EP3984078A1 - Ensemble a boitier thermiquement controle, pour cellules electriques - Google Patents
Ensemble a boitier thermiquement controle, pour cellules electriquesInfo
- Publication number
- EP3984078A1 EP3984078A1 EP20743742.7A EP20743742A EP3984078A1 EP 3984078 A1 EP3984078 A1 EP 3984078A1 EP 20743742 A EP20743742 A EP 20743742A EP 3984078 A1 EP3984078 A1 EP 3984078A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- space
- fluid
- flow
- cells
- wall
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
- B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
- B60L50/64—Constructional details of batteries specially adapted for electric vehicles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
- H01M10/625—Vehicles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/64—Heating or cooling; Temperature control characterised by the shape of the cells
- H01M10/647—Prismatic or flat cells, e.g. pouch cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/655—Solid structures for heat exchange or heat conduction
- H01M10/6554—Rods or plates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/655—Solid structures for heat exchange or heat conduction
- H01M10/6554—Rods or plates
- H01M10/6555—Rods or plates arranged between the cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/655—Solid structures for heat exchange or heat conduction
- H01M10/6556—Solid parts with flow channel passages or pipes for heat exchange
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/655—Solid structures for heat exchange or heat conduction
- H01M10/6556—Solid parts with flow channel passages or pipes for heat exchange
- H01M10/6557—Solid parts with flow channel passages or pipes for heat exchange arranged between the cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/656—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by the type of heat-exchange fluid
- H01M10/6561—Gases
- H01M10/6563—Gases with forced flow, e.g. by blowers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/656—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by the type of heat-exchange fluid
- H01M10/6567—Liquids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/656—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by the type of heat-exchange fluid
- H01M10/6569—Fluids undergoing a liquid-gas phase change or transition, e.g. evaporation or condensation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
- H01M50/207—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape
- H01M50/209—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for prismatic or rectangular cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/249—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders specially adapted for aircraft or vehicles, e.g. cars or trains
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the technical field of the invention is that of the thermal management of the cells of an electric battery intended to deliver electrical energy, particularly on a vehicle, in particular hybrid or “all-electric” in which at least one motor electric is present, therefore or not coupled to at least one heat engine.
- vehicle is to be understood in the broad sense.
- the cells are adapted to operate in a preferential range of temperatures. Otherwise, they are less efficient: reduced lifespan, reduced electrical performance.
- the battery and its thermal management must adapt to the constraints of the vehicle (available space, orientation in space, connection to the supply of said fluid flow to circulate under the cells), and not the other way around ;
- cell here means electrochemical cell and more generally electric cell (which generates electricity), and
- thermo fluid flow here has the meaning of a suitable fluid flow:
- thermo fluid flow as a coolant in that it transports (delivers to cells) or removes (from cells) heat.
- BMS Battery Management System
- vehicle supervisor energy management, actuator control
- battery pack which contains the assembly. cells
- the cell / cooling plate exchange surfaces remain relatively small.
- thermal power for example 20 kW at the battery compartment (2 kW in nominal use).
- This heat will increase the temperature of the entire battery pack to a higher level (threshold for example at 35 ° C for Li-lon cells) than the nominal temperature range. (for example between 20 ° C and less than 35 ° C for Li-lon cells) in which the operation of the pack is desired.
- Devices such as elements loaded with MCP (phase change material) could allow this temperature increase to be damped by 3 to 10 ° C.
- a more efficient module cooling system becomes a necessity.
- a lower temperature for the flow of fluid coming into thermal exchange with the cells would imply a modification of the cooling setpoints, a loss of efficiency on the cold producing means. and an increase in the flow rate (then probably a need for a variable flow pump, with a higher electrical consumption) or an increase in the exchange surface at the level of the thermal management of the cells.
- the invention aims to improve the above situation by taking into account at least some of the problems mentioned. It is an improvement in the thermal management of the electrical cell (s) that is expected. An increase in the electrical efficiency of the cell (s) and / or an increased lifespan is also aimed at.
