Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
  • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
  • G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
  • G01T1/1606—Measuring radiation intensity with other specified detectors not provided for in the other sub-groups of G01T1/16

Definitions

• the invention relates to the field of nuclear physics and the detection of elementary particles, in particular the neutrino.
• the present invention relates in particular to devices and methods for detecting neutrinos.
• Neutrinos are emitted in large quantities from the sun and many other stars as well as from terrestrial sources such as nuclear reactors, for example nuclear power plants.
• the neutrino is an elementary particle whose existence was confirmed experimentally in 1956 by Reines and Cowan whereas it had been imagined on a theoretical basis by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930.
• the reaction (1) which allowed the Reines experiment - Cowan is the antineutrino v ° - proton p + interaction:
• reaction (1) Many alternative reactions to reaction (1) have been considered for the design of new neutrino detectors. These reactions can involve neutrinos or antineutrinos.
• beta - pseudo-decay Another category of these reactions is based on the transformation of a neutron into a proton with an emission of an electron, known as beta - pseudo-decay. Mention may be made of the GALLEX detector in Italy using gallium transmuted into Germanium by the neutrino, or the “Homestake Gold mine” detector using the Chlorine-Argon pair.
• reaction (1) which can be called “stimulated beta decay”, presents a major practical difficulty: it requires working with free neutrons whose density (around 108 / cm3 in a reactor) can hardly reach the densities nuclei of a common object (for example of the order of 1023 nuclei / cm3 of gallium or chlorine for the detectors mentioned above).
• Application SU 1396104 relates to a method for determining the mass of neutrinos. In the process described, the directionalization of the particles is destroyed, insofar as a magnetic field is applied to deflect them.
• the subject of the invention is thus a method for detecting neutrinos, comprising the following steps:
• the invention relates in particular, according to one of its aspects, to a method for detecting neutrinos, comprising the following steps:
• (c) determine from the energy and direction of the elementary particles detected, information on at least one neutrino which has arrived in the collision zone and has collided with a free neutron present in the collision zone.
• the elementary particle emitted can result from the reaction of a neutrino with a neutron. It can be in particular a proton and an electron both resulting from a single reaction between a neutrino and a neutron. The process is thus based on the elementary reaction (2) above.
• the source of neutrinos can for example be chosen from the following list, which is not exhaustive: sun, supemova, nuclear power station, particle accelerator, civil or military nuclear installation, nuclear submarine.
• Neutrinos from the sun have a flux at the earth's surface of the order of 6.5.10 10 neutrinos / cm2 / s.
• Neutrinos arriving in the collision zone may not be evenly distributed. Detection of inhomogeneity can determine the nature and / or location of the source of the neutrino. In the invention, it is possible in particular to seek to determine an inhomogeneity in the distribution, in particular the spatial distribution, of the neutrinos which have arrived in the collision zone and have collided with free neutrons present in the collision zone.
• the solar neutrino flux on earth is of the order of 6.4 x 10 10 cm 2 s 1 .
• the number of neutrinos which have arrived in the collision zone and which can collide with a free neutron present in this collision zone is dependent on the density and the speed of the neutrons.
• a thermal beam with neutrons of energy 0.025eV and a flux of 10 L 6 ns-l.cm- 2 and of section of 1cm 2 and for an exposure orifice of 1cm 2 therefore a volume of lcm3 with a density equivalent of 10 L 6 n / cm3, it can for example be of the order of 1000 neutrinos per second.
• the number of neutrinos arriving in the collision zone can for example be greater than 1000 neutrinos per minute, better still greater than 100,000 neutrinos per minute.
• the number of neutrinos arriving in the collision zone and colliding with a free neutron present in the collision zone can for example be less than 100,000 neutrinos per minute, or even less than 1000 neutrinos per minute, better still less than 10 neutrinos per minute. minute.
• step (c) We can determine in step (c) the energy and / or direction of arrival of said neutrino arrived in the collision zone and collided with a free neutron present in the collision zone.
• the energy spectrum of the detected neutrinos can be between 0.78 MeV and several TeV. It may for example be between 0.78 MeV and 100 TeV, better still between 0.78 MeV and 1 GeV, or even between 0.78 MeV and 10 MeV.
