EP3999312A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von 3d-formteilen mit variablen zieleigenschaften der gedruckten bildpunkte - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von 3d-formteilen mit variablen zieleigenschaften der gedruckten bildpunkteInfo
- Publication number
- EP3999312A1 EP3999312A1 EP20753278.9A EP20753278A EP3999312A1 EP 3999312 A1 EP3999312 A1 EP 3999312A1 EP 20753278 A EP20753278 A EP 20753278A EP 3999312 A1 EP3999312 A1 EP 3999312A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- absorber
- printed
- disclosure
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- printed image
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/141—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
- B29C64/153—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials using layers of powder being selectively joined, e.g. by selective laser sintering or melting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/165—Processes of additive manufacturing using a combination of solid and fluid materials, e.g. a powder selectively bound by a liquid binder, catalyst, inhibitor or energy absorber
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/20—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C64/205—Means for applying layers
- B29C64/209—Heads; Nozzles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/20—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C64/245—Platforms or substrates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/20—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C64/255—Enclosures for the building material, e.g. powder containers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/20—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C64/264—Arrangements for irradiation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/30—Auxiliary operations or equipment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/30—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B29C64/307—Handling of material to be used in additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/30—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B29C64/386—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B29C64/393—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0037—Other properties
- B29K2995/0046—Elastic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0037—Other properties
- B29K2995/007—Hardness
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing three-dimensional models with variable target properties by means of layer construction technology.
- the European patent specification EP 0 431 924 B1 describes a method for producing three-dimensional objects from computer data.
- a particulate material is applied in a thin layer to a platform and this is selectively printed with a binder material by means of a print head.
- the particle area printed with the binder adheres and solidifies under the influence of the binder and possibly an additional hardener.
- the platform is then lowered by one layer into a building cylinder and provided with a new layer of particulate material, which is also printed as described above. These steps are repeated until a certain, desired height of the object is reached.
- a three-dimensional object is created from the printed and consolidated areas.
- This object made of solidified particulate material is embedded in loose particulate material after its completion and is then freed from it. This is done for example by means of a suction device. What remains are the desired objects, which are then freed from the residual powder, for example by brushing off.
- Other powder-based rapid prototyping processes also known as layer-by-layer building of models or methods known as layering technology
- work in a similar way such as selective laser sintering or electron beam sintering, in which a loose particle material is also applied in layers and is selectively solidified with the aid of a controlled physical radiation source.
- the solidification of the particulate material takes place via the introduction of infrared radiation.
- the particulate material is physically bonded via a melting process comparatively poor absorption of thermal radiation in colorless plastics is exploited. This can be increased many times over by adding an IR acceptor (absorber) to the plastic.
- the IR radiation can be achieved through various options such as a rod-shaped IR lamp be introduced, which is moved evenly over the construction field. The selectivity is achieved through the targeted printing of the respective layer with an IR acceptor.
- the mechanical characteristics achieved for the molded bodies thus produced are not only dependent on the type of underlying particle material used, but also on the energy introduced during melting and thus the melting temperature reached.
- the energy selectively introduced into a layer can be influenced via various parameters.
- the so-called Andrew number A z is an established quantity for estimating this energy in joules per mm 2 [ Selective Laser Sintering Part Strength as a Function of Andrew Number, Scan Rate and Spot Size, John Williams, David Miller and Carl Deckard, 1996]:
- öis denotes the laser track spacing, P LS the laser power, V LS the track speed.
- the movement of the sinter emitter v Sin over the construction field represents a counterpart to the track speed of the laser v L s
- the effective radiant power of the sintering unit p sin corresponds to the laser power p L s instead of the track spacing ds, which in the case of the laser makes a reciprocal contribution to the amount of energy
- the dot density d dot corresponding to the print resolution and the degree of absorption GL of the printed areas can be assumed as a proportional contribution to a coupling constant.
- the melting temperature can now be influenced directly, as with the other variables.
- the density of the absorber per area can be adjusted by varying the dot density. This is possible because the inkjet technology is usually controlled via a so-called bitmap pattern, which is created after a two-dimensional raster image processes are constructed. Various established calculation methods can be used to calculate the point density. For the sake of simplicity, the term halftone process or dithering will be used below to mention these processes. An illustration can be found in FIG. 2.
- the grid emerges on the surfaces of the shaped bodies created and creates a pattern which is annoying to the eye Overall impression regardless of the other properties of the component negatively influenced.
- Another problem underlying the application was to provide a 3D printing method using an absorber with which improved edge sharpness can be achieved.
