EP4048453A1 - Nettoyage et dépollution des fibres issues des mégots de cigarettes usagés par mise en contact avec un fluide supercritique et recyclage des fibres dépolluées - Google Patents
Nettoyage et dépollution des fibres issues des mégots de cigarettes usagés par mise en contact avec un fluide supercritique et recyclage des fibres dépolluéesInfo
- Publication number
- EP4048453A1 EP4048453A1 EP20804611.0A EP20804611A EP4048453A1 EP 4048453 A1 EP4048453 A1 EP 4048453A1 EP 20804611 A EP20804611 A EP 20804611A EP 4048453 A1 EP4048453 A1 EP 4048453A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- fibers
- supercritical
- cleaning
- cigarette
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000341 volatile oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009941 weaving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009279 wet oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
- D21C5/02—Working-up waste paper
- D21C5/022—Chemicals therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/02—Solvent extraction of solids
- B01D11/0203—Solvent extraction of solids with a supercritical fluid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/02—Solvent extraction of solids
- B01D11/0288—Applications, solvents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/80—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving an extraction step
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B5/00—Operations not covered by a single other subclass or by a single other group in this subclass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
- B29B2017/0213—Specific separating techniques
- B29B2017/0293—Dissolving the materials in gases or liquids
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of cleaning cigarette butts, and more particularly the cleaning and depollution of fibers from filters of smoked cigarette ends.
- One of the objectives of the present invention is to reduce the impact of smoked cigarette butts on the environment by cleaning / depolluting the fibers from cigarette butts and by enhancing these fibers by manufacturing eco-designed products.
- the object of the present invention thus relates to a method and a cleaning installation exploiting the technology of supercritical fluids for depolluting the fibers originating from the filters of smoked cigarette ends.
- the goal is to extract the toxic substances accumulated during combustion, making the cigarette butts dangerous, in order to purify the fiber of the cellulose acetate filter for recycling.
- the object of the present invention also relates to the recycling and reuse of the decontaminated fibers obtained at the end of such cleaning.
- the present invention will find many advantageous applications by providing both manufacturers and communities with a technology for cleaning up cigarette butts that is simple to use and respects the environment.
- the concentration of nicotine in the butt is the main factor behind this classification.
- cigarette butts represent one of the most important wastes in the world with more than 4300 billion butts discarded each year in nature; this represents, by way of illustration, nearly 40% of the waste present in the oceans.
- Document FR 17 54267 A1 is known in particular, which relates to the recycling of cigarette ends.
- the recycling includes an essentially water-based cleaning step.
- Cigarette butt depollution techniques involving water-based cleaning necessarily require an additional step of treatment and filtering of the polluted water that was used for cleaning.
- the Applicant further submits that certain toxic substances present in cigarette butts cannot dissolve in water so that the performance associated with this type of technology is not satisfactory.
- the Applicant submits, after extensive research on the subject, that there is to date no reliable and efficient solution providing cleaning and depollution on a large scale and at lower costs for cleaning and depolluting cigarette butts in order to to recycle fibers and in particular cellulose acetate fibers.
- the present invention aims to improve the situation described above.
- the present invention more particularly aims to remedy at least one of the various drawbacks mentioned above by proposing an innovative cleaning and depollution technique involving bringing said cigarette ends into contact with a dense fluid under pressure, and in particular a fluid with the supercritical state.
- the object of the present invention relates, according to a first aspect, to a method for cleaning cigarette butts comprising the following steps: treatment of the butts in order to extract therefrom fibers to be decontaminated; and depollution of the fibers to be depolluted by bringing them into contact with a dense fluid under pressure, preferably a fluid in the supercritical state, called supercritical fluid.
- the cleaning according to the present invention relates to the cleaning of a consumed cigarette butt; in other words, cleaning is done on the butt filter after the cigarette has been smoked.
- the butt of a smoked cigarette has a high nicotine concentration; It is this nicotine that represents the main element of toxicity here and it is therefore this nicotine that we are trying to clean to cleanse the fiber in order to reuse it.
- the contacting of a dense fluid under pressure, preferably a supercritical fluid, with the fibers to be decontaminated makes it possible to extract from said fibers a very large majority, or even all, of the toxic substances and odors accumulated in the cigarette filters. classifying this toxic fiber.
- the dense fluid under pressure (preferably a fluid brought to the supercritical state) acts as a powerful solvent, especially for organic compounds comprising contaminants and pollutants.
- Such extraction of toxic substances and odors accumulated in cigarette filters by a technology of dense pressurized fluid (and in particular of supercritical fluid) allows depollution of the fibers; after decontamination, these fibers become clean and are able to be reused for new materials and / or other applications.