• the determination of the energy spectrum of the particles detected, in particular protons and electrons, can make it possible to determine the direction of the position of the source of said neutrino.
• the direction of the position of the neutrino source can be determined relative to a known reference source.
• a known reference source is a source for which the energy spectrum and the direction of the position are known. It could be the sun, for example. If we know the time, we know the position of the sun, and we can deduce the direction of the position of the source of the detected neutrino. For example, we can detect the appearance of a supemova when its visible light is still very weak. The energy and / or direction of arrival of said neutrino can be detected with a given precision.
• step (c) information can be determined on the distance from the neutrino source from which said neutrino arrived in the collision zone and collided with a free neutron present in the collision zone.
• the method according to the invention is carried out for a very long period, for example several weeks, several months or even several years. We can thus detect the evolution over time of the number and characteristics of collisions between a neutrino and a free neutron present in the collision zone. Information is thus obtained on the density of the neutrino source and its distance.
• step (b) it is possible to detect in step (b) the energy and / or the direction of the elementary particle emitted in the collision zone, in particular an electron and / or a proton.
• the elementary particle emitted can be endowed with a certain kinetic energy depending on the energy of the incident neutrino.
• the elementary particles emitted thus acquire a range of kinetic energy which depends on the energy of the incident neutrino. They distribute themselves in directions and pulses, depending on the trajectory and the initial energy of the incident neutrino. All of these trajectories generate a spectrum of trajectories and pulses which is related to the direction of the position of the source of the neutrinos with respect to the detection device for a given energy of these neutrinos.
• step (b) We can detect in step (b) a pair of elementary particles resulting from the reaction of a neutrino with a neutron, in particular of a proton and an electron resulting from a single reaction between a neutrino and a neutron.
• the two charged particles produced namely the proton and the electron, are thus detected and, from their trajectories, the direction of the incident neutrino and / or its energy can be established.
• Detecting a pair of proton and electron from a single reaction can determine the energy of the neutrino, especially with greater precision and lower uncertainty.
• the detection of a single elementary proton or electron particle is sufficient to obtain information on the energy of the neutrino, but with some uncertainty and lower precision.
• Detecting a pair of proton and electron from a single reaction can determine the energy of the neutrino, especially with greater precision and lower uncertainty.
• the detection of a single elementary proton or electron particle is sufficient to obtain information on the energy of the neutrino, but with some uncertainty and lower precision.
• the uncertainty on the determination of the energy of the neutrino and / or its direction in case of detection of a pair of elementary particles is much lower than the uncertainty of the determination of the energy of the neutrino and / or its direction in case of detection of a single elementary particle, without detection of the paired particle.
• a majority of the free neutrons can have a magnetic moment having a predefined orientation, in particular more than 60%, better still more than 70%, even more than 80% of the free neutrons have a magnetic moment having a predefined orientation.
• the magnetic moments of free neutrons can be aligned in the same direction. They can be parallel to the direction of movement of free neutrons in the collision zone, being in the same direction or in the opposite direction, or alternatively they can be perpendicular to the direction of movement of free neutrons in the collision zone. With free neutrons having magnetic moments having a predefined orientation, one can further minimize the uncertainty in determining the energy of the neutrino and / or its direction.
• Free neutrons can have an energy between 1 meV and 14 MeV, better still between 1 meV and IKeV, or even between and 1 meV and 25 meV.
• the energy of the neutrons can be low, we speak of thermal or cold neutrons, or it can be high, we speak of fast neutrons.
• low energy neutrons are preferably used, in particular between 1 meV and 25 meV. This can help minimize the risk of gamma radiation or the emission of any other particle.
• the subject of the invention is also, independently or in combination with the foregoing, a device for implementing the method as defined above.
• a subject of the invention is also a device for detecting neutrinos, for example for the implementation of a method as described above, comprising:
• a source of free neutrons configured to provide free neutrons in a collision zone
• a tool for detecting at least one elementary particle emitted in the collision zone in particular an electron and / or a proton, configured in particular to detect its energy and / or its direction
• a computer configured to determine from the elementary particle (s) detected, in particular their energy and / or their direction, information on at least one neutrino which has arrived in the collision zone and has collided with a free neutron present in the collision zone.
