EP4093833A1 - Thermal regulation for electrical devices - Google Patents
Thermal regulation for electrical devicesInfo
- Publication number
- EP4093833A1 EP4093833A1 EP20804610.2A EP20804610A EP4093833A1 EP 4093833 A1 EP4093833 A1 EP 4093833A1 EP 20804610 A EP20804610 A EP 20804610A EP 4093833 A1 EP4093833 A1 EP 4093833A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- heat transfer
- transfer composition
- use according
- temperature
- battery
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- QUEDXNHFTDJVIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N γ-tocopherol Chemical class OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1 QUEDXNHFTDJVIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/656—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by the type of heat-exchange fluid
- H01M10/6569—Fluids undergoing a liquid-gas phase change or transition, e.g. evaporation or condensation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/08—Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/10—Liquid materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
- H01M10/625—Vehicles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
- H05K7/20—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating
- H05K7/2029—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating using a liquid coolant with phase change in electronic enclosures
- H05K7/20381—Thermal management, e.g. evaporation control
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
- C09K2205/126—Unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/24—Only one single fluoro component present
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the use of a heat transfer composition comprising at least one refrigerant and at least one dielectric fluid, for regulating the temperature of an item of equipment (in particular for cooling the equipment), such as a battery. , an electrical component or a fuel cell.
- a heat transfer composition comprising at least one refrigerant and at least one dielectric fluid, for regulating the temperature of an item of equipment (in particular for cooling the equipment), such as a battery. , an electrical component or a fuel cell.
- the invention applies in particular to batteries of electric or hybrid vehicles.
- Liquid-to-vapor phase change cooling has proven to be an effective solution for dissipating large amounts of heat while maintaining a uniform system temperature.
- the batteries of electric or hybrid vehicles give maximum performance under specific conditions of use and especially in a very specific temperature range.
- the autonomy of electric or hybrid vehicles is a problem, especially since the large heating needs consume a large part of the stored electrical energy.
- the available battery power is low, which causes a problem with driving.
- the cost of the battery contributes significantly to the cost of the electric or hybrid vehicle.
- dielectric oils can be used to cool the battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
- dielectric oils alone is not sufficient to effectively cool the battery, especially due to the lack of evaporation due to high temperatures. boiling point of these oils.
- more volatile and less viscous fluids should be used.
- these fluids usually exhibit higher vapor pressures than those seen with dielectric oils, which may require reinforcement of the battery case (and therefore an increase in its weight) in order to withstand the pressure.
- These fluids also have a higher cost than that of dielectric oils.
- Document FR 2973809 relates to the use of a zeolitic adsorbent to improve the thermal stability of an oil subjected to temperature variations in refrigerant fluid compositions.
- Document FR 2962442 relates to a stable composition comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, for use in refrigeration and air conditioning.
- Document US 2014/057826 relates to a heat transfer composition
- a heat transfer composition comprising at least one hydrochlorofluoroolefin used for air conditioning, refrigeration and heat pump applications or used for cleaning products, components, substrates or other articles containing the substance to be to clean.
- WO 2019/242977 relates to a fluid insulated switchgear which includes a fluid compartment filled with an electrically insulating fluid and an electrical conductor placed in the fluid compartment and electrically isolated by the electrically insulating fluid.
- Document WO 2019/162598 relates to the use of a refrigerant comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene for maintaining the temperature of a battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle in a temperature range.
- Document WO 2019/162599 relates to the use of a refrigerant comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene for preheating a battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle from the start of the vehicle.
- Document WO 2019/197783 relates to a process for cooling and / or heating a body or a fluid in a motor vehicle, by means of a system comprising a vapor compression circuit in which circulates a first composition of heat transfer and a secondary circuit in which circulates a second composition of heat transfer.
- a vapor compression circuit in which circulates a first composition of heat transfer
- a secondary circuit in which circulates a second composition of heat transfer.
- the invention relates firstly to the use of a heat transfer composition
- a heat transfer composition comprising at least one refrigerant chosen from halogenated hydrocarbons, fluorinated ketones, fluorinated and perhalogenated ethers as well as their combinations, and at least one dielectric fluid.
- the heat transfer composition having a volume resistivity greater than or equal to 10 6 Q.cm at 25 ° C.
- the refrigerant comprises or is 1 -chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, preferably in E form.
- the refrigerant is present at a content of 10 to 80%, preferably 10 to 60%, and more preferably 10 to 40% by weight relative to the total weight of the transfer composition. heat.
- the dielectric fluid is selected from mineral dielectric oils, synthetic dielectric oils, and vegetable dielectric oils; the synthetic fluids preferably being aromatic hydrocarbons chosen from alkylbenzenes, alkyldiphenylethanes, alkylnaphthalenes, methylpolyarylmethanes as well as their combinations; the dielectric fluid being more preferably a mixture of benzyltoluene and dibenzyltoluene.
- the dielectric fluid is present in an amount of 20 to 90%, preferably 40 to 90%, more preferably 40 to 60% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer composition .
