EP4148080A1 - Polymer comprising aleuritic acid - Google Patents

Polymer comprising aleuritic acid Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4148080A1
EP4148080A1 EP21195558.8A EP21195558A EP4148080A1 EP 4148080 A1 EP4148080 A1 EP 4148080A1 EP 21195558 A EP21195558 A EP 21195558A EP 4148080 A1 EP4148080 A1 EP 4148080A1
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Prior art keywords
acid
mol
polymer
temperature
monomer
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German (de)
French (fr)
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Evonik Operations GmbH
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Evonik Operations GmbH
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Priority to EP21195558.8A priority Critical patent/EP4148080A1/en
Publication of EP4148080A1 publication Critical patent/EP4148080A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
    • C08G63/06—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
    • C08G63/60—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from the reaction of a mixture of hydroxy carboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/66—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G63/78—Preparation processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D167/00—Coating compositions based on polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D167/00—Coating compositions based on polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D167/04—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids, e.g. lactones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyesters, polyamino acids, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, copolymers of polyalkylene glycol or poloxamers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2009—Inorganic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2013—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
    • A61K9/2054—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
    • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/2853—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, poloxamers, poly(lactide-co-glycolide)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2893—Tablet coating processes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/4891—Coated capsules; Multilayered drug free capsule shells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a polymer comprising units based on aleuritic acid as monomer, wherein at least 50 mol-% of the units are based on aleuritic acid as monomer and that the polymer has a hydroxyl-value of from 200 to 400 mg KOH/g, an acid-value of from 10 to 60 mg KOH/g, and a glass transition temperature Tg below - 9 °C, to a process for preparing this polymer, and to the use of a polymer according to the invention or obtained by a process according to the invention as glazing agents or edible surface coatings.
  • Shellac a wax-containing resin secreted by the Lac insect Kerria lacca, is known as E904 and is used frequently as glazing agent or edible surface coating. It is used in the food industry, confectionery industry, pharmaceutical industry and other industries, for example wood treatment industry, textiles & leather industry, or as binding agents or varnish, polish or non-edible coatings.
  • shellac Upon mild hydrolysis shellac gives a complex mix of aliphatic and alicyclic hydroxy acids and their polymers that varies in exact composition depending upon the source of the shellac and the season of collection.
  • the major component of the aliphatic component is aleuritic acid, whereas the main alicyclic component is shellolic acid (Source: en.wikipedia.org, Wikidata item ID: Q429659).
  • shellac is a natural product the composition, transparency, and other properties depend from the source of the natural product. Therefore, properties and composition of shellac varies in a wide range. To come to a product that is commercially applicable several purification (extraction) steps have to be performed.
  • EP 3 009 464 A1 discloses a process of polymerizing methyl aleuriteate.
  • GB 1 052 013 A discloses a process for preparing a polymer comprising the step of reacting aleuritic acid and trimellitic anhydride at a temperature of 180 °C. The resulting polymer is used in coating compositions comprising an aminoplast.
  • Polyester films obtained by noncatalyzed melt-condensation polymerization of aleuritic (9,10,16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic) acid in air.
  • the esterification reaction leads to an amorphous rubbery, infusible, and insoluble material, not useable for film forming.
  • the problem to be solved by the present invention was to provide polymers usable as glazing agents or edible surface coatings that have defined properties and a defined composition.
  • the objectives are achieved by the invention by providing polymers comprising units based on aleuritic acid as monomer, wherein at least 50 mol-% of the units are based on aleuritic acid as monomer and that the polymer has a hydroxyl-value of from 200 to 400 mg KOH/g, an acid-value of from 10 to 60 mg KOH/g, and a glass transition temperature Tg below - 9 °C.
  • the present invention further provides a process for preparing such polymers.
  • the present invention further provides (a method to use) the use of the polymers as glazing agents or edible surface coatings.
  • the polymers of the present invention have the advantage that they do not comprise unknown molecules/compounds as this is the case in natural shellac.
  • the properties of the polymers of the present invention can be designed by process parameters or the use of additional monomers different from aleuritic acid. Furthermore, the polymers of the present invention have a higher molecular weight, a higher crystallinity, and better physical properties.
  • a further advantage is that the water vapor permeability of the polymers/copolymers of the present invention can be designed by varying the amount of comonomer used to prepare the copolymer.
  • the polymer comprising units based on aleuritic acid (rel-(9R,10S)-9,10,16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic acid) as monomer, according to the invention is characterized in that at least 50 mol-% of the units are based on aleuritic acid as monomer and that the polymer has a hydroxyl-value, determined by the method given below, of from 200 to 400 mg KOH/g, an acid-value, determined by the method given below, of from 10 to 60 mg KOH/g, preferably 17.5 to 57.5 mg KOH/g, and a glass transition temperature Tg, determined by the method given below, below - 9 °C, preferably of from -10 to -60 °C.
  • the polymer according to the invention preferably has a number averaged molecular weight M n , determined by the method given below, of from 1000 to 7500 g/mol, more preferably of from 1250 to 6000 g/mol.
  • the polymer preferably has a weight averaged molecular weight M w , determined by the method given below, of from 2500 to 175000, preferably of from 5000 to 150000 g/mol, and more preferably of from 10000 to 75000.
  • the polymer according to the invention has a (first or only) melting temperature Tm, determined by the method given below, of from 10 to 60 °C, preferably of from 25 to 55 °C.
  • the polymer according to the invention preferably comprises up to 50 mol-%, more preferably of from 1 to 40 mol-%, and most preferably of from 10 to 30 mol-% of units that are based on one or more hydroxy groups comprising organic acids, preferably mandelic acid, lactic, hydroxy stearic acid and/or glycolic acid, and/or dicarboxylic acid, preferably succinic acid, and/or dihydroxy-compounds, preferably difunctional di-propylene glycol mono methyl ether as monomer(s).
  • a linear dihydroxy-functional polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether available from Perstorp Holding AB under the tradename YMER TM N120 is used as dihydroxy-compound monomer.
  • the units that are based on one or more hydroxy groups comprising organic acids and/or dicarboxylic acids might be distributed in the polymer randomly or as one or more oligomeric blocks.
  • the polymer according to the invention comprises up to 50 mol-%, more preferably of from 1 to 40 mol-%, and most preferably of from 10 to 30 mol-% of units that are based on lactic acid and/or mandelic acid as monomer.
  • the use of these polymers results in highly transparent, and hard but flexible films.
  • the polymer comprises up to 50 mol-%, more preferably of from 1 to 40 mol-%, and most preferably of from 10 to 30 mol-% of units that are based on succinic caid and/or difunctional di-propylene glycol mono methyl ether as monomer. These polymers are slightly softer than the other polymers.
  • the polymer comprises up to 50 mol-%, more preferably of from 1 to 40 mol-%, and most preferably of from 10 to 30 mol-% of units that are based on hydroxy stearic acid as monomer.
  • the use of these polymers results in films much more hydrophobic than the other polymers.
  • the polymer according to the invention consists only of units based on aleuritic acid as monomer.
  • the water vapor permeability of the polymers/copolymers of the present invention can be designed by varying the amount of comonomer used to prepare the copolymer (the amount of comonomer present in the polymer according to the invention).
  • the polymer according to the invention might be prepared by any known method of polymerization/esterification of carbon acids comprising one or more hydroxy-groups in addition to the COOH-group.
  • the polymers of the present invention are prepared by the process according to the invention.