• the invention relates in particular, according to one of its aspects, to a device for detecting neutrinos, in particular for implementing the method as described above, comprising:
• a source of free neutrons configured to provide free neutrons in an area collision
• a computer configured to determine from the energy and direction of the elementary particles detected, information on at least one neutrino which has arrived in the collision zone and has collided with a free neutron present in the collision zone .
• the computer can be configured to determine the energy and / or the direction of arrival of said neutrino which has arrived in the collision zone and has collided with a free neutron present in the collision zone, in particular with a given precision.
• the detection tool can be configured to detect the energy and / or direction of the elementary particle emitted into the collision zone, including an electron and / or a proton.
• the detection tool may have one or more detectors, for example two or three detectors.
• a detector may for example comprise a mosaic of scintillators, which may be arranged in a planar or cylindrical manner, for example around a tube.
• a scintillator emits light when a proton or electron enters it.
• a detector can further include a photomultiplier, which can be separated from the scintillators by a transparent window.
• the photomultiplier allows the conversion of light into an electronic signal and its amplification.
• the amplification of the intensity can advantageously be several orders of magnitude.
• any other type of proton or electron detection, electrically or magnetic based, can be used.
• the detector (s) may for example be sensitive to the charge of the particles detected, for example by using an electrical charge measurement or CCD (in English “Charge-Coupled Device”).
• the detection tool can be configured to detect a pair of elementary particles resulting from the reaction of a neutrino with a neutron, including a proton and an electron resulting from a single reaction between a neutrino and a neutron.
• Other phenomena can constitute sources of noise, more or less intense depending on the active principle of the detection tool and of the detectors, namely for example charge detection or scintillation. It may be the capture of neutrons by the materials of the detection device, cosmic phenomena such as the arrival of muons, neutrons, or other various particles, and finally telluric phenomena, such as terrestrial gamma radiation.
• noise sources can be attenuated by measures taken in the design of the detection device.
• This can, for example, be placed at a sufficient distance from places likely to be the site of interactions between neutrons and matter, in order to prevent gamma rays from being produced by radiative capture of neutrons. Protections, for example made of heavy material such as lead or tungsten for example, can be placed if necessary between these places and the sensitive parts of the detection tool for the absorption of gamma radiation.
• the detection device may alternatively or additionally comprise external protections, where appropriate, for anticosmic and antitelluric protection.
• the collision zone can be defined by a limiting device.
• the limiting device can help to limit the collision zone, making it possible to confine possible reactions between a supplied free neutron and a neutrino at the collision zone.
• the limiting member may for example comprise a tube in which the free neutrons are present in a stationary form, or in which the free neutrons circulate, for example in the form of a beam of free neutrons.
• the limiting member may extend in an elongation direction, which may for example be parallel, or even coincident, with a longitudinal axis of the free neutron beam.
• the use of a limiting device can make it possible to limit the volume of useful reactions: the production of protons and electrons produced outside this volume then does not result in particle detection because the particles are stopped by a physical barrier.
• the limiting member may include, for example, a small thickness of metal, on their possible path to the detection zones.
• the volume defined by the limiting member therefore represents the place of creation and single departure of the elementary particles which can be detected and will therefore be used as the point of origin for the trajectory calculations.
• the limiting member makes it possible to limit the geometric extent of all the starting points of the elementary particles detected. As we do not have access to the actual starting point, any point not obscured by the limiting device is a potential starting point which must be taken into account in determining the trajectories. The reduction of the limiting device therefore makes it possible to be more precise in the development of trajectories to the detriment of the number of detectable events. per unit of time. It is possible to operate very well with a very large limiting member or without the limiting member, if necessary.
• the limiting device may include one or more orifices allowing the elementary particle or particles emitted in the collision zone to reach the detection tool. Said orifice (s) can be distributed over the periphery of the limiting tool.
• the tube may for example include one or more orifices distributed over its periphery.
• the orifice (s) may have an opening diameter D of between 0.1 mm and 100 mm, better still between 1 mm and 10 mm, or even between 3 mm and 5 mm.
• the smaller the opening diameter D the better the angular accuracy in determining the direction of the position of the neutrino source.
