EP4034886A1 - Prédiction du contenu de la rétine en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 à travers le dosage de 7 molécules d'esters de cholestérol - Google Patents
Prédiction du contenu de la rétine en acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 à travers le dosage de 7 molécules d'esters de cholestérolInfo
- Publication number
- EP4034886A1 EP4034886A1 EP20790373.3A EP20790373A EP4034886A1 EP 4034886 A1 EP4034886 A1 EP 4034886A1 EP 20790373 A EP20790373 A EP 20790373A EP 4034886 A1 EP4034886 A1 EP 4034886A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fatty acids
- omega
- polyunsaturated fatty
- content
- retina
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/92—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving lipids, e.g. cholesterol, lipoproteins, or their receptors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/16—Ophthalmology
- G01N2800/164—Retinal disorders, e.g. retinopathy
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/52—Predicting or monitoring the response to treatment, e.g. for selection of therapy based on assay results in personalised medicine; Prognosis
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of ophthalmology and more specifically to the prediction of the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina.
- Age-related macular degeneration is a degenerative disease of the central part of the retina, called the macula. It mainly affects the elderly and is responsible for 50% of blindness cases in industrialized countries. About 600,000 people are affected by the disease in France. Advanced forms of AMD (called neovascular AMD and atrophic AMD) are associated with loss of vision, and are usually preceded by early, asymptomatic abnormalities.
- AMD Age-related macular degeneration
- the etiology of AMD is multifactorial, and involves genetic as well as environmental factors such as diet. In this context, the role of omega-3 or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is arousing growing interest for 3 reasons:
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids includes in particular a precursor fatty acid, ⁇ -linoleic acid (or C18: 3n-3 or ALA) and three derivatives with long chain, eicosapentaenoic acid (or C20: 5n-3 or EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (or C22: 5n-3 or DPAn-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA or C22: 6n-3).
- ALA is an essential nutrient for humans, because animal organisms are unable to synthesize it de novo, and therefore depend exclusively on food intake.
- Knowing the concentrations of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina is indeed important information for: 1. identifying subjects whose retina is impoverished and who could therefore be at risk of AMD, and 2. monitoring the effectiveness of nutritional supplementation based on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in restoring physiological levels of these fatty acids in the retina.
- a first study was limited to studying the associations of the retinal contents of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with the blood contents of various fatty acids, without attempting to predict the fatty acid content.
- omega-3 polyunsaturates in the retina nor to investigate the lipid structures that carry fatty acids in the blood (phospholipids, cholesterol esters, triglycerides ...) (Gorusupudi et al. J Lipid Res 2016; 57: 499-508).
- the second identified cholesterol esters as a whole as circulating markers of retinal DHA content (Bretillon et al. Exp Eye Res 2008; 87: 521-528).
- the third showed that the DHA content of erythrocytes was not a good circulating marker for the DHA content of the retina (Acar et al. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e35102).
- omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Two approaches are commonly used to indirectly evaluate the content of the retina in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- the first is based on food intake which, through food questionnaires, allow a subject to assess the consumption of a particular food rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and to extrapolate it to tissue enrichment.
- the second consists of an evaluation of the contents of circulating omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and again, to extrapolate blood enrichment to tissue enrichment.
- This assessment in the blood compartment can be more or less global and concern both whole blood, erythrocytes, total plasma or different plasma compartments (mostly phospholipids and cholesterol esters).
- omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina it is currently impossible to measure the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina reliably. It is therefore necessary to have a tool for evaluating omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina, other than the dietary intake method which is complex to implement and imprecise and than the method based on the lipid composition of plasma / of the different compartments of the plasma which does not allow to obtain reliable results concerning the fatty acid content in the retina.
- the invention makes it possible to estimate the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina through the blood assay of at least one cholesterol ester.
- the inventors have, by refinement in the use of cholesterol esters as a marker of the content of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina, used dosage values of a cholesterol ester, preferably of seven cholesterol esters, instead of the 25 present in the blood.
- the construction and use of a mathematical model advantageously makes it possible to predict the concentration of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina from a dosage value of a cholesterol ester, preferably of 7 cholesterol esters in the blood.