  • This process for preparing the polymer is characterized in that aleuritic acid as monomer is reacted at a temperature of above 100 °C, preferably at a temperature of from 120 °C to 150 °C while removing water from the reaction mixture.
  • further monomers as mentioned above might be added to the reaction mixture.
  • the further monomers used are added in an amount as giving above.
  • the further monomers are selected from on one or more hydroxy groups comprising organic acids, preferably mandelic acid, lactic, hydroxy stearic acid and/or glycolic acid, and/or dicarboxylic acid, preferably succinic acid, and/or dihydroxy-compounds, preferably difunctional di-propylene glycol mono methyl ether.
  • these further monomers are used in an amount of up to 50 mol-%, more preferably of from 1 to 40 mol-%, and most preferably of from 10 to 30 mol-% based on the total monomers added to the reaction mixture.
  • an aleuritic acid is used as monomer having a hydroxy value of from 400 to 600 mg KOH/g, determined by the method given below.
  • the acid number of the reaction mixture is determined regularly as described below, and the reaction is terminated when an acid number below 60, more preferably an acid number of from 17,5 to below 50 is reached.
  • the process is preferably conducted as a melt condensation.
  • the afore mentioned monomers are preferably initially charged and melted.
  • the polycondensation preferably takes place in the melt preferably at temperatures of from 120 to 150°C preferably in the course of 2 to 100 hours, preferably 5 to 75 hours.
  • the process of the invention is conducted in the absence of oxygen. More preferably the process of the invention if conducted under inter gas atmosphere, preferably using nitrogen as inert gas.
  • the remaining water of reaction are preferably eliminated by distillation, until the target acid number is achieved.
  • this may be made easier through reduced pressure, through an enlargement in the surface area, or by the passing of an inert gas stream through the reaction mixture.
  • a preferred inert gas is nitrogen.
  • the polymers of the present invention or the polymers obtained by a process according to the invention can be used as glazing agents or edible surface coatings, especially in the food industry, confectionery industry, pharmaceutical industry and other industries, for example wood treatment industry, textiles and leather industry, or as binding agents or varnish, polish or non-edible coatings.
  • the edible surface coating is used for coating of pharmaceutical goods, more preferably of oral applicable tablets, pills, or capsules.
  • a dispersion or solution (molecular dispersion) of the polymer comprising preferably of from 1 to 50 % by weight, preferably 2 to 25 % by weight and more preferably 5 to 20 % by weight of the polymer of the invention based on the total weight of the dispersion/solution.
  • the polymer of the present invention can be solved / dispersed in any known solvents / dispersing medium.
  • nonpolar solvent / dispersing media are more suitable compared to polar solvents / dispersing media.
  • Preferred solvents / dispersion medias are 1-butanol, ethyl acetate, i-propanol, ethanol, mixtures of ethanol and water, preferably comprising of from 40 vol-% to 70 vol% of ethanol, water, 0.1N NH 4 , or 0.1N NaOH.
  • Most preferred solvent / dispersion medium is 1-butanol.
  • the polymer according to the invention is used for coating, especially as glazing agent or edible surface coating, the polymer is preferably applied in an amount of from 1 to 15 mg/cm 2 , preferably 2 to 8 mg/cm 2 .
  • the concentration of acid end groups is determined in accordance with ASTM D4662 and ASTM D7253 by titrimetric means using a Solvotrode easyClean (6.0229.020) from Metrohm as electrode as described in more detail the Metrohm Application Bulletin 200/3 e dated May 2019 .
  • the AV is given in mg KOH/g of polymer.
  • the concentration of the OH groups is determined in accordance with ASTM E1899-16 by titrimetric means using a Solvotrode easyClean (6.0229.020) from Metrohm as electrode as described in more detail the Metrohm Application Bulletin 200/3 e dated May 2019 , and using dimethylformamide (DMF) instead of acetonitrile.
  • the OHV is given in mg KOH/g of polymer.
  • the thermal properties of the polyesters used in the context of the present invention are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in accordance with the DSC method DIN 53765. The values of the second heating interval are stated, and the heating rate was 10 K/min.
  • the viscosity of the polyesters produced and of the reaction products of polyester and diisocyanate was determined in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3219 in Pa.s using a rotational viscometer at the temperature specified in each case.
  • the thermal properties of the polyesters used in the context of the present invention are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in accordance with the DSC method DIN 53765. The values of the second heating interval are stated, and the heating rate was 10 K/min.
  • the number-average molecular weight and the weight-average molecular weight of the polyesters according to the invention is determined in accordance with DIN 55672-1 by means of gel permeation chromatography in tetrahydrofuran as eluent and polystyrene for calibration.
  • Table 1 Raw materials used, trade names and producer Chemical name Abbreviation Trade name Producer Aleuritic acid / DL-erythro-Aleuritic Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG OHV: 563 mg KOH/g acid Aleuritic acid / Aleuritic acid Dalian Stars Trading Co., Ltd. OHV: 483 mg KOH/g Aleuritic acid / Aleuritic acid Dalian Stars Trading Co., Ltd. OHV: 454 mg KOH/g Aleuritic acid / Aleuritic acid Dalian Stars Trading Co., Ltd. OHV: 433 mg KOH/g Aleuritic acid / Aleuritic acid Foreverest Resources LTD.
  • OHV 529 mg KOH/g Aleuritic acid / Aleuritic acid Dalian Stars Trading Co., Ltd.
  • OHV 449 mg KOH/g Aleuritic acid / Aleuritic acid Foreverest Resources LTD.
  • OHV 509 mg KOH/g Succinic acid Succinic acid Th. Geyer GmbH & Co.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 563 mg KOH/g (60.0 g, 0.20 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 100 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 90 minutes the temperature was continuously raised to 180 °C while stirring. After 2 hours at that temperature the viscosity of the melt increased spontaneously, and the product became a gel. The characteristics of the product could not be determined due to the insolubility of the product.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 563 mg KOH/g (104.5 g, 0.34 mol), succinic acid (5.1 g 0.04 mol) and DPGME (45.0 g, 0.04 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 45 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 31 hours at that temperature an acid number of 25.4 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 563 mg KOH/g (60.0 g, 0.20 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 45 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °Cwhile stirring. After 34 hours at that temperature an acid number of 21.7 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature.
  • the characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 563 mg KOH/g (104.5 g, 0.34 mol), succinic acid (5.1 g 0.04 mol) and DPGME (45.0 g, 0.04 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 55 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 46 hours at that temperature an acid number of 25.0 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 563 mg KOH/g (85.0 g, 0.28 mol), succinic acid (7.1 g 0.06 mol) and DPGME (62.7 g, 0.06 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 50 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 46 hours at that temperature an acid number of 24.6 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 563 mg KOH/g (77.8 g, 0.26 mol) and hydroxy stearic acid (76.8 g, 0.26 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 65 hours at that temperature an acid number of 18.9 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 563 mg KOH/g (108.6 g, 0.36 mol) and hydroxy stearic acid (46.0 g, 0.15 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 41 hours at that temperature an acid number of 21.9 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 563 mg KOH/g (139.2 g, 0.46 mol) and hydroxy stearic acid (15.2 g, 0.05 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 35 hours at that temperature an acid number of 28.5 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 483 mg KOH/g (180.0 g, 0.59 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 45 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 9 hours at that temperature the viscosity of the melt increased spontaneously, and the product became a gel. The characteristics of the product could not be determined due to the insolubility of the product.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 483 mg KOH/g (150.0 g, 0.49 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 45 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 8 hours at that temperature an acid number of 56.0 was reached and the viscosity increased spontaneously. Measurable characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 454 mg KOH/g (150.0 g, 0.49 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °Cwhile stirring. After 17 hours at that temperature the viscosity of the melt increased spontaneously, and the product became a gel. The characteristics of the product could not be determined due to the insolubility of the product. The last acid number determined (after about 15 hours) was 39.4.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 433 mg KOH/g (150.0 g, 0.49 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 60 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °Cwhile stirring. After 10 hours at that temperature an acid number of 38.2 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature.