- Another object of the application was to provide a 3D printing process using an absorber, whereby a differentiated selection and setting of the amount of absorber per pixel and of different amounts of absorber in different pixels within a print layer is possible and / or the amount of absorber and the pixels can be varied in various parameters, such as the area of the image points, volume of the image points, absorber concentration in the image points, and these parameters can also be different in different image points in a print layer and can be set individually in each parameter.
- the disclosure relates to a method for producing 3-D molded parts, one or more particulate building materials being applied to a construction field in a defined layer by means of a coater, selectively one or more absorbers or one or more liquids comprising one or more absorbers by means of Print head are applied as printed pixels, an energy input takes place by means of an energy source, whereby the areas with selectively applied absorber are selectively solidified, the construction area is lowered by one layer thickness or the coater is raised by one layer thickness, these steps are repeated until the desired 3D molded part is produced , characterized in that the amount of absorber within a layer per printed image point is set to a predetermined value.
- the disclosure relates to a component manufactured using a 3D method with advantageous properties of the edge regions and the definition.
- Fig. 1 An apparatus for the production of shaped bodies according to the high speed sintering process with elementary components is sketched as an example.
- Fig. 2 Comparison of two methods of variable fluid metering per area, 201 shows the dithering method according to the prior art compared to adapting the absorber volume per pixel. In the method according to the prior art, gaps arise in the wetting 203, in contrast to 204, which can lead to a reduction in the component quality. Even with small amounts of absorber per area, a closed area 206 without a disruptive pattern with flaws 205 is created.
- variable drop dosage can be used to define regimes within a coherent molded body in three dimensions, which then result in specific material properties of the molded body produced.
- the variation in rigidity in the direction of the layer application (X direction) is shown 603.
- Amount of absorber in regime (I) in 601 leads to increased rigidity at the corresponding point in the shaped body 602. Intermediate stages are possible (III).
- Regime (II) would have a lower stiffness in this illustration, since less energy is absorbed there due to the lower absorber density per area during exposure by means of the sintering unit, see Fig. 1, which results in lower temperatures and thus a lower degree of melting of the powder granulate Has.
- a lower degree of melting means lower strength and lower hardness of the area, since elements of the Allow powder material to move against each other to a greater extent, in contrast to more strongly melted areas.
- variable dosing per pixel By means of variable dosing per pixel, this is possible to a more finely graded extent than in the prior art, which results in a wider range of materials and strengths. Furthermore, here, too, the variation in the mechanical properties does not lead to a reduction in the resolution due to gaps in the print image, see FIG. 2
- a mixture of two materials with different melting temperature ranges 804 and 805 is applied as one layer, so that a softer polymer 804 is melted when temperature TI is reached and polymer 803, which has a higher degree of hardness, and 802 when temperature T2 is exceeded, achieved by varying the amount of absorber per pixel 806.
- a higher amount of absorber leads to better energy coupling and thus to a higher temperature in this area 807 and vice versa 808.
- regions with different properties can be defined in three dimensions, e.g. one area higher hardness 811 and lower hardness 810.
- the two powders can be mixed in a wide ratio, e.g. 10% to 90%.
- the amount of fluid can be applied in a continuous course within the shaped body in all three spatial dimensions, which would result in a continuous hardness gradient along this course. It is thus possible to continuously adjust the degree of hardness in all room dimensions.
- a lower drop mass results in a lower temperature and vice versa.
- Fig. 10 With bidirectional printing, i.e. when printing in forward and reverse direction, the number and the absolute amount of the amount of drops used per pixel can be doubled. With the increase in the number of gradations of the possible absorption factors, e.g. a finer gradation of temperature levels is achieved during sintering. While in normal cases e.g. 7 gray levels can be displayed, the number of gray levels can be doubled, whereby the amount of the dosed fluid can also be doubled.
- the object on which the application is based is achieved by a method for producing 3-D molded parts or several particulate building materials are applied in a defined layer to a construction field by means of a coater, selectively one or more absorbers or one or more liquids comprising one or more absorbers are applied as printed pixels by means of a print head, an energy input takes place by means of an energy source, the areas with selectively selectively solidify the applied absorber, the construction field is lowered by one layer thickness or the coater is raised by one layer thickness, these steps are repeated until the desired 3D molded parts are produced, characterized in that the amount of absorber within a layer per printed pixel is set to a predetermined value becomes.
- Consumables is a very complex process, there are advantages when considering the process control alone, which extend to the operating costs for the end customer.
- consumables need to be updated less often, and wear parts on the device need to be replaced less frequently, in particular the relatively expensive printing technology achieves a longer service life and thus a significant one
- the adherence of white powder to the shaped bodies can be controlled in a targeted manner, so that these can be colored more effectively after creation.