- Such depolluted fibers are appreciated in particular for their thermal and / or phonic properties, their filtering capacities and / or their mechanical properties.
- the cleaning generates very little effluent and is carried out in a closed circuit.
- the decontamination of 30 liters of fiber will generate only 0.1 liter of effluent to be treated, representing the concentrate of the toxic substances extracted. This ratio is very interesting and makes it easy to apply this process on a large scale.
- the fiber from the cigarette ends thus cleaned up can then be transformed into a semi-finished or finished product in different forms to become an eco-designed material that can be used in several fields. It will be understood that depending on the field of application, the level of cleaning and purification of the fiber may vary depending on the requirements and standards applied to the fields.
- the method according to the present invention comprises an initial phase of collecting the cigarette ends during which the cigarette ends are collected.
- Such a collection can be carried out by individuals, associations, communities, businesses and / or manufacturers, in particular manufacturers working in the field of cigarette manufacturing.
- the fibers of the cigarette butts comprise cellulose acetate fibers.
- the reuse of these cellulose acetate fibers, once depolluted, is appreciated for applications such as:
- the fibers to be decontaminated are introduced into a cleaning chamber. This is preferably done during the depollution phase before contacting.
- a cleaning chamber is in the form of a clause enclosure such as for example an autoclave.
- the fluid is compressed to a determined pressure called supercritical and is heated to a temperature called supercritical, said supercritical pressure and temperature being determined as a function of the fluid.
- the supercritical pressure is between 0 and 2000 bars, preferably between 50 and 350 bars, preferably between 280 and 320 bars.
- the supercritical temperature is between 0 ° and 400 ° Celsius, preferably between 15 ° and 80 ° Celsius.
- One of the aspects of the present invention is thus to provide an effective depollution by adjusting in particular the pressure and temperature parameters in order to bring the fluid into a supercritical state sufficiently powerful and solvent to eliminate (extract) the toxic substances and the odors present. in cigarette fibers, after tobacco combustion.
- the fluid is selected from: carbon dioxide; certain organic liquids such as methanol or ethanol; the water ; tetrafluoroethane; light alkanes having for example 1 to 5 carbon atoms, such as for example methane, propane, butane, G isobutane and pentane; dihydrogen monoxide; alkenes such as ethylene and propylene.
- All of these fluids can be used as a dense fluid under pressure, in a subcritical (wet oxidation) or supercritical state.
- the fluid selected for the depollution phase is carbon dioxide. It is preferably provided that, in this mode, the supercritical temperature is greater than or equal to 31 ° Celsius and the supercritical pressure is greater than or equal to 73.85 bars.
- carbon dioxide as a fluid is advantageous in that it makes it possible to decontaminate a waste such as the butt of cigarettes using another waste emitted in very large quantities by industries (carbon dioxide) .
- the temperature (temperature greater than or equal to 31 ° Celsius) and pressure (pressure greater than or equal to 73.85 bars) conditions for bringing the dioxide to the supercritical state are satisfactory and can be achieved without difficulty in an enclosure such as a autoclave.
- pressure pressure greater than or equal to 73.85 bars
- a cosolvent is added to the fluid to extract unwanted organic substances from the fibers, while maintaining the quality and technical characteristics of the fiber.
- the cosolvent is selected from: dihydrogen monoxide; alcohols, for example aliphatic alcohols of 1 to 5 atoms, such as ethanol, methanol, butanol; aqueous solutions (eg water); terpenes; benzene; cyclohexanes and their mixtures; ketones; hydrofluoroethers and all other cosolvents capable of depolluting the undesirable substances present in the fiber.
- alcohols for example aliphatic alcohols of 1 to 5 atoms, such as ethanol, methanol, butanol
- aqueous solutions eg water
- terpenes benzene
- ketones hydrofluoroethers and all other cosolvents capable of depolluting the undesirable substances present in the fiber.
- an extractant is added to the fluid in order to extract inorganic substances of the type for example heavy metals from the fibers.
- the extractant comprises a range of molecules of the calixarene type and / or solutions of agents capable of extracting inorganic substances (complexing agents, chelating agents, antioxidants, buffer solutions).
- agents capable of extracting inorganic substances complexing agents, chelating agents, antioxidants, buffer solutions.
- cosolvent (s) can also have an impact on inorganic molecules, and conversely, the addition of extractant (s) can also have an impact on organic molecules.
- the addition of cosolvent (s) and / or extractant (s) in the cycle is preferably injected using a suitable pump. It will be understood that the cosolvents and the extractants are chosen according to the undesirable substances to be extracted, according to the standards corresponding to the outlets.
- the purity results of the desired fiber may vary.
- the parameters pressure, temperature, flow rate, cleaning time, etc.