  • the characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 454 mg KOH/g (150.0 g, 0.49 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 40 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 9 hours at that temperature an acid number of 42.1 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature.
  • the characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 454 mg KOH/g (1200.0 g, 3.90 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2000 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a dephlegmator, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 50 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 17 hours at that temperature an acid number of 43.3 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 454 mg KOH/g (1200.0 g, 3.90 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2000 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a dephlegmator, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 50 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 15 hours at that temperature an acid number of 43.1 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 454 mg KOH/g (1200.0 g, 3.90 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2000 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a dephlegmator, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 60 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 16 hours at that temperature an acid number of 42.4 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 449 mg KOH/g (1200.0 g, 3.90 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2000 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a dephlegmator, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 60 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 11 hours at that temperature an acid number of 41.8 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 529 mg KOH/g 1200.0 g, 3.90 mol were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2000 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a dephlegmator, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 20 hours at that temperature an acid number of 26.6 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 520 mg KOH/g 1200.0 g, 3.90 mol
  • a reaction flask comprising a temperature probe, a dephlegmator, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated.
  • the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring.
  • an acid number of 27.0 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature.
  • the characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid, AV: 175.5 mg KOH/g (1002.7 g, 3.29 mol) and mandelic acid (65.03 g, 0.43 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2 L reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 140 °C while stirring. After 24 hours at that temperature an acid number of 38.0 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was poured on a baking plate and cooled using dry ice. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid, AV: 175.5 mg KOH/g (900 g, 2.96 mol) and mandelic acid (135 g, 0.89 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2 L reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 140 °C while stirring. After 24 hours at that temperature an acid number of 35.0 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was poured on a baking plate and cooled using dry ice. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid, AV: 175.5 mg KOH/g (1000 g, 3.29 mol) and LA80 (48.1 g, 0.43 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2 L reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 140 °C while stirring. After 24 hours at that temperature an acid number of 39.0 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was poured on a baking plate and cooled using dry ice. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid, AV: 175.5 mg KOH/g (1001.6 g, 3.29 mol) and LA80 (110.96 g, 0.99 mol were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2 L reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 140 °C while stirring. After 24 hours at that temperature an acid number of 50.5 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was poured on a baking plate and cooled using dry ice. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Aleuritic acid AV 175.5 mg KOH/g (900.3 g, 2.96 mol), LA80 (33.3 g, 0.3 mol), and mandelic acid (89.9 g, 0.59 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2 L reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 140 °C while stirring. After 24 hours at that temperature an acid number of 37.0 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was poured on a baking plate and cooled using dry ice. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
  • Table 2 Characteristics of the polymers 3a.) to 3z.)
  • Glycolic acid (160.3 g, 2.11 mol) were filled in a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 120 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 150 °C while stirring. After 5 hours at that temperature the clear melt became a little bit turbid. The reaction was stopped by ending further heating and the melt obtained was filled into a storage flask. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 3 below.
  • Oligo glykol acid from example 4 a.) and aleuritic acid OHV 509 mg KOH/g were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 1000 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 150 °C while stirring. After 10 hours at that temperature an acid number of 31.1 mg KOH/g was reached, and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature.
  • the characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 3 below.
  • Table 3 Characteristics of the products of examples 4a.) and 4.b) Example Mn [g/mol] Mw [g/mol] Tg [°C] Tm 1 [°C] Tm 2 [°C] OHV [mg KOH/g] AV [mg KOH/g] 4 a.) - - - - - - 156 4 b.) 4500 - -15.6 45.0 - 375 31.1
  • a 10% by weight solution of the polymer in 1-butanol was prepared by adding 50 g of the polymer of example 3s.) to 450 g of 1-butanol (from Merck) and stirring at room temperature overnight. A colloidal solution was obtained.
  • a hydrophilic tablet core was produced to afterwards test the water protection capabilities of the film. All raw materials given in table 4 were weighed accurately. The raw materials were dried at 70°C for about 1 hour in a tray dryer for activation, afterwards the raw materials were mixed in a PE bag. The final blend was compressed using a 10 mm circular, standard-concave punch at a Korsch XP1 (13509 Berlin Germany).
  • Table 4 Raw material composition of test tablet
  • Raw material Supplier Batch Content [% by weight] Silica Type 53-115 ⁇ m Sigma Aldrich MKCD0974 15 Silica Type 40-75 ⁇ m Sigma Aldrich BCBH8948V 2,5 AEROSIL ® 200P EVONIK 159040414 1 Avicel PH 102 FMC Biopolymer 71802C 79,5 AC-DI-SOL ® Signet T1642C 1 Sodium stearyl fumarate ABCR Chemicals AB222714 1 Total 100
  • Example 5c The tablets produced in example 5c were used as substrate.
  • the coating process was adjusted to gain coated tablets with about 8 mg/cm 2 of polymer applied to the tablet.
  • As coating equipment an O'Hara Labcoat 1 (Ontario, Canada) was used with a batch size of 900 g.
  • the process parameters used are given in table 5a and 5b. Samples were taken at 4, 6, and of course 8 mg/cm 2 of polymer applied.
  • Table 5a Process parameters Operation Time Temperature Inlet Pump Inlet Exhaust Product Air Flow vol.
  • the water uptake was tested using a super saturated aqueous KNO 3 solution. This solution was filled to the bottom of an exicator resulting in a relative humidity, which equals to 95% relative humidity at room temperature. The weight of the tablets was determined at the beginning and the increase in weight monitored after 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days in the exicator by weighting the tablets again. The results are given in table 6.
  • a 20 % by weight solutions of each of the polymers from example 3 v.) to 3 z.) in iso-propanol were prepared by adding 100 g of the polymers to 400 g of iso-propanol (from Merck) and stirring at 60 °C overnight. The solutions were coated using a doctor blade onto a water vapour permeable capacitor paper with a layer thickness of 150 ⁇ m. After drying over night at room temperature a capacitor paper comprising layer films of the polymers on top were obtained. Samples of 25 mm * 25 mm were cut-out from these capacitor papers.
  • a 30 ml wide-neck sample jar (opening diameter 22.5 mm) was filled with 5 g dry silica gel (Silica Gel Industry Grade CN 70.1, Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG) and rubbed on the edge with stopcock grease (glisseal N, Borer Chemie AG).
  • the cut-out paper samples were put onto the neck of the jar with the film layer side not in direction of the jar, the complete opening of the jar being closed by the paper sample.
  • the paper samples were fixed by putting a screw female on top of the paper sample in a way, that the opening of the screw female is in alignment with the opening of the jar.
  • the water uptake can be reduced by coating of the capacitor paper with the copolymer according to the invention.
  • the water uptake can be regulated (controlled) by the aleuritic acid copolymer used.
  • the water uptake can better be regulated (controlled) by using aleuritic acid copolymers with a higher or lower ratio (amount) of comonomer.
