6.
- equipment not shown
- an arc in the current distribution channel 31 must lie along a current-carrying conductor, i.e. on the busbar 36, one detector unit 38 is sufficient for precise localization of the arc about the position of sound sensor 1, which corresponds to the position of the detector unit 38; the position P A of the arc is therefore defined as the intersection of the circle k with the busbar 36; the arc may therefore have caused damage primarily in the fifth slot 29.5, which covers an area of the busbar 36 in which the position P A of the arc lies.
- the radiation sensor in a detector unit 38 together with a sound sensor, an arrangement is also possible in which, justified by the fact that the light signal propagates faster than the sound signal of the arc by a factor of 10 6 , the radiation sensor is separated from the sound sensor placed at any position in the low-voltage switchgear or even in the vicinity of the low-voltage switchgear; the sound sensor can also be arranged separately from a computing unit for processing the arrival times recorded by the two sensors.
- FIGS. 13 to 15 relate to the determination of transit time differences in the hyperbola locating method.
- the transit time differences between two or more sensors must be determined for the hyperbolic localization process; a cross-correlation, in particular a cross-correlation of an envelope curve of signal values or a threshold value method can be used for this purpose.
- a threshold method is less computationally intensive than cross-correlation and is therefore often preferred.
- the difference in transit time between two or more sensors can be analyzed more precisely by means of cross-correlation of the envelope curve than with a threshold value method. This means that high-current arcing faults can be evaluated using the simpler threshold method, while low-current or heavily shadowed arcing faults can be evaluated can be located more precisely with the cross-correlation of the envelope.
- FIG. 13 illustrates a cross correlation.
- Graphic a shows the original measurement curves u 1 and u 2 of a sound signal recorded by two sensors 1, 2.
- the measurement curves u 1 and u 2 are first smoothed by forming their magnitude and including a median filter with a window width of z. B. 1000 values is applied.
- FIG. 14 illustrates an envelope curve HK (dashed line) for a sound signal 10S (solid line).
- An envelope curve of a signal follows the progression of the amplitude of the sound signal 10S, which changes over time (t-axis), plotted along the y-axis. So the envelope is like a filter that filters out changes in the sound signal on small time scales and only keeps changes in the sound signal on larger time scales.
- the envelope curve as the envelope of the fine structure of a sound signal, essentially reflects the course of the sound level.
- FIG. 15 illustrates a threshold method.
- Graphic a shows the measurement curves u 1 and u 2 recorded by two sensors 1, 2 a sound signal.
- a threshold value comparison is applied to the measurement curves u 1 and u 2 of both sensors 1 and 2 to determine the transit time difference ⁇ t.
- the point in time at which the absolute value of the measurement signal u s (t) exceeds a fixed threshold value +u ⁇ or -u ⁇ for the first time is used as ⁇ t, see graphic a: or a percentage threshold value p ⁇ of the maximum modulation
- Graphic b shows the function F(u s ,t) for the two measurement curves u 1 and u 2
- the time difference between the two jump points at which the functions F(u 1 ,t) and F(u 2 ,t) change from 0 jump to 1 corresponds to the transit time difference ⁇ t.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2021/067784 WO2023274504A1 (de) | 2021-06-29 | 2021-06-29 | Ortung eines lichtbogens |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4162283A1 true EP4162283A1 (de) | 2023-04-12 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21739601.9A Withdrawn EP4162283A1 (de) | 2021-06-29 | 2021-06-29 | Ortung eines lichtbogens |
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| Country | Link |
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| EP (1) | EP4162283A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023274504A1 (de) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9046577B2 (en) * | 2011-04-13 | 2015-06-02 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Corona and partial discharge diagnostic device and method for using the same |
| KR101608964B1 (ko) * | 2014-11-12 | 2016-04-04 | 지투파워(주) | 초음파 및 과도접지전압 기반의 상태 감시진단 시스템이 탑재된 고압반,저압반,분전반,모터제어반 |
| CN104808124A (zh) * | 2015-04-30 | 2015-07-29 | 国家电网公司 | 开关柜局部放电故障位置的声电联合定位方法 |
| DE102015218052B4 (de) | 2015-09-21 | 2019-03-21 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Schaltanlage, welche eine Auswerte- und Auslöseelektronik zum Erkennen und Begrenzen der Energie eines Störlichtbogens in einem Einschub eines Schaltschranks der Schaltanlage aufweist |
| CN111323684A (zh) * | 2020-03-31 | 2020-06-23 | 国网上海市电力公司 | 一种基于解析解的变压器电声联合pd空间定位方法 |
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2021
- 2021-06-29 WO PCT/EP2021/067784 patent/WO2023274504A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2021-06-29 EP EP21739601.9A patent/EP4162283A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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| WO2023274504A1 (de) | 2023-01-05 |
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