- a material mixture as the underlying particle material is also conceivable, consisting of materials with, for example, different melting temperatures.
- the materials can be modified in such a way that exactly one melting temperature of a particulate material in the mixture can be assigned to each absorber level.
- thermoplastic polyurethane TPU
- a method according to the disclosure opens up the construction of multi-material systems. It can therefore be different materials, such as For example, a mixture of different TPU types with different Shore hardnesses can be printed in a component and thus, under certain circumstances, the material properties within a component can be varied.
- changing the particulate material does not require changing the printed binder. It can also advantageously be designed differentiated control over the shape body strength in three dimensions.
- the printing process can be stabilized without any loss of quality.
- a method according to the disclosure it is also possible to achieve a targeted control of the temperature input and material mixtures with different melting temperatures can be printed.
- Another advantage of a method according to the disclosure can be an improved skin core, as a result of which, for example, the coreability is improved.
- “Shaped body” or “component” or “shaped part” or 3D shaped body “or 3D component” or 3D shaped part within the meaning of the invention are all three-dimensional objects produced by means of the method according to the invention and / or the device according to the invention which have dimensional stability.
- Construction space is the geometric location in which the bulk of particulate material grows during the construction process through repeated coating with particulate material or through which the bulk runs in continuous principles.
- the construction space is made up of a floor, the construction platform, walls and an open top surface, the Building level, limited. With continuous principles, there is usually a conveyor belt and limiting side walls.
- a "building level” or building platform in the sense of the disclosure is the area of a device suitable for 3D printing processes on which layers of particulate material (fluid) are repeatedly applied, which leads to the build-up of a molded body through selective solidification.
- the “heating phase” characterizes the heating of the device at the beginning of the process.
- the heating phase is completed when the target temperature of the device becomes stationary.
- the "cooling phase” in the sense of the disclosure lasts at least until the temperature is so low that the components do not experience any noticeable plastic deformations when they are removed from the installation space.
- particle materials or “fluids” in the sense of the disclosure, all materials known for powder-based 3D printing processes can be used, in particular polymers, ceramics and metals.
- the particulate material is preferably a dry, free-flowing powder, but a cohesive cut-resistant powder or a particle-laden liquid can also be used.
- particle material and powder are used synonymously.
- the “particle material application” in the sense of the disclosure is the process in which a defined layer of powder is produced. This can be done either on the construction platform or on an inclined plane relative to a conveyor belt with continuous principles.
- the particle material application is also referred to in this document as “coating "or” Recoaten ".
- “Selective application of liquid” in the sense of the invention can take place after each application of particulate material or, depending on the requirements of the molding and to optimize molding production, also irregularly, for example several times based on one Particulate material application, take place. A sectional view is printed through the desired body.
- any known 3D printing device that contains the required components can be used as the "device" for carrying out the method in the sense of the disclosure.
- Usual components include coater, construction field, means for moving the construction field or other components in continuous processes, metering devices and heat and irradiation means and other components known to the person skilled in the art, which are therefore not detailed here.
- the “absorber” is a medium that can be processed with an inkjet print head or with another device operating in a matrix-like manner, which promotes the absorption of radiation for local heating of the powder.
- Reflector liquid in the sense of the disclosure is called the antagonist of the absorber, which is used according to the prior art to prevent particulate materials from sintering.
- the “absorption” in the sense of the disclosure denotes the absorption of the thermal energy of radiation by the powder.
- the absorption depends on the type of powder and the wavelength of the radiation.
- carrier in the sense of the disclosure denotes the medium in which the actual absorber is present. It can be an oil, a solvent or, in general, a liquid.
- Randomtion in the sense of the disclosure is, for example, thermal radiation, IR radiation, microwave radiation and / or radiation in the visible range or UV range.
- thermal radiation is used, for example generated by an IR radiator.
- Random-induced heating means, in the sense of the disclosure, irradiation of the construction area with fixed or movable radiation sources.
- the absorber must be optimized for the type of radiation. This should result in different degrees of heating of "activated” and non-"activated” powder.
- IR heating in the sense of the disclosure specifically means irradiating the construction field with an IR radiator.
- the radiator can also be static or it can be moved over the construction field with a moving unit. The use of the absorber leads to IR heating in the construction field to different degrees of temperature rises.
- Random heating in the sense of the disclosure generalizes the term IR heating.
- a solid or a liquid can heat up through the absorption of radiation of any wavelength.
- Area type in the sense of the disclosure expresses the differentiation between areas unprinted with absorber and areas printed.