  • the ability to uptake water can be increased by using copolymers with a higher amount of comonomer.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to a polymer comprising units based on aleuritic acid as monomer, wherein at least 50 mol-% of the units are based on aleuritic acid as monomer and that the polymer has a hydroxyl-value of from 200 to 400 mg KOH/g, an acid-value of from 10 to 60 mg KOH/g, and a glass transition temperature Tg below - 9 °C, to a process for preparing this polymer, and to the use of a polymer according to the invention or obtained by a process according to the invention as glazing agents or edible surface coatings.

Description

  • The present invention relates to a polymer comprising units based on aleuritic acid as monomer, wherein at least 50 mol-% of the units are based on aleuritic acid as monomer and that the polymer has a hydroxyl-value of from 200 to 400 mg KOH/g, an acid-value of from 10 to 60 mg KOH/g, and a glass transition temperature Tg below - 9 °C, to a process for preparing this polymer, and to the use of a polymer according to the invention or obtained by a process according to the invention as glazing agents or edible surface coatings.
    • STATE OF THE ART
  • Shellac, a wax-containing resin secreted by the Lac insect Kerria lacca, is known as E904 and is used frequently as glazing agent or edible surface coating. It is used in the food industry, confectionery industry, pharmaceutical industry and other industries, for example wood treatment industry, textiles & leather industry, or as binding agents or varnish, polish or non-edible coatings.
  • Upon mild hydrolysis shellac gives a complex mix of aliphatic and alicyclic hydroxy acids and their polymers that varies in exact composition depending upon the source of the shellac and the season of collection. The major component of the aliphatic component is aleuritic acid, whereas the main alicyclic component is shellolic acid (Source: en.wikipedia.org, Wikidata item ID: Q429659).
  • Since shellac is a natural product the composition, transparency, and other properties depend from the source of the natural product. Therefore, properties and composition of shellac varies in a wide range. To come to a product that is commercially applicable several purification (extraction) steps have to be performed.
  • EP 3 009 464 A1 discloses a process of polymerizing methyl aleuriteate.
  • GB 1 052 013 A discloses a process for preparing a polymer comprising the step of reacting aleuritic acid and trimellitic anhydride at a temperature of 180 °C. The resulting polymer is used in coating compositions comprising an aminoplast.
  • Veld Martijn A. J. et al. reported in Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 45, no. 24, December 15, 2007, pages 5968-5978 a process of polymerizing isopropyl aleuriteate.
  • Jose Jesus Benítez et al. reported in Journal of Applied Polymer Science (https://doi.org/10.1002/app.41328, first published August 20, 2014) of Polyester films obtained by noncatalyzed melt-condensation polymerization of aleuritic (9,10,16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic) acid in air. The esterification reaction leads to an amorphous rubbery, infusible, and insoluble material, not useable for film forming.
  • The problem to be solved by the present invention was to provide polymers usable as glazing agents or edible surface coatings that have defined properties and a defined composition.
    • DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
  • Surprisingly it has been found that, this problem is solved by the polymers according to the claims.
  • Therefore, the objectives are achieved by the invention by providing polymers comprising units based on aleuritic acid as monomer, wherein at least 50 mol-% of the units are based on aleuritic acid as monomer and that the polymer has a hydroxyl-value of from 200 to 400 mg KOH/g, an acid-value of from 10 to 60 mg KOH/g, and a glass transition temperature Tg below - 9 °C.
  • The present invention further provides a process for preparing such polymers.
  • The present invention further provides (a method to use) the use of the polymers as glazing agents or edible surface coatings.
  • The polymers of the present invention have the advantage that they do not comprise unknown molecules/compounds as this is the case in natural shellac.
  • The properties of the polymers of the present invention, especially melting temperature and glass transition temperature can be designed by process parameters or the use of additional monomers different from aleuritic acid. Furthermore, the polymers of the present invention have a higher molecular weight, a higher crystallinity, and better physical properties.
  • A further advantage is that the water vapor permeability of the polymers/copolymers of the present invention can be designed by varying the amount of comonomer used to prepare the copolymer.
  • The polymers, processes, and uses according to the invention are described by way of example hereinafter, without any intention that the invention be restricted to these illustrative embodiments. When ranges, general formulae or classes of compounds are specified below, these are intended to encompass not only the corresponding ranges or groups of compounds which are explicitly mentioned but also all subranges and subgroups of compounds which can be obtained by leaving out individual values (ranges) or compounds. Where documents are cited in the context of the present description, their content shall fully form part of the disclosure content of the present invention, particularly in respect of the matters referred to. Percentages specified hereinbelow are by weight unless otherwise stated. Where average values are reported hereinafter, these are the numerical average, unless stated otherwise. Where properties of a material are referred to hereinafter, for example viscosities or the like, these are the properties of the material at 25°C, unless stated otherwise. Where chemical (empirical) formulae are used in the present invention, the specified indices may be not only absolute numbers but also average values.
  • The polymer comprising units based on aleuritic acid (rel-(9R,10S)-9,10,16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic acid) as monomer, according to the invention is characterized in that at least 50 mol-% of the units are based on aleuritic acid as monomer and that the polymer has a hydroxyl-value, determined by the method given below, of from 200 to 400 mg KOH/g, an acid-value, determined by the method given below, of from 10 to 60 mg KOH/g, preferably 17.5 to 57.5 mg KOH/g, and a glass transition temperature Tg, determined by the method given below, below - 9 °C, preferably of from -10 to -60 °C.
  • The polymer according to the invention preferably has a number averaged molecular weight Mn, determined by the method given below, of from 1000 to 7500 g/mol, more preferably of from 1250 to 6000 g/mol. The polymer preferably has a weight averaged molecular weight Mw, determined by the method given below, of from 2500 to 175000, preferably of from 5000 to 150000 g/mol, and more preferably of from 10000 to 75000.
  • Preferably the polymer according to the invention has a (first or only) melting temperature Tm, determined by the method given below, of from 10 to 60 °C, preferably of from 25 to 55 °C.
  • The polymer according to the invention preferably comprises up to 50 mol-%, more preferably of from 1 to 40 mol-%, and most preferably of from 10 to 30 mol-% of units that are based on one or more hydroxy groups comprising organic acids, preferably mandelic acid, lactic, hydroxy stearic acid and/or glycolic acid, and/or dicarboxylic acid, preferably succinic acid, and/or dihydroxy-compounds, preferably difunctional di-propylene glycol mono methyl ether as monomer(s). Preferably a linear dihydroxy-functional polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether available from Perstorp Holding AB under the tradename YMER™ N120 is used as dihydroxy-compound monomer.
  • The units that are based on one or more hydroxy groups comprising organic acids and/or dicarboxylic acids might be distributed in the polymer randomly or as one or more oligomeric blocks.
  • Preferably the polymer according to the invention comprises up to 50 mol-%, more preferably of from 1 to 40 mol-%, and most preferably of from 10 to 30 mol-% of units that are based on lactic acid and/or mandelic acid as monomer. The use of these polymers results in highly transparent, and hard but flexible films.
  • In another preferred embodiment of the invention the polymer comprises up to 50 mol-%, more preferably of from 1 to 40 mol-%, and most preferably of from 10 to 30 mol-% of units that are based on succinic caid and/or difunctional di-propylene glycol mono methyl ether as monomer. These polymers are slightly softer than the other polymers.