- the reuse or not of cosolvents and / or extractants can vary according to the desired results.
- the depollution step comprises, prior to contacting, wetting the fibers.
- the contacting comprises an action of a jet of the fluid in the direction of the fibers.
- a jet of the fluid With such a jet, the fluid penetrates all of the material in the autoclave.
- the jet has a speed of between 1 and 500 meters per second.
- the jet comprises a flow rate of between 1 and 4000 liters per hour.
- the contacting is carried out for a period of between one minute and eight hours, preferably between 15 and 120 minutes.
- the flow rate and the duration of the cleaning can thus vary, in particular depending on the quantity of material to be treated, the parameters and the substances targeted.
- the treatment phase comprises grinding of the cigarette ends.
- such grinding is carried out for example in a grinder or a so-called treatment tank after a collection phase and optionally a sorting operation.
- the crushed butts are then driven on a production line to undergo a plurality of processing operations (friction and / or sieving and / or cycloning and / or secondary crushing).
- the treatment phase comprises in particular sieving.
- This or these various operations are mainly aimed at separating the fibers from the other waste, the other waste being of the leaf, ash and / or tobacco type.
- the fiber formed in part of cellulose acetate is recovered.
- the other waste (leaves, tobacco, ashes) are recycled in the form of compost.
- These treatment operations can be carried out in a treatment tank suitable for this purpose; this tank can be independent of the autoclave or possibly be directly integrated into the autoclave.
- the object of the present invention relates, according to a second aspect, to a cleaned (or depolluted) fiber obtained at the end of an implementation of a cleaning process such as that described above.
- Such a fiber thus cleaned up can be reused for many applications, particularly in the building, clothing and other fields that can use this fiber.
- the object of the present invention relates to an installation for cleaning cigarette butts comprising:
- a treatment tank configured to treat cigarette butts in order to extract fibers to be decontaminated
- - depollution means configured to clean the fibers by bringing them into contact with a dense fluid under pressure (preferably a fluid in the supercritical state, called supercritical fluid).
- the depollution means comprising one or more cleaning chambers of the autoclave type.
- such an autoclave is capable of withstanding high or even very high pressures.
- the capacity of the chamber can for example vary from 0.2L to 1500L, however this is not limited.
- the installation comprises means of the nozzle, pipe and / or valve type in order to inject the supercritical fluid into the chamber or chambers.
- the chamber can extend vertically or horizontally.
- the vertical inclination of the chamber facilitates loading / unloading and ensures good propagation of the fluid (carbon dioxide) in the fibers to be decontaminated.
- an airtight door locks each of the cleaning chambers.
- the nozzles and inlet and outlet pipes for the fluid from the cleaning chamber are provided with fine framing grids, called filter grids, in order to retain the fine particles of fibers during the discharge of the fluid transporting the substances. unwanted.
- filter grids fine framing grids
- the installation comprises a reservoir containing a fluid (in the liquid state), said reservoir being connected to said cleaning chamber.
- Such a fluid is preferably intended to be brought to the supercritical state.
- the installation comprises heating means and pressurizing means, controllable by a central unit, configured respectively to heat the fluid to a determined supercritical temperature and to compress the fluid to a determined supercritical pressure, said central unit determining the supercritical temperature and pressure as a function of the fluid.
- the installation further comprises expansion means configured to expand the fluid in order to continuously separate throughout the cycle the fluid from the solid and liquid contaminants transported, in order to recycle said fluid.
- the expansion means are preferably located in the installation upstream of said cleaning chamber; that is, when leaving the room.
- Separators allow fluid to be separated from contaminants by changing the fluid state due to the pressure drop.
- the installation may include several successive separators in which the pressures are different and lower in order to separate all the toxic substances and odors accumulated during transport by the fluid.
- the separators are designed so that the fluid “licks” and scrubs the walls as much as possible in order to separate toxic substances and odors from the fluid as much as possible.
- the separators can preferably be cyclonic. Toxic substances and aromas (odors) are recovered at the outlet of these separators in suitable containers such as vials or bottles.
- the fluid leaving the separator is captured again to be reinjected into the cycle continuously and in a closed circuit.
- a ventilation / host system and secure plate can be installed at the toxic substance recovery area, thus securing the recovery of the toxic concentrate.
- the installation is dimensioned in proportion to the parameters chosen and is capable of accommodating the defined parameters (pressure, temperature, flow, filtration, etc.). It includes components such as nozzles, pipes, pipelines, tanks, separators, tanks, pumps, condensers, heating resistors, heating collars, boilers, coolers, sensors and pneumatic regulators, hydraulic and mechanical (flowmeters, etc.).