• the larger the opening diameter D the better the number per unit time of elementary particles detected, which improves the quality of the determination.
• a distance H between the limiting member and the detector may be between 10 mm and 10,000 mm, better still between 100 mm and 1,000 mm, or even between 50 mm and 100 mm.
• the greater the distance H the better the angular accuracy in determining the direction of the position of the neutrino source.
• the smaller the distance H the greater the time-of-flight differences between protons and electrons, and therefore the more difficult their pairing.
• the angular geometric accuracy of the trajectory calculation can be improved. It is in particular the relationship between these two values that can determine the accuracy of the measurement.
• the field of view of the instrument can be increased, with a greater solid angle of source detection.
• the device does not have a limiting member.
• the detection device may include a vacuum chamber into which the neutrons can be introduced.
• the detection device can include one or more polarization electrodes.
• the polarization electrode (s) can make it possible to improve the discrimination in the detection of the polarity of the elementary particles emitted, in particular an electron and / or a proton, which makes it possible to improve the energy measurements. We can thus better distinguish the polarity of a detected elementary particle, and better match a proton with an electron resulting from the same reaction between a neutrino and a neutron.
• the detection device may further include information processing means configured to determine, from the kinetic energy of the elementary particles resulting from the reaction between the neutron and the incident neutrino, in particular the protons and electrons, the energies initials of the neutron and the neutrino, which are highly dependent on them.
• the emitted particles have a certain spatial and energetic distribution or momentum that can characterize the source of neutrinos in terms of energy and direction.
• the amount of light produced by the interactions of elementary particles, protons and electrons can be a monotonically increasing function of the kinetic energy or momentum of these elementary particles and can then be measured and recorded by the detection device.
• detection by means other than light based for example on the detection of moving charged particles, the energy can be captured through the use of electric and / or magnetic fields.
• the basic information that can be acquired and measured are the following: energy deposited during the detection of elementary particles, place of deposition of these energies, these places being able to make it possible to establish the trajectories of the proton and the electron from the area of the limiting organ.
• the impact accuracy can be on the order of a millimeter.
• the detection device may for example comprise, assembled in a processing chain allowing acquisitions, one or more scintillators or alternatively devices for measuring the electrical charge, a transmission wall such as a transparent window, one or more photomultipliers.
• the detection device can allow the measurement of charges in a proximity electronic card, digitization and digital processing in a multi-channel card, then the storage in a computer of the rest of the information collected.
• a calibration and calibration phase may be necessary to establish the operational parameters for processing the information.
• This calibration and calibration phase can include a phase in which means can be used for the creation and variable impulse of charged particles of the electron and proton type in order to establish the energy response curve of the instrument (energy equivalence deposited - transported energy).
• This calibration and calibration phase may include exposure to one or more established or known neutrino sources such as the sun, for example, for calibration purposes.
• This calibration can be carried out according to the following principles and methods: determination of the temporal and energy characteristics of the proton-electron coincidences obtained and in particular verification of the coherences between the energies deposited and the time-of-flight deviation, then processing of the proton-electron detection coincidences.
• the processing of proton-electron detection coincidences can be performed by establishing impact locations and trajectories of protons and electrons sorted by deposited energy of protons and electrons assuming that the corresponding neutrinos originate from the sun and therefore have a trajectory and known energies with respect to the detection device by construction.
• the processing of proton-electron detection coincidences can be carried out by then establishing a calibration function linking the trajectory of the neutrino, deposited energies and the distribution of impacts and trajectories of the proton and the electron
• a spectrum is then established according to the energies deposited and by converting this spectrum into the energy of the incident particles (neutrinos) according to the spectra established by the bibliography for the source considered.
• the calibration function established during the calibration phase can make it possible to process the events during operational use in order to establish for each coincidence event the probabilities associated with the energies and possible trajectories of the incident neutrinos.
• the detection of the energies and positions of a single pair of protons electron can be used to establish the energy but not necessarily the trajectory of the incident neutrino.
• the calibration function established during the calibration phase can make it possible to process the events during G operational use in order, for a set of events, to reprocess these probabilities with a principle of maximum likelihood to define the spectrum and the position of the sources of neutrinos which could have been identified or foreseen.