- This approach is advantageously focused on a small number of plasma cholesterol esters, and is more efficient and reliable for determining the retinal content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- the present invention relates to a method for determining the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina of a subject comprising the quantification of the content of at least one cholesterol ester in a blood sample of said subject , the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina being correlated with the content of cholesterol esters.
- a subject of the invention is also a method of preventing a retinal pathology linked to a deficiency in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by determining the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina according to the determination method according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to a method of monitoring the treatment of a pathology linked to a deficiency in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids comprising the steps of administering at least one treatment and of determining the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- omega-3 from the retina according to the determination method of the invention.
- the invention also relates to a method for diagnosing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiencies comprising determining the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina of a patient to whom treatment has been administered, according to the method of determination of the invention.
- the present invention relates to a method for determining the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina of a subject comprising determining the content of at least one cholesterol ester in a blood sample of said subject, the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the retina being correlated with the content of said at least one cholesterol ester, said at least one cholesterol ester being cholesteryl 5,8,11, 14,17-eicosapentaenoate.
- the inventors of the present invention have demonstrated that the determination of the content of cholesteryl 5,8,11,14,17- eicosapentaenoate (C20: 5 w3 methyl ester), preferably contained in the plasma can predict the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a subject's retina.
- content in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the retina is understood to mean the sum in weight percentage of the total fatty acids of all the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids present in the retina, namely, the sum of weight percentage of total fatty acids ⁇ -linoleic acid (or C18: 3n-3 or ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (or C20: 5w-3 or EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (or C22: 5 w-3 or DPA w-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA or C22: 6 w-3).
- the content of at least six additional cholesterol esters is determined.
- the cholesterol esters are chosen from cholesteryl tetradecanoate, cholesteryl pentadecanoate, cholesteryl hexadecanoate, cholesteryl 7-hexadecenoate, cholesteryl 9-hexadecenoate, cholesteryl heptadecanoate, cholesteryl-9-octaderylecanoate, trans-cholesteryl 7-hexadecenoate cholesteryl cis- 9-octadecenoate, cholesteryl 11 -octadecenoate, cholesteryl 9,12- octadecadienoate, cholesteryl eicosanoate, cholesteryl 6,9,12- octadecatrienoate, cholesteryl 11 -eicosenoate, cholesteryl 9,12,15 octadecatrienoate, cholesteryl 11, 14-eicosadieno
- the 6 additional cholesterol esters are cholesteryl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate, cholesteryl 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoate, cholesteryl 9,12-octadecadienoate, cholesteryl 6,9,12- octadecatrienoate, cholesteryl 8,11, 14-eicosatrienoate, cholesteryl 5,8,11, 14-eicosatetraenoate.
- the content of 7 cholesterol esters is determined.
- the inventors have in fact identified, in addition to cholesteryl 5,8,11, 14,17-eicosapentaenoate, six additional cholesterol esters which are cholesteryl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate, cholesteryl 4,7,10, 13,16,19- docosahexaenoate, cholesteryl 9,12-octadecadienoate, cholesteryl 6,9,12- octadecatrienoate, cholesteryl 8,11, 14-eicosatrienoate, cholesteryl 5,8,11, 14- eicosatetraenoate), among the twenty-five present in the blood which make it possible to obtain a reliable and precise determination of the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina.
- content of at least one cholesterol ester means the weight percentage of at least one fatty acid of the cholesterol esters.
- a person skilled in the art can use any known method to determine the cholesterol ester content.
- one method consists of a trans-esterification step.
- the transesterification step corresponds to an acid catalysis in which the sterol part of the cholesterol ester is exchanged for an alkyl group.
- the alkyl group is chosen from methyl, propyl, or butyl.
- the trans-esterification step is a step of trans-methylation of fatty acids from cholesterol esters.
- the cholesterol ester content can in fact be determined by the formation of methyl esters of fatty acids from cholesterol esters. Methyl esters of cholesterol esters are obtained after trans-methylation of fatty acids of the corresponding cholesterol ester.
- the methyl esters of the fatty acids of the cholesterol esters are formed after transmethylation of the fatty acids according to the method of Morrison & Smith (Morrison & Smith J lipid Res 1964; 53: 600-608).