- the cleaning chamber comprises a rotating drum into which the fibers are introduced. It is understood here that such a drum can be mounted on a rotation axis (magnetic or mechanical, for example) allowing the drum to rotate on itself.
- the object of the present invention relates to a use of fibers obtained from cigarette butt filters for the manufacture of thermal and / or sound insulation, filters and / or biodegradable plastic objects.
- the fibers are cellulose acetate fibers.
- the use of the method is carried out to manufacture insulation plates (thermal or sound), such use being particularly advantageous in the building and / or energy field.
- these plates are made by mixing the cleaned fiber from the filter with a two-component material or other compounds.
- These fibers can preferably be linked by adding glue, binding materials or any other material capable of joining the fibers together.
- the use of the method is carried out for making textile articles of clothing, such articles being appreciated for their thermal and / or phonic properties in particular.
- the fibers and the insulating plates are sewn and / or inserted inside the clothes, by way of quilting in order to create an ecological insulation.
- the fibers are conditioned to once again become filters for filtration, mainly of liquid or gas.
- the fibers are used, in the processes and the plastic transformation, pure or mixed to create new solid materials.
- the present invention provides all players involved in the recycling of cigarette butts with an innovative technology using the properties of supercritical fluids to clean up fibers, and in particular cellulose acetate fibers.
- FIG. 1 shows the phase diagram of carbon dioxide
- Figure 2 shows a schematic view of a cleaning installation implementing supercritical fluid technology for cleaning fibers from cigarette butt filters
- Figure 3 is a flowchart of a process for cleaning fibers from cigarette butt filters
- Figure 4 is a graph showing the evolution of the mass of several samples as a function of time
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the evolution of the sound absorption coefficient of a first test sample as a function of the frequency
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the evolution of the absorption coefficient of a second test sample as a function of the frequency
- FIG. 7 is a graphical representation making it possible to classify the sound absorption coefficient as a function of frequency
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the evolution of the attenuation index of the bulk product as a function of the frequency
- Figure 9 is a graph showing the change in the attenuation index for the doubled plate as a function of frequency.
- One of the objectives of the present invention consists in recovering and cleaning up the fibers present in cigarette butts, and more precisely in cigarette filters, taking into account the above ecological / environmental and financial constraints.
- One of the other objectives of the present document consists in proposing alternative solutions for the recycling and / or the reuse of the cleaned fibers.
- organic and inorganic substances including in particular: nicotine, heavy metals, organic acids (acetic acid and / or tartaric acid), nitrosamines, flumetralins, pendimethalins and / or trifluralins, phenols , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), formaldehydes and acetaldehydes, dioxins and / or furans, anions (chlorides, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates and / or ammonium).
- organic acids acetic acid and / or tartaric acid
- nitrosamines flumetralins
- pendimethalins and / or trifluralins phenols
- PAHs polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- formaldehydes and acetaldehydes formaldehydes and acetaldehydes
- dioxins and / or furans anions (chlorides, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates and
- the cleaning and depollution of these fibers consist in extracting these toxic substances adsorbed in these fibers during combustion in order to transform the cigarette butt, hazardous waste (classified: HP 14: ecotaxic and HP6: acute toxicity), into usable raw material without classification.
- the concept underlying the present invention is to exploit the technology of dense pressurized fluids, and in particular supercritical fluids, by removing these substances to effectively clean the fibers of the polluted filters.
- This technology is also used to dye textiles without water.
- carbon dioxide is used as the fluid.
- waste carbon dioxide generated by the industry makes it possible to act on carbon neutrality through this process. Two wastes are used to generate an exploitable raw material.
- FIG. F therefore represents the phase diagram of carbon dioxide.
- phase diagram exposes the different states of matter according to the different parameters associated with the pressure and temperature of the fluid.
- any increase in pressure applied to the gas leads to the formation of a supercritical fluid (more condensed) without passing through the liquid state.
- carbon dioxide In the supercritical state, carbon dioxide then exhibits an intermediate behavior between the liquid state and the gaseous state, with particular properties:
- the diffusivity coefficient is between that of liquids and gases
- the low viscosity and the high diffusion coefficients of carbon dioxide in the supercritical state allow efficient cleaning due to the significant penetration of the solvent into the core of the fiber. Combining the transport properties and the efficient extraction of carbon dioxide allows a total cleaning of the material.
- carbon dioxide replaces the use of effective organic solvents (but very polluting) such as hexane, dichloromethane, perchlorethylene, trichlorethylene and chloroform, or the use of aqueous solution like water.
- the phase diagram of FIG. 1 shows that the critical point P c corresponds to a critical temperature T c greater than or equal to 31 “Celsius and a critical pressure P c greater than or equal to approximately 73.85 bars.
