Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
  • F17C1/02—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge involving reinforcing arrangements
  • F17C1/08—Integral reinforcements, e.g. ribs
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
  • F17C1/007—Underground or underwater storage
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
  • F17C1/12—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge with provision for thermal insulation
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
  • F17C13/12—Arrangements or mounting of devices for preventing or minimising the effect of explosion ; Other safety measures
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
  • F17C2201/01—Shape
  • F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
  • F17C2201/01—Shape
  • F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
  • F17C2201/0119—Shape cylindrical with flat end-piece
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
  • F17C2201/01—Shape
  • F17C2201/0147—Shape complex
  • F17C2201/0157—Polygonal
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
  • F17C2201/03—Orientation
  • F17C2201/032—Orientation with substantially vertical main axis
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
  • F17C2201/03—Orientation
  • F17C2201/035—Orientation with substantially horizontal main axis
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
  • F17C2201/05—Size
  • F17C2201/052—Size large (>1000 m3)
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/01—Reinforcing or suspension means
  • F17C2203/011—Reinforcing means
  • F17C2203/012—Reinforcing means on or in the wall, e.g. ribs
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/03—Thermal insulations
  • F17C2203/0304—Thermal insulations by solid means
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
  • F17C2203/0604—Liners
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
  • F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
  • F17C2203/0614—Single wall
  • F17C2203/0624—Single wall with four or more layers
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
  • F17C2203/0636—Metals
  • F17C2203/0639—Steels
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
  • F17C2203/0636—Metals
  • F17C2203/0656—Metals in form of filaments
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
  • F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
  • F17C2203/066—Plastics
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
  • F17C2203/0678—Concrete
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/068—Special properties of materials for vessel walls
  • F17C2203/0695—Special properties of materials for vessel walls pre-constrained
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
  • F17C2221/03—Mixtures
  • F17C2221/031—Air
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
  • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
  • F17C2223/0107—Single phase
  • F17C2223/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
  • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
  • F17C2223/035—High pressure (>10 bar)
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
  • F17C2227/01—Propulsion of the fluid
  • F17C2227/0128—Propulsion of the fluid with pumps or compressors
  • F17C2227/0157—Compressors
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
  • F17C2260/01—Improving mechanical properties or manufacturing
  • F17C2260/011—Improving strength
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
  • F17C2260/01—Improving mechanical properties or manufacturing
  • F17C2260/012—Reducing weight
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
  • F17C2260/04—Reducing risks and environmental impact
  • F17C2260/042—Reducing risk of explosion
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2270/00—Applications
  • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
  • F17C2270/0134—Applications for fluid transport or storage placed above the ground
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2270/00—Applications
  • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
  • F17C2270/0142—Applications for fluid transport or storage placed underground
  • F17C2270/0144—Type of cavity
  • F17C2270/0147—Type of cavity by burying vessels
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/16—Mechanical energy storage, e.g. flywheels or pressurised fluids

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of energy storage in the form of pressurized gas, in particular large-volume containers for the storage of pressurized gas, such as used for the storage of energy by compressed air of the AACAES type ( from the English “Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage”) in which the storage of the air and the storage of the heat generated independently is provided.
• a compressed air energy storage system (also called CAES, from “Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage”) aims to store energy in the form of compressed air for later use.
• energy particularly electrical energy
• compressed air drives turbines, which can be connected to an electric generator.
• AACAES from English “Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage” in which the air is stored at room temperature, and the heat due to the compression is also stored, separately, in a TES heat storage system ( from the English “Thermal Energy Storage”).
• the heat stored in the TES is used to heat the air before it expands.
• Such a compressed air energy storage system requires one or more tanks which are at least both resistant to the storage pressure and tight to the gas used (air). Pressure resistance is in particular an important issue since the compressed air storage pressures are at least equal to 100 bar in the last stage of the AACAES system, which has the highest pressure.
• the use of all-steel tanks to withstand internal pressure is conventional. This is because steel has both sealing and pressure resistance properties.
• the tightness is ensured from fairly small steel thicknesses (a few mm), it is necessary to use greater steel thicknesses when one wishes to store a fluid under high pressure (i.e. that is to say a pressure greater than 100 bar, and preferably of the order of 125 bar).