- the methyl esters of fatty acids of cholesterol esters identified according to the present invention are 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (C18: 3 w-3 methyl ester), 4,7,10,13, 16,19-docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester (C22: 6 w-3 methyl ester), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (C18: 2 w-6 methyl ester), 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (C18: 3 w-6 methyl ester), 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester (C20: 3 w-6 methyl ester), 5,8,11,14- eicosatetraenoic
- the relative weight content of each of the 25 fatty acid methyl esters of the cholesterol esters is determined.
- the relative weight content of the methyl esters of fatty acids is analyzed and determined by any method known to those skilled in the art, typically by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection, as described in Acar et al. . (Acar et al PLoS One 2012; 7 (4): e35102).
- the relative proportions of the 25 species of methyl esters are calculated and expressed as a percentage of the total fatty acids of the cholesterol esters. Typically, the proportions are calculated, using any data integration software known to those skilled in the art, for example using the EZChrom Elite software (Agilent technologies, Massy, France) and are expressed as a percentage of the acids total fat cholesterol esters.
- This step makes it possible to determine the weight percentage of at least one fatty acid of the cholesterol esters and therefore to determine the content of each cholesterol ester.
- correlation means the calculation of the estimated value of the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina from the content of at least one cholesterol ester, preferably from the content of at least 7 cholesterol esters and more preferably from the content of 7 cholesterol esters.
- the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina is estimated using an algorithm based on the content of at least 1 cholesterol ester, preferably based on the content of at least 7 cholesterol esters and preferably still using an algorithm based on the content of 7 cholesterol esters.
- the calculation is carried out by any algorithm which makes it possible to predict, for a new sample, the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the retina from the assay of at least 1 cholesterol ester, preferably from at least 7 cholesterol esters and more preferably from 7 cholesterol esters.
- the algorithm is based on a linear regression according to the formula:
- the algorithm is based on the sparse group partial least squares method ( sgPLS) described by Liquet et al. (Liquet B et al. Bioinformatics. 2016 Jan 1; 32 (1): 35-42).
- the algorithm comprises and preferably consists of 4 steps:
- the sums and ratios present in the mathematical formula reproduced below are calculated from the dosages of the 7 molecules of interest derived from 25 fatty acid methyl esters of cholesterol esters.
- the 7 molecules of interest derived from the 25 fatty acid methyl esters of cholesterol esters are as follows: 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (C18: 3 w-3 methyl ester), 5,8 , 11, 14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid methyl ester (C20: 5 w-3 methyl ester), 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester (C22: 6 w-3 methyl ester), 9 , 12-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (C18: 2 w -6 methyl ester), 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (C18: 3 w -6 methyl ester), 8,11, 14- eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester ( C20: 3w -6 methyl ester), 5,8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester (C20: 4w -6
- 5w3_EC corresponds to the cholesteryl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate content
- - Tot_w3_EC corresponds to the sum of the cholesteryl 9,12,15- octadecatrienoate, cholesteryl 5,8,11, 14,17-eicosapentaenoate cholesteryl contents
- ratio_w6_w3_EC corresponds to the ratio of the sum of the contents of cholesteryl 9,12-octadecadienoate, cholesteryl 6,9,12-octadecatrienoate, cholesteryl 11, 14-eicosadienoate, cholesteryl 5,8,11, 14-eicosatetraate, cholesteryl 7,10, 13,16- docosatetraenoate, cholesteryl 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoate on the sum of the contents of cholesteryl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate, cholesteryl 5,8,11, 14,17- eicosapentaenoate, cholesteryl 7, 10 , 13, 16,19-docosapentaenoate, cholesteryl
- ratio_dietw3_w 6_EC corresponds to the ratio of the sum of the content of cholesteryl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate, cholesteryl 5,8,11, 14,17-eicosapentaenoate and cholesteryl 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoate on the cholesteryl 9,12- octadecadienoate content
- ratio_EPADPAw 3DHA_AA_EC corresponds to the ratio of the sum of cholesteryl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate, cholesteryl 7,10,13,16,19- docosapentaenoate, cholesteryl 4,7 , 10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoate on the content of cholesteryl 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate
- ratio_AA_EPA_EC corresponds to the ratio of the cholesteryl 5,8,11,14- eicosatetraenoate content to the cholesteryl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate content
- - tot_w 3_LC_EC corresponds to the sum of the contents of cholesteryl 5,8,11,14,17- eicosapentaenoate, cholesteryl 7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoate, cholesteryl 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoate .
- step 3 Calculation of the mathematical formula from the centered-reduced test sample. 4.
- the result obtained in step 3 is multiplied by the standard deviation of the concentration of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. 3 in the retina of the training sample. The values thus obtained are added to the average concentration of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina of the training sample.
- training sample is understood to mean the sample of 46 post-mortem donors, to which the sgPLS method was applied in order to obtain the prediction algorithm.
- test sample means the blood sample of the subject whose retinal content of omega 3 fatty acids is sought to be determined.
- the blood sample is chosen from whole blood, serum and plasma.
- the sample is plasma.
- the method according to the invention comprises a step of collecting blood and isolating the plasma.
- a person skilled in the art will be able to use any known method of isolating the plasma.
- plasma can be separated from red blood cells by centrifugation of a whole blood sample.
- the method according to the invention further comprises a step of extracting total lipids.
- the total lipids can be extracted from a blood sample, by any method known to those skilled in the art. Typically, total plasma, blood and serum lipids are extracted by the method of Moilanen & Nikkari (Moilanen & Nikkari Clin Chim Acta 1981; 114 (1): 111-116).
- the method according to the invention further comprises a step of isolating cholesterol esters from total lipids.
- cholesterol esters will be isolated from total lipids, by any method known to those skilled in the art.
- the cholesterol esters are isolated from the total lipids according to a procedure described in Bretillon et al 2008 (Bretillon et al Exp Eye Res 2008; 87 (6): 521-528).
- the invention relates to a method of preventing a retinal pathology linked to a deficiency in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids comprising the determination of the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the retina according to the method of determining the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids according to the invention.
- retina pathology linked to a deficiency in omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is understood to mean any pathology associated, at least in part, with a decrease in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina.
- omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential for the structure and function of the retina (SanGiovanni, JP & Chew, EY The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 24, 87-138 (2005)).
- the highest content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is found in the outer membranes of retinal photoreceptor cells (Fliesler, SJ & Anderson, RE Chemistry and metabolism of lipids in the vertebrate retina. Prog Lipid Res 22, 79-131 (1983)) ), where they perform important biological functions through anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic activities.
- the concentration of DHA was significantly lower in eyes with retinal pathology than in controls of the same age (Liu, A., Chang, J., Lin, Y., Shen, Z . & Bernstein, PS Long-chain and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in ocular aging and age-related macular degeneration. J Lipid Res 51, 3217-3229 (2010)).
- the retinal pathology linked to a deficiency in omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is retinopathy such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity.
- Ocular neovascularization is the most frequent cause of blindness in all patient populations, regardless of age: retinopathy of prematurity in children, diabetic retinopathy in adults and age-related macular degeneration in the elderly.
- An animal model was developed to study retinopathy (evaluation of the appearance of retinal new vessels, and the growth of these vessels after injury in a mouse eye).
- omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were studied in a mouse model with retinopathy induced by hypoxia.
- Increasing intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been shown to reduce pathological angiogenesis.
- Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids would therefore be advantageous in the prevention of retinopathy (Kip M Connor et al., (2007), Increased dietary intake of w-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces pathological retinal angiogenesis. Nature Medicine; doi: 10.1038 / nm1591).
- ASD Age-related macular degeneration
- the pathology is age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
- AMD age-related macular degeneration
- the early and intermediate stages of AMD include alterations of the pigment epithelium such as hypo- or hyperpigmentation and drusen and are not responsible for significant impairment of visual function.
- AMD The advanced stages
- dry AMD the atrophic forms
- - large drusen also known as "serous”: larger drusen (greater than 125 mm), most often asymptomatic but which may be accompanied by reduced visual abilities in the dark;
- pigmentary changes such as hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation of the pigment epithelium. They reflect the death of the cells of the pigment epithelium.
- Exudative AMD is characterized by the proliferation of choroidal neovessels which cross Bruch's membrane and develop under the pigment epithelium or in the subretinal space.
- Atrophic AMD (or geographic atrophy) is characterized by one or more patches of depigmentation of the retina, at least 175 mm in diameter, with sharp edges and increased visibility of the choroidal vessels.