- the method according to the present invention comprises a step of collecting S0.
- This S0 collection step can involve individuals as well as associations, communities, companies and all other collection actors.
- a series of cigarette butts treatment operations during a PI phase including in particular a sorting step S 1 1 to separate the cigarette butts from any other waste, a grinding step S1_2, and a sieving step S 1 3 which can be repeated several times, in order to extract a maximum of tobacco, ash, and leaf.
- a friction step S 1 3 a sieving step S 1 4 and a cycloning step S 1 5 could also be added or not.
- the succession of these different steps in phase PI mainly aims to separate the cigarette fibers to be decontaminated from other waste such as, for example, cigarette leaves, ash, tobacco.
- ashes, leaves and tobacco could be susceptible to the same supercritical treatment to obtain a purer compost.
- the various processing steps are carried out by the installation which comprises a production line comprising in particular a processing tank (not shown here) implementing a crusher, a sieve and / or means. cycloning and / or friction (not shown here). It will be understood that the installation 200 does not necessarily include this production line; this could be transferred to another site (processing carried out by a subcontractor, for example).
- the installation 200 further comprises a cleaning chamber 10 in the form of an autoclave, said chamber 10 being configured to clean the fibers from the cigarette filters by contacting these fibers with the fluid to be used. supercritical state.
- the chamber 10 is therefore configured to contain a fluid in the supercritical state, and therefore withstand high temperatures and pressures.
- this chamber 10 is a hermetically sealed enclosure, preferably made of stainless steel.
- the first step S2_0 of this P2 depollution phase therefore includes the introduction and positioning of the fibers to be decontaminated in the cleaning chamber 10.
- the fibers are introduced into a fixed container.
- the concept underlying the present invention is to contact these fibers in chamber 10 with a fluid in a supercritical state, here carbon dioxide.
- valves, nozzles and inlet and outlet pipes configured to connect the cleaning chamber 10 and the tank 20.
- these elements are provided with fine framing grids in order to retain and filter the fine particles of fibers which may be entrained during the discharge of the fluid carrying the undesirable substances.
- Such screens prevent these fine fibers from being transported out of the chamber during cleaning and end up with the unwanted residue extracted at the exit.
- the cleaning chamber 10 to comprise compression means 30 and heating means 40 configured respectively to compress, during a step S2_l, said fluid to a supercritical target pressure P sc and to heat during a step S2_l. of a step S2_2 said fluid up to a supercritical target temperature T sc .
- the compression 30 and heating means 40 can be controlled by a central unit 50.
- This central unit 50 thus comprises electronic storage means (not shown here) storing information relating to the settings associated with supercritical cleaning such as the supercritical temperature and pressure T sc and P sc depending on the fluid used.
- these supercritical temperature and pressure T sc and P sc correspond respectively to a temperature greater than or equal to 31 ° Celsius and a greater pressure or equal to 73.85 bars. These parameters are here associated with carbon dioxide as stated above.
- the central unit 50 which controls the compression 30 and heating means 40 to bring the fluid to the supercritical state.
- This step S2_3 remains optional.
- the depollution phase P2 comprises bringing the supercritical fluid S2_4 into contact with the fibers to be decontaminated inside the autoclave 10.
- the supercritical state turns out to be a powerful solvent: placing S2_4 of such a supercritical fluid in contact with the fibers of cigarette butts to be decontaminated makes it possible to extract fibers of nonpolar organic molecules, such molecules being mainly formed of long chains low molecular weight carbonaceous substances (lipids and fatty substances).
- S2_4 contacting can be done in several forms, potentially combined with one another: high pressure spraying, dipping, jet nozzle, spraying, etc.
- the cleaning chamber 10, or autoclave thus comprises sprinkling means (not shown here) capable of emitting a jet of carbon dioxide in the supercritical state.
- the electronic storage means store other parameters relating to cleaning such as, for example, the duration of contact (duration of soaking), the flow rate of the jet and / or the speed of the jet.
- the electronic storage means store still other parameters associated with the contacting.
- this addition S2_5 is provided between the compression step S2_1 and the heating step S2_2, by means of a suitable pump.
- Said cosolvent can also be added upstream or downstream of the cleaning. The choice and use of these so-called cosolvents depends on the targeted substances to be extracted to meet the standards of the various outlets.
- the installation 200 is further configured for, during a step S2_6, adding extracting molecules of the calixarene type, or solutions of agents capable of extracting inorganic substances (complexing agents , chelating agents, antioxidants ...) with supercritical fluid.
- This additional S2_6 addition allows the formation of complexes with the inorganic compounds, which will allow them to be transported at the same time.
- step S2_5 provision is made for this addition S2_6 to be made between the compression step S2_1 and the heating step S2_2 by means of an appropriate pump.
