EP4061957A1 - Procédé de pronostic de la virulence et de la pathogénicité de souches de bactéries gram négatif - Google Patents
Procédé de pronostic de la virulence et de la pathogénicité de souches de bactéries gram négatifInfo
- Publication number
- EP4061957A1 EP4061957A1 EP20820046.9A EP20820046A EP4061957A1 EP 4061957 A1 EP4061957 A1 EP 4061957A1 EP 20820046 A EP20820046 A EP 20820046A EP 4061957 A1 EP4061957 A1 EP 4061957A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- bacteria
- enterobacter
- strain
- strains
- pathogenicity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
- C12Q1/04—Determining presence or kind of microorganism; Use of selective media for testing antibiotics or bacteriocides; Compositions containing a chemical indicator therefor
- C12Q1/10—Enterobacteria
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
- C12Q1/24—Methods of sampling, or inoculating or spreading a sample; Methods of physically isolating an intact microorganisms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/92—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving lipids, e.g. cholesterol, lipoproteins, or their receptors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2400/00—Assays, e.g. immunoassays or enzyme assays, involving carbohydrates
- G01N2400/10—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
- G01N2400/50—Lipopolysaccharides; LPS
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of infections by gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, in particular by Enterobacter cloacae, and the means to predict their virulence and / or their pathogenic character.
- the invention relates in particular to new biomarkers and to their use as well as to devices allowing their use in methods of prognosis, in particular clinical prognosis.
- Infections by the bacteria Enterobacter cloacae are responsible for severe infection in humans which can progress to septic shock and death of the patient. Certain populations such as elderly patients, immunocompromised patients and prematurely born infants are at significant risk of contracting this infection. In premature infants, infection with Enterobacter cloacae is fatal in 80% of cases and occurs in an epidemic manner.
- Species of the Enterobacter cloacae complex Gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, are typically isolated from soil, plants, and the intestines of mammals and insects. As facultative anaerobic, they have the ability to survive in a variety of environments, including dry soil, water pipes, and medical equipment made of metal or plastic.
- the E. cloacae complex is a common contaminant of central intravascular catheters, biomedical equipment and may be an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised humans and neonates responsible for nosocomial infections.
- cloacae complex comprises six different species: Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter hormaechei, Enterobacter kobei, Enterobacter ludwigii and Enterobacter nimipressuralis.
- the £. cloacae (E. cloacae) is part of the normal gut microbiota and is usually not a primary pathogen.
- some strains become virulent, in particular in a hospital environment: the £ complex. cloacae has become one of the nosocomial pathogens most commonly encountered in neonatal, pediatric and intensive care units. adults.
- the factors associated with the virulence of Enterobacter cloacae are currently poorly understood.
- Wild strains of Enterobacter cloacae are sensitive to third generation cephalosporins, fourth generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and chloramphenicol.
- third generation cephalosporins fourth generation cephalosporins
- aminoglycosides quinolones
- sulfonamides quinolones
- tetracyclines tetracyclines
- chloramphenicol chloramphenicol.
- the emergence and dissemination of strains multi-resistant to antibiotics in hospitals requires the use of antibiotics of last resort.
- neonatal infections are conventionally employed as first line a combination of a penicillin or a 3rd generation cephalosporin with another class of antibiotics, especially aminoglycosides (gentamicin).
- a second-line antibiotic therapy is set up with other combinations based on penicillins and inhibitors of betalactamases, carbapenems, polymixins and / or tigecycline.
- third or fourth line antibiotic treatments will be necessary to achieve eradication of the infection.
- the therapeutic pressure induced by the treatment of Enterobacter cloacae contributes to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains.
- infections can lead to the death of the patient within a very short time, sometimes in the order of 48 hours. It is therefore not possible, in these cases, to wait for the patient's reaction to a first-line treatment to adapt it if it is not effective.
- the extreme severity of these infections in fragile populations leads to a treatment regimen that immediately resorts to treatment with third or fourth line antibiotics, as soon as the presence of Enterobacter strains is detected. It is only a posteriori that the sensitivity to different antibiotics of the strains identified during sampling may or may not be confirmed by conventional techniques. However, a significant number of patients may present with asymptomatic carriage which does not require treatment.