- Advanced forms of AMD correspond to category 4 and include neovascular forms and geographic atrophy. These are patients who usually already have reduced visual acuity.
- Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes representing the leading cause of blindness in the United States and Europe before the age of 50.
- AGPLC Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- AA arachidonic acid
- ROP Retinopathy of prematurity
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- AA arachidonic acid
- prevention or “method of prevention” are not absolute terms and, when they are applied to a retinal pathology associated with a deficiency in omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as retinopathy, they designate a procedure or plan of action designed, even with a low probability of success but having to induce an overall beneficial effect such as the delay in onset of the pathology, or the reduction in the severity of one or more symptoms or the stabilization the pathology.
- prevention is understood to mean the prevention of the pathology but also the prevention of the aggravation of the pathology.
- Prevention of AMD or diabetic retinopathy refers to delaying the onset of the condition.
- prevention of worsening of AMD or diabetic retinopathy refers to the delay of vision loss or loss of visual acuity in the patient with AMD or diabetic retinopathy.
- prevention means from preventing the onset of the pathology to preventing the severity of the pathology.
- an increase in the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina is associated with a decrease in the risk of onset and / or worsening of the pathology and / or severity.
- the prevention method according to the invention is an in vitro prevention method based on the in vitro determination of the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina.
- the determination is in fact carried out on a blood sample chosen from whole blood, serum and plasma, preferably plasma.
- the invention also relates to a method of treating a retinal pathology linked to a deficiency in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids comprising:
- determining the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina of a subject comprising the quantification of the content of at least 1 cholesterol ester in a blood sample of said subject, the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the retina being correlated with the content of said at least one cholesterol ester, said at least one cholesterol ester being cholesteryl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate;
- the retinal pathology associated with a deficiency of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is retinopathy such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity.
- the invention also relates to a method of treating age-related macular degeneration comprising:
- determining the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina of a subject comprising the quantification of the content of at least 1 cholesterol ester in a blood sample of said subject, the content of fatty acids omega-3 polyunsaturates of the retina being correlated with the content of said at least one cholesterol ester, said at least one cholesterol ester being cholesteryl
- said treatment may be chosen from nutritional supplementation based on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, whether or not associated with the administration of vitamins and minerals.
- the invention also relates to a method of treating diabetic retinopathy comprising:
- determining the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina of a subject comprising the quantification of the content of at least 1 cholesterol ester in a blood sample of said subject, the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the retina being correlated with the content of said at least one cholesterol ester, said at least one cholesterol ester being cholesteryl
- said treatment may be chosen from nutritional supplementation based on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, whether or not associated with the administration of vitamins and minerals.
- the invention also relates to a method of treating retinopathy of prematurity comprising:
- determining the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina of a subject comprising the quantification of the content of at least 1 cholesterol ester in a blood sample of said subject, the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the retina being correlated with the content of said at least one cholesterol ester, said at least one cholesterol ester being cholesteryl
- said treatment may be chosen from nutritional supplementation based on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, whether or not associated with the administration of vitamins and minerals.
- the invention relates to a method for monitoring the treatment of a pathology linked to a deficiency in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids comprising the steps:
- the invention also relates to a method of monitoring the treatment of a pathology linked to a deficiency in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids comprising the determination of the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina of a patient in whom a treatment was administered, according to the determination method according to the invention.
- the treatment is nutritional supplementation based on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, whether or not associated with the administration of vitamins and minerals.
- the pathology is retinopathy selected from age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity.
- omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promote normal retinal structure and function, as well as reduce the incidence and slow down the progression of AMD (SanGiovanni, JP & Chew, EY The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 24, 87-138 (2005)) but also to prevent all retinopathies (Kip M Connor et al., (2007) ), Increased dietary intake of w-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces pathological retinal angiogenesis. Nature Medecine; doi: 10.1038 / nm1591).
- an increase in the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the content of the retina is synonymous with effective treatment.
- the monitoring method according to the invention is an in vitro monitoring method based on the in vitro determination of the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the. retina.
- the determination is in fact carried out on a blood sample chosen from whole blood, serum and plasma, preferably plasma.