• a cylindrical tank with a diameter of 56 ”(1422.4 mm) must have a minimum thickness of 33.5 mm to withstand an internal pressure of 125 bar (calculation according to the CODAP standard for a steel grade X80 ).
• an all-steel tank is a technically and economically advantageous solution for low volumes at high pressure
• an all-steel tank becomes unimaginable for large volumes at high pressure.
• due to the cost of steel the economic profitability of the system is strongly penalized, but also the design of such a tank generates strong manufacturing constraints.
• the larger the diameter of a spherical or cylindrical storage tank the greater the thickness required to hold the pressure.
• the manufacture and especially the welding of an element having a very large thickness is not always feasible.
• the storage of a large volume is done by assembling several elements of smaller dimensions, connected together. Having smaller dimensions, these elements are technically manufacturable and thus the manufacturing constraints are overcome.
• the economic profitability of the system can be questioned due to the quantity of steel required and the assembly costs.
• patent application FR 3055942 (WO 2018050455) describes a tank comprising a steel sealing layer, and a mechanical strength layer of concrete prestressed by metal wires in tension.
• the present invention proposes to improve tanks made of prestressed concrete with a steel layer by using a particular concrete: ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPC), also called in English ultra high performance concrete. (UHPC).
• UHPC ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete
• UHPC concrete increases the resilience of the compressed gas tank. Indeed, the enclosure of the tank can be sized to withstand many scenarios likely to lead to the ruin of the structure: accidental overpressure of the tank, failure of one or more prestressed elements, failure of the waterproofing layer. causing the internal porosity of the concrete to be put under pressure, thermal contrast between the inside and the outside of the tank caused by exceptional climatic conditions or production incidents. From this point of view, the prestressed concrete layer in UHPFRC has a much better ability to survive these different loads without ruin. In addition, the inventors have demonstrated that the use of UHPFRC makes it possible to obtain a behavior of the concrete layer which can deform to create cracks which allow the gas to escape under pressure, but without exploding.
• UHPFRC concrete is extremely expensive, infrequently used, and requiring specific tools and conditions for its implementation
• the use of UHPFRC concrete is economically competitive for the production of a compressed gas reservoir for an energy storage application, according to the invention.
• the cost of UHPFRC being much higher than that of conventional concrete, its use being intended for the construction of structures with very high added value, and its implementation being complex, do not encourage the use of UHPFRC.
• the mechanical characteristics of UHPC concrete to realize a compressed gas tank for an energy storage application make it possible to considerably reduce the thickness of the concrete layer, as well as, in to a lesser extent, the amount of steel used to prestress the concrete layer.
• the use of UHPC concrete makes it possible to produce a compressed gas tank at a compatible cost for an energy storage application, while maintaining better guarantees as to the safety and durability of the system.
• the present invention relates to a tank for storing a pressurized gas, such as compressed air, said tank comprising at least one tubular element having a wall comprising a layer of prestressed concrete, at least one layer of circumferential mechanical reinforcement and a waterproofing layer.
• the tank is characterized in that the concrete composing the prestressed concrete layer is chosen from ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concretes.
• the concrete making up the prestressed concrete layer can be chosen from ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concretes defined by standard NF P18-470.
• the concrete making up the prestressed concrete layer is chosen from ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concretes comprising steel metal fibers and exhibiting a standardized compressive strength greater than 150 MPa.
• the concrete making up the prestressed concrete layer is chosen from ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concretes comprising steel metal fibers and exhibiting a tensile behavior defined as at least slightly strain-hardening within the meaning of NF P18-470 (class T2 ), preferably defined as highly strain hardening within the meaning of NF P18-470 (class T3).
• the concrete making up the prestressed concrete layer can be chosen from ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concretes meeting at least one of the following criteria:
• the prestressed concrete comprises aggregates of different sizes, the maximum size of the aggregates being less than 7 mm, preferably less than 1 mm, and the content of aggregates having a grain size d50 ⁇ 5pm being at least greater than 50 kg / m 3 concrete,
• the circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer may be composed of circumferential metal elements arranged around or in the layer of prestressed concrete, the circumferential metal elements being prestressed in tension.
• the circumferential metal elements can be chosen from metal wires, metal bands, metal rings, metal cables.
• the wall may further include a protective layer arranged on the outer surface of the prestressed concrete layer, the circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer possibly being embedded in the protective layer.