- LPS lipopolysaccharide
- the invention therefore makes it possible to set up a rapid and reliable technique for detecting the pathogenicity and / or the virulent nature of clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae such as Enterobacter cloacae. This is made possible by the characterization of a specific marker, present in LPS, and more particularly in lipid A of bacteria.
- Lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the outer surface of Gram-negative bacteria.
- LPS is composed of three entities: (i) lipid A, has a hydrophobic character, (ii) the O antigen (for “Ohne Kapsel”), located in the part distal of the LPS, of polysaccharide nature, has a hydrophilic character and (iii) the nucleus (or “core”) of polysaccharide nature represents the bridge between the two other parts.
- Lipid A embedded in the outer membrane, represents the proximal part of the LPS, the nucleus, its middle part, and the O antigen, its distal part “free” in the external environment.
- lipid A is highly conserved and the nucleus is very little variable while the O antigen is the hypervariable region.
- Several biological activities and roles have been associated with LPS, including the endotoxin activity carried by lipid A and the antigenic specificity of the bacterial strain carried by the O antigen.
- lipid A is fairly conserved among all Gram negative bacteria. Among bacteria of the same family, such as the Enterobacteriaceae family, the structure of lipid A is even almost identical.
- lipid A is composed of a disaccharide of D-glucosamine linked by a b-1.6 bond and phosphorylated at the 1 and 4 ’position. This disaccharide is acylated at position 2,3, 2 ’and 3’ with four b-hydroxymyristoyl groups.
- LPS Two other fatty acid chains: a laurate residue (12c) and a myristate residue (14) esterified at their non-reducing end can bind to two first hydroxymyristoyl residues (raetz, 1990)
- the role of LPS in the resistance of bacteria to Gram negative for antibiotics and antimicrobial agents is directly related to the barrier that LPS forms on the outer surface of the bacterial membrane.
- Hydrophilic antibiotics, such as b-lactams use porins to penetrate inside the bacterial cell, while other drugs must destabilize this barrier made rigid by the strong interactions between LPS molecules. Therefore, changes in the lipid A region of LPS may alter the penetrating ability of some antimicrobial agents.
- CAMPs cationic antimicrobial peptides
- HNP-1 human neutrophil peptide
- hCAP18 or LL-37 human cationic protein 18
- kinocidinl 4 The main mechanisms of resistance to CAMPs consist of modifications of LPS by addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose or phosphoethanolamine, which decreases the negative charge of lipid A.
- the operons encoding the enzymes involved in these modifications are arnBCADTEF and pmrCAB.
- Activation of LPS-modifying genes is often mediated by PmrA / PmrB and PhoP / PhoQ, two-component regulatory systems (TCS) interconnected across species.
- TCS regulatory systems
- the phosphorylated form of PhoP can stimulate the expression of PmrD which in turn activates PmrA by promoting the transcription of the arnBCADTEF and pmrCAB operons.
- E. cloacae and its resistance to CAMPs it has recently been shown that an artificial operon is involved, but unlike E. coli, Salmonella or Klebsiella, only PhoP / PhoQ (and not PmrA / PmrB) seems play a role.
- the object of the invention is in particular to provide an in-vitro detection test making it possible to identify pathogenic strains of enterobacteria, such as those of Enterobacter cloacae responsible for invasive infection and septic shock and associated excess mortality.
- the present invention relates to a method for the prognosis of the pathogenicity of a strain of Gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, in which the quantity of 2-hydroxy-myristic acid or of one of its esters is measured.
- the said amount of 2-hydroxy-myristic acid or 2-hydroxy-myristic acid esters is compared to a reference value, and in which it is concluded that the strain is pathogenic if the amount of 2-hydroxy-myristic acid or esters of 2-hydroxy-myristic acid is greater than the reference value.
- the present invention relates in particular to a method for the prognosis of the pathogenicity of a strain of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the genus Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia or Yersinia, and in particular to the genus Enterobacter, Escherichia, Pseudomonas.