  • In a further preferred embodiment of the invention the polymer comprises up to 50 mol-%, more preferably of from 1 to 40 mol-%, and most preferably of from 10 to 30 mol-% of units that are based on hydroxy stearic acid as monomer. The use of these polymers results in films much more hydrophobic than the other polymers.
  • It might be advantageous if the polymer according to the invention consists only of units based on aleuritic acid as monomer.
  • The water vapor permeability of the polymers/copolymers of the present invention can be designed by varying the amount of comonomer used to prepare the copolymer (the amount of comonomer present in the polymer according to the invention).
    • The composition of the polymer can be determined by NMR-spectroscopy as described hereinafter. 500 mg of the polymer are dissolved in 0.5 mL d-DSMO (Hexadeuterodimethyl sulfoxide). 13C-NMR spectra and 1H-NMR spectra were prepared using a Bruker Avance III HD spectrometer, (1H 500.1 MHz = 11,7 Tesla)
    • Probehead: 5mm Prodigy Cryo-Probehead (CPPBO)
    • Experiments: 1H, 13C, 13C DEPT135
    • Number of scans: 32 (1H), 2048 (13C)
  • The polymer according to the invention might be prepared by any known method of polymerization/esterification of carbon acids comprising one or more hydroxy-groups in addition to the COOH-group.
  • Preferably the polymers of the present invention are prepared by the process according to the invention. This process for preparing the polymer is characterized in that aleuritic acid as monomer is reacted at a temperature of above 100 °C, preferably at a temperature of from 120 °C to 150 °C while removing water from the reaction mixture.
  • Depending on the composition of the polymer to be prepared further monomers as mentioned above might be added to the reaction mixture. Preferably the further monomers used are added in an amount as giving above. Preferably the further monomers are selected from on one or more hydroxy groups comprising organic acids, preferably mandelic acid, lactic, hydroxy stearic acid and/or glycolic acid, and/or dicarboxylic acid, preferably succinic acid, and/or dihydroxy-compounds, preferably difunctional di-propylene glycol mono methyl ether. Preferably these further monomers are used in an amount of up to 50 mol-%, more preferably of from 1 to 40 mol-%, and most preferably of from 10 to 30 mol-% based on the total monomers added to the reaction mixture.
  • Preferably an aleuritic acid is used as monomer having a hydroxy value of from 400 to 600 mg KOH/g, determined by the method given below.
  • Preferably the acid number of the reaction mixture is determined regularly as described below, and the reaction is terminated when an acid number below 60, more preferably an acid number of from 17,5 to below 50 is reached.
  • The process is preferably conducted as a melt condensation. For this purpose, the afore mentioned monomers are preferably initially charged and melted. The polycondensation preferably takes place in the melt preferably at temperatures of from 120 to 150°C preferably in the course of 2 to 100 hours, preferably 5 to 75 hours.
  • Preferably the process of the invention is conducted in the absence of oxygen. More preferably the process of the invention if conducted under inter gas atmosphere, preferably using nitrogen as inert gas.
  • It may be advantageous if a majority of the amount of water released is initially distilled off at standard pressure. In the further course, the remaining water of reaction are preferably eliminated by distillation, until the target acid number is achieved. Optionally this may be made easier through reduced pressure, through an enlargement in the surface area, or by the passing of an inert gas stream through the reaction mixture. A preferred inert gas is nitrogen.
  • It may be advantageous to add further additives and processing auxiliaries, such as antioxidants or color stabilizers, to the reaction (esterification) mixture.
  • The polymers of the present invention or the polymers obtained by a process according to the invention can be used as glazing agents or edible surface coatings, especially in the food industry, confectionery industry, pharmaceutical industry and other industries, for example wood treatment industry, textiles and leather industry, or as binding agents or varnish, polish or non-edible coatings. Preferably the edible surface coating is used for coating of pharmaceutical goods, more preferably of oral applicable tablets, pills, or capsules.
  • For use of the polymer of the present invention as surface coating it is preferred to form a dispersion or solution (molecular dispersion) of the polymer, comprising preferably of from 1 to 50 % by weight, preferably 2 to 25 % by weight and more preferably 5 to 20 % by weight of the polymer of the invention based on the total weight of the dispersion/solution.
  • The polymer of the present invention can be solved / dispersed in any known solvents / dispersing medium. However, nonpolar solvent / dispersing media are more suitable compared to polar solvents / dispersing media. Preferred solvents / dispersion medias are 1-butanol, ethyl acetate, i-propanol, ethanol, mixtures of ethanol and water, preferably comprising of from 40 vol-% to 70 vol% of ethanol, water, 0.1N NH4, or 0.1N NaOH. Most preferred solvent / dispersion medium is 1-butanol.
  • When the polymer according to the invention is used for coating, especially as glazing agent or edible surface coating, the polymer is preferably applied in an amount of from 1 to 15 mg/cm2, preferably 2 to 8 mg/cm2.
    • Examples: 1. Test methods: a) Determination of acid value (AV):
  • The concentration of acid end groups is determined in accordance with ASTM D4662 and ASTM D7253 by titrimetric means using a Solvotrode easyClean (6.0229.020) from Metrohm as electrode as described in more detail the Metrohm Application Bulletin 200/3 e dated May 2019. The AV is given in mg KOH/g of polymer.
    • b) Determination of OH value (OHV):
  • The concentration of the OH groups is determined in accordance with ASTM E1899-16 by titrimetric means using a Solvotrode easyClean (6.0229.020) from Metrohm as electrode as described in more detail the Metrohm Application Bulletin 200/3 e dated May 2019, and using dimethylformamide (DMF) instead of acetonitrile. The OHV is given in mg KOH/g of polymer.
    • c) Determination of melting temperature Tm1 and Tm2:
  • The thermal properties of the polyesters used in the context of the present invention are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in accordance with the DSC method DIN 53765. The values of the second heating interval are stated, and the heating rate was 10 K/min.
    • d) Determination of viscosity:
  • The viscosity of the polyesters produced and of the reaction products of polyester and diisocyanate was determined in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3219 in Pa.s using a rotational viscometer at the temperature specified in each case.
    • e) Determination of glass transition temperature Tg:
  • The thermal properties of the polyesters used in the context of the present invention are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in accordance with the DSC method DIN 53765. The values of the second heating interval are stated, and the heating rate was 10 K/min.
    • f) Determination of molecular weight:
  • The number-average molecular weight and the weight-average molecular weight of the polyesters according to the invention is determined in accordance with DIN 55672-1 by means of gel permeation chromatography in tetrahydrofuran as eluent and polystyrene for calibration.
    • 2. Raw Materials used
  • Table 1: Raw materials used, trade names and producer
    Chemical name Abbreviation Trade name Producer
    Aleuritic acid / DL-erythro-Aleuritic Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG
    OHV: 563 mg KOH/g acid
    Aleuritic acid / Aleuritic acid Dalian Stars Trading Co., Ltd.
    OHV: 483 mg KOH/g
    Aleuritic acid / Aleuritic acid Dalian Stars Trading Co., Ltd.
    OHV: 454 mg KOH/g
    Aleuritic acid / Aleuritic acid Dalian Stars Trading Co., Ltd.
    OHV: 433 mg KOH/g
    Aleuritic acid / Aleuritic acid Foreverest Resources LTD.
    OHV: 529 mg KOH/g
    Aleuritic acid / Aleuritic acid Dalian Stars Trading Co., Ltd.