• the wall may further comprise at least one layer of axial mechanical reinforcement composed of one or more longitudinal metal elements arranged in the layer of prestressed concrete, said one or more elements.
• longitudinal metal being prestressed in tension.
• Said one or more longitudinal metal elements can be chosen from a metal tube, metal wires, metal cables or metal bands.
• said sealing layer may be chosen from a metal layer, in particular steel, a polymer layer, in particular polytetrafluoroethylene, or a juxtaposition of an internal sublayer in concrete and an outer sub-layer of metal, in particular of steel, or of polymer, in particular of polytetrafluoroethylene.
• At least the layer of prestressed concrete and the layer of circumferential metal reinforcement and, optionally the layer of axial metal reinforcement if it is present, are dimensioned so that the tank withstands at least a pressure. greater than 100 bar and has an internal volume at least greater than 1000m 3 .
• the invention also relates to a system for storing and restoring energy by compressed gas comprising at least one gas compression means, at least one pressurized gas storage tank according to the invention, and at least one expansion means. of said compressed gas to generate energy.
• the invention also relates to a process for storing and restoring energy by compressed gas, in which the following steps are carried out: a) a gas is compressed; b) optionally, said compressed gas is cooled by heat exchange in a heat storage means; c) said optionally cooled gas is stored in a tank for storing pressurized gas according to the invention; d) optionally, said cooled compressed gas is heated by restitution of heat in said heat storage means; and e) said compressed and optionally heated gas is expanded to generate energy.
• Figure 1 schematically illustrates a pressurized fluid reservoir according to one embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 2 illustrate the current section of a tank according to different embodiments of the invention.
• FIG. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of a compressed gas storage and return system according to the invention using a reservoir for the storage of pressurized gas according to the invention.
• Figure 6 and, respectively, Figure 7 show the results of numerical simulations of the behavior of a tank with an ordinary concrete layer and, respectively, of a tank according to the invention in the event of rupture of longitudinal metal elements.
• the present invention relates to a closed tank for storing a pressurized gas.
• the reservoir may contain in particular a pressurized gas, for example compressed air.
• the reservoir is suitable for any pressurized gas.
• the reservoir comprises a current section closed on either side by a base and a cover.
• the current section forms the side wall of the reservoir, and may have substantially a tubular shape, which may extend along a rectilinear axis.
• the current section may be in the form of a tube, for example of a circular section, or a polygonal shape, for example octagonal.
• the interior of the current section delimits the storage volume of the pressurized fluid.
• the current section is made up of one or more tubular sections, assembled end to end by connection means.
• the base and the cover are each assembled to a tubular section, by connection means.
• connection means provide a sealed connection between two tubular sections, as well as between the base and a tubular section, as well as between the cover and a tubular section.
• the base and / or the cover of the reservoir conventionally comprise orifices for the injection and / or the withdrawal of pressurized gas. Outside the orifices for the injection and / or withdrawal of gas, the tank is closed.
• the tank may contain heat storage particles, allowing the heat contained in the gas to be stored. Thus, it is possible to realize more efficient energy storage.
• FIG. 1 illustrates, schematically and in a nonlimiting manner, a reservoir according to one embodiment of the invention.
• the tank has a running section 1, delimiting a storage volume A for storing pressurized gas and possibly heat storage particles.
• the current section 1 has a tubular shape which extends along the right axis ZZ '.
• the current section 1 of the tank is of cylindrical shape, of circular section.
• the current section 1 is composed of several cylindrical sections 1a, 1b, ... 1c. The sections are assembled end to end, in a sealed manner, for example by welding.
• the current section 1 is closed by a base 2.
• the current section 1 is closed by a cover 3.
• the base 2 and the cover 3 are shown flat. . However, they can take different forms, in particular hemispherical.
• the tank is placed lying on a ground B. Alternatively, the tank can be partially or totally buried in the ground B or be placed vertically.
• the tank according to the invention can have a storage volume greater than 1000 m 3, for example between 2000 m 3 and 10,000 m 3 .
• the reservoir is made up of a running section 500 m to 2,000 m in length and a cylindrical tube 1 to 4 m in internal diameter.
• the operation of storing pressurized gas, in particular pressurized air, can be carried out over cycles of a few hours (2h to 20h, preferably from 5h to 20h) or a few days (for example from 1 to 5 days).