- An "IR radiator” in the sense of the disclosure is a source of infrared radiation. Most of the time, glowing wires in quartz or ceramic housings are used to generate the radiation. Depending on the materials used, there are different wavelengths of the radiation. The wavelength is additional with this type of radiator depending on the performance.
- a “radiation source” within the meaning of the disclosure generally emits radiation with a specific wavelength or a specific wavelength range.
- a radiation source with almost monochromatic radiation is referred to as a “monochromatic radiator”.
- a radiation source is also referred to as an "emitter”.
- An "overhead radiator” in the sense of the disclosure is a radiation source that is attached above the construction field. It is stationary but its radiation output can be regulated. It essentially provides for surface, non-selective heating.
- the "sinter emitter” in the sense of the disclosure is a radiation source which heats the printed process powder above its sintering temperature. It can be stationary. In preferred embodiments, however, it is moved over the construction field. In the context of this invention, the sinter emitter is designed as a monochromatic emitter. "Secondary radiator” in the sense of the disclosure is a radiator that itself becomes an active emitter of radiation through a passive heating process.
- “Sintering” in the sense of the disclosure is the term for the partial coalescence of the particles in the powder. In this system, sintering is associated with the build-up of strength.
- the term “sintering window” in the sense of the disclosure denotes the difference between the temperature of the melting point that occurs when the powder is first heated and the solidification point that occurs when the powder is subsequently cooled.
- the "sintering temperature” in the sense of the disclosure is the temperature from which the powder first melts and combines.
- the "packing density” in the sense of the disclosure describes the filling of the geometric space with solids. It depends on the nature of the particulate material and the application device and is an important output variable for the sintering process.
- shrinkage in the sense of the disclosure denotes the process of geometrically shortening a dimension of a geometric body as a result of a physical process.
- the sintering of powders that are not ideally packed is a process that causes shrinkage relative to the initial volume a direction can be assigned.
- Deformation in the sense of the disclosure occurs when the body experiences uneven shrinkage during a physical process. This deformation can be reversible or irreversible. The deformation is often related to the global geometry of the component.
- curling in the sense of the disclosure denotes an effect that differs from the layered procedure in the case of the described Invention is coming. Layers produced in quick succession are exposed to different shrinkage. Due to physical effects, the composite is then deformed in a direction that does not coincide with the direction of the shrinkage.
- the "gray value”, “gray level” or “gray level” in the sense of the disclosure denotes the amount of an absorber introduced into the powder per surface element.
- different gray values can be generated on the particle material surface within a wetting step in order to be based on the radiation heating by means of the sintered emitter the changed energy coupling to achieve areas of different temperatures.
- a defined dose of droplets from the total selection available can be imprinted into the particle material.
- Print image point in the sense of the disclosure is the point imprinted into the particle material by means of a print head or a comparable means.
- the “printed image point” can vary in various parameters.
- a "printed pixel” can be set to a predetermined gray level, preferably the gray levels can be set continuously. This is in contrast to a stair step function as is known from the prior art; only the pixel points / number of pixels per area are varied The properties of the printed image point as such are essentially not modified.
- Each “printed image point” can also be adjusted in terms of its diameter in the X and Y axes or in terms of its volume in the X, Y and Z directions .
- a black area can also be set to between 1% and 100% in relation to the proportion of absorber per area or per volume in each “printed image point”.
- a “black area” in the sense of the disclosure is to be understood as the amount of particulate material per unit area or per unit volume; the "black area” thus indicates a value or a measure of the amount of absorber.
- An “edge area” in the sense of the disclosure denotes the area of a 3-D printed structural or molded part which, among other things, forms the surface.
- the structure of the "edge area” is therefore also responsible for how smooth or uneven the surface of the 3D molded part is .
- the degree of smoothness of the surface is determined by the pixel size and how the pixels are arranged on a surface, i.e. in the edge area, and to what extent they form steps in a curved area and how these steps are pronounced.
- An “edge area” in the sense of the disclosure can be designed by means of printed image points in such a way that essentially no steps are present or steps are only minimally pronounced. As a result, a very smooth surface and a very smooth edge area can be achieved in a positive manner.
- a “post-processing step” or “post-processing step” in the sense of the disclosure is the further treatment of the 3D molded part obtained in the 3D printing process, e.g. by means of anti-aliasing or in a finishing cabin.
- Anti-aliasing in the sense of the disclosure is a term borrowed from the field of computer graphics and essentially describes a synonymic anti-aliasing there. As a result of the rasterization of a graphic, stepping effects in the resulting graphic are eliminated by using a special algorithm to eliminate intermediate values between two neighboring pixels are calculated.