    OHV: 449 mg KOH/g
    Aleuritic acid / Aleuritic acid Foreverest Resources LTD.
    OHV: 520 mg KOH/g
    Aleuritic acid / Aleuritic acid Beckmann-Kenko GmbH
    OHV: 509 mg KOH/g
    Succinic acid Succinic acid Th. Geyer GmbH & Co. KG
    Linear dihydroxy-functional polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether DPGME Ymer™ N120 Perstorp Holding AB
    OHV: 100 to 120 mg KOH/g
    12-hydroxy stearic acid 12-Hydroxy Stearinsäure PENPET Petrochemical Trading GmbH
    Glycolic acid / Glycolic acid, 98%, trading unit: 500 GRM, CAS-No: 79-14 Th. Geyer GmbH & Co. KG
    Aqueous L-lactic acid (80 % by weight) LA80 CAS-No: 79-33-4 Carl Roth GmbH & Co KG
    DL-Mandelic acid (for synthesis) Sigma Aldrich
    • 3. Synthesis of polyesters a.) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 563 mg KOH/g (60.0 g, 0.20 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 100 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 90 minutes the temperature was continuously raised to 180 °C while stirring. After 2 hours at that temperature the viscosity of the melt increased spontaneously, and the product became a gel. The characteristics of the product could not be determined due to the insolubility of the product.
    • b.) Aleuritic acid copolyester
  • Aleuritic acid OHV: 563 mg KOH/g (104.5 g, 0.34 mol), succinic acid (5.1 g 0.04 mol) and DPGME (45.0 g, 0.04 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 45 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 31 hours at that temperature an acid number of 25.4 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • c.) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 563 mg KOH/g (60.0 g, 0.20 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 45 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °Cwhile stirring. After 34 hours at that temperature an acid number of 21.7 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • d.) Aleuritic acid copolyester
  • Aleuritic acid OHV: 563 mg KOH/g (104.5 g, 0.34 mol), succinic acid (5.1 g 0.04 mol) and DPGME (45.0 g, 0.04 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 55 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 46 hours at that temperature an acid number of 25.0 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • e.) Aleuritic acid copolyester
  • Aleuritic acid OHV: 563 mg KOH/g (85.0 g, 0.28 mol), succinic acid (7.1 g 0.06 mol) and DPGME (62.7 g, 0.06 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 50 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 46 hours at that temperature an acid number of 24.6 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • f.) Aleuritic acid copolyester
  • Aleuritic acid OHV: 563 mg KOH/g (77.8 g, 0.26 mol) and hydroxy stearic acid (76.8 g, 0.26 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 65 hours at that temperature an acid number of 18.9 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • g.) Aleuritic acid copolyester
  • Aleuritic acid OHV: 563 mg KOH/g (108.6 g, 0.36 mol) and hydroxy stearic acid (46.0 g, 0.15 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 41 hours at that temperature an acid number of 21.9 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • h.) Aleuritic acid copolyester
  • Aleuritic acid OHV: 563 mg KOH/g (139.2 g, 0.46 mol) and hydroxy stearic acid (15.2 g, 0.05 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 35 hours at that temperature an acid number of 28.5 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • i) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 483 mg KOH/g (180.0 g, 0.59 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 45 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 9 hours at that temperature the viscosity of the melt increased spontaneously, and the product became a gel. The characteristics of the product could not be determined due to the insolubility of the product.
    • j.) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 483 mg KOH/g (150.0 g, 0.49 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 45 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 8 hours at that temperature an acid number of 56.0 was reached and the viscosity increased spontaneously. Measurable characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • k.) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 454 mg KOH/g (150.0 g, 0.49 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °Cwhile stirring. After 17 hours at that temperature the viscosity of the melt increased spontaneously, and the product became a gel. The characteristics of the product could not be determined due to the insolubility of the product. The last acid number determined (after about 15 hours) was 39.4.
    • l.) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 433 mg KOH/g (150.0 g, 0.49 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 60 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °Cwhile stirring. After 10 hours at that temperature an acid number of 38.2 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • m.) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 454 mg KOH/g (150.0 g, 0.49 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 40 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 9 hours at that temperature an acid number of 42.1 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • n.) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 454 mg KOH/g (1200.0 g, 3.90 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2000 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a dephlegmator, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 50 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 17 hours at that temperature an acid number of 43.3 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • o.) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 454 mg KOH/g (1200.0 g, 3.90 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2000 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a dephlegmator, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 50 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 15 hours at that temperature an acid number of 43.1 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • p.) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 454 mg KOH/g (1200.0 g, 3.90 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2000 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a dephlegmator, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 60 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 16 hours at that temperature an acid number of 42.4 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • q.) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 529 mg KOH/g (150.0 g, 0.49 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °Cwhile stirring. After 25 hours at that temperature an acid number of 26.1 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • r.) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 449 mg KOH/g (1200.0 g, 3.90 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2000 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a dephlegmator, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 60 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 11 hours at that temperature an acid number of 41.8 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • s.) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 529 mg KOH/g (1200.0 g, 3.90 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2000 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a dephlegmator, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 20 hours at that temperature an acid number of 26.6 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • t.) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 520 mg KOH/g (1200.0 g, 3.90 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2000 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a dephlegmator, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 60 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 32 hours at that temperature an acid number of 27.0 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • u.) Aleuritic acid homo-polymer
  • Aleuritic acid OHV 520 mg KOH/g (1200.0 g, 3.90 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2000 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a dephlegmator, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 130 °C while stirring. After 35 hours at that temperature an acid number of 26.7 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • v.) Aleuritic acid copolyester
  • Aleuritic acid, AV: 175.5 mg KOH/g (1002.7 g, 3.29 mol) and mandelic acid (65.03 g, 0.43 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2 L reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 140 °C while stirring. After 24 hours at that temperature an acid number of 38.0 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was poured on a baking plate and cooled using dry ice. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • w.) Aleuritic acid copolyester
  • Aleuritic acid, AV: 175.5 mg KOH/g (900 g, 2.96 mol) and mandelic acid (135 g, 0.89 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2 L reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 140 °C while stirring. After 24 hours at that temperature an acid number of 35.0 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was poured on a baking plate and cooled using dry ice. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • x.) Aleuritic acid copolyester
  • Aleuritic acid, AV: 175.5 mg KOH/g (1000 g, 3.29 mol) and LA80 (48.1 g, 0.43 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2 L reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 140 °C while stirring. After 24 hours at that temperature an acid number of 39.0 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was poured on a baking plate and cooled using dry ice. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • y.) Aleuritic acid copolyester
  • Aleuritic acid, AV: 175.5 mg KOH/g (1001.6 g, 3.29 mol) and LA80 (110.96 g, 0.99 mol were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2 L reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 140 °C while stirring. After 24 hours at that temperature an acid number of 50.5 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was poured on a baking plate and cooled using dry ice. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below.
    • z.) Aleuritic acid copolyester
  • Aleuritic acid AV: 175.5 mg KOH/g (900.3 g, 2.96 mol), LA80 (33.3 g, 0.3 mol), and mandelic acid (89.9 g, 0.59 mol) were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 2 L reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 140 °C while stirring. After 24 hours at that temperature an acid number of 37.0 was reached and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was poured on a baking plate and cooled using dry ice. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 2 below. Table 2: Characteristics of the polymers 3a.) to 3z.)