• the pressure varies between a low pressure between 40 and 80 bars, preferably between 60 and 80 bars) and a high pressure greater than 100 bars (for example between 100 and 150 bars, preferably between 115 and 135 bars).
• a tank according to the invention has a storage capacity of 5000 m 3 , produced by an assembly of tube 2 m in internal diameter, over a length of 1000 m.
• This reservoir can operate between a low pressure of around 75 bars, at a high pressure of around 125 bars, in order to store energy in the form of compressed air corresponding to an electrical power of the order of 10 MW on many hours.
• the current section of the reservoir according to the invention is formed by a juxtaposition of concentric layers having specific functions. These layers are said to be juxtaposed and concentric because they are arranged around each other with no free space between them.
• the diameter (or the distance to the center of the tank in the case of a non-circular section) inside an outer layer corresponds to the diameter (or the distance to the center of the tank in the case of a section non-circular) exterior of a internal layer consecutive to the external layer.
• One layer forms a continuous wall in the shape of the running section.
• the current section includes:
• UHPC ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concretes
• the circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer is composed of circumferential metal elements arranged around or in the layer of prestressed concrete.
• the circumferential metal elements can take several forms, for example metal wires, metal cables, metal bands, metal rings.
• the metal elements are prestressed in tension and therefore impose a circumferential compressive prestress in the concrete layer at least when the tank is at rest (that is to say without containing gas under pressure).
• the axial mechanical reinforcement layer comprises one or more longitudinal metal elements which extend along the axis of the tank and which are arranged in the layer of prestressed concrete and along the axis.
• Said one or more longitudinal metal elements can take different forms, for example a metal tube, metal wires, metal cables, or metal bands.
• Said one or more longitudinal metal elements are arranged within the concrete layer. In other words, said one or more longitudinal metal elements are embedded within the UHPC concrete.
• Said one or more longitudinal metal elements are prestressed in tension and therefore impose a compression prestress in the direction of the axis of the tank, in the layer of prestressed concrete at least when the tank is at rest.
• a protective layer to protect the external surface of the tank made for example with ordinary concrete, cement mortar, asphalt, or a polymer cover.
• a waterproofing layer responsible for ensuring the gas-tightness of the tank, made for example of steel or polymer.
• the concrete making up the prestressed concrete layer is chosen from Ultra-High Performance Fiber Concrete (UHPC), also called “Ultra High Performance Concrete” (UHPC).
• UHPC are concretes, namely materials formed by mixing cement, sand, gravel and water, additives, additions and preferably metallic fibers, and whose properties are developed by hydration.
• Ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concretes used by the present invention can be defined by standard NF P18-470.
• UHPCs are defined there as "concretes characterized by high compressive strength, greater than 130 MPa, beyond the scope of standard NF EN 206 / CN: 2014, by high post-cracking tensile strength. making it possible to obtain a ductile behavior in traction and whose non-brittleness makes it possible to calculate and produce structures and structural elements without using reinforced concrete reinforcements ”.
• UHPC can be used with reinforced concrete reinforcements or prestressing reinforcements.
• an ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPC) of UHPC-S class within the meaning of standard NF P18-470 is chosen, namely:
• UHPC therefore has post-cracking resistance properties which are conferred by steel fibers.
• Steel fibers can be defined as "straight or deformed elements made from cold drawn wire, cut sheet metal, cast extracts, planed cold drawn wire or milled steel blocks".
• the steel fibers can have the following geometric dimensions: diameter from 0.1 to 0.3 mm and a length between 10 to 20 mm.
• a UHPC of the tensile behavior class T2 (little hardening) or T3 (very hardening) is chosen, according to the NF P18-470 standard.
• UHPFRC having a composition meeting the following criteria, taken alone or in combination: - UHPC comprises aggregates of different sizes, the maximum size of the aggregates is less than 7 mm, preferably less than 1 mm.
• UHPFRC is characterized by an upper size limit for the aggregates used: 7 mm maximum size, preferably 1 mm maximum size.
• a grade 52.5 cement defined by standard NF EN 197-1 is used.
• UHPC has a content of very fine particles with a grain size distribution d50 ⁇ 5pm of at least 50kg / m3 of concrete.
• UHPC therefore has a granular skeleton optimized on several scales to promote the compactness of the stack.