- Serratia or Yersinia in which the quantity of 2-hydroxy-myristic acid or one of its esters present in the lipopolysaccharide of bacteria is measured, said quantity of 2-hydroxy-myristic acid or of 2-hydroxy-myristic acid esters to a reference value, and in which it is concluded that the strain is pathogenic if the amount of 2-hydroxy-myristic acid or 2-hydroxy-myristic acid esters is greater than the reference value.
- the subject of the invention is a method for the prognosis of the virulence of a strain of gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family and in particular of the genus Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia or Yersinia, in particular of the genus Enterobacter, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Serratia or Yersinia in which the quantity of 2-hydroxy-myristic acid or one of its esters present in the lipopolysaccharide of bacteria is measured, said quantity of acid 2 is compared.
- Pseudomonas, Serratia or Yersinia is based on the qualitative and quantitative measurement of 2 hydroxymyristic acid or one of its esters such as 2-hydroxymyristate present in the lipopolysaccharides of bacteria. Comparison of the amount of 2-hydroxymyristate and / or 2-hydroxymyristic acid with a reference value makes it possible to determine the virulent and / or pathogenic nature of the strain studied.
- the prognosis method may comprise the identification of 2 hydroxymyristic acid or of one of its esters, present in the lipopolysaccharides of bacteria.
- the reference value can be equal to 0, or be that of a negative control subjected to the same determination. It will thus be adapted by those skilled in the art according to the sensitivity of the method and the detection threshold of the compounds of interest measured.
- the reference value will thus in certain embodiments of the invention be set at 0.001, or at 0.01.
- the bacterium is a strain of the Enterobacter genus, in particular a bacterium belonging to Enterobacter cloacae complex, and chosen from Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter hormaechei, Enterobacter kobei, Enterobacter bugandensis, Enterobacter roggenkampii, Enterobacter ludwigipressii and Enterobacter nimaechei.
- Enterobacter cloacae designate by default a strain belonging to Enterobacter cloacae complex and chosen from one of these subspecies: Enterobacter asburiae , Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter hormaechei, Enterobacter kobei, Enterobacter bugandensis, Enterobacter roggenkampii, Enterobacter ludwigii and Enterobacter nimipressuralis.
- the bacterium is a strain of enterobacterium pathogenic for humans, belonging to one of the following species: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Yersinia pestis.
- pathogenic strain a strain liable to cause an invasive infection, septic shock or even the death of the patient in connection with this infection, within a short period of time, from a few hours to a few days, in particular within a period of less than 5 days. ; in particular, which can lead to septic shock and / or death of the patient within 48 hours or less.
- 2-OH myristate is a prognostic marker of the capacity of a strain of gram-negative bacteria, in particular of Enterobacter cloacae complex, to cause death. of the patient carrying said strain.
- virulent strain a strain exhibiting characteristics allowing it to escape the host's defense mechanisms, in particular cationic antimicrobial peptides, phagocytosis and the cytokine response.
- a bacterial strain exhibiting resistance to one or more antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics chosen from third generation cephalosporins, penicillins, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and chloramphenicol.
- antibiotics chosen from third generation cephalosporins, penicillins, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and chloramphenicol.
- Such strains can in particular carry extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs).
- the virulent strain can also be a strain resistant to antimicrobial agents which are the cationic antimicrobial peptides produced by the body to defend against infections, such as defensins, human neutrophil peptide (HNP-1), human cationic protein 18 (hCAP18 or LL-37), and kinocidin 14 derived from human platelets
- antimicrobial agents which are the cationic antimicrobial peptides produced by the body to defend against infections, such as defensins, human neutrophil peptide (HNP-1), human cationic protein 18 (hCAP18 or LL-37), and kinocidin 14 derived from human platelets
- the prognosis method is a method for in vitro diagnosis of the pathogenicity of clinical strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family, in particular of strains of bacteria of the genus Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia or Yersinia. , and in particular of the genus Enterobacter, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Serratia or Yersinia, in particular of Enterobacter cloacae as defined in the present description.