- At least one wall adapted to be in thermal exchange with said at least one cell and arranged for this purpose in front of it, in a plane parallel to one of the sides of said at least one cell or of the module, said at least one wall containing at least one space where at least one fluid flow (F1, F2 below) can be present, adapted to be in thermal exchange with at least one cell or with the module, for its thermal management,
- a first fluid flow (F2 ) and a second flow (F1) of non-mixing fluid Arranged opposite at least one said cell or module, the aforementioned wall and this cell (or also the other cells which will be aligned with this first cell, in the same plane) will be adjacent, that is to say immediately close to each other.
- said at least one wall is made of a material such that it does not contain PCM, the use of which can be reserved elsewhere.
- the aforementioned assembly may even be such that said at least a first space and at least a second space, which define respective hollow interiors in said at least one wall, are each so bulky that they will occupy most of at least the length of the wall. 'inside said at least one wall, to adapt the temperature thereof.
- heat exchange fluid is not limited to circulating in small tubes passing just under the cells, as in the existing "cooling plates".
- Another point to consider may be related to the extent of the heat exchange zones between fluid flow (s) and cell (s).
- said at least a first space and at least a second space can be defined respectively between a first plate and a second plate and between the second plate and a third plate parallel to each other and joined together, or even
- the first, second and third plates have peripheral edges arranged to direct said flows.
- At least one of said first and second spaces be defined by a series of tubes arranged in the same plane or in parallel planes.
- each of said first and second spaces be defined by tubes arranged along at least a first and a second series located in the same plane or in separate parallel planes, the first series forming said at least one first space and the second series forming said at least one second space.
- At least one of said first and second spaces is defined between a first plate and a second plate parallel to each other and joined together, and that the other of said first and second spaces is defined. by a series of tubes arranged in the same plane or in parallel planes.
- Cross-circulations could be optimal if the flows are vaporizable one liquid the other in the event of a cell overheating.
- the vaporizable flow will a priori be the one furthest from the adjacent cell considered, because it is an overheating of one cell (which can also be managed thermally by the other flow, during its nominal operating state) which can induce vaporization of the vaporizable stream.
- Another set of thermal management of a battery, comprising the previous set, is also concerned by the invention.
- a box containing all of said cells the box peripherally comprising several sides and one or more said walls per side, the box surrounding on several sides:
- the invention relates to a vehicle comprising an assembly as mentioned above, with all or parts of its characteristics, and in particular possibly a vehicle which can be driven:
- said first and second spaces will then contain, as said first flow and second flow, and this at the same time or at different times of operation of the cells, respectively a first flow of fluid (F2), present (dynamically, therefore) to circulate in a nominal operating state of the cells, and a second vaporizable flow (F1), resulting from the same flow of fluid or a different fluid flow suitable for being vaporized in said second space, in the event of overheating of at least one said cell which then no longer operates in a nominal manner.
- F2 first flow of fluid
- F1 second vaporizable flow
- said second flow (F1) of fluid then contained in the second space (s) may preferentially intervene as a fluid flow adapted to present a vapor phase when at least one adjacent cell overheats and brings it to his temperature
- first flow (F2) of fluid contained in the first space (s) may preferentially intervene as a fluid flow adapted to maintain as much as possible the adjacent cell (s) in their nominal operating state , without overheating.
- said second fluid flow (F1) is present in the second space, in the state of overheating of at least one said cell with which it is in heat exchange, so that at a temperature threshold of said at least one cell, said second fluid flow (F1) reaches its vaporization temperature, and
- the external atmosphere is that of the external environment which surrounds the vehicle, and therefore said whole.
- the atmosphere and the external environment are therefore at ambient pressure (atmospheric pressure).
- the vehicle further comprises a recycling circuit for recycling said fluid from the outlet to the inlet and on which are arranged a means for forced circulation of the fluid and an exchanger for heat exchange between the first flow of fluid and another fluid flow, one of which will then be connected to a pump or a fan, thus ensuring forced circulation of the first flow, in the wall.
- a crack point could be the central zone of the case, because the cells could be less easy to manage thermally.
- the vehicle includes:
- control unit which will then control the supply of said first flow of fluid (F2) at the inlet and / or the evacuation of this flow at the outlet, so that said first flow circulates in said first spaces, while the cells are operating in the nominal state.