- a “finishing cabin” in the sense of the disclosure is an apparatus which is applied to the molding in the process step after it has been produced in order to free it from residual material and adhesions.
- a blasting agent for example made of fine glass spheres, is often used This step can be carried out manually or automatically with given parameters.
- “Filter” or “filter” in the sense of the disclosure is a masking of partial areas of an electromagnetic radiation spectrum, the desired electromagnetic radiation spectrum impinging on a target area, for example a construction field surface.
- Temporal window or “temperature range” in the sense of the disclosure is a defined temperature range which is below or in the sintering range of the particulate material used.
- Base temperature in the sense of the disclosure denotes the temperature to which the particulate material is heated and which is lower than the melting temperature and / or the sintering temperature.
- Dithering denotes a possible type of algorithm used in imaging methods for rastering with reduced color depth. Targeted arrangement of pixels means that a higher color depth is reproduced at the expense of the level of detail. Dithering is synonymous in the description of the invention and the description of the prior art used for halftone screening.
- “Absorber density” in the sense of the disclosure is a defined degree of wetting of the surface of the particulate material with absorber.
- aborber density denotes the amount of absorber applied to the particulate material per area.
- “Absorber density range” in the sense of the disclosure denotes the range of minimum and maximum degree of surface wetting by an absorber in the X and Y axes.
- Amount of absorber in the sense of the disclosure means the amount of absorber deposited by the metering device per printed image point.
- Coupling of energy in the sense of the disclosure denotes the effectiveness of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed as a percentage in relation to the reflected radiation.
- the object on which the application is based is achieved by a method for producing 3D molded parts, one or more particulate building materials being applied to a construction field in a defined layer by means of a coater, selectively comprising one or more absorbers or one or more liquids one or more absorbers are applied as printed pixels by means of a print head, an energy input takes place by means of an energy source, whereby the areas with selectively applied absorber are selectively solidified, the construction field is lowered by one layer thickness or the coater is raised by one layer thickness, these steps are repeated until the desired 3-D molded parts is produced, characterized in that the amount of absorber within a layer per printed image point is set to a predetermined value and wherein different predetermined values are set in two or more image points within a layer can be provided.
- a method in accordance with the disclosure achieves multiple advantages over known methods of the prior art.
- different parameters can be varied for each printed image point and thus the quality of the molded part produced can be improved on the one hand.
- the method according to the disclosure enables the method to be used in areas that were previously not possible.
- the image sharpness of the manufactured components is improved by the fact that the edge areas can be mapped more precisely with regard to the data and the edge or edge sharpness can be increased.
- different material properties can now be varied in a component at different points or areas in the component with regard to e.g. elasticity, which was not possible according to the prior art.
- combinations of materials can now be used that previously could not be combined in this way.
- a method as described above wherein the volume of absorber or one or more Liquids comprising one or more absorbers per printed image point and / or the concentration of absorber or one or more liquids comprising one or more absorbers per printed image point and / or the size of the printed image points are set to a predetermined value and wherein in two or more image points different predetermined values can be set within a layer.
- the absorber can be adapted very specifically for each printed image point to the respective printing needs and the desired material properties in the printed component and can be set very differentially.
- the amount of imprinted absorber per surface element of the printed image points and / or per volume element of the printed image points can be set to a predetermined value, preferably wherein the surface element has 0.0001 to 0.08 mm 2 or 1- 5 mm 2 to 4000 cm 2 or 50 mm 2 to 40 cm 2 , and / or where the volume element has 0.000001 to 0.04 mm 3 or 5 mm 3 to 10 cm 3 or the surface element and / or volume element corresponds to the 3D Molded part, for example in a sectional view, and / or the amount of absorber printed in per printed image point is between 1 ng and 2 g, preferably 3 ng to 500 ng, more preferably 5 ng to 300 ng.
- Each printed image point is set to a predetermined gray level; the gray levels can preferably be set continuously.
- the black area can also be set differently for each printed image point in the disclosed method and, at the same time, a control in the component to be printed with regard to the properties to be achieved in the component can be determined in a three-dimensional manner. For example, you can set the black area in each Set the printed pixel to a black area between 1% and 100%.
- the various parameters that can be set differently with the method disclosed here can be related to different reference values.
- the printed image points can be related to a surface element and / or volume element or related to the printed 3D molded part and have a proportion of 10% to 95%.
- the method can be set so that the printed image points in the edge area of the 3D molded part to be produced have a smaller diameter and / or a smaller volume compared to the other printed image points, preferably anti-aliasing is also carried out and / or an additional Post-processing step, preferably in a finishing cabin, particularly preferably in an automated finishing cabin, is carried out. This achieves particularly advantageous results with regard to the definition of the component.