- the invention relates to a method for diagnosing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiencies comprising determining the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina according to the determination method according to the invention.
- omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is understood to mean a deficiency in polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to a healthy subject, i.e., a subject not exhibiting deficiencies in polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- a decrease in the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the content of the retina is synonymous with a deficiency of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- control sample is understood to mean the distribution of values in healthy subjects, i.e., subjects not exhibiting deficiencies in polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina of healthy subjects in the control group is determined by the method according to the invention.
- the diagnostic method according to the invention is an in vitro diagnostic method based on the in vitro determination of the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina.
- the determination is in fact carried out on a blood sample chosen from whole blood, serum and plasma, preferably plasma.
- the inventors have determined the circulating lipids having the highest predictive performance in order to determine the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina.
- the inventors have furthermore demonstrated the association between AMD and retinal status in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (example 2) as well as the impact of dietary supplementation in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (example 3), thus showing that the combination of these seven cholesterol esters constitutes a biomarker which makes it possible to develop personalized medicine to identify subjects at risk of retinopathy and more particularly of AMD and / or to monitor supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids .
- the predictive capacity of cholesteryl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate alone was also demonstrated in Example 4.
- Human eyeballs, plasma and erythrocytes were obtained from 46 donors (bodies donated to Science, 30 women and 16 men, median age 86.5 years, interquartile range 76-92 years). The tissues were collected and prepared according to the procedures already described and known to those skilled in the art. Samples were stored at -80 ° C until further analysis.
- the subjects were selected from 2 ongoing studies in Bordeaux (Alienor study) and Dijon (Montrachet study), which use similar methods. Between 2009 and 2011, participants were 75 years of age or older and had had an eye exam and blood drawn on an empty stomach. The eye examinations took place in the ophthalmology departments of the Bordeaux and Dijon university hospitals, and consisted of an ophthalmologic history, visual acuity and refraction measurements and two non-mydriatic 45 ° retinographies. The retinal photographs were interpreted according to the international classification and a modification of the classification system used in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis for the size, location and area of druses. Participants were classified according to their worst eye into the following three exclusive groups:
- the AMD cases had advanced AMD (geographic atrophy or neovascular disease) and the controls were free of any form of early or advanced AMD and had visual acuity better than 20/40.
- the exclusion criteria for both cases and controls were the presence of glaucoma and the presence of diabetes.
- Plasma samples were obtained from 55 subjects participating in the double-blind, randomized clinical trial entitled "Influence of lutein on the macula of people of AMD parents (LIMPIA)" - (Korobelnik JF, Rougier MB, Delyfer MN , Bron A, Merle BMJ, Savel H, Chene G, Delcourt C, Creuzot- Garcher C. Effect of Dietary Supplpiration With Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and omega- 3 on Macular Pigment: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017; 135: 1259 -66). Healthy adult participants aged 40 to 70 were recruited.
- Each participant was randomized in a 1: 1 ratio to receive either two capsules per day of a dietary supplement containing lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, copper, resveratrol and also fish oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 (Nutrof Total, Laboratoires Théa) or a placebo containing paraffin.
- Blood samples were taken at the start and after 3 and 6 months of supplementation. Whole blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4 ° C to isolate the plasma from the red blood cells. Plasma samples were stored at -80 ° C until further analysis.
- Case-control study The differences between cases and controls for the predicted content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina, total omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma and red blood cells, were assessed by regression linear mixed adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, omega-3 supplement use, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, randomized for case-control pairs.
- Supplementation Study Plasma cholesterol ester concentrations and the predicted omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the retina were compared between supplementation participants and placebo participants using linear regression models adjusted for depending on age, sex, body mass index (BMI), HDL and LDL cholesterol.
- Example 1 Identification of a biomarker for the content of omeqa-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina
- Blood is a complex fluid made up of cellular components including white blood cells and red blood cells, platelets, and a liquid part called plasma.
- Blood lipids are found mainly in the membranes of red blood cells and in particles of plasma lipoproteins.
- the Red blood cell membranes are almost exclusively made up of phospholipids. Due to a lifespan of approximately 120 days, the fatty acid composition of phospholipids in red blood cells is representative of the long-term dietary intake of lipids.