- the invention also concerns a method of thermal management of at least one cell of an electric battery by means of at least one wall adapted to be in exchange. thermal with said cell, said wall containing at least one space where at least one fluid flow (F1, F2) can be present, adapted to be in thermal exchange with at least one cell, for its thermal management, this method being characterized in that that said at least one space comprising at least a first space and at least a second space arranged parallel to one another:
- a second vaporizable flow (F1) is made to vaporize out of said second space, resulting from the same flow of fluid or a different flow of fluid and then contained in said second space.
- FIG. 1 represents a vehicle; such as an automobile, provided with a housing according to the invention
- FIG. 2 shows an example of a housing for electric battery cells, according to the invention
- FIG. 3 shows a wall (hereinafter sometimes called the first wall or second wall, such as 1 1 -1 1 b1 or 1 1 -1 1 b2) of the housing;
- FIG. 4 is an exploded view which shows how a functionalized wall can be produced in accordance with the invention, as marked 1 1 or 1 1 -1 1 c below; different tears detail enlarged areas;
- FIG. 5 shows an assembly according to the invention for thermal management of an electric battery, the assembly comprising at least a first and a second wall (in the example two pairs) joined by a connection block.
- FIG. 6 shows the housing of [Fig. 2], three cutouts A, B, C detail possible enlarged areas;
- FIG. 7 shows a wall of the housing (called the first wall) and a connection block (marked 31) to be engaged in one another;
- FIG. 8 shows an exploded view of an example of a housing according to the invention, with cells and with an assembly skeleton (59);
- FIG. 9 shows an assembled state of the view of [FIG. 8], without cell and in perspective from above;
- FIG. 10 shows an assembled state of the view of [FIG. 8], without cell and in perspective from below;
- FIG. 1 1 shows the assembled state of the view of [Fig. 9], with cells and additional elements to be placed above and below for their thermal and / or mechanical protection,
- FIG. 12 shows, in relation to [FIG. 2], part of the circulation path of the fluid flow referenced F2, in the event of recycling, with associated means which can be provided, in one example,
- FIG. 13 shows the box and its electrical cells of [Fig. 2], without recycling the flow of fluid F2, but with two wall details, in tearing, and
- FIG. 14 shows, in more detail than [Fig. 13], a corner zone of the lateral thermal management enclosure which can surround the housing, and in which a flow of fluid F3 can circulate, in one example,
- FIG. 15 represents an alternative embodiment of the cells, therefore of the housing of the invention
- FIG. 16 shows another alternative embodiment of the cells, with a housing according to the invention which may be like that of [Fig. 1] to [Fig. 8];
- FIG. 17 shows yet another alternative embodiment of the cells, with a section along the line XVII-XVII of [Fig. 16] and a housing according to the invention which can also be like that of [Fig. 1] to [Fig. 8],
- FIG. 18 represents an alternative circulation of the flows F1 and F2, with a 90 ° tilting of the double wall with respect to the position of FIG. 3,
- FIG. 19 shows a housing according to the invention, with hollow walls as in Figure 4, assembled, the fluid flows F1 flowing "in parallel" are shown in certain places (so as not to overload the figure);
- FIG. 20 shows the same housing as in FIG. 19; the fluid flows F1 (always crossed at 90 ° with respect to the flow F2) are shown, in certain places,
- FIG. 21 shows a case according to the invention, tilted 90 ° with respect to any of the preceding cases, with the addition of cells still upright,
- FIG. 22 presents the solution of figure 22 with a partial exploded view at the location of one of the hollow walls and of two fittings which border it in a coplanar fashion
- FIG. 23 presents an alternative solution where one of the double plates of the solution of FIG. 4 is replaced by a series of tubes occupying almost the same major surface as in the case of FIG. 4;
- FIG. 24 presents another alternative solution where the two groups of three plates of the solution of figure 4 are each replaced by a double series of tubes each occupying almost the same major surface as in the case of figure 4,
- FIG. 25 is an alternative embodiment and relative positioning between cells and a wall 11,
- FIG. 26 is a local exploded view of figure 25,
- FIG. 27 is another alternative embodiment and relative positioning between cells and a wall 11,
- FIG. 28 is a local exploded view of figure 27,
- FIG. 29 is another alternative embodiment and relative positioning between cells and a wall 11,
- FIG. 30 is a local exploded view of figure 29,
- FIG. 31 is another alternative embodiment and relative positioning between cells and a wall 11,
- FIG. 32 is a local exploded view of figure 31
- FIG. 33 is another alternative embodiment and relative positioning between cells and a wall 11,
- FIG. 34 shows, for a better view, the layer of tubes offset from the cells.