- the heat transfer composition has a liquid saturation temperature of 20 to 80 ° C, and preferably 30 to 70 ° C at a pressure of 1 bar.
- the heat transfer composition exhibits a breakdown voltage of greater than or equal to 20 kV at 20 ° C. In embodiments, the heat transfer composition consists essentially of 1 -chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene and a mixture of monobenzyltoluene and dibenzyltoluene.
- the heat transfer composition consists essentially of 1 -chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene and a polyol ester synthesized from pentaerythritol.
- the heat transfer composition exchanges heat with an additional heat transfer composition, preferably contained in a vapor compression circuit.
- the above use is for cooling the equipment.
- the temperature control of the equipment is effected by direct contacting the equipment with the heat transfer composition, preferably by immersing the equipment in the heat transfer composition.
- the equipment is a battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
- the above use is implemented when charging the battery of the vehicle, the battery of the vehicle preferably being fully charged in a period of less than or equal to 30 min, and preferably less or less. equal to 15 min from its total discharge.
- the present invention makes it possible to meet the need expressed above. It makes it possible to ensure optimal operation of the equipment, in particular an electric or hybrid vehicle battery, so as to provide high-performance and secure batteries without increasing the costs associated with the batteries.
- a heat transfer composition comprising at least one refrigerant selected from halogenated hydrocarbons, fluorinated ketones, fluorinated and perhalogenated ethers as well as combinations thereof, and at least one dielectric fluid, the Heat transfer composition having a volume resistivity greater than or equal to 10 6 Q.cm at 25 ° C.
- the equipment is a battery, in particular an electric or hybrid vehicle battery.
- the invention can be implemented in a similar manner with other equipment, in particular an electrical component or a fuel cell.
- the combination of a dielectric fluid with a refrigerant makes it possible to provide a volatile and not very viscous composition (in particular in comparison with a composition consisting of a dielectric fluid) which makes it possible to increase the efficiency and the service life of the batteries, especially during rapid charging, without increasing costs.
- composition has a volume resistivity greater than or equal to 10 6 Q.cm at 25 ° C (and preferably a breakdown voltage greater than or equal to 20 kV at 20 ° C) ensures that the dielectric properties of the composition are compatible with use near the equipment, in particular near the battery in direct or indirect contact with it.
- the refrigerant makes it possible to reduce the viscosity of the dielectric fluid and to make the composition more volatile, and therefore more effective.
- the refrigerant also makes it possible to reduce the liquid saturation temperature of the composition (compared to a composition comprising only dielectric fluid) and to improve the efficiency of the cooling of the battery.
- the vapor pressure of the composition is generally lower than that of the refrigerant alone, which makes it possible to reduce the constraints for reinforcing the enclosure containing the battery to withstand the pressure and therefore the weight of the vehicle. and thus improve the performance of the vehicle.
- the cost of the composition is generally lower than that of the refrigerant alone.
- the combination of refrigerant with the dielectric fluid also makes it possible to obtain compositions which are little or non-flammable.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram which illustrates the variation of the liquid saturation temperature of the heat transfer composition at a pressure of 1 bar, as a function of the refrigerant content (see the examples section below).
- the temperature is represented on the ordinate (° C) and the dielectric fluid content is represented on the abscissa (% by weight).
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention comprises at least one refrigerant and at least one dielectric fluid.
- refrigerant is meant a fluid capable of absorbing heat by evaporating at low temperature and low pressure and rejecting heat by condensing at high temperature and high pressure.
- the refrigerant is chosen from halogenated hydrocarbons, perhalogens, fluorinated ketones, fluorinated ethers as well as their combinations.
- hydrofluorocarbons hydrofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins, hydrochloroolefins and hydrochlorofluoroolefins.
- the refrigerant can be chosen from 1, 1, 1, 4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene (HFO-1336mzz, isomer E or Z), 1 -chloro- 3,3 , 3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd, isomer E or Z), 3, 3, 4,4,4-pentafluorobut-1 -ene (HFO-1345fz), 2,4,4,4-tetrafluorobut-1 - ene (HFO-1354mfy), 1, 1, 2-trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), 1, 1, 1, 3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene ( HFO-1234yf), 1, 3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze, isomer E or Z), difluoromethane (HFC-32), 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
- perhalogens mention may be made, for example, of perfluorinated substances such as dodecafluoropentane, tetradecafluorohexane, hexadecafluoroheptane and their combinations.
- fluorinated ketones mention may be made, for example, of fluorinated mono ketones, perfluorinated monocetones such as 1, 1, 1, 2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro- 4- (trifluoromethyl) -3-pentanone and their combinations.
- fluorinated ethers mention may be made, for example, of hydrofluoroethers such as methoxynonafluorobutane (HFE7100), ethoxy-nonafluorobutane (HFE-7200), 1 -methoxyheptafluoropropane (HFE-7000), perfluoropolyethers and their combinations.