• the subject of the invention is also a nuclear reactor detector by detection of neutrinos originating from the nuclear reactor, comprising a device for detecting neutrinos as described above.
• the detector according to the invention allows the detection and location of any nuclear reactor, for example a nuclear power station, a particle accelerator, a civil or military nuclear installation, a nuclear submarine.
• the method and the device according to the invention can make it possible to determine the positioning of a submarine, to carry out spatial or terrestrial mapping, for example of radioactive materials from the earth, to carry out monitoring of mobile neutrino sources. or immobile, to characterize a source or sources of neutrinos. They can be used in communication, navigation and geological imaging applications. They can for example be implemented on earth or on a satellite.
• the neutrons provided are free neutrons.
• free neutrons is meant neutrons which are not bound to a nucleus.
• the free neutrons can be in a stationary form, for example coming from a local neutronogenic reaction, or in which the free neutrons circulate, for example in the form of a beam of free neutrons.
• the bundle may or may not be cylindrical, for example having a particular cross-sectional shape.
• Some of the free neutrons provided may have a magnetic moment with a predefined orientation.
• magnetic moment is meant the intrinsic magnetic moment of the particle, namely the neutron.
• a majority of the free neutrons can have a magnetic moment having a predefined orientation, in particular more than 60%, better still more than 70%, even more than 80% of the free neutrons can have a magnetic moment having a predefined orientation.
• the magnetic moments of free neutrons can be aligned in the same direction. They can be parallel to the direction of movement of free neutrons in the collision zone, being in the same direction or in the opposite direction, or alternatively they can be perpendicular to the direction of movement of free neutrons in the collision zone.
• Neutrons can be produced by any type of neutron source, such as, for example: nuclear reactor, particle accelerator, radioactive sources, portable generators, this list not being exhaustive.
• Neutrons can be produced by a nuclear fission reaction. Neutrons produced by a nuclear reactor can be used to form a beam.
• the neutrons can also be produced by a local source integrated into the device or close to it.
• Another technology that can be used for the production of neutrons is spallation, i.e. the interaction of energetic photons, energetic particles or strongly accelerated light nuclei (in the order of MeV to GeV) with nuclei. heavy and / or rich in neutrons.
• the impact of the incident energy beam (proton, electron or photons) on these nuclei frees the neutrons by splitting the nuclei or tearing the excess neutrons in a directional cone.
• the neutron source can be configured to allow the production of free neutrons.
• Neutrons can be emitted in a stationary form, without direction, for example by means of laser confinement, or as a beam of free neutrons.
• the neutron source can be configured to allow the emission of such a beam of free neutrons.
• beam neutrons make it possible to minimize the noise they are likely to generate. In fact, in the case of a beam, there may be less interaction between the neutrons and the material of the device.
• the above neutron source may have an output diaphragm.
• the output diaphragm may be a disc made of materials which interact little with the neutrons so as to allow the neutron beam to pass.
• the output diaphragm may for example be made of one or more material (s) that are weak neutron absorbers.
• the outlet diaphragm can include, for example, carbon, magnesium, lead, silica, zirconium or aluminum.
• the outlet diaphragm can be of any shape, for example circular, oval, elliptical, polygonal.
• Figure 1 is a schematic and partial view, in longitudinal section, of a neutrino detection device according to the invention.
• Figure 2 is a schematic and partial view, in cross section, of another neutrino detection device according to the invention.
• Figure 3 illustrates the neutrino detection method according to the invention.
• Figure 4 is a detail view of the device of Figure 1.
• Illustrated in Figure 1 is a neutrino detection device 10 comprising a source of free neutrons, which provides in the example described a beam L of free neutrons.
• the neutrons are directed towards a collision zone Z, in which they will be liable to collide with neutrinos which have arrived in the collision zone Z.
• the collision zone is formed in a vacuum chamber 1.
• the neutron beam enters in the vacuum chamber 1 in 6, and comes out in 8. It circulates there in a straight line.
• the device 10 On the side of the input 6 of the device 10 and its output 8, the device 10 comprises two input 7 and output 9 flanges, so as to best limit the noise collected in the detection device 10, i.e. that is to say in order to limit the neutron capture reactions likely to occur at these two input flanges 7 and 9. Thus, the beam-material interactions are limited at the two input and output flanges.