- FIG. 1 there is shown a vehicle 1; an automobile in the example, which comprises for its movement (and therefore for driving here on the ground 77, via the wheels 4) at least one electric motor 3 supplied by an electric battery 5 with which the motor 3 is therefore electrically connected.
- the vehicle 1 can thus be electric or hybrid.
- the cells 7 (see also Figure 8) of the battery 5 adapted to have an electrochemical activity are contained in at least one interior space 9 delimited peripherally by walls (or faces) 1 1 of the housing 6.
- the housing 6 is disposed in the external environment 13 which surrounds it, which is also that of the vehicle 1.
- the housing 6 is polygonal. Each of its sides runs parallel to a face of a cell or a series of cells parallel to each other.
- the battery 5, and therefore its cells 7, is placed on the chassis or floor 75 of the vehicle, assumed to be horizontal and which may include the bottom (horizontal) plate 35 mentioned below.
- the battery 5 and the box 6 which contains it and surrounds it on several sides could also be placed on a vehicle, such as a ship whose battery connected to an engine is to be protected.
- Each cell 7 presents:
- INF and SUP indicate what is partly, lower area or face, respectively upper.
- the angle (figure 2) can be a right angle: frequent case of parallelepipedal cells.
- each cell 7 has at least two opposite side faces 7b, 7e which define the largest surfaces of each cell.
- the walls of cells 7 are therefore, in the example used, rectangular parallelepipeds. At least some of the walls 1 1 are functionalized, as already explained and as further detailed below.
- each of these walls such as for example the wall 11-1 1c, figures 3-4 (we might as well have referenced it 1 1-1 1a or other):
- - Contains at least one space 17 in which, at one time, a flow of fluid (F1 or F2, FIG. 3) may be present, in heat exchange with some of the cells 7.
- a flow of fluid F1 or F2, FIG. 3
- each said wall is also such:
- said at least one space 17, and therefore the corresponding wall (such as 11-1 1 c), has an inlet 23a and an outlet 23b for the flow of fluid
- the inlet 23a and the outlet 23b of the fluid flow communicate with, respectively, a supply 25a of thermal fluid flow and an outlet 25b of said flow of fluid, so that the fluid flow can circulate in said at least one space 17.
- this same wall extends laterally, parallel to at least one of the side faces 7b-7e of at least one said cell 7.
- the flow F2 can in particular advantageously be a liquid flow, more thermally efficient than a gas flow, such as a flow of glycol water.
- the supply 25a of thermal fluid flow is a liquid supply, so that this liquid F2 arrives, via the inlet 23a , said at least one space 17, then goes from wall 1 1 to wall 1 1 (in successive spaces 17).
- FIG. 4 The exploded view of Figure 4 shows how can be achieved a said functionalized wall according to the invention, such as 1 1-11 c.
- Each of these walls can thus comprise at least one plate 170a having a first and a second opposite faces 170aa, 170ab, at least one of which has edges 27a1, 27a2 and / or, 27b1, 27b2, and possibly also protuberances 26
- Each plate 170a is generally flat, and rectangular in the example.
- the protuberances 26 are formed by ribs or rectilinear undulations 26-26a parallel to each other (see local enlargement in FIG. 4) which extend at an angle.
- the protuberances 26 could be formed by granulation or punctual stampings 26-26b (see other local enlargement in FIG. 4).
- the tops of the protuberances 26 are applied against each other, bearing from one plate to the other, and the space 17 is defined by the spaces between the rectilinear ribs or the respective stampings of the two plates, outside their crossing or bearing zones.
- the fluid flow concerned (F2 in the example; but it could be the flow F 1, see Figures 18 and 20) will be channeled horizontally and be able to circulate from said space 17-17a1 or 17-17a2 (said first space) from one wall to the same space of the wall which is adjacent to the previous one, along the X axis.