• the formulations are based for this on additions of very fine particles (d50 ⁇ 5 ⁇ m) such as silica fumes, ultra-fine siliceous or limestone fillers.
• a very low water dosage a water / cement mass ratio of between 0.15 and 0.25.
• a high additive content, in particular superplasticizers an additive content of between 10 to 35 kg in dry extract per m3 of concrete.
• a fiber content for example metal or polymers, preferably metal, for example steel, at high dosages: between 2% and 10% by volume.
• Total water between 15 and 25% by mass of the quantity of cement Compositions 1 and 2 are given by way of example:
• the prestressed concrete layer is formed from prestressed concrete.
• the prestressing is applied to the UHPC concrete by means of the circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer and possibly by the axial mechanical reinforcement layer.
• UHPC concrete to make the tank according to the invention increases the resilience of the compressed gas tank.
• the prestressed concrete layer in UHPFRC has a much better ability to survive without ruin during abnormal loads. Indeed, ordinary concretes exhibit a so-called "brittle" behavior which makes possible an explosive rupture of the concrete layer, for example in the event of failure of a longitudinal or axial metal element, or in the event of an impact on the concrete. outer surface of the tank.
• the consequences of an explosive rupture of the concrete layer would be dramatic given the extremely large volumes and pressures applied during the operation of the tank according to the invention.
• ordinary concrete we mean concrete within the meaning of standard NF EN 206, exhibiting a characteristic compressive strength of less than 100 MPa, and without the addition of fibers intended to give it ductility properties.
• the choice of UHPC concrete makes it possible to increase the resilience of the tank according to the invention.
• the UHPC concrete layer has a capacity to deform until it creates cracks which allow the pressurized gas to escape, but without exploding.
• the fibers, as well as the composition of UHPFRC concrete allow deformation of the concrete until the appearance of cracks, without ruining the structure because the fibers maintain the structure and its mechanical resistance capacities even after the appearance of cracks.
• the choice of UHPFRC concrete to produce the layer of prestressed concrete makes it possible to improve the maintenance over time of the mechanical strength of the tank according to the invention.
• UHPC concretes have excellent resistance to fatigue and creep, compared to ordinary concrete, which is well suited to withstand significant mechanical stresses, cyclically and accompanied by temperature variation, which is specific to the use for which the reservoir according to the invention is intended: energy storage in the form of pressurized gas.
• the layer of prestressed concrete can also provide a sealing function.
• the choice of UHPC concrete to make the tank according to the invention has a much lower permeability (of the order of a hundred times lower) than that of ordinary concrete.
• the layer of prestressed concrete in UHPFRC can be satisfactory for ensuring partial sealing against the gas contained in the tank.
• the waterproofing capacities of the prestressed concrete layer UHPFRC allows the possibility of failure or partial degradation of the waterproofing layer and makes it possible to limit its restoration operations.
• the prestressing exerted on the concrete should be dimensioned so as to ensure that the material is never subjected to tensile forces, even if the waterproofing layer is compromised.
• this criterion turns out to be particularly restrictive, giving rise to oversizing in terms of concrete thickness and extremely large prestressing cable section, of the order of 60% in thickness according to certain estimates. Oversizing is much smaller when using UHPC (of the order of 20% in thickness), due to the greater compressive strength of the material which makes it more able to withstand significant pre-stresses.
• the thinner walls of a UHPFRC tank have an advantage in terms of resistance to stresses of thermal origin.
• the charge / discharge cycles of the tank cause the internal temperature to vary significantly (several tens of degrees ° C), and uncorrelated from the temperature. to which the outer wall is subjected.
• a thermal gradient between the two walls is likely to cause cracking of the concrete on the cold wall, to the extent that the thermal contraction of the material on the wall is prevented by the rest of the structure, which is hotter.
• a particularly critical case for our application concerns the filling of the tank (which causes the tank to be pressurized and the internal temperature to rise), while at the same time the outside temperature is low, or drops suddenly.
• the wall is too thick to allow equalization of the temperatures between the internal and external faces, the thermal gradients generated are significant. It is possible to guard against cracking of the material on the external face by guaranteeing the presence of an external layer playing the role of thermal insulator, without any structural role. This role can optionally be fulfilled by the protective layer mentioned in this invention, if it proves to be sufficiently thick with respect to the temperature differences considered.