- plasma lipoproteins transport biologically important lipid compounds, such as chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) which are structures mainly transporting triglycerides formed in the intestine and in the liver respectively from lipids and of dietary carbohydrates.
- VLDL very low density lipoproteins
- LDL and HDL low density lipoproteins
- LDL and HDL high density lipoproteins
- phospholipids especially the phosphatidylcholine subclass
- cholesterol esters especially the phosphatidylcholine subclass
- lipidomic analysis a set of data on the lipids present in the 4 blood compartments (red blood cells, total plasma, plasma phosphatidylcholines and plasma cholesterol esters), corresponding to 332 different species was generated.
- the model with the lowest prediction error was obtained using an extension of the partial least squares regression method (sgPLS or sparse group PLS) and was characterized by a coefficient of correlation of 0.62 between the observed and predicted values of the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina, obtained by cross-validation.
- This predictor of the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina is based on an algorithm combining the plasma concentrations of 7 species of cholesterol esters.
- cholesterol esters identified are from the family of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, that is to say cholesteryl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate, cholesteryl9,12,15-octadecatrienoate , cholesteryl 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoate.
- the four other cholesterol esters are from the family of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, namely cholesteryl 9,12-octadecadienoate, cholesteryl 6,9,12-octadecatrienoate, cholesteryl 8,11, 14-eicosatrienoate, cholesteryl 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate.
- the methyl esters of the aforementioned cholesterol esters are used in order to determine and measure the relative amount of the fatty acids of the cholesterol esters.
- the method for determining the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is detailed below:
- the method for determining omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina can be broken down into several steps:
- methyl esters of fatty acids from cholesterol esters, in other words, methyl esters are formed from the fatty acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the cholesterol ester; 5. Determination of the relative amounts of fatty acid methyl esters of cholesterol esters;
- a blood sample is taken from a human subject by venipuncture in a tube treated with EDTA, citrate or heparin.
- the tube containing the whole blood is centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute for 10 minutes at 4 ° C. in order to separate the plasma from the red blood cells.
- the upper phase containing the plasma is taken and stored in a dry tube. Total plasma lipids can be extracted immediately or the plasma sample can be frozen pending further procedures.
- Total plasma lipids are extracted by the method of Moilanen & Nikkari (Moilanen & Nikkari Clin Chim Acta 1981; 114 (1): 111 -116).
- a glass tube 5 milliliters of a mixture of chloroform / methanol (1: 1, v: v) are added to a volume of about 450 microliters of plasma.
- the tube is vortexed for 1 minute and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 3 minutes.
- the upper phase is isolated in another glass tube using a Pasteur pipette.
- Four milliliters of chloroform are added to this second tube as well as 3 milliliters of acid sodium chloride (17mmol / L).
- the tube is vortexed for 1 minute and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 3 minutes.
- the upper phase is removed using a Pasteur pipette while the lower phase containing the extract of plasma lipids is isolated in a glass pill container.
- the extract of total lipids is first dried under a flow of nitrogen and then diluted in chloroform at a concentration of 10 mg / ml. Cholesterol esters can be isolated immediately from total lipids or frozen while awaiting further procedures.
- Cholesterol esters are isolated from total lipids according to a procedure described in Bretillon et al 2008 (Bretillon et al Exp Eye Res 2008; 87 (6): 521-528). A glass plate covered with silica gel is washed beforehand in a migration tank containing 100 ml of ethyl acetate. It is then placed in an oven at 120 ° for 30 minutes to be activated.
- the total lipids extracted are deposited on the plate in the form of a band of about 3 cm using a glass syringe then the plate is placed for 25 to 30 minutes in a chromatographic migration tank containing 101 milliliters of a mixture of hexane / ethyl ether / ethyl acetate (80: 20: 1, v: v: v). The plate is then removed from the tank and left in a hood for a few minutes. It is then exposed to a vaporization of 2 ', 7'-dichlorofluorescein and then observed under ultraviolet light at 366 nm.
- the silica band containing the cholesterol esters located about 8 to 9 cm from the deposit is marked with a pencil and then scraped with a razor blade to be collected in a glass tube in which 1 milliliter of toluene is added.
- Isolated cholesterol esters can be transmethylated immediately for chromatographic analysis or stored at 4 ° C pending further procedures.