- hydrofluoroethers such as methoxynonafluorobutane (HFE7100), ethoxy-nonafluorobutane (HFE-7200), 1 -methoxyheptafluoropropane (HFE-7000), perfluoropolyethers and their combinations.
- the refrigerant can comprise several, for example two, or three, or four or five compounds as described above.
- the refrigerant comprises HFO-1233zd in E or Z form, and more preferably in E form.
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention essentially comprises a single compound, as a refrigerant.
- this refrigerant is HFO-1233zd in E or Z form, and more preferably in E form.
- composition according to the invention can be prepared according to any means well known to those skilled in the art, for example by simply mixing the various components of the composition according to the invention.
- the refrigerant according to the invention may in particular have a liquid viscosity of 0.1 to 2 cP at 20 ° C, preferably 0.2 to 0.9 CP at 20 ° C.
- the viscosity can be measured according to the method given in Example 2 below.
- the refrigerant according to the invention may in particular have a boiling point (liquid saturation temperature) of 0 to 90 ° C, preferably 15 to 70 ° C, at 1 bar.
- dielectric fluid is meant, within the meaning of the present invention, a fluid which does not conduct (or only slightly) electricity but allows electrostatic forces to be exerted.
- the dielectric fluid is chosen from mineral dielectric oils and synthetic dielectric oils, as well as their mixtures in all proportions.
- oil is understood to mean a fatty substance which is in the liquid state at ambient temperature and which is immiscible with water. Oils are fatty liquids, of vegetable, mineral or synthetic origin.
- Insulating oils have the characteristics of heat transfer fluids in order to dissipate the calories generated.
- the oil included in the heat transfer composition can in particular be chosen from mineral dielectric oils, synthetic dielectric oils, and vegetable dielectric oils, as well as their combinations.
- the dielectric fluid comprises at least one mineral dielectric oil.
- mineral dielectric oils include paraffinic oils and naphthenic oils, such as dielectric oils of the Nytro family, sold by the company Nynas (in particular Nytro Taurus, Nytro Libra, Nytro 4000X and Nytro l OXN), and Dalia, marketed by the company Shell.
- the mineral dielectric oils can be paraffinic oils (that is to say linear or branched saturated hydrocarbons) such as Nytro Taurus oil marketed by the Nynas company and Dalia oil marketed by the Shell company, or naphthenic (that is to say cyclic paraffins) such as the Nytro libra and Nytro 10XN oils marketed by the company Nynas, aromatic compounds (that is to say cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more rings characterized by double alternating bonds with single bonds) and non-hydrocarbon compounds.
- paraffinic oils that is to say linear or branched saturated hydrocarbons
- naphthenic that is to say cyclic paraffins
- the Nytro libra and Nytro 10XN oils marketed by the company Nynas
- aromatic compounds that is to say cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more rings characterized by double alternating bonds with single bonds
- the dielectric fluid is a synthetic dielectric oil.
- synthetic dielectric oils include aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, silicone oils, polyol esters, polyesters and esters, as well as mixtures of two or more of them in any proportion.
- alkylbenzenes for example phenylxyxlyethane (PXE), phenylethylphenylethane (PEPE), mono-isopropylbiphenyl (MIPB), 1, 1 -diphenylDPE (1, 1 -diphenylDPE (1, 1 -diphenylDPE) )
- alkylnaphthalenes for example di-iso-propylnaphthalene (DIPN)
- methylpolyarylmethanes for example benzyltoluene (BT) and dibenzyltolulene DBT
- BT benzyltoluene
- DBT dibenzyltolulene
- aromatic hydrocarbons it should be understood that at least one ring is aromatic and that optionally one or more other ring (s) present may be partially or totally unsaturated.
- dielectric fluids marketed by Soltex Inc., by Arkema under the name Jarylec ®, and SAS 60E of the company JX Nippon Chemical Texas Inc.
- PAO poly (apha) olefins
- PIB polyisobutenes
- vinylidene type such as those marketed for example by the company Soltex Inc.
- silicone oils include, without limitation, linear polydimethylsiloxane silicone oils types, such as for example those sold by the company Wacker under the name Wacker ® AK.
- synthetic esters mention may be made, without limitation, of esters of phthalic type such as dioctylphthalate (DOP) or di-isononylphthalate (DINP) (marketed for example by the company BASF).
- esters resulting from the reaction between a polyalcohol and an organic acid in particular an acid chosen from saturated or unsaturated C4 to C22 organic acids.
- organic acids there may be mentioned undecanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, palmitic acid, and mixtures thereof.
- organic acids there may be mentioned undecanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, palmitic acid, and mixtures thereof.
- polyols which can be used for the synthesis of the abovementioned esters mention may be made, by way of nonlimiting examples, of pentaerythritol for the synthesis of MIVOLT DF7 Midel 7131 oil, and Mivolt DFK from the company M & l Materials.
- the synthetic esters resulting from the reaction between a polyalcohol and an organic acid are, for example, Midel 7131 from the company M & l Materials or else the esters of the Nycodiel range from the company Nyco.