- Said extractant can also be added upstream or downstream of the cleaning. The choice and use of these so-called extractants depends on the targeted substances to be extracted to meet the standards of the different outlets.
- colsolvents and / or extractants are implemented by the central unit 50 which controls means 60 capable of injecting said fluid with cosolvents and / or extractants by means of a pump.
- the fluid On leaving the chamber, the fluid is cooled and depressurized by expansion means 70 during a step S3 for a change to the gaseous state (or expansion).
- expansion means 70 make it possible to expand the fluid in order to continuously separate the fluid from the solid and liquid contaminants transported.
- the carbon dioxide is then released in gaseous form thanks to a recovery system 80 serving as a separator between the fluid and the contaminants.
- This separator 80 evacuates the contaminants in suitable, separate and isolated containers.
- stages of filtration or particulate / molecular absorption can optionally be added (in addition to the continuous separation carried out during the transition from the supercritical state to gaseous during cleaning) as additional stages on the fluid at the end of the cycle.
- liquid, gaseous, or supercritical state during or after the cycle in order to ensure complete separation of the unwanted liquid and / or solid particles which could have remained solubilized in the fluid, in order to recover pure supercritical fluid to be reinjected on the following cycles .
- This fluid will be able to pass through activated carbon in order to capture odorous molecules and possible VOCs.
- Activated carbon can optionally be added at the outlet or in the cleaning chamber if necessary.
- this fluid can return to the cleaning chamber 10 as many times as necessary.
- the remainder of the polluted stream is then discharged and treated, because on being released and passing into the gaseous state, the carbon dioxide separates from the contaminants.
- the decontaminated fiber is then recovered.
- the technology of cleaning fibers by supercritical fluid allows the fluid to automatically recycle itself continuously by changing state. On leaving the chamber, it passes during the expansion (loss of density) from the supercritical state to the gaseous state and loses its effectiveness as a powerful solvent, releasing the undesirable substances (in liquid or solid) transported during the supercritical state. These unwanted substances are collected in specialized containers for processing and recovery.
- the fluid can be injected back into the chamber in a supercritical state.
- a filtration / absorption separation step can be added to facilitate the recovery of the residues solubilized in the fluid (during or after cleaning, in the gaseous, liquid or supercritical state), and to purify the fluid in order to recover all its efficiency. extraction.
- the fluid passes through one or more enclosures and separators (accompanied by expansion valves) capable of purifying it and making it reusable, by capturing and collecting all the contaminants.
- the fluid further passes through an activated carbon filter to trap odor molecules and volatile organic compounds.
- Activated charcoal can also be added to the chamber. This step is not mandatory.
- the high volatility of fluids under atmospheric conditions categorizes the fluid as a dry solvent, requiring no drying step.
- the inert, non-toxic, and non-hazardous solvent fluid does not risk damaging the working conditions of users.
- the present invention provides a technology which does not have the drawbacks of the prior art.
- the present invention makes it possible to cleanse the fibers coming from the filters. cigarette butts by extracting odors, organic and inorganic matter which classifies the butt as undesirable waste.
- This two-component material such as Trevira 255 2.2 dtex / 6 mm: PES copolyethylene, is a material composed of a core and its outline. Its more heat-sensitive outline melts at temperatures below that of the core and other components, helping to unify all of the fibers. These two-component materials were therefore chosen according to the characteristics of the recycled fibers. This process also works with any type of two-component material (possibly organic).
- the fibers can also be bonded with all types of material such as glues or binding materials.
- the distribution of two-component material and acetate fibers can vary depending on the desired characteristics of the material (more or less solid, flexible, resistant, etc.).
- This depolluted fiber can also be used to form filters and / or filtration systems for air, water, liquid or gas (urban, automotive, aeronautic, hydrocarbon, etc.).
- cellulose acetate it is still possible to reduce cellulose acetate to a material that can be used in all types of plastic processes (in particular molding) so that this recycled material is transformed into objects. It can be mixed with other materials to create biodegradable products. In addition, it can also be used in the field of composite by mixing with other materials (glues, binders, bi-component etc ). It is also used in all types of materials.
- the present invention provides for the implementation of a supercritical fluid technology for cleaning and depolluting the fibers obtained from the filters of cigarette butts.
- Such cleaning and such depollution are obtained by bringing said fibers into contact with a fluid of the carbon dioxide type in the supercritical state.
- thermal and / or sound insulation materials building, electronics, automobile: lithium battery insulation for electric vehicles, aeronautics, shipbuilding and all other areas requiring thermal and / or sound insulation ...;
- This supercritical fluid cleaning technology has very interesting extractant and cleaning properties and even more effective than the solvents, detergents and polluting aqueous solutions that are used up to now.