- the methyl esters of the fatty acids of the cholesterol esters are formed by transmethylation according to the method of Morrison & Smith (Morrison & Smith J Lipid Res 1964; 53: 600-608).
- One milliliter of a mixture of Boron trifluoride / methanol (1: 1, v: v) is added to the tube containing the silica gel with the cholesterol esters and the toluene.
- the tube is placed in an oven at 95 ° C. for 2 hours. It is then cooled to room temperature. After adding 5 milliliters of sodium bicarbonate and 5 milliliters of hexane, the tube is vortexed for 1 minute and then centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute for 3 minutes.
- the upper phase is isolated in a glass tube using a Pasteur pipette. After drying the methyl esters of the fatty acids of the cholesterol esters under a nitrogen flow, they are diluted in 1 milliliter of hexane. The fatty acid methyl esters of cholesterol esters can be analyzed immediately by gas chromatography or stored at 4 ° C pending further procedures. Determination of the fatty acid profile of cholesterol esters The fatty acid profile of cholesterol esters is determined by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection according to Acar et al (Acar et al PloS One 2012; 7 (4): e35102).
- the methyl esters of the fatty acids of the cholesterol esters are injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a CPSIL-88 column (100m x 0.25mm internal diameter, film thickness 0.20mm, Varian, Les Ulis, France ). Hydrogen is used as a carrier gas at a pressure of 210kPa.
- the temperature of the chromatograph oven is 60 ° C for 5 minutes, then increased to 165 ° C at 15 ° C per minute. After being held at 165 ° C for 1 minute, it rose to 225 ° C at 2 ° C per minute. It is maintained at 225 ° C for 17 minutes.
- the temperatures of the injector and the detector are set at 250 ° C.
- Methyl esters of fatty acids are identified by comparison of their retention times with those of commercial standards. The relative proportions of the 25 species of methyl esters are calculated using the EZChrom Elite software (Agilent Technologies, Massy, France) and are expressed as a percentage of the total fatty acids of the cholesterol esters.
- the mathematical algorithm makes it possible to predict, for a new sample (test sample), the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina from the assay of the 7 molecules of cholesterol esters in the plasma presented above.
- This algorithm is based on the sparse group partial least squares ⁇ sgPLS ⁇ method described by Liquet et al (Liquet B et al. Bioinformatics. 2016 Jan 1; 32 (1): 35.42), which was applied to retinal, plasma and red blood cell samples collected from 46 human donors (training sample).
- step 3 In order to obtain the prediction of the concentration of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina, the result obtained in step 3 is multiplied by the standard deviation of the concentration of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina. retina of the learning sample. The values thus obtained are added to the average concentration of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina of the training sample.
- the cholesterol ester species of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid family have positively contributed to the estimation of the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina, whereas those of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. family of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids have lowered this estimated content, which is consistent with the well-established competitive metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6.
- Example 2 Association between AMD and retinal status of omeqa-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Example 3 Sensitivity to dietary supplementation with omeqa-3 polyunsaturated aras acids of the predicted content of omeqa-3 polyunsaturated qras acids of the retina The sensitivity to dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the predicted content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the retina was therefore evaluated.
- a blood biomarker of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status of the retina based on the measurement of 7 plasma lipid species, inversely correlated with the risk of advanced AMD and increased with supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3, has been identified.
- This blood biomarker is thus a reliable and precise tool for the preparation and conduct of clinical trials but also makes it possible to prevent the appearance of retinal pathologies linked to a deficiency in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as to diagnose deficiencies in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- Example 4 Calculation of the predictive capacity of cholesteryl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate (C20: 5 w3 methyl ester)
- the inventors checked whether it was possible to determine the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina from a single cholesterol ester, cholesteryl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate (C20: 5 w3 methyl ester) rather than from the 7 cholesterol esters identified by the sgPLS method.
- the predictive capacity of cholesteryl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate was evaluated by calculating the correlation coefficient between the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retina and those observed, estimated by cross-validation. in the training sample of 46 donors. A correlation coefficient r equal to 0.59 is obtained.
- cholesteryl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate is a blood biomarker of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status of the retina, in the same way as the 7 esters of cholesterol identified.
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