- the method of prognosis of the invention is a method of prognosis of resistance of Enterobacter cloacae strains to antibiotics and / or to antimicrobial peptides.
- the amount of 2-hydroxymyristate is compared to the amount of 3-hydroxymyristate present in the lipopolysaccharide of bacteria, and if the 2-hydroxymyristate / 3-hydroxymyristate ratio is greater than or equal to 0.01, it is concluded that the strain is pathogenic.
- the invention will be implemented in particular to characterize bacteria present in a sample, in particular a biological sample, skin sample and / or hygiene samples, that is to say any microbiological sample of medical equipment and from the environment.
- the biological sample can be obtained from a mammal, preferably a human being.
- a biological sample may be taken from any sample taken from a subject suspected of carrying strains of Enterobacteria, in particular of Enterobacter cloacae.
- the samples biologicals selected from blood, serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ascites and pleural fluid, mucus, stool and urine or any other secretion or excretion.
- the sample can in particular be obtained from a sample from the respiratory tract and / or at least part of the pharynx such as the nasopharynx (or cavum), from a sample from the skin obtained for example by smear skin or vaginal swab.
- the prognosis method according to the invention is particularly suitable for the detection and characterization of strains of Enterobacter cloacae present in fragile patients such as newborns, in particular in infants born prematurely, immunosuppressed or immunosuppressed patients, poly- morbid. In all of these patients, it is particularly useful to know early on the pathogenicity and / or virulence of the strain. This makes it possible to decide more quickly on the type of antibiotics to be given, without waiting for the first symptoms of infection. The fulminating and devastating nature of this type of infection requires anticipation of the treatments to be applied.
- the method can also be implemented on maternal biological samples, in particular microbiological screening samples, coming in particular from the vaginal tract, for example vaginal smear, from the placenta, or from amniotic fluid.
- contamination of the newborn can be of maternal origin (per partum, fetal-maternal infection).
- a pathogenic strain of Enterobacter cloacae is identified in the mother at the end of gestation or at the time of childbirth, in particular in the vaginal canal, on a smear of the placenta or on a culture of amniotic fluid, a preemptive initiation of treatment appropriate antibiotic may be considered and justify increased surveillance of the newborn.
- the prognosis method can be applied to bacteria of the Enterobacter cloacae genus, and in particular Enterobacter cloacae present in subjects presenting various types of infections, in particular in elderly and / or immunocompromised patients, and intensive care patients. It is known that Enterobacter cloacae can be involved in infections of the blood, respiratory tract, osteoarticular pathologies, urinary tract infections or skin infections for example: the prognosis process could be implemented for strains originating from a subject presenting one of these pathologies. According to another aspect of the invention, the prognosis method can be implemented for bacteria originating from a hygiene or environmental sample, in particular a sample taken from equipment or apparatus, such as hospital equipment and / or biomedical.
- Enterobacter cloacae can indeed contaminate the material used which then becomes a source of contamination for the patients who will be in contact with it. This is the case, for example, for catheters, probes, or incubators in which newborns are placed. In the case of detection of a strain of Enterobacter cloacae on material, it is important to determine whether it is a pathogenic strain requiring special treatment (or even destruction of the contaminated material).
- the prognosis method comprises a preliminary step of isolating bacteria from a sample, in particular from a biological sample, or from a hygiene or environmental sample.
- a sample capable of containing Enterobacter cloacae is collected, and a first step of identifying the species is carried out according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- the strain is then isolated and placed in culture on a suitable medium.
- the method then comprises a washing step in order to separate the bacteria from the culture medium and from any contaminants.
- the method then comprises the following steps a) Isolation of Gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacter genus from a sample b) culture of the bacteria isolated in step a) in vitro on a suitable medium, c) recovery of bacteria from the culture medium, d) washing the bacterial cells and separating the solid part containing the bacterial cells from the liquid part, e) measure the amount of 2-hydroxymyristic acid present in the lipopolysaccharide of the bacteria obtained in step d, f ) comparison of said quantity of 2-hydroxymyristic acid with a reference value, g) prognosis on the pathogenicity of the bacteria present in the sample if the quantity of 2-hydroxymyristic acid determined in step e) is greater than the reference value.