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention may comprise one or more oils, for example two, or three, or four or five oils.
- a preferred dielectric fluid is a mixture of benzyltoluene and dibenzyltoluene.
- Another preferred dielectric fluid is a polyol ester made from pentaerythritol.
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention comprises a single dielectric fluid.
- the dielectric fluid is a formulationthylpolyarylméthane and more particularly a mixture of benzyltoluene and dibenzyltoluene (as Jarylec ® from Arkema); or a polyol ester made from pentaerythritol.
- the dielectric fluid can in particular have a viscosity of 1 to 60 cP at 20 ° C. according to the ISO3104 standard.
- the dielectric fluid can in particular have a boiling point greater than 30 ° C., as measured by boiling.
- the dielectric fluid can be present in the composition at a content of more than 0 to less than 100%, preferably 20 to 90%, preferably 40 to 90%, and more preferably 40 to 60% by weight per relative to the total weight of the heat transfer composition.
- this content can be from 1 to 10%; or from 10 to 15%; or from 15 to 20%; or from 20 to 25%; or from 25 to 30%; or from 30 to 35%; or from 35 to 40%; or from 40 to 45%; or from 45 to 50%; or from 50 to 55%; or from 55 to 60%; or from 60 to 65%; or from 65 to 70%; or from 70 to 75%; or from 75 to 80%; or from 80 to 85%; or from 85 to 90%; or from 90 to 95%; or from 95 to 99% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer composition.
- the refrigerant can be present in the composition at a content of more than 0 to less than 100%, preferably 10 to 80%, preferably 10 to 60%, and more preferably 10 to 40% by weight per relative to the total weight of the heat transfer composition.
- this content can be from 1 to 10%; or from 10 to 15%; or from 15 to 20%; or from 20 to 25%; or from 25 to 30%; or from 30 to 35%; or from 35 to 40%; or from 40 to 45%; or from 45 to 50%; or from 50 to 55%; or from 55 to 60%; or from 60 to 65%; or from 65 to 70%; or from 70 to 75%; or from 75 to 80%; or from 80 to 85%; or from 85 to 90%; or from 90 to 95%; or from 95 to 99% by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer composition.
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention comprises a mixture of benzyltoluene and dibenzyltoluene (as Jarylec ® from Arkema) and at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon or fluorochloré, such as for example, but not limited to a hydrofluoropropane, a hydrofluoropropene, a hydrochlorofluoropropane, a hydrochlorofluoropropene, as well as their mixtures in all proportions.
- benzyltoluene and dibenzyltoluene as Jarylec ® from Arkema
- fluorinated hydrocarbon or fluorochloré such as for example, but not limited to a hydrofluoropropane, a hydrofluoropropene, a hydrochlorofluoropropane, a hydrochlorofluoropropene, as well as their mixtures in all proportions.
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention comprises 1 -chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (preferably in E form) and a mixture of monobenzyltoluene and dibenzyltoluene.
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention consists essentially, or even consists, of 1 -chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (preferably in E form) and a mixture of monobenzyltoluene and dibenzyltoluene.
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention comprises a polyol ester made from pentaerythritol and at least one fluorinated or fluorochlorinated hydrocarbon, such as for example, without limitation a hydrofluoropropane, a hydrofluoropropene, a hydrochlorofluoropropane, a hydrochlorofluoropropene, as well as their mixtures in all proportions.
- a fluorinated or fluorochlorinated hydrocarbon such as for example, without limitation a hydrofluoropropane, a hydrofluoropropene, a hydrochlorofluoropropane, a hydrochlorofluoropropene, as well as their mixtures in all proportions.
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention comprises 1 -chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (preferably in E-form) and a polyol ester made from pentaerythritol.
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention consists essentially, or even consists, of 1 -chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (preferably in E form) and a polyol ester made from pentaerythritol .
- composition which can be used in the context of the present invention can also comprise one or more additives and / or fillers, for example chosen from, without limitation, antioxidants, passivators, pour point depressants, inhibitors of. decomposition, perfumes and aromas, colorings, preservatives, and mixtures thereof.
- additives and / or fillers for example chosen from, without limitation, antioxidants, passivators, pour point depressants, inhibitors of. decomposition, perfumes and aromas, colorings, preservatives, and mixtures thereof.
- a decomposition inhibitor is particularly preferred.
- antioxidants which can be advantageously used in the composition, mention may be made, by way of nonlimiting examples, of phenolic antioxidants, such as, for example, dibutylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole, tocopherols, as well as the acetates of these phenolic antioxidants.
- phenolic antioxidants such as, for example, dibutylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole, tocopherols, as well as the acetates of these phenolic antioxidants.
- amine-type antioxidants such as for example phenyl-a-naphthylamine, of diamine type, for example N, N'-di- (2-naphthyl) - para-phenylenediamine, ascorbic acid and its salts, esters of ascorbic acid, alone or as mixtures of two or more of them or with other components, such as for example green tea extracts, coffee extracts.