- the number of printed pixels per area or unit area can be increased or decreased, or the number of printed pixels per area or unit area cannot be changed during the method.
- a print head in which the outlet volume is set to a predetermined changeable value.
- Any print head compatible with the other process parameters and process components can be used here.
- a piezoelectric print head can be used as the print head.
- polyamides preferably PA12, PA11, PA613, PA6.6, polyether block amides, polypropylenes, thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyethylenes, polycarbonates, polyaryletherketones, polyoxymethylenes or polymethyl methacrylates, a mixture of two particle materials with different melting temperatures or melting temperature ranges, e.g.
- thermoplastic polyurethanes between 90 ° C and 350 ° C, more preferably 110 ° C to 220 ° C, a mixture of thermoplastic polyurethanes with different hardness, for example between Shore A 60 and Shore D 90, polybutylene terephthalates, mixtures of polybutylene terephthalates, for example with a flexural strength between 40-250 MPa , or mixtures of one or more of the above materials can be used.
- customary absorbers known to the person skilled in the art are used, it being possible to use carbon particles as absorbers.
- carbon particles examples are the products Black Oil-based Ink IK82104 from the manufacturer Xaar plc and HiRes Oil Black LMOPI11AKK from the manufacturer Nazdar Ltd. mentioned.
- any source of energy or radiation can be used for solidification, which is set and adapted according to the further method parameters.
- a radiator e.g. an emitter of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared range, e.g. in the near infrared range, or in the visible range can be used as an energy source.
- the layer thickness of the applied particle material can be chosen to be constant or variable and the layer thickness can be set to 5 to 500 micrometers.
- a layer thickness of 10 to 300 or 5 to 30 micrometers is in the range of the usual and advantageous layer thickness.
- a printed image point can be varied in terms of their characteristics and thus achieve desired and / or advantageous properties the printed components can be achieved.
- a printed image point can be set to a diameter of between 10 and 140 micrometers, for example, or a resolution of 90 or 1200 dpi can be selected.
- a printed image point and the printed image points next to one another and those which form an edge region can also be adjusted in terms of its volume to a predetermined volume value in a method according to the disclosure.
- a printed pixel can be adjusted to a volume of between 1.5 and 100 picoliters.
- the absorber concentration in a printed pixel can be chosen as desired.
- the absorber concentration can be adjusted to between 1% and 20%.
- the time interval between the printed image points can have an influence on the characteristics of the area of the solidified printed image points.
- the time interval between different printed image points to one another can also influence the characteristics of the area in which different and / or several printed image points are located.
- the time interval between printing an image point and energy input can be set to between 10 and 1000 milliseconds.
- the parameters described above - 2 or 3-dimensional dimensions such as diameter etc. of the printed image point, volume entry in a printed image point, distance between the printed image points, the distance between the printed image points in the Z and / or X axis and / or in Y - Axis, time interval between the printing of printed pixels can be individually combined with one another.
- the characteristics of the printed component itself and in any desired area of the component in terms of elasticity, dimensional stability, Shore hardness, material composition, edge properties,
- Properties in the edge area of the component can be selected.
- the object on which the application is based is also achieved in various aspects according to the disclosure by a method for producing 3-D molded parts, one or more particulate building materials being applied to a construction field in a defined layer by means of a coater, selectively one or more liquids or a or several particle materials of one or more absorbers are applied, an energy input takes place by means of a radiator, whereby the areas with selectively applied absorber are selectively solidified, the construction area is lowered by one layer thickness or the coater is raised by one layer thickness, these steps are repeated until the desired 3D- Molded parts is produced, characterized in that the method determines the absorber density within a layer per printed image point by means of the metered volume of image liquid and / or absorber, the metered concentration of absorber, the printed image points per area - Or volume unit, the distance between the printed pixels varies.
- the disclosure provides a method in which the temperature windows of the recurring method steps can advantageously also be set more precisely. This is associated with further significant improvements in process management, product quality, the recycling rate of materials, ecological advantages and cost advantages.
- a method according to the disclosure provides a solution for influencing material properties of the molded body produced in a targeted manner in three dimensions.
- the production of the molded bodies is thus not only given their three-dimensional shape, three-dimensional properties of a mechanical nature are also added to them. This can be the mechanical strength and / or elasticity, as well as material density and thus weight and / or center of gravity. These properties, which cannot be seen from the outside in terms of appearance and / or surface or shape of the body, can be used specifically for weight reduction or for the creation of centrifugal masses with a shifted center of gravity.