- This cleaning by supercritical fluid has the advantage of being totally green, neutral and ecological with low quantities of discharge (almost zero residual effluent following cleaning, requiring little secondary treatment and therefore economically advantageous), which make it possible to manage large quantities easily.
- Nicotine analyzes were performed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID).
- Cyanide analysis was performed by ion exchange chromatography with amperometric detection after extraction of approximately 1 g and trapping in 30 mL of 1M sodium hydroxide solution.
- Table 2 shows the results of the quantitative analysis of the content of organic acids and cyanides in cigarette butts in mg / kg:
- ICP-OES Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry
- ICP-MS Inductively Couple
- ICP-OES has been used for: (Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Si, Ti and Zn).
- ICP-MS has been used for: (As, B, Cd, Cr, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb and Se). Table 3 below shows the results of the quantitative analysis of the metal content in the butts in mg / kg.
- Table 4 represents the results of the analysis relating to the water content of the cigarette butt samples:
- the pH of an aqueous solution in contact with the samples was determined.
- the ratio between the mass of the test sample and the volume of water is 1/10.
- Table 5 represents the results of the analysis relating to the pH of the samples:
- the pH values make it possible to rule out the presence of large quantities (> g / kg) of alkaline substances such as for example potash (KOH), soda (NaOH) or lime (Ca (OH) 2).
- KOH potash
- NaOH soda
- Ca (OH) 2 lime
- the iterative approach makes it possible to conclude that the first sample after treatment can be qualified as non-hazardous waste for the properties HP 4, HP 5, HP 6, HP 7, HP 8, HP 10, HP 11, HP 13, and HP 14 via computational assessment.
- the nicotine concentration initially at about 5580 mg / kg
- the nicotine concentration changes after treatment to 870 mg / kg and 418 mg / kg. It has been sufficiently reduced (ratio 7 to 13) to no longer result in classification under the HP6 property "acute toxicity".
- the analyzes carried out therefore make it possible to observe a reduction in the concentration of nicotine in the cigarette butts by the process implemented because after treatment, the residual concentration of nicotine no longer results in the classification for the HP6 hazard property "acute toxicity" as c was the case for the sample before treatment.
- the purpose of this test is to measure the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the material.
- the device consists of two heat exchanger plates isolated on the rear face, one of which is fixed and the other is mobile.
- a heat transfer fluid circulates inside each exchanger plate, the temperature of which is regulated by a thermostatic bath. Baths can be programmed to vary over time.
- the equipment allows any temperature to be imposed on each of the two main faces of the sample.
- two thermocouples are used and positioned outside the material to be characterized.
- two flux meters are placed on each side.
- Step 1 each plate has a temperature of 20 ° C
- Step 2 each plate has a temperature of 25 ° C
- Step 3 one plate is at 20 ° C and the other is at 25 ° C
- the dimensions of our samples are 30.5 * 30.5 cm 2 and have the following values as density: Plate n ° 3.4: 0.16g / cm 2 Plate n ° 2.1: 0.13g / cm 2 Plate n ° 1.1: 0.15 g / cm 2
- the decontaminated fiber is well insulating because this one has values of conductivity lower than 0.06 W / m.K (CF Standard NF EN 13162 + A1). Indeed the material has an average conductivity value of 0.045 W / m.K. This value is the limit for a material to be considered insulating. All the samples from the decontaminated fiber are therefore considered to be insulating. Their conductivity and resistance values approximate the characteristics of mineral wool. It can also be said from tests that the less grinding there is, the more insulating the material is. This means that there is a relationship between density and thermal conductivity. We could therefore imagine subsequently finding the optimum density / thermal conductivity for our material.
- the hygrometric functioning of a material represents the behavior of the material in the face of a large variation in temperature and humidity. This is the material's ability to absorb or reject energy to preserve the thermal comfort of the home. This manipulation aims to measure and characterize the permeability of the recycled material.
- Protocol The samples to be tested are placed in jars. A background of water is present at the bottom of the jar to create humidity. Rings are placed to elevate the sample and create an air zone between the water and the product (1.2 cm). This volume will be the same for all tests. In order not to have a direct transfer between the climatic chamber and the trapped air, a seal with a mixture of beeswax and paraffin (60/40%) is made and applied between the jar and the sample. The device is then placed in a climatic chamber set at a humidity level of 50%. The mass is weighed every 24 hours in order to determine the quantity of water evaporated. Here is the evolution of mass as a function of time and percentage of mass lost:
- FIG. 4 provides a graphic illustration of this change in the mass of the various products as a function of time.
- the permeability results obtained are as follows (and comparison of the permeability of the different materials):
- the recycled material is in the same range as the M effets.