- a particularly suitable antioxidant that is commercially available from Brenntag under the lonol ® trade name.
- the passivators which can be used in the context of the present invention are advantageously chosen from triazole derivatives, benzimidazoles, imidazoles, thiazole and benzothiazole.
- triazole derivatives benzimidazoles, imidazoles, thiazole and benzothiazole.
- dioctylaminomethyl-2,3-benzotriazole and 2-dodécyldithioimidazole can be mentioned.
- sucrose fatty acid esters such as poly (alkyl methacrylate) or else poly (alkyl acrylate).
- the preferred acrylic polymers are those whose molecular weight is between 50,000 g. mol 1 and 500,000 g. mol 1 .
- examples of such acrylic polymers include polymers which may contain linear alkyl groups comprising from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- pour point depressor is commercially available from Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd. under the trade name Aclube.
- a decomposition inhibitor is present as an additive.
- the decomposition inhibitor can in particular be chosen from carbodi-imide derivatives such as diphenyl carbodi-imide, di-tolylcarbodi-imide, bis (isopropylphenyl) - carbodi-imide, bis (butylphenyl) carbodi-imide; but also from phenylglycidyl ethers, or esters, alkylglycidyl ethers, or esters, 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl- (3,4-epoxycyclohexane) carboxylate, compounds of the anthraquinone family, such as for example b-methylanthraquinone marketed under the name “BMAQ”, epoxy derivatives such as vinylcyclohexene diepoxides, 3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl- (3,4-epoxy-6-methylhexane), epoxy
- the total amount of additives preferably does not exceed 5% by weight, in particular 4%, in particular 3% and very particularly 2% by weight or even 1% by weight of the heat transfer composition.
- the heat transfer composition contains impurities. When they are present, they may represent less than 1%, preferably less than 0.5%, preferably less than 0.1%, preferably less than 0.05% and preferably less than 0.01% ( by weight) based on the heat transfer composition.
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention has a volume resistivity greater than or equal to 10 6 Q.cm at 25 ° C, and preferably greater than or equal to 10 7 Q.cm or to 10 8 Q.cm.
- the resistivity of a material represents its ability to oppose the flow of electric current. In other words, volume resistivity is an indication of the dielectric properties of the composition. Volume resistivity is measured according to standard IEC 60247.
- this volume resistivity can be from 10 6 to 5x10 6 Q.cm; or from 5x10 6 to 10 7 Q.cm; or from 10 7 to 5x10 7 Q.cm; or from 5x10 7 to 10 8 Q.cm; or from 10 8 to 5x10 8 Q.cm; or from 5x10 8 to 10 9 Q.cm; or more than 10 9 Q.cm.
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention may have a breakdown voltage at 20 ° C greater than or equal to 20 kV, preferably greater than or equal to 20 kV, preferably greater than or equal to 30 kV, preferably greater than or equal to 50 kV, and more preferably greater than or equal to 100 kV.
- the term “breakdown voltage” is understood to mean the minimum electrical voltage which makes a portion of an insulator conductive. Thus, this parameter is also an indication of the dielectric properties of the composition. The breakdown voltage is measured according to standard IEC 60156.
- the breakdown voltage at 20 ° C of the composition according to the invention may be 25 to 30 kV; or from 30 to 40 kV; or from 40 to 50 kV; or from 50 to 60 kV; or from 60 to 70 kV; or from 70 to 80 kV; or from 80 to 90 kV; or from 90 to 100 kV; or from 100 to 110 kV; or from 110 to 120 kV; or from 120 to 130 kV; or from 130 to 140 kV; or from 140 to 150 kV.
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention can also have a liquid saturation temperature of 20 to 80 ° C, and preferably 30 to 70 ° C at a pressure of 1 bar.
- this temperature can be 20 to 25 ° C; or from 25 to 30 ° C; or from 30 to 35'C; or from 35 to 40 ° C; or from 40 to 45 ° C; or from 45 to 50 ° C; or from 50 to 55 ° C or from 55 to 60 ° C; or from 60 to 65 ° C; or from 65 to 70 ° C; or from 70 to 75 ° C; oid 75 to 80 ° C.
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention may in particular have a viscosity of 0.1 to 20 cP at 20 ° C according to b ISO 3104 standard.
- the heat transfer composition according to the invention is preferably not very flammable or more preferably non-flammable.
- the heat transfer composition is contained in a device, adapted to allow the heat exchange of the composition with the battery, and preferably also with a secondary source.
- the secondary source can be the environment, or an additional heat transfer composition.
- the device does not allow direct contact of the heat transfer composition with the vehicle battery; this circulates in a heat exchanger, heat pipe or cooling plate.
- the dielectric properties ensure the safety of the installation in the event of drilling.
- the device allows direct contact of the heat transfer composition with the vehicle battery.
- the vehicle battery is immersed in the heat transfer composition.