• the thinner wall allows much better temperature conduction which limits the temperature differences between the internal and external faces.
• the circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer is composed of circumferential metal elements arranged around or in the layer of prestressed concrete.
• the circumferential metal elements can take several forms, for example metal wires, metal cables, metal bands, metal rings.
• the circumferential tensile pre-stress can be obtained by winding under tension circumferential metal elements around the concrete tube, for example a winding of wires, cables or metal bands.
• the circumferential metal elements are fitted into sheaths reserved in the concrete tube during the casting thereof. Ci, prestressed, then made integral with the concrete tube by the injection of a cement grout which fills the space left free in the concrete sheath.
• the circumferential metal elements are arranged at the periphery, that is to say around and in contact, of the layer of prestressed concrete.
• the circumferential metal elements can be embedded in the layer of prestressed concrete.
• the circumferential metal elements are preferably arranged in half (the half is defined by the part obtained by delimiting the tube formed by the prestressed concrete layer in two halves corresponding to two concentric tubes, superimposed and of equal thickness ) of the prestressed concrete layer located on the outside of the tank.
• the circumferential metal elements are prestressed in tension and therefore impose a circumferential compressive prestress in the concrete layer at least when the tank is at rest (i.e. without containing pressurized gas).
• the circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer composed of the circumferential metal elements has the role of reducing the circumferential stress supported by the concrete layer when the tank according to the invention is put into service.
• the circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer composed by the circumferential metal elements has the role of maintaining the concrete layer in a situation of compressive stress over the greatest range of internal pressure stress of the tank, which makes it possible to take maximum advantage of the excellent compressive strength characteristics of concrete and therefore minimize the thickness of the concrete layer.
• the circumferential metal elements are made of metal, preferably of steel.
• the circumferential metal elements can be regularly distributed in or on the concrete layer, to apply a homogeneous prestress on the concrete layer.
• a tank according to the invention comprising a reinforcing layer Axial mechanics is a preferred embodiment of the invention, which allows the current section to take up the forces exerted by the pressurized gas on the base and the cover of the reservoir.
• the axial mechanical reinforcement layer comprises one or more longitudinal metal elements which extend along the axis of the tank and which are arranged in the layer of prestressed concrete and along the axis of the tank.
• Said one or more longitudinal metal elements can take different forms, for example a metal tube, metal wires, metal cables or metal bands.
• Said one or more longitudinal metal elements are arranged within the concrete layer.
• said one or more longitudinal metal elements are embedded within the UHPC concrete.
• the longitudinal metal elements are preferably arranged on or in the vicinity of the median plane of the prestressed concrete layer (the median plane is defined as the plane equidistant from the internal surface and from the external surface of the tube). According to one embodiment, the longitudinal metal elements are arranged and distributed over two tubular planes, the diameters of which are inscribed in the layer of prestressed concrete.
• Said one or more longitudinal metal elements are prestressed in tension and therefore impose a prestress in compression in the direction of the axis of the tank, in the layer of prestressed concrete at least when the tank is at rest.
• the axial mechanical reinforcement layer composed by said one or more longitudinal metal elements has the role of reducing the axial stress supported by the concrete layer when the tank according to the invention is under high pressure.
• the axial mechanical reinforcement layer composed by said one or more circumferential metal elements has the role of maintaining the concrete layer in a situation of compressive stress over the greatest range of internal pressure stress of the tank, this which makes it possible to take maximum advantage of the excellent compressive strength characteristics of concrete and therefore to minimize the thickness of the concrete layer.
• said one or more longitudinal metal elements is made of metal, preferably of steel.
• said one or more longitudinal metal elements can be regularly distributed in the concrete layer, to apply a homogeneous prestress on the concrete layer.
• said one or more longitudinal metal elements is chosen to be tubular in shape, it performs a sealing function.
• the tank does not include an additional waterproofing layer.
• the sealing layer aims to contain gas, for example air, at all times in the tank. Only the connections (means of injection and withdrawal of pressurized gas) of the tank must influence the quantity of material present in the tank.
• the waterproofing layer can be provided by a first sub-layer formed of concrete followed by a sub-layer formed of metal, preferably steel.