• heavy equipment protections 5 are arranged between the flanges 7, 9 and the scintillators 2. These protections 5 can be made of lead or tungsten.
• the device 10 further comprises a tool 11 for detecting elementary particles emitted in the collision zone Z.
• the elementary particles which can be detected are electrons and / or protons. These elementary particles are the result of the reaction of a neutrino with a neutron. It can be in particular a proton and an electron both resulting from a single reaction between a neutrino and a neutron.
• the detection tool 11 is configured to detect their energy and direction. It comprises for this purpose a mosaic 2 of scintillators emitting light when a proton or an electron enters it. These scintillators are glued or fixed on a window 3 which constitutes a barrier to the vacuum and allows the light to leave the scintillators 2 and to reach a set of photomultipliers 4 where this light is converted into a group of electrons constituting the electronic signal. that is collected.
• the device comprises a limiting member 12 to limit the Z collision zone, made of metal.
• the limiting member 12 comprises a tube open by two orifices 13 allowing the elementary particles emitted to reach the scintillators 2.
• the device 10 further comprises a computer 15, 16 configured to determine from the elementary particle (s) detected, in particular their energy and / or their direction, information on at least one neutrino which has arrived in the collision zone and entered. colliding with a free neutron present in the collision zone.
• a computer 15, 16 configured to determine from the elementary particle (s) detected, in particular their energy and / or their direction, information on at least one neutrino which has arrived in the collision zone and entered. colliding with a free neutron present in the collision zone.
• the scintillators and the photomultipliers 4 are arranged in a planar matrix, and the limiting member has two opposing orifices 13.
• the device 10 can be arranged with another configuration.
• FIG. 2 shows a detection device 10 having a cylindrical shape, the scintillators and the photomultipliers 4 being arranged in a cylinder focused on the neutron beam.
• the limiting member may also have a single orifice of cylindrical shape, or alternatively several orifices arranged on a cylinder.
• a first step free neutrons are supplied in a collision zone, in particular by means of a source of free neutrons, then at least one elementary particle emitted in the collision zone is detected, in particular an electron and / or a proton. , by detecting in particular its energy and / or its direction by means of a scintillator 2.
• the light emitted passes through the porthole 3, then is converted and amplified by the photomultipliers 4.
• the electrical signal obtained is converted into 15 of an analog signal into a digital signal, and a first processing is performed to determine the polarization of the signal, its intensity and its dating, in order to detect any coincidences.
• a computer 16 makes it possible to record the information of detector number, pulse date and pulse intensity, organize them into a table, process the information and detect coincidences, in order to identify particles and calculate energy trajectories and spectra.
• the characteristics of the electron / proton pairs emitted are constrained by three initial characteristics, namely the energy of the incident neutrino, the direction of the incident neutrino, and the energy of the neutron. According to each set of initial conditions of these three characteristics, the energies and the directions of emission of the pairs of elementary particles emitted represent a different "signature": a bouquet of possible emissions and not unique for the emitted pairs corresponding to the initial conditions. The configuration obtained by the cumulative emissions of the pairs of particles then represents the signature corresponding to the initial conditions.
• the initial conditions can be found, in particular the directions and energies of the incident neutrinos.
• the measurement precision may depend on certain parameters of the device, as illustrated in FIG. 4. By way of example, it may depend on the opening diameter D of the orifice. The smaller the opening diameter D, the better the angular accuracy in determining the direction of the position of the neutrino source. The larger the opening diameter D, the better the number per unit of time of elementary particles detected, which improves the quality of the determination.
• the precision can also depend on the distance H between the limiting member and the detector. The greater the distance H, the better the angular accuracy in determining the direction of the position of the neutrino source. The smaller the distance H, the greater the time-of-flight differences between protons and electrons, and therefore the more difficult their pairing.

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• 2019
  • 2019-09-26 FR FR1910610A patent/FR3101437B1/fr active Active
• 2020
  • 2020-09-25 EP EP20780997.1A patent/EP4034916A1/de active Pending
  • 2020-09-25 WO PCT/EP2020/076925 patent/WO2021058752A1/fr unknown

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