- the device may include a closed enclosure containing all or part of the battery, the heat transfer composition being contained in the enclosure and in contact with the external wall of the battery.
- the transfer composition is entirely in the liquid state.
- the heat transfer composition is partly in the liquid state and partly in the gaseous state.
- the pressure in the chamber containing the battery in direct contact or in the circuit in indirect contact can reach the vapor pressure of the transfer composition at the maximum surrounding temperature, which can be for example 70 ° C in the case of a vehicle in the sun.
- the pressure in the enclosure can, for example, remain below 5 bar, or below 4 bar, or below 2 bar.
- Cooling by direct contact of the battery with the heat transfer composition is particularly preferred in the case where the battery charge is rapid charge, which involves rapid heating of the battery. This is because this allows for a faster heat exchange between the battery and the heat transfer composition, which helps maintain cooling efficiency even as the cooling requirements increase.
- the heat transfer composition can exchange heat directly with the environment, to through the enclosure wall.
- Heat dissipation elements may be provided on the internal surface and / or the external surface of the wall.
- the heat transfer composition can exchange heat with an additional heat transfer composition, via a heat exchanger located in the enclosure or via plates or channels on the enclosure wall.
- the heat transfer composition can undergo circulation in and out of the enclosure, so as to exchange heat with the environment, or with an additional heat transfer composition, in a heat exchanger external to the enclosure. 'pregnant.
- the heat transfer composition can exchange heat with the battery via a heat exchanger.
- the device can then include a circuit in which the composition circulates.
- the heat exchanger can in particular be of the fluid / solid type, for example a plate exchanger.
- the circuit does not include a compressor.
- the circuit is not a vapor compression circuit.
- the heat transfer composition may remain in the liquid state as it passes through the heat exchanger, or conversely evaporate or condense, in whole or in part, depending on whether it is used for cooling or heating.
- Means for circulating the composition for example a pump, can be provided.
- an additional heat transfer composition When an additional heat transfer composition is provided, it may be present in an additional circuit, which may in particular be a vapor compression circuit.
- the heat exchange between the compositions is carried out in an additional heat exchanger, which can be, for example, cocurrent or, preferably, countercurrent.
- the additional heat transfer composition itself can exchange heat with the environment, by means of an additional heat exchanger. It can optionally also be used to heat or cool the air in the passenger compartment.
- the additional circuit may include different branches provided with separate heat exchangers, the additional heat transfer composition circulating or not circulating in these branches, depending on the operating mode.
- the additional circuit may include means for changing the direction of circulation of the additional heat transfer composition, comprising for example one or more three-way or four-way valves.
- counter-current heat exchanger a heat exchanger in which heat is exchanged between a first fluid and a second fluid, the first fluid at the inlet of the exchanger exchanging heat with the heat exchanger.
- second fluid at the outlet of the exchanger, and the first fluid at the outlet of the exchanger exchanging heat with the second fluid at the inlet of the exchanger is meant.
- countercurrent heat exchangers include devices in which the flow of the first fluid and the flow of the second fluid are in opposite, or nearly opposite, directions. Exchangers operating in cross-current mode with a counter-current tendency are also included among the counter-current heat exchangers.
- the heat exchangers can in particular be U-tube exchangers, horizontal or vertical tube bundle, spiral, plate or finned exchangers.
- the invention relates to the use of a heat transfer composition according to the invention for regulating the temperature of the battery while maintaining a uniform temperature.
- the composition is used to cool the battery. It can also be used to heat the battery. Heating and cooling can be alternated as needed (outside temperature, battery temperature, battery operating mode).
- Heating can also be done at least in part by means of an electrical resistance.
- battery temperature we generally mean the temperature of an outer wall of one or more of its electrochemical cells.
- the temperature of the battery can be measured by means of a temperature sensor. If several temperature sensors are present at the battery level, the battery temperature can be considered as being the average of the different measured temperatures. The invention makes it possible to considerably reduce the difference between the temperatures measured at different points of the battery.
- Temperature regulation can be performed while the vehicle battery is charging. Alternatively, it can be performed when the battery is discharged, in particular when the vehicle engine is on. It makes it possible in particular to prevent the temperature of the battery from becoming excessive, due to the outside temperature and / or due to the self-heating of this battery in operation.
- the battery charge can be fast charging.
- the use of the composition according to the invention makes it possible to maintain the temperature of the battery in an optimum temperature range with a uniform distribution. This has an advantage since during rapid charging the battery tends to heat up quickly and reach high temperatures, including hot spots that can influence its operation, performance and lifespan.
- the cooling of the battery is continuous over a period of time.
- the cooling and optionally the heating make it possible to maintain the temperature of the battery within an optimum temperature range, in particular when the vehicle is in operation (engine on), and in particular when the vehicle is moving. Indeed, if the temperature of the battery is too low, its performance is likely to decrease significantly.
- the temperature of the vehicle battery can thus be maintained between a minimum temperature ti and a maximum temperature t2.