• the role of the first concrete sub-layer is to protect, on the one hand, the internal face of the sub-layer formed from steel against physical and / or chemical damage (corrosion in particular), to prevent the collapse of the same sub-layer ( due to the pre-stresses applied to the steel wires) and, in general, resist the stress induced by the pressurized fluid.
• the waterproofing layer can be provided directly by a metal layer, preferably steel, resistant to physical and / or chemical stresses and damage induced by the medium in contact.
• the metal layer or the metal sublayer can be replaced directly by a polymer layer or sublayer resistant to the stresses and physical and / or chemical damage caused by the medium in contact (the pressurized fluid). Mention may be made, for example, of polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE. Making the underlayer in polymer reduces the weight and cost of the waterproofing layer, while making the underlayer in metal provides better mechanical characteristics.
• the axial mechanical reinforcement layer and the sealing layer are formed by one and the same element composed of a steel tube.
• the outer protective layer is intended to protect the chemical (corrosion type) and / or physical attacks of the circumferential metal elements, as well as of the UHPC concrete layer, of the tank according to the invention. Therefore, the outer protective layer can be concrete, for example ordinary concrete, or cement mortar, asphalt, polymer or any other protective material against chemical and / or physical attack.
• This protective layer is therefore particularly advantageous when the layer of prestressed concrete comprises circumferential metal elements at the periphery.
• this layer may not have a mechanical resistance function. This is why this layer can be thinner than the layer of prestressed concrete.
• Figures 2, 3 and 4 illustrate, schematically and in a non-limiting manner, a running section 1 of a tank according to three embodiments of the invention.
• Each of Figures 2, 3 and 4 is a three-dimensional sectional view of the current section 1.
• the running section comprises a waterproofing layer 5, a mechanical resistance layer 6 of UHPC concrete covered with a circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer 8, and a protective layer 9.
• the circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer 8 is composed of metal wires prestressed in tension and wound around the mechanical resistance layer 6.
• the mechanical resistance layer 6 is crossed by metal wires. 7 composing the layer of axial mechanical reinforcement.
• the metal wires 7 are prestressed in tension.
• the metal wires making up the circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer 8 are regularly distributed over the length of the current section 1, and the metal wires making up the axial mechanical reinforcement layer 7 are regularly distributed over the circumference of the current section 1.
• the layer of protection 9, for example made of cement mortar, serves in particular to protect the pre-stressed metal wires of layer 8 from corrosion.
• the sealing layer 5 is pressed against the internal wall of the mechanical resistance layer 6.
• the running section comprises a waterproofing layer 5, a mechanical resistance layer 6 made of UHPFRC concrete, a circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer 8 arranged within the UHPC concrete of the mechanical resistance layer 6.
• the mechanical resistance layer 6 is crossed by metal wires 7 making up the axial mechanical reinforcement layer.
• the metal wires 7 are prestressed in tension.
• the metal wires 7 are arranged in the layer of mechanical resistance 6 at a distance X smaller than the distance Y of the metal wires 7 making up the layer of axial mechanical reinforcement, each of the distances X and Y being measured with respect to the axis of the tank.
• the metal wires making up the circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer 8 are regularly distributed over the length of the running section 1, and the metal wires making up the axial resistance layer 8 are regularly distributed over the circumference of the running section 1.
• the mechanical resistance layer 6 is crossed by a metal tube 7 making up the axial mechanical reinforcement layer.
• the metal tube 7 is prestressed in tension along the axis of the reservoir.
• the metal tube 7 has a radius of value X less than the distance Y, a distance measured with respect to the axis of the reservoir, at which the metal wires 8 making up the circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer are arranged.
• the metal wires making up the circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer 8 are regularly distributed over the length of the running section 1.
• the metal tube 7 also has the function of ensuring the tightness of the reservoir.
• the invention also relates to a means for storing and restoring energy comprising at least one compression means, at least one expansion means, at least one heat storage means and at least one pressurized gas tank according to the invention.
• a pressurized gas tank as described above is suitable for the high pressures of pressurized gas used in such a system.
• the tank according to the invention makes it possible to considerably reduce the cost of the pressurized gas tank, which is particularly useful for energy storage and return means, the pressurized gas tank being a significant cost factor. of the energy storage and return means. It is particularly suitable for the operation of AACAES type systems.