    Example Mn [g/mol] Mw [g/mol] Tg [°C] Tm1 [°C] Tm2 [°C] OHV [mg KOH/g] AV [mg KOH/g]
    3 a.) n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
    3 b.) 3900 25800 -57.3 28.9 37.6 260 25.4
    3 c.) 5600 66400 -11.8 51.9 - 368 21.7
    3 d.) 3900 28500 -56.8 25.0 38.8 262 25.0
    3 e.) 3700 19300 -58.1 25.7 - 220 24.6
    3 f.) 5700 132000 -26.7 14.9 - - 18.9
    3 g.) 5100 80300 -22.1 34.4 - 241 21.9
    3 h.) 4800 41700 -14.9 46.9 - 340 28.5
    3 i.) n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
    3 j.) n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 328 56.0
    3 k.) n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
    3 l.) 3800 147000 -15.7 45.8 65.8 314 38.2
    3 m.) 3200 19500 -14.0 45.4 - 330 42.1
    3 n.) 3200 19400 -14.6 44.9 - 340 41.7
    3 ο.) 3100 17200 -15.1 44.6 - 340 43.1
    3 p.) 3300 21200 -13.7 45.6 - 345 42.4
    3 q.) 4500 54400 -11.2 50.8 - 375 26.1
    3 r.) 3400 37500 -16.2 45.5 55.8 322 41.8
    3 s.) 4400 41300 -12.1 49.9 - 364 26.6
    3 t.) 4400 36500 -11.2 51.3 - 378 27.0
    3 u.) 4400 37900 -11.1 51.0 - 386 26.7
    3 v.) 1860 12200 -13 52 n.d. 38.0
    3 w.) 2270 20300 -12 48 n.d. 35.0
    3 x.) 1730 9450 -15 54 n.d. 39.0
    3 y.) 1500 6550 -17 50 n.d. 50.5
    3 z.) 2190 18600 -13 49.0 n.d. 37.0
    n.d.: not determined
    • 4. Synthesis of aleuritic acid / glycolic acid co-polyester a.) Preparation of oligo glycolic acid
  • Glycolic acid (160.3 g, 2.11 mol) were filled in a nitrogen stream into a 250 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 120 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 150 °C while stirring. After 5 hours at that temperature the clear melt became a little bit turbid. The reaction was stopped by ending further heating and the melt obtained was filled into a storage flask. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 3 below.
    • b.) Preparation of aleuritic acid / glycolic acid co-polyester
  • Oligo glykol acid from example 4 a.) and aleuritic acid OHV 509 mg KOH/g were filled under a nitrogen stream into a 1000 mL reaction flask, comprising a temperature probe, a distillation bridge, and a stirrer and heated. Within 30 minutes the temperature was raised continuously to 150 °C while stirring. After 10 hours at that temperature an acid number of 31.1 mg KOH/g was reached, and the reaction was stopped by terminating the heating and the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The characteristics of the product obtained are given in table 3 below. Table 3: Characteristics of the products of examples 4a.) and 4.b)
    Example Mn [g/mol] Mw [g/mol] Tg [°C] Tm1 [°C] Tm2 [°C] OHV [mg KOH/g] AV [mg KOH/g]
    4 a.) - - - - - - 156
    4 b.) 4500 - -15.6 45.0 - 375 31.1
    • 5. Coating of tablets and capsules a.) Preparing of film formulation
  • A 10% by weight solution of the polymer in 1-butanol was prepared by adding 50 g of the polymer of example 3s.) to 450 g of 1-butanol (from Merck) and stirring at room temperature overnight. A colloidal solution was obtained.
    • b.) Casted films
  • To test the film forming properties casted film tests were done as pretest. The 10 % by weight solution of the polymer in 1-butanol of example 5a was poured on a glass plate and dried for 24 hours at 40°C in circulating air oven. The film obtained was physically and optically tested on film formation, brittleness, stickiness, and glossiness. The polymer shows film forming properties, whereby the film was flexible, not sticky and glossy.
    • c.) Tablet formulation
  • To further investigate the processability of the polymer a tablet coating was performed. A hydrophilic tablet core was produced to afterwards test the water protection capabilities of the film. All raw materials given in table 4 were weighed accurately. The raw materials were dried at 70°C for about 1 hour in a tray dryer for activation, afterwards the raw materials were mixed in a PE bag. The final blend was compressed using a 10 mm circular, standard-concave punch at a Korsch XP1 (13509 Berlin Germany). Table 4: Raw material composition of test tablet
    Raw material Supplier Batch Content [% by weight]
    Silica Type 53-115µm Sigma Aldrich MKCD0974 15
    Silica Type 40-75µm Sigma Aldrich BCBH8948V 2,5
    AEROSIL® 200P EVONIK 159040414 1
    Avicel PH 102 FMC Biopolymer 71802C 79,5
    AC-DI-SOL® Signet T1642C 1
    Sodium stearyl fumarate ABCR Chemicals AB222714 1
    Total 100
    • d.) Tablet coating process
  • To determine the processability 77.9 g of the polymer of example 3 s.) was dissolved in 1441.9 g 1-butanol (Merck) to obtain a solution to be used for tablet coating purposes. After the polymer was completely dissolved an amount of 39.0 g of talc (Talc M, Luzenac) was added and the mixture was stirred for additional 5 min. The coating suspension was stirred during the whole coating process.
  • The tablets produced in example 5c were used as substrate. The coating process was adjusted to gain coated tablets with about 8 mg/cm2 of polymer applied to the tablet. As coating equipment an O'Hara Labcoat 1 (Ontario, Canada) was used with a batch size of 900 g. The process parameters used are given in table 5a and 5b. Samples were taken at 4, 6, and of course 8 mg/cm2 of polymer applied. Table 5a: Process parameters
    Operation Time Temperature Inlet Pump
    Inlet Exhaust Product Air Flow
    vol. rate
    [min] [°C] [°C] [°C] [m3/h] [g/min] scale
    Settings
    Spraying 0 - 10 42.8 31.7 35.0 95 3.0 6
    Spraying 10 - 30 42.0 33.7 35.9 120 4.0 8
    Spraying 30 - 40 42.0 33.0 36.4 140 3.0 6
    Spraying 40 - 60 40.2 34.2 35.4 140 3.0 6
    Spraying 60 - 180 39.1 34.9 35.2 140 3.3 6.25
    Spraying 180 - 470 39.0 35.4 36.4 140 3.3 6.25
    Drying 0 - 10 31.2 32.3 31.9 140 - -
    Table 5b: Process parameters (continue)
    Operation Time Spray Pan Diff. Inlet Room
    press. speed Press. Temp. Hum.
    [bar]
    [min] atom. flat [rpm] [cm H2O] [°C] [rel. %]
    Settings
    Spraying 0 - 10 1.1 1.1 20 -0.4 21.8 58.8
    Spraying 10 - 30 1.1 1.1 20 -0.4 22.0 57.1
    Spraying 30 - 40 1.1 1.1 20 -0.4 22.8 56.6
    Spraying 40 - 60 1.5 1.5 18 -0.4 22.9 56.5
    Spraying 60 - 180 1.5 1.5 18 -0.4 23.9 51.6
    Spraying 180 - 470 1.5 1.5 18 -0.4 24.5 51.4
    Drying 0 - 10 - - 3 -0.4 24.5 51.3
    • e.) Test of water uptake
  • The water uptake was tested using a super saturated aqueous KNO3 solution. This solution was filled to the bottom of an exicator resulting in a relative humidity, which equals to 95% relative humidity at room temperature. The weight of the tablets was determined at the beginning and the increase in weight monitored after 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days in the exicator by weighting the tablets again. The results are given in table 6. Table 6: water uptake of different tablets
    Amount of polymer applied 1 day 2 days 3 days 5 days 7 days 9 days
    [mg/cm2] WI[%] WI[%] WI[%] WI[%] WI[%] WI[%]
    4 5.07 8.05 9.28 12.43 13.23 13.85
    6 2.36 4.57 7.31 11.42 12.69 13.39
    8 0.65 1.30 1.91 5.26 8.03 10.32
    Uncoated 9.04 11.43 11.80 14.42 15.20 16.29
    Wl = weight increase
  • It can be seen from table 6, that the water uptake can be reduced by coating of the tablet with the polymer according to the invention. The effect is larger in the first days and when using a higher amount of polymer coated to the surface of the test tablet.