- a hydrolysis of the bacterial cells is carried out before step e).
- a step of lyophilization of the bacteria is carried out before step d).
- the method comprises the following steps a) Isolation of Gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, in particular of the Enterobacter genus, from a sample b) culture of the bacteria isolated with step a) in vitro on a suitable medium, c) recovery of the bacteria from the culture medium, d) extraction of the lipopolysaccharides present in the bacteria recovered in step c), e) measure the quantity of 2-hydroxymyristic acid present in the lipopolysaccharide obtained in step d, f) comparison of the said quantity of 2-hydroxymyristic acid with a reference value, g) prognosis on the pathogenicity of the bacteria present in the sample if the quantity of 2- acid hydroxymyristic determined in step e) is greater than the reference value.
- the Gram negative bacteria are bacteria of the species Enterobacter cloacae
- the presence and the amount of hydroxymyristic acid, in particular 2-hydroxymyristic acid, in bacteria can be measured by methods known to those skilled in the art, such as gas chromatography, liquid gas chromatography or HPLC.
- the bacterial sample will be treated before its analysis by chromatography, for example by solid phase extraction.
- the determination of the presence of 2-hydroxymyristic acid (or of its esters), and the measurement of the quantity present can be carried out directly on the cultivated strains, after separation from the culture medium. This determination may according to a variant of the invention, be carried out on the lipopolysaccharides, which have been previously extracted from the bacterial culture.
- the determination of the amount of 2-hydroxymyristic acid and / or its esters such as 2-hydroxymyristate is carried out using mass spectrometry.
- a mass spectrometer has 3 parts: (i) an ion source, where ions are produced in the gas phase from solid, liquid or gaseous states, (ii) one or more analyzers in which the ions are handled (transported , rotated, sorted, selected, fragmented ...) and (iii) a detector which counts ions and amplifies their signals or records the image of a current induced by the movement of the ions.
- the mass spectrometer can include other components, including separation systems such as interfaces with chromatography systems.
- ion sources such as Electrospray, MALDI (matrix assisted desorption ionization), Electronic impact, APPI, FAB-MS, Chemical ionization and magnetic sector.
- the resolution that is, the ability to separate two peaks, will vary depending on these sources and analyzers and will be adapted by those skilled in the art.
- the interfaced chromatography systems can include any chromatography system, such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), or ion mobility (optionally combined with GC and / or LC methods).
- chromatography system such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), or ion mobility (optionally combined with GC and / or LC methods).
- the mass spectrometry system is a GC-MS or LC-MS system.
- ⁇ -hydroxymyristic acid can be carried out in two different ways:
- the lipopolysaccharides are extracted from the cultivated strains.
- the structures of lipid A are analyzed, for example by the MALDI-TOF technique or any other technique known to those skilled in the art, in order to determine the presence of 2-hydroxymyristqiue acid or 2-hydroxymyristate.
- MALDI-TOF the MALDI-TOF technique
- MS Maldi TOF
- MS / MS Maldi TOF / TOF
- ESI electrospray
- GC gas chromatography
- GC / MS gas chromatography / mass spectrometry
- LC / MS liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry
- NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
- the whole bacteria are treated and then analyzed directly without an extraction step by GC-MS type chromatography or any other technique known to those skilled in the art, in order to determine the presence of 2-hydroxymyristic acid. or 2-hydroxymyristate.
- the treatment of bacteria can in particular comprise a step of removing phospholipids, for example during a step of washing with one or more solvents and a step of hydrolysis of the bacterial cell.
- the bacteria can be lyophilized after washing.
- Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique for identifying different types of ionized molecules by measuring their mass / charge ratio (m / z).
- MALDI-TOF Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time Of Flight
- TOF time of flight
- the ions reach the detector more or less quickly, where they are then transformed into an electrical signal which will be amplified and then analyzed.
- the MALDI-TOF MS type technique is conventionally used to rapidly identify microorganisms at the level of the species by analysis of their total proteins, by comparing the spectra obtained with reference spectra. Identification can be made from whole microorganisms.