- connection block 31 also called connection
- a connection block 31 hollow containing at least one space 310 communicating with the aforementioned spaces of these walls (such as 1 1 -1 1 c or 1 1 -1 1 a), respectively, will allow the flow of fluid F2 to circulate laterally, horizontally, in the interior space 9 or on the periphery of the housing, successively from walls 1 1 to walls 1 1, as illustrated by the arrows F2 in FIG. 6 (where the arrow traffic is however only one example).
- solution B could also be provided, in degraded solution, in the intermediate walls at the heart of box 6, between two groups of cells, in place of solution A.
- Figure 6 as the arrows (in bold thick) fluid flow circulation (F2 in the example) are therefore only by way of non-limiting example. Other paths, from walls 11 to walls 11, are possible; see figures 19-20.
- connection blocks 31 The space (s) 310 for internal circulation in the connection blocks 31 may be different from that of FIG. 6, depending on where the connection block is placed and the number of spaces in the successive walls 1 1 to communicate in pairs.
- connection block 31 have at least two
- mouthpieces such as 31 1 a, 31 1 b figure 7:
- connection block Each communicating with said at least one space 310 of the connection block, for an inlet or an outlet of said at least one flow of thermal fluid, such as F2.
- one (each) wall 1 1 and one (each) connection block 31 may be placed in end-to-end contact ( see wall in figure 3) or engaged one in the other, two by two (see figure 7), and for example welded together, thus ensuring a tight mechanical connection (see references 51 a, 51 b figures 5.7).
- second space another thermal management space (called “second space”) (marked 17-17b1 or 17-17b2, FIG. 4), with a flow of fluid F1 present therein at least in an abnormal situation of overheating of at least one of the cells 7 can therefore be provided in each wall 11.
- two edges 27b1, 27b2 extend along the vertical edges of the plate
- a third plate 170c (FIG. 4) is provided, identical to the plate 170b, but rotated one by 180 ° around said median horizontal axis X contained in the plane 171 of these plates, and therefore of the wall 1 1 (1 1-1 1c figure 4) concerned.
- these two plates 170b, 170c are such that their lateral edges
- Respective 27b1, 27b2, located respectively on the left vertical and right vertical borders, on either side of the protuberances 26, are vertical (perpendicular to the X axis), face each other and are supported in pairs (see enlargement at right of figure 4).
- the fluid flow F1 will be channeled vertically and be able to escape through the opening (the slot) 33 in the upper horizontal part of the space concerned, such as that 17-17b1 in FIG. 4; see also figure 3.
- the same opening (or slot) 33 may exist in the lower horizontal part of the same space 17.
- Seals can be placed there to seal the flow of fluid, if necessary.
- the inlet or the outlet of this second space will be connected to a pump or a fan ( 73; FIG. 6), ensuring a forced supply of fluid flow F1 at the inlet.
- At least one fan or at least one pump 53,43 will do the same for the flow of fluid F2 (see below). And the same for a flow of fluid F3, if it exists: see below and supply 79 with flow of fluid F3 connected to the inlets 322 in one (of) wall (s)
- Outlets 323 allow the flow of fluid F3 to exit from the wall (s) 37, therefore from the respective spaces 17-17c, after having circulated therein.
- Gaskets may be placed at the inlet of the housing and / or at the outlet, to seal the flow of F3 fluid, if necessary.
- fluid flow F1 could also circulate between the (second) space 17-17b1 and / or 17-17 b2 of one wall and the same (second) space of the wall which is adjacent to the previous one, so as to create then a situation of communicating vessels, making it possible to balance the levels in the spaces, in particular if the fluid flow F1 is a liquid (or has at least one liquid phase in the nominal state of the cells).
- the flow of fluid F1 will be a vaporizable fluid, such as water (glycolated or not).
- this flow of fluid F1 will thus be usefully adapted to change phase, at ambient temperature and pressure (20 ° C.; atmospheric pressure).
- the wall 1 1 -1 1 c is formed of a pair of double-spaces, respectively 17-17a1, 17-17b1 and 17-17a2,17-17b2, these two double-spaces being separated by a intermediate heat insulating plate 29.
- the wall 1 1 -1 1 c like that 1 1 -1 1 b, is one of those which extends between two cells 7, therefore partly inside the housing, in the space 9 that these walls
- each space 17 (17-17a1 or 17-17b1 for example) is in thermal exchange with at least the cell 7 which is adjacent to it.