- the minimum temperature ti is greater than or equal to 10 ° C and the maximum temperature t2 is less than or equal to 80 ° C, preferably the minimum temperature ti is greater than or equal to 15 ° C and the maximum temperature fe is less than or equal to 70 ° C, and more preferably the minimum temperature ti is greater than or equal to 16 ° C and the maximum temperature fe is less than or equal to 50 ° C.
- a feedback loop is advantageously present, to modify the operating parameters of the installation according to the battery temperature that is being measured, in order to ensure that the temperature that is desired is maintained.
- the outside temperature during the period of maintaining the temperature of the vehicle battery between the minimum temperature ti and the maximum temperature t2 may in particular be -60 to -50 ° C; or from -50 to -40 ° C; or from -40 to -30 ° C; or -3 from -20 to -10 ° C; or from -10 to 0 ° C; or from 0 to 10 ° C; or from 10 to 20 to 30 ° C; or from 30 to 40 ° C; or from 40 to 50 ° C; or from 50 to 60 ° C 0 ° C.
- exit temperature is meant the ambient temperature outside the vehicle before and during the maintenance of the temperature of the vehicle battery between the minimum temperature ti and the maximum temperature t2.
- Example 1 miscibility and dielectric properties
- compositions were prepared by combining HCFO-1233zdE as refrigerant with a mixture of benzyltoluene and dibenzyltoluene (marketed by Arkema under the name Jarylec ® C101). It was previously verified that the two products were miscible in all proportions.
- the oil was loaded by weighing in a 0.34 L autoclave equipped with a magnetic stirrer and a jacket in which a heat transfer fluid circulates so as to homogenize the temperature in the gas phase and the liquid phase.
- the autoclave was then cooled to -10 ° C where a vacuum was drawn.
- the HCFO-1233zdE contained in a cylinder was transferred in a closed circuit in liquid phase by weighing.
- the minimum volume of charged liquid has been calculated so that the composition of the liquid phase does not vary with temperature.
- the final mixture was brought to the desired temperature with stirring in order to homogenize it. Stirring was then turned off until the mixture reached equilibrium. The temperature and pressure were read to equilibrium.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the influence of the refrigerant content on the liquid saturation temperature of the composition at a saturated vapor pressure of 1 bar. More particularly, it is observed that compared to a composition comprising 100% oil, the addition of refrigerant in the composition, even at a low content, makes it possible to significantly reduce the liquid saturation temperature of the composition, which allows the cooling capacity of the battery to be increased.
- a composition was prepared by mixing 69.2 g of HCFO-1233zd E and 100.5 g of Jarylec ® C101 from Arkema under the conditions presented above.
- composition was prepared by mixing 35% weight HCFO-1233zdE and 65% by weight of Jarylec ® C101 from Arkema under the conditions described below.
- the breakdown voltage was measured according to standard IEC 60159: 1995.
- Viscosity measurements were carried out in a jacketed autoclave reactor in which circulates a coolant, with a capacity of 0.2 L, into which Jarylec ® C101 oil has been introduced.
- the reactor is cooled to -10 ° C. and stirred magnetically.
- HCFO-1233zdE was introduced by pressure difference. The reactor was then brought to the measurement temperature.
- a flash point measurement was carried out on a composition containing 90% by weight of oil Jarylec ® C101 and 10% by weight of HCFO-1233zdE, as well as a comparative composition containing 100% by weight of oil Jarylec ® C101.
- the mixture was prepared at low temperature, under atmospheric pressure. It is homogeneous and liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
- Flash point measurement was performed according to ISO 3679 or ISO3680, "Pass / No Pass Flash Point Test - Fast Closed Cup Equilibrium Method.” Standardized tests are carried out with the filling opening left free, therefore open and breathable to the atmosphere, the cup being closed.
- the tests were adapted as appropriate by plugging the filling opening so as to be able to simulate an even more confined device during temperature equilibrium (2 minutes under standardized conditions). In this case, the tests are carried out "cover plugged”.
- the temperature range explored was up to 300 ° C.
- a test device placed in a thermal regulation chamber is used to measure the performance of fluids by varying the temperature. ambient.
- the test device includes a vessel with a heating element and a condenser.
- the condenser is located at the top of the vessel and is cooled by a chilled water loop.
- the heating element is a cylindrical resistor with a diameter of 15 mm and a height of 80 mm in a copper sheath, which is immersed vertically in a cylinder filled with saturated liquid in order to heat it. It can deliver up to 15 W / cm 2 .
- Eight temperature sensors are placed on the copper sheath to measure the surface temperature.
- the cooling water temperature (10 ° C condenser temperature) and the flow rate have been set to the desired values. Room temperature was set at 26 ° C.
- the thermal power was increased from 0 to 90 W in 5 W increments, then decreased again for hysteresis detection.
- Example 5 Heat transfer coefficient (single-phase immersion)
- a test device comprising a module of 36 prismatic cells (a real lithium-titanate cell surrounded by 35 false cells) in an airtight case.