    • 6. Water vapor permeability a). Sample preparation
  • A 20 % by weight solutions of each of the polymers from example 3 v.) to 3 z.) in iso-propanol were prepared by adding 100 g of the polymers to 400 g of iso-propanol (from Merck) and stirring at 60 °C overnight. The solutions were coated using a doctor blade onto a water vapour permeable capacitor paper with a layer thickness of 150 µm. After drying over night at room temperature a capacitor paper comprising layer films of the polymers on top were obtained. Samples of 25 mm * 25 mm were cut-out from these capacitor papers.
  • A 30 ml wide-neck sample jar (opening diameter 22.5 mm) was filled with 5 g dry silica gel (Silica Gel Industry Grade CN 70.1, Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG) and rubbed on the edge with stopcock grease (glisseal N, Borer Chemie AG). The cut-out paper samples were put onto the neck of the jar with the film layer side not in direction of the jar, the complete opening of the jar being closed by the paper sample. The paper samples were fixed by putting a screw female on top of the paper sample in a way, that the opening of the screw female is in alignment with the opening of the jar.
    • b). Test procedure and results
  • The sample jars prepared in this way were placed in an desiccator filled with 150 mL saturated KCI solution. The mass increase was determined by the weight increase of the previously tara weighed sample jars. Three films of the polymers were always tested simultaneously, and a pure capacitor paper was tested as reference. Since the temperature and time were not constant in all tests, relative weight increase (water uptakes) were compared. The results are given in table 7. Table 7: water vapor permeability
    Polymer sample applied Weight increase in mg Rel. weight increase in %
    Blanko 155.2 0
    3 v.) 32.33 20.8
    3 x.) 30.46 19.6
    Blanko 153.2 0
    3. w) 59.63 38.93
    3 y.) 56.37 36.79
    Blanko 141.3 0
    3 z.) 52.13 36.90
  • It can be seen from table 7, that the water uptake can be reduced by coating of the capacitor paper with the copolymer according to the invention. The water uptake can be regulated (controlled) by the aleuritic acid copolymer used. The water uptake can better be regulated (controlled) by using aleuritic acid copolymers with a higher or lower ratio (amount) of comonomer. The ability to uptake water can be increased by using copolymers with a higher amount of comonomer.

Claims (15)

  1. Polymer comprising units based on aleuritic acid as monomer, characterized in that at least 50 mol-% of the units are based on aleuritic acid as monomer and that the polymer has a hydroxyl-value, determined by the method given in the description, of from 200 to 400 mg KOH/g, an acid-value, determined by the method given in the description, of from 10 to 60 mg KOH/g, preferably 17.5 to 57.5 mg KOH/g, and a glass transition temperature Tg, determined by the method given in the description, below - 9 °C, preferably of from -10 to -60 °C.
  2. Polymer according to claim 1, characterized in that the polymer has a number averaged molecular weight Mn, determined by the method given in the description, of from 1000 to 7500 g/mol, preferably 1250 to 6000 g/mol.
  3. Polymer according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the polymer has a weight averaged molecular weight Mw, determined by the method given in the description, of from 2500 to 175000, preferably of from 5000 to 150000 g/mol, and more preferably of from 10000 to 75000.
  4. Polymer according any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the polymer has a melting temperature Tm, determined by the method given in the description, of from 10 to 60 °C.
  5. Polymer according to any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the polymer comprises up to 50 mol-%, more preferably of from 1 to 40 mol-%, and most preferably of from 10 to 30 mol-% of units that are based on one or more hydroxy groups comprising organic acids, preferably mandelic acid, lactic, hydroxy stearic acid and/or glycolic acid, and/or dicarboxylic acid, preferably succinic acid, and/or dihydroxy-compounds, preferably difunctional di-propylene glycol mono methyl ether as monomer(s).
  6. Polymer according any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the polymer comprises up to 50 mol-%, more preferably of from 1 to 40 mol-%, and most preferably of from 10 to 30 mol-% of units that are based on lactic acid and/or mandelic acid as monomer.
  7. Polymer according any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the polymer comprises up to 50 mol-%, more preferably of from 1 to 40 mol-%, and most preferably of from 10 to 30 mol-% of units that are based on succinic caid and/or difunctional di-propylene glycol mono methyl ether as monomer.
  8. Polymer according any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the polymer comprises up to 50 mol-%, more preferably of from 1 to 40 mol-%, and most preferably of from 10 to 30 mol-% of units that are based on hydroxy stearic acid as monomer.
  9. Polymer according any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the polymer consists only of units based on aleuritic acid as monomer.
  10. Process for preparing a polymer according to any of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that aleuritic acid as monomer is reacted at a temperature of above 100 °C, preferably of from 120 °C to 150 °C while removing water from the reaction mixture.
  11. Process according to claim 10, characterized in that aleuritic acid as monomer is used having a hydroxy value of from 400 to 600 mg KOH/g, determined by the method given in the description.
  12. Process according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the acid value of the reaction mixture is determined regularly and the reaction is terminated when an acid value below 60, more preferably of from 17.5 to below 50 is reached.
  13. Use of a polymer according to any of claims 1 to 9 or obtained by a process according to any of claims 10 to 12 as glazing agents or edible surface coatings.
  14. Use according to claim 13 wherein the edible surface coating is used for coating of pharmaceutical goods, more preferably of oral applicable tablets, pills, or capsules.
  15. Use according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the polymer is applied in an amount of from 1 to 15 mg/cm2, preferably 2 to 8 mg/cm2.
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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1052013A (en)
EP3009464A1 (en) 2014-10-16 2016-04-20 Pivert New branched polymers, their preparation process, and uses thereof

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1052013A (en)
EP3009464A1 (en) 2014-10-16 2016-04-20 Pivert New branched polymers, their preparation process, and uses thereof

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Title
BENITEZ JOSÉ; JESUS ET AL: "Long-Chain Polyhydroxyesters from Natural Occurring Aleuritic Acid as Potential Material for Food Packaging", SOFT MATERIALS, vol. 13, no. 1, 2 January 2015 (2015-01-02), US, pages 5 - 11, XP055806933, ISSN: 1539-445X, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1539445X.2014.993476?needAccess=true> DOI: 10.1080/1539445X.2014.993476 *
BENITEZ JOSÉ; JESUS ET AL: "Polyester films obtained by noncatalyzed melt-condensation polymerization of aleuritic (9,10,16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic) acid in air", JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, vol. 132, no. 4, 20 August 2014 (2014-08-20), US, pages 1 - 7, XP055806936, ISSN: 0021-8995, DOI: 10.1002/app.41328 *
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