- ⁇ -hydroxymyristic acid (20H-C14) replace the C14: 0 side chain at the 2 or 3 'position.
- the formation of 2-hydroxymyristate requires the action of enzymes encoded, inter alia, by the IpxO gene.
- 20H-C14 may be absent, even in the presence of LpxO, if an enzyme homologous to LpxL2 is absent.
- LpxO only modifies a group of secondary myristate previously transferred by LpxL2. Consequently, the IpxO gene alone cannot fully explain the presence or absence of ⁇ -hydroxymyristate in LPS.
- the inventors have shown that in the strains of the Enterobacter cloacae complex, the DNA encoding LpxO is present either in the genome of the bacterium or carried by a plasmid.
- the invention therefore provides a biomarker for the pathogenicity and / or virulence of Enterobacter strains.
- An object of the invention is also the use of 2-hydroxymyristic acid or its esters as a marker of virulence and / or pathogenicity of a Gram-negative bacterial strain of the Enterobacteriaceae family, in particular of the genus Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia or Yersinia and in particular of the genus Enterobacter, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Serratia or Yersinia and in particular of Enterobacter cloacae complex.
- This marker can be used in in vitro diagnostic methods.
- kits for diagnosing the pathogenicity and / or virulence of strains of Enterobacteriaceae comprising means for measuring the concentration of 2- hydroxymyristate (or 2-hydroxymyristic acid) in the LPS of a bacterial isolate.
- the kit may contain, for example, organic solvents which are useful for preparing samples before analysis of their fatty acid content. These solvents in particular to be chosen from hexane, chloroform, methanol and their mixtures together and / or with water in all proportions.
- washing can be done using hexane or a mixture of chloroform / methanol / water etc.
- the enzyme LpxO or the DNA encoding LpxO can also constitute a marker of the pathogenicity of a strain of E. cloacae.
- the invention relates to a method of in vitro diagnosis of the pathogenicity of a strain of bacteria of the genus Enterobacter, in particular of strains of E. cloacae complex, in which the presence in the genetic material of bacteria is determined for the presence of nucleic acid encoding the enzyme LpxO.
- Said nucleic acid can be present in the genome of the bacterium (genomic DNA or RNA), or in a plasmid.
- the invention thus relates to a method for the prognosis of the pathogenicity and / or the virulence of a strain of bacteria of the Enterobacter genus, in particular strains of E. cloacae complex in which one detects the presence in the genomic or plasmid DNA of bacteria, the presence of DNA encoding the LpxO enzyme.
- the invention also relates to diagnostic kits for the detection and identification of DNA encoding LpxO.
- FIG. 1 MALDI / TOF negative ion mass spectrometry of lipid A from strain E. cloacae type E with overproduction of cephalosporinase.
- P, L-Ara4N and C16 represent m / z shifts corresponding to the phosphate, 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose and palmitate substituents, respectively.
- the marked peaks represent species where C14: 0 is replaced by C12: 0 ( ⁇ ) or 2-hydroxymyristate ( ⁇ )
- FIG. 2 MALDI / TOF mass spectrometry with negative ions of lipid A of the strain E. cloacae, untreated or hydrolyzed by HCl
- FIG. 3 Structure of the main molecular species of E-type lipid A of E. cloacae. Structures A and B are present in almost equal amounts [x] minor substituents: L-Ara4N / P03H2; [y] minor variants: C12: 0 / C13: 0 / 20H-C14; [z] minor substituent: C16: 0. [Fig. 4] gas chromatogram of fatty acid methyl esters of LPS strain of E. cloacae H7i
- FIG 5 Analysis of survival according to Kaplan-Meyer as a function of the presence of LPS carrying 20H-C14.
- the solid line corresponds to strains for which 2-hydroxymyristic acid is present in LPS.
- the dotted line corresponds to strains for which 2-hydroxymyristic acid is absent in LPS.