- one or more print heads can be used which, according to the prior art, are gray-scale capable and in which the dosed drops in volume can thus be controlled.
- the changes in the drop volume can be used specifically to optimize the energy absorption of the radiation for the heating phase and / or the sintering phase and thus to achieve improved temperature windows on the material layer itself on the construction field.
- any material compatible with the process parameters can be employed and used in a method according to the disclosure.
- a polyamide powder, a thermoplastic elastomer based on polyamide or a thermoplastic elastomer based on urethane can be used as the powder material.
- Materials based on polypropylene and polyethylene as well as polymers with ester functions are also possible.
- the range of the dosed amount of absorber and temperature window can be adjusted accordingly in order to achieve an advantageous process management and advantages for, among other things, the product parameters and recycling rate.
- any absorber fluid compatible with a method according to the disclosure can be used. This includes not only oil but also, for example, water- and solvent-based fluid systems, as well as various color pigments contained therein. In particular, colorations of the fluid can be used which have coordinated absorption maxima in the infrared and / or in the visible or ultraviolet range.
- a method according to the disclosure is characterized in that the applied powder layer is heated by a first heating step to a base temperature of the powder without absorber, which is located within the sintering window of the powder material, and a second sintering step is heated by supplying heat to selectively solidify the with absorber printed areas at a sintering temperature above the melting temperature of the powder, the areas with selectively applied absorber being heated more in the first step than the areas without absorber and thus a temperature difference between areas with and without absorber is set.
- the object on which the application is based is achieved according to the disclosure by a device suitable for producing 3D molded parts, comprising all components required for a powder-based printing process, characterized in that it has at least one print head that is capable of to vary the dosed volume of material within one pass per pixel.
- a device which is suitable for a method according to the disclosure advantageously achieves that disadvantages of known devices and methods are reduced or can essentially be avoided.
- the temperature window into more defined ranges and thus more optimal temperature ranges with regard to the materials used to reach.
- the quality of the intermediate products and products Associated with this are further advantages with regard to the quality of the intermediate products and products.
- the recycling rate of the powder material can thus be increased, with which, among other things, a cost reduction and thus lower production costs can be achieved.
- both the edge sharpness and the surface quality of the molded bodies produced by means of the method or the device according to the disclosure can be improved considerably.
- a print head can be used for drop metering of an absorber, which is able to vary the fluid volume per individual metering.
- a device is characterized, for example, in that a grayscale-capable print head has at least one print module which is capable of depositing drop volumes of variable size per pixel.
- the print head is gray-scale capable.
- the selected drop volume range it is possible for the selected drop volume range to be between 6 and 30 picoliters per printed image point at a point density of 360 dpi.
- one or more fluid metering devices can be arranged in any suitable manner. It can be advantageous if at least two gray-scale print modules are arranged essentially in a staggered manner, preferably there is an overlap between the modules. This allows the drop volume per printed pixel to be controlled more specifically. This allows the standard seven-fold gradation to be almost doubled.
- a device has all of the known components that are necessary and known for a high-speed sintering process, which therefore do not have to be described in detail here.
- suitable components are components selected from the construction platform, side walls, job box, coater, print head, ceramic film, energy input means, preferably at least one emitter, preferably an overhead emitter and / or a sinter emitter unit.
- an essential aspect of the present disclosure is to control the amount of absorber or the temperature window of the method and to carry out the method according to the disclosure in defined areas.
- the aim can also be to control component properties by means of absorber metering with pinpoint accuracy for each printed pixel. Differences and variations in three-dimensional strength zones can thus be represented essentially without any loss of quality.
- An example of products available on the market is the Xaar 1003 GS6 print head, which can cover a drop mass range of 6 - 42 pl per printed pixel with a print density of 360 dpi with a maximum of 7 gray levels.
- Another possibility is the product RC1536-M or RC1536-L from the manufacturer Seiko Instruments GmbH, which can achieve a drop mass of 13 - 100 pl with a gradation of up to 14 gray levels with otherwise the same specification.
- variable droplet dosing with a grid, e.g. dithering.
- a grid e.g. dithering.
- a larger range of drop volumes can thus be covered.
- a checkerboard pattern of printed Pixels of the lowest possible intensity are generated, whereby the effective absorber density can be further reduced on average over the area.
- the absorber density in the case of particulate materials consisting of partially crystalline, non-polar polyolefins, it can be advantageous to lower the absorber density to 3 picoliters per point, since this enables higher mechanical parameters to be achieved for the molded bodies produced.
- the ratio of the area or volume imprinted with printed image points to the unprinted area can be set in relation to an area or a volume.