- This material has a high absorption capacity.
- the acoustic resistance of the material is an important factor in the characterization of the product.
- Absorption coefficient The sound absorption coefficient defines the ratio between the absorbed noise and the incoming noise. This varies by sound frequency. The absorption coefficient is between 0 and 1. The closer the material is to 1, the more absorbent the material.
- Attenuation index Expressed in decibels (dB), it is the standardized measurement characterizing the attenuation index of a building material or product. It represents the amount of noise stopped by that material or product. A material is all the more insulating the greater its index (Rw).
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Extraction Or Liquid Replacement (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
- Cleaning In General (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1911822A FR3102076B3 (fr) | 2019-10-22 | 2019-10-22 | Procede de recyclage de megots et utilisation du procede pour la fabrication d’un isolant thermique et/ou acoustique |
FR2000806A FR3102180B1 (fr) | 2019-10-22 | 2020-01-28 | Nettoyage des fibres issues des mégots de cigarette par mise en contact avec un fluide supercritique et recyclage des fibres dépolluées |
PCT/FR2020/051880 WO2021079050A1 (fr) | 2019-10-22 | 2020-10-19 | Nettoyage et dépollution des fibres issues des mégots de cigarettes usagés par mise en contact avec un fluide supercritique et recyclage des fibres dépolluées |
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EP4048453A1 true EP4048453A1 (fr) | 2022-08-31 |
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EP20804611.0A Pending EP4048453A1 (fr) | 2019-10-22 | 2020-10-19 | Nettoyage et dépollution des fibres issues des mégots de cigarettes usagés par mise en contact avec un fluide supercritique et recyclage des fibres dépolluées |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20230087232A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP4048453A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2022553072A (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2020370020A1 (fr) |
BR (1) | BR112022007523A2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA3156829A1 (fr) |
FR (3) | FR3102076B3 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2021079050A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FR3125946A1 (fr) | 2021-08-06 | 2023-02-10 | Tchaomegot Collecte | cendrier urbain adapté pour la collecte des mégots de cigarettes |
WO2024010617A1 (fr) * | 2022-07-05 | 2024-01-11 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Utilisation de dioxyde de carbone supercritique pour extraction de sorbant |
CN115569630A (zh) * | 2022-09-29 | 2023-01-06 | 南京师范大学 | 一种钙基co2吸附材料及其制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US5328934A (en) * | 1992-10-27 | 1994-07-12 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Recycling cellulose esters from the waste from cigarette manufacture |
US5504119A (en) | 1993-04-30 | 1996-04-02 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Recycling cellulose esters from the waste from cigarette manufacturing |
EP2414574B1 (fr) * | 2009-03-31 | 2018-12-12 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Nappes fibreuses non-tissées dimensionnellement stables et leurs procédés de fabrication et d'utilisation |
FR3066128B1 (fr) * | 2017-05-15 | 2019-07-19 | Mego! | Procede de valorisation des megots de cigarette |
WO2019167054A1 (fr) | 2018-02-27 | 2019-09-06 | Anish Sharma | Tampons hygiéniques biodégradables/à base d'origine biologique recyclés |
-
2019
- 2019-10-22 FR FR1911822A patent/FR3102076B3/fr active Active
-
2020
- 2020-01-28 FR FR2000806A patent/FR3102180B1/fr active Active
- 2020-04-24 FR FR2004093A patent/FR3102075A1/fr active Pending
- 2020-10-19 US US17/754,782 patent/US20230087232A1/en active Pending
- 2020-10-19 JP JP2022523828A patent/JP2022553072A/ja active Pending
- 2020-10-19 AU AU2020370020A patent/AU2020370020A1/en active Pending
- 2020-10-19 WO PCT/FR2020/051880 patent/WO2021079050A1/fr unknown
- 2020-10-19 BR BR112022007523A patent/BR112022007523A2/pt unknown
- 2020-10-19 EP EP20804611.0A patent/EP4048453A1/fr active Pending
- 2020-10-19 CA CA3156829A patent/CA3156829A1/fr active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU2020370020A1 (en) | 2022-05-05 |
FR3102075A1 (fr) | 2021-04-23 |
CA3156829A1 (fr) | 2021-04-29 |
FR3102076A3 (fr) | 2021-04-23 |
JP2022553072A (ja) | 2022-12-21 |
FR3102180B1 (fr) | 2021-10-22 |
US20230087232A1 (en) | 2023-03-23 |
FR3102180A1 (fr) | 2021-04-23 |
FR3102076B3 (fr) | 2021-10-22 |
WO2021079050A1 (fr) | 2021-04-29 |
BR112022007523A2 (pt) | 2022-07-12 |
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