- FIG 6 Survival test for Enterobacter cloacae complex strains expressing 2-hydroxymyristate and not expressing 2-hydroxymyristate, after 4 hours of exposure to different concentrations of polymyxin B
- ERIC-PCR Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR
- the lipopolysaccharides were extracted from the cultivated strains and the structures of their lipid A regions were analyzed by MALDI-TOF. Bacteria were grown overnight at 37 ° C in LB broth
- Lipid A was prepared by the triethylamine-citrate method. Briefly, the LPS sample was suspended at a concentration of 10 ⁇ g / ⁇ l in 0.01 M triethylamine-citrate solution (1: 1 molar ratio, pH 3.6) and heated for 1 h at 100 ° C. The sample was then lyophilized and suspended in methanol.
- lipid A was extracted with a mixture of chloroform: methanol: water (3: 1, 5: 0.25; by volume) at a concentration of 10 pg / pi.
- the molecular species present in this preparation were analyzed using a MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted) mass spectrometer with matrix-assisted laser desorption AXIMA performance (Shimadzu Biotech) (I2BC, liable Paris Saclay, Gif sur Yvette , France).
- the spectra were obtained in negative ion mode at 20 kV, with the linear detector.
- the mass calibration was carried out with the peptide mass standard kit from AB SCIEX or with a sample of LPS purified and characterized by the structure of Bordetella pertussis and E. coli J5.
- the lipid A fragments isolated from the twelve selected strains of E. cloacae contained multiple molecular variants represented by multiple peaks in their mass spectra.
- the twelve A lipids one of the most heterogeneous was that isolated from the H7i strain (E profile with inducible cephalosporinase), with more than 13 significant peaks (13 molecular species) in its lipid A spectrum (Fig.
- the spectrum contains a series of peaks (1360-1388, 1570-1598, 1797-1825, 1928-1956, 2035-2063) with a distance between peaks of 28 mu, suggesting the presence of fatty acids of different length of two atoms. of carbon in the molecular variants of this lipid A.
- the composition of the molecular species corresponding to the different peaks is shown in Table 2.
- This enzyme generates 2-hydroxymyristate by hydroxylation of the myristate transferred to lipid A by the acyltransferase MsB / LpxM17.
- Another small peak (m / z 1769.3) in this spectrum (indicated by ⁇ in figure 1) can be explained by the presence of a minor species containing two secondary C12: 0 instead of C12 + C14 (m / z 1797.4 ) or C14. + C14 (m / z 1825.4) present in the main species.
- Monophosphorylated species of lipid A can be produced by acid hydrolysis (0.1 M HCl for 10 min at 100 ° C. Labile bonds such as pyrophosphates and the acetal bond of proximal glucosamine (phosphate bound to C1) are hydrolyzed in After such treatment of E. cloacae lipid A, the peaks corresponding to bisphosphorylated and hexa-acylated species containing aminoarabinose (m I z 1928.5 and 1956.5) were completely absent from the MALTI-TOF spectrum (Fig. 2).
- the secondary fatty acids of groups C2 ′ and C2 are the most resistant, those of group C3 (primary or secondary) the most labile, the substitutions of group C3 ′ exhibiting intermediate behaviors.
- secondary acids are more resistant than primary fatty acids to alkaline treatments.
- the H7i lipid A was treated with 28% NH40H at 50 ° C for 30 min, 1 h or 3 h. After this step, the complete structures of the main molecular species present in the complex lipid A of E. cloacae can now be proposed (Fig. 3). Four major and structurally different molecular species are present.
- a secondary C14: 0 is in position 2, while in the other two (general structure B), it is in position 3 '.
- a palmitic group (C16: 0) is at the 3 'position in structure A and at the 2 position in structure B.
- glucosamine disaccharide is present in five strains (C17, C12, H8, H7o and H10), but it is absent from the seven other.
- the tetraacylated molecular species observed in these five strains of E. cloacae contains three 30H-C14 and one C14: 0.
- the formation of this tetraacylated species is most likely due to the loss, by enzymatic cleavage, of a myristoxy residue.
- Such a cleavage requires the general structure B shown in Fig. 3, which bears a secondary C14: 0 over 3 '. No correlation was found between this enzymatic cleavage detected in only five strains (C17, C12, H8, H7o and H10) and the ERIC-PCR profiles of these strains (profiles E, H, C, E and F, respectively) .