- the area or volume printed with the printed image points is thus set in relation to the unprinted area or volume.
- the degree of absorption must be optimized for the surface to be sintered. This is done by varying the drop mass of the amount of absorber fluid applied to the powder surface. According to the state of the art, changing the printing material in a high speed sintering machine therefore requires adjustments to the hardware. With the possibility of direct manipulation of the absorber quantity by setting GreyLevel information, this is now possible via software, e.g. via job data information when the process program is called. Examples of such adaptations are the software-side setting of 24 pl per printed pixel for polyamide 12 materials, 6 pl for polypropylene, or 3 pl for thermoplastic polyurethane.
- Construction site surface controlled and / or regulated
- Construction field surface movable over the construction field surface, controlled and / or regulated
- Variation of the amount of fluid applied per area using the real gray scale method Variation of the volume of each individual drop
- Gap pattern by fading out pixels in order to achieve a lower absorber volume averaged over the area
- Molded body that has already been created, embedded in loose particle material, detailed view of the corner of the molded body, created by means of dosing using conventional grid methods
- the assigned virtual properties are accordingly created layer data of the virtual molded body, the cutting planes being through regimes of different properties with a variation in the
- the gray levels of the shift data correspond.
- the different gray levels of the individual layer data of the shaped body to be created are used in printhead control technology as variations in the data set off by the printhead
- Printhead Dosing an amount of liquid per pixel
- Melting peak of the second polymer ended with temperature TI. Melting peak of the first polymer, ended with temperature T2. Range of different absorber entry in the particle material. Increased amount of absorber
- the area in which only polymer 2 was melted is softer.
- the area in which both polymers were melted is harder
- Construction site surface controlled and / or regulated
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GB0317387D0 (en) | 2003-07-25 | 2003-08-27 | Univ Loughborough | Method and apparatus for combining particulate material |
DE102004020452A1 (de) | 2004-04-27 | 2005-12-01 | Degussa Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von dreidimensionalen Objekten mittels elektromagnetischer Strahlung und Auftragen eines Absorbers per Inkjet-Verfahren |
WO2015106844A1 (en) * | 2014-01-16 | 2015-07-23 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company L.P. | Build material profile |
MX2016014138A (es) * | 2014-04-30 | 2017-02-09 | Hewlett Packard Development Co Lp | Modelo computacional y metodos de impresion tridimensional (3d). |
DE102015006533A1 (de) * | 2014-12-22 | 2016-06-23 | Voxeljet Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von 3D-Formteilen mit Schichtaufbautechnik |
US10338568B2 (en) | 2015-04-24 | 2019-07-02 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Determining halftone schemes |
WO2016171724A1 (en) | 2015-04-24 | 2016-10-27 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Detailing agent for three-dimensional (3d) printing |
EP3271146B1 (de) * | 2015-05-15 | 2021-06-30 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Koaleszenzmittelkonzentrationen und contone-dichten für dreidimensionale objekte |
EP3261820B1 (de) * | 2015-07-23 | 2021-09-22 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Verfahren zum dreidimensionalen (3d) drucken |
EP3261790B1 (de) * | 2015-07-24 | 2020-09-02 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Dreidimensionales (3d) drucken |
DE102015014964A1 (de) * | 2015-11-20 | 2017-05-24 | Voxeljet Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung für 3D-Druck mit engem Wellenlängenspektrum |
DE102016203556A1 (de) * | 2016-03-03 | 2017-09-07 | Eos Gmbh Electro Optical Systems | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum generativen Herstellen eines dreidimensionalen Objekts |
CN108883577B (zh) * | 2016-05-12 | 2021-01-01 | 惠普发展公司,有限责任合伙企业 | 三维(3d)打印 |
GB2567877A (en) * | 2017-10-27 | 2019-05-01 | Xaar 3D Ltd | Apparatus and method for the manufacture of three-dimensional objects |
-
2019
- 2019-07-17 DE DE102019004955.1A patent/DE102019004955A1/de active Pending
-
2020
- 2020-07-14 US US17/627,729 patent/US20220258412A1/en active Pending
- 2020-07-14 EP EP20753278.9A patent/EP3999312A1/de active Pending
- 2020-07-14 WO PCT/DE2020/000153 patent/WO2021008641A1/de unknown
- 2020-07-14 CN CN202080058650.5A patent/CN114390968A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN114390968A (zh) | 2022-04-22 |
US20220258412A1 (en) | 2022-08-18 |
DE102019004955A1 (de) | 2021-01-21 |
WO2021008641A1 (de) | 2021-01-21 |
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