• the present invention also relates to a method of storage and return by compressed gas, in which the following steps are carried out: a) a gas is compressed, in particular by means of a compressor, b) optionally, the compressed gas is cooled by exchange. heat, in particular in a heat storage means, c) the compressed and possibly cooled gas is stored, in particular in a tank for the storage of a pressurized fluid according to the invention, d) optionally the gas is heated compressed stored, by heat exchange, in the heat storage means, e) the compressed and possibly heated gas is expanded to generate energy, for example by means of a turbine to produce electrical energy.
• FIG. 5 illustrates a non-limiting example of a system for storing and restoring energy by compressed gas according to the invention, comprising a means for compressing the gas 21, a means for storing heat 22, a storage tank for a pressurized gas 23 according to the invention and a gas expansion means 24.
• the arrows in solid lines illustrate the flow of gas during the compression stages (energy storage), and the dotted arrows illustrate gas circulation during the expansion stages (energy release).
• the heat storage system 22 is interposed between the compression / expansion means 21 or 24 and the reservoir 23 according to the invention.
• the air is first compressed in the compressor 21, then possibly cooled in the heat storage system 22.
• the compressed and possibly cooled gas is stored in the tank. 23 according to the invention.
• the heat storage system 22 stores heat during cooling of the compressed gas in the compression phase.
• the compressed gas stored in the tank 23 according to the invention is optionally heated in the heat storage system 22. Then, in a conventional manner, the gas passes through a means of relaxation 24.
• the system for storing and restoring energy by compressed gas according to the invention is not limited to the example of FIG. 5.
• Other configurations can be envisaged: several stages of compression and / or expansion, '' use of reversible means ensuring compression and relaxation, etc.
• UHPFRC tank UHPFRC tank according to the invention, without guarantee of integrity of the sealing layer
• the concrete thickness, as well as the quantity and the distribution of the circumferential and axial metallic elements were established according to the maximum expected working pressure which was set at 125 bars, and taking into account the regulations. provided for by EUROCODES, in particular EUROCODE 4.
• the volumes of material used are calculated on the basis of a reservoir of 5000 m 3 . Taking into account only the tubular section (no estimate of the needs concerning the tank bottom, or the civil engineering to support the structure).
• Tanks dimensioned without guarantee of the waterproofing layer are thicker and use more prestressing steel, since a higher prestress must be imposed on the concrete in order to guarantee the absence of tensile stresses even in the event of pressurizing the internal porosity by the pressurized gas from the tank, to the maximum working pressure (125 bar).
• the main characteristics of the R1A and R2A tanks are:
• this example shows that the structure of the R2A tank is lighter than that of the R1A tank.
• the mass of concrete required is drastically lower due to the very superior properties of UHPC concrete.
• these high mechanical strengths also make it possible to reduce by about 10% the volumes of prestressing metal reinforcements required.
• this example shows that the structure of the R2A tank is more expensive than the structure of the R1A tank: the additional cost in terms of materials is estimated at + 36%. This difference is relatively limited despite the fact that UHPC concrete has an estimated price of around 10 times higher than conventional concrete, as this additional cost is partially offset by the drastically lower volumes of concrete required, and the savings in terms of steel on the prestressing elements.
• Examples 1 and 2 present the results of numerical simulations carried out in the case of simultaneous ruptures of seven circumferential metal elements, at the maximum operating pressure of 125 bar respectively for the reservoir R1A and R2A.
• Figures 6 and 7 show, respectively for the tanks R1A and R2A, a section through the thickness of the layers of the tank, along a longitudinal plane.
• Figures 6 and 7 show only the layer of prestressed concrete 6 as well as the circumferential mechanical reinforcement layer 8 which is made up of steel cables.
• the left side of Figures 6 and 7 correspond to the center of the tank and the right side of Figures 6 and 7 correspond to the outside of the tank.
• the gray level fields represent the plastic deformation which corresponds to the cracking of the concrete.

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• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)

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• 2019
  • 2019-10-24 FR FR1911888A patent/FR3102531B1/fr active Active
• 2020
  • 2020-10-12 CN CN202080064146.6A patent/CN114364911A/zh active Pending
  • 2020-10-12 EP EP20789600.2A patent/EP4048934A1/de active Pending
  • 2020-10-12 WO PCT/EP2020/078645 patent/WO2021078568A1/fr unknown
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