- C14: 0 can also be replaced by C13: 0 (peak at 1811, 4 in strains C12, H2 and H8) or by C12: 0 (peak at m / z 1769.3 in strains C17, C18, C12 , H8, H7o and H7i) (Table 3 and Fig. 3).
- the material was dissolved in 50 ⁇ l of ethyl acetate and the solution (1 to 5 ⁇ l) was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in a Shimadzu apparatus (GCMS-QP2010SE ).
- GC-MS gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry
- GCMS-QP2010SE Shimadzu apparatus
- a capillary column of Phenomenex (Zebron ZB-5MS, 30m ⁇ 0.25mm ⁇ 0.25 ⁇ m) was used with a temperature gradient from 50 ° C to 120 ° C (20 ° C / min) followed by a gradient of 120 ° C to 250 ° C (3 ° C / min) and finally a constant temperature (250 ° C for 2 min).
- Fatty acids were identified by their mass spectra (NIST base) and their retention times compared to fatty acid standards (Sigma-Aldrich).
- Example 2 Correlation between the presence of 2-hydroxymyristate and the pathogenicity of strains of the E. cloacae complex.
- strains carry the same major molecular species of lipid A, they differ in minor variations, such as the presence of an L-Ara4N or a pyrophosphate in position 1 and the presence of a 2-hydroxymyristate (20H-C14) or a C13: 0 replacing a myristate (Fig. 3). It is therefore possible to classify the strains according to the presence in their lipid A of molecular species carrying or not some of these four constituents. By this method, the twelve strains can be grouped into six groups as shown in Table 4. [Table 4]
- the lethal strains are not distributed randomly in the 6 groups identified but belong to only two groups. This result may suggest that the presence of 2-hydroxy myristate (20H-C14) (100% (3/3) of deaths) and, to a lesser extent, of tridecanoate (C13) (1/3 of deaths; 33%) markedly improve the pathological power of the strain compared to strains without these fatty acids (0% deaths).
- CRIB II index (for "clinical risk index for babies") was used.
- the CRIB II is a widely used hospital scoring system in neonatal intensive care, which reflects the severity of the condition of hospitalized babies. The score takes into account several characteristics of the newborns, including birth weight, sex, gestational age, temperature, Apgar score at 5 min, baseline excess, age and maternal parity.
- the risk ratio of death in patients infected with Enterobacter cloacae with 20H-C14 LPS is 5.55.
- Example 3 Polymyxin B survival test of E. cloacae complex Strains of the Enterobacter complex were selected.
- the Enterobacter strains stored in a frozen tube with 30% glycerol are subcultured in planktonic culture in 20 ml of LB culture medium. After incubation at 37 ° C. overnight, 1 ml of culture diluted to 10 7 is brought into contact with increasing concentrations of polymyxin B (1 ⁇ g / ml, 3 ⁇ g / ml and 10 ⁇ g / ml). A tube without antibiotic is added as a control.
- All tubes are incubated at 37 ° C with shaking for an additional 4 hours.
- the cultures are then diluted and spread on LB agar Petri dishes.
- the dishes are incubated at 37 ° C overnight and the colonies are counted.
- Percent survival is calculated as follows:
- 2-hydroxymyristate (2HM) into the structure of Lipid A is dependent on an LpxO hydroxylase described in Salmonella.
- the IpxO gene exists within the bacterial chromosome sequences of several ECCs on GenBank.
- the IpxO sequences of the different species are more than 80% identical except for all the sequences available in E. hormaechei which had only 60% identity with the other Enterobacter. While the IpxO sequences of the same Enterobacter species vary very little (for example, 96% to 100% in £. Bugandensis and 99 to 100% in £. Cloacae), all IpxO sequences from E. hormaechei are 100% identical and appear to be from a plasmid.
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| PCT/EP2020/082771 WO2021099513A1 (fr) | 2019-11-21 | 2020-11-19 | Procédé de pronostic de la virulence et de la pathogénicité de souches de bactéries gram négatif |
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