- the cells and the busbar are immersed in a liquid circulating at a flow rate of 0.5 L / min at 40 L / min.
- Inlet and outlet liquid temperatures, flow rate and pressure are measured and controlled.
- the liquid is cooled externally.
- the cells are cooled by their small surfaces.
- the passages for the liquid are arranged in parallel.
- the module is equipped with 26 temperature sensors, 8 of which are distributed over one of the large surfaces of the real cell.
- F is equal to the total thermal power supplied divided by the total heat exchange surface.
- the liquid tested is either an oil with a viscosity close to that of Jarylec ® C101 oil, or a mixture of this oil with HCFO-1233zdE.
- HCFO-1233zdE was first introduced with no entry of moisture or air pollution. The oil was added by gravity with a graduated cylinder. Miscibility and homogeneity were checked by sampling.
- the device was used in automatic test mode, with a heat flux density F of 0.25 W / cm 2 (adjusted by varying the power supplied) and an average fluid temperature of 15 ° C (average between the temperature of the liquid entering the housing and the temperature of the liquid leaving the housing). For a given heat flux density, the liquid flow rate has been increased up to the maximum pumping speed, which is fluid dependent.
- the heat transfer coefficient H corresponds to the heat flux density divided by the difference between the average temperature of the cells and the temperature of the fluid entering the housing.
- the maximum liquid flow that can be achieved is 15 L / min.
- the maximum liquid flow rate that can be achieved is 18 L / min.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR2000514A FR3106347B1 (en) | 2020-01-20 | 2020-01-20 | Thermal regulation of electrical equipment |
PCT/FR2020/051879 WO2021148725A1 (en) | 2020-01-20 | 2020-10-19 | Thermal regulation for electrical devices |
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Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP4093833A1 true EP4093833A1 (en) | 2022-11-30 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP20804610.2A Pending EP4093833A1 (en) | 2020-01-20 | 2020-10-19 | Thermal regulation for electrical devices |
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US (1) | US20230051363A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP4093833A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2023510418A (en) |
CN (1) | CN114981381A (en) |
FR (1) | FR3106347B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2021148725A1 (en) |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US9340758B2 (en) | 2008-05-12 | 2016-05-17 | Arkema Inc. | Compositions of hydrochlorofluoroolefins |
FR2962442B1 (en) | 2010-07-09 | 2016-02-26 | Arkema France | STABLE 2,3,3,3-TETRAFLUOROPROPENE COMPOSITION |
FR2973809B1 (en) | 2011-04-08 | 2015-11-13 | Ceca Sa | USE OF ZEOLITES FOR OIL STABILIZATION |
WO2016146197A1 (en) * | 2015-03-19 | 2016-09-22 | Abb Technology Ag | Dielectric insulation or arc-extinction fluid |
FR3077773B1 (en) * | 2018-02-15 | 2023-05-26 | Arkema France | PROCESS FOR HEATING AND/OR AIR CONDITIONING A VEHICLE |
FR3078072B1 (en) | 2018-02-21 | 2020-10-09 | Arkema France | USE OF 2,3,3,3-TETRAFLUOROPROPENE FOR MAINTAINING THE TEMPERATURE OF A BATTERY OF AN ELECTRIC OR HYBRID VEHICLE |
FR3078073B1 (en) | 2018-02-21 | 2020-01-24 | Arkema France | USE OF 2,3,3,3-TETRAFLUOROPROPENE FOR THE PREHEATING OF A BATTERY OF AN ELECTRIC OR HYBRID VEHICLE |
FR3080169B1 (en) | 2018-04-13 | 2020-12-18 | Arkema France | PROCESS FOR COOLING AND / OR HEATING A BODY OR A FLUID IN A MOTOR VEHICLE |
EP3807909B1 (en) | 2018-06-18 | 2022-08-24 | Hitachi Energy Switzerland AG | Light indicator for location of internal arcs in fluid insulated switchgear |
JP2022513514A (en) * | 2018-12-21 | 2022-02-08 | ハネウェル・インターナショナル・インコーポレーテッド | Solvent composition containing 1,2,2-trifluoro-1-trifluoromethylcyclobutane (TFMCB) |
-
2020
- 2020-01-20 FR FR2000514A patent/FR3106347B1/en active Active
- 2020-10-19 CN CN202080093882.4A patent/CN114981381A/en active Pending
- 2020-10-19 JP JP2022543493A patent/JP2023510418A/en active Pending
- 2020-10-19 US US17/794,016 patent/US20230051363A1/en active Pending
- 2020-10-19 WO PCT/FR2020/051879 patent/WO2021148725A1/en unknown
- 2020-10-19 EP EP20804610.2A patent/EP4093833A1/en active Pending
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WO2021148725A1 (en) | 2021-07-29 |
CN114981381A (en) | 2022-08-30 |
FR3106347B1 (en) | 2023-07-07 |
US20230051363A1 (en) | 2023-02-16 |
JP2023510418A (en) | 2023-03-13 |
FR3106347A1 (en) | 2021-07-23 |
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