- plate 170a (its outer face 170aa) stands up against one of these cells. If an air film 30 exists between them, in particular due to the growths 26, no flow of fluid circulates there.
- the thermal insulating plate 29 acts as a shield, so as to prevent overheating from one cell 7 from diffusing to another.
- the aforementioned double space pair works on both sides.
- first and second spaces (17-17a1 and 17-17a2 or 17-17b1 and 17-17b2), or even a pair of such first and second spaces (as illustrated in FIG. 3), we will have first and second spaces:
- the box 6 will in any case comprise several said functionalized walls 11 each having said at least one space 17 standing around the cells 7, or groups of cells, to define a at least part of the housing 6, which will completely surround the cells (arranged with their terminals 7 on the upper or lower horizontal face), or groups of such cells, on several adjacent sides of the housing.
- these functionalized walls 11 define a closed outer contour (or perimeter) C1 of the housing, extending around the cells 7,
- the functionalized walls 1 1 extend between two groups of (several) cells, to partition the housing 6, as illustrated in FIG. 2 (see for example wall 1 1- 1 1c1 and 11-1 1 c2 figure 6). If we come back to the situation on the outer periphery of the housing 6, it will be possible to provide there for a complementary circulation of another fluid flow, F3 (see figures 13,14), a priori planned to recharge the MCP, on the outer periphery. of the housing (see below).
- F3 another fluid flow
- the flow of fluid F3 will a priori be different from the flow of fluid (s) F1 and / or F2.
- the flow of fluid F3 can be gaseous, such as air, which can be ventilated, therefore under pressure.
- At least one layer or one thermal insulating plate 39 (which may be a PIV, vacuum insulating panel) can be interposed (standing vertically on the side face of the housing) between the wall 37 containing the third space 17-17c and a mechanically protective outer wall 40 which will be adjacent thereto; see figures 13,14.
- At least one other layer or plate of phase change material (PCM)
- 41 a, 41 b may even be further interposed (standing vertically on the lateral face of the housing) between the thermal insulation 39 and the wall 37 containing the third space 17-17c.
- MCP 41a and 41b containing different MCPs in terms of phase change temperatures will be able to cope with external environment temperatures 13 which can be very cold at one time and very hot at another. moment.
- the (each) wall 37 may include two plates 37a, 37b ( Figure 14) traversed (in the example horizontally) along the walls 11 of the housing which are parallel to it, by channels forming said third space 17-17c; see figures 13,14.
- the material of the plates 37a, 37b contains MCP in a rigid structuring matrix. It will preferably be MCP (phase change material) in a polymer matrix.
- MCP phase change material
- the flow of fluid F3 circulating in the channels will make it possible in particular to regenerate the MCP when the time comes.
- the channels, tubes or chutes of the peripheral passage of the fluid flow F3 can be integrated or attached (tubes or chutes) in the wall 37.
- each complementary connection block 32 comprises an interior space 320, and at least two mouths (depending on the I-shape, X-shape, L-shape as in FIG. 14, T %) such as 321 a, 321 b figure 14:
- one (each) wall 37 and one (each) complementary connection block 32 may be engaged one in the other. , two by two (see figure 14), tightly, thus ensuring a tight mechanical connection (see references 330a, 330b figure 14).
- a first range of temperatures for example between 20 and 35 ° C for Li-ion cells
- a threshold for example 35 ° C in the above case
- the temperature of these cells such as 7-7a 7-7b will be able to be managed thermally by heat exchange between them and the flow of fluid F2 circulating in the (said first) space (17-17a1 or 17-17a2) closest to the cell concerned.
- the insulating layer 29 will form a thermal screen between the two groups of cells to which the cells 7-7a and 7-7b respectively belong.
- thermal fluid F2 is dynamic. We can thus take advantage that it leaves the walls 1 1, and therefore (the interior space 9) of the housing 6, via the outlets 23b, so that its discharge 25b communicates via a recycling circuit 39 which allows at least part of the thermal fluid flow to be recycled to the feed 25a; see figure 2.
- At least one three-way variable flow valve 41 will be able to make it possible to recycle all or part of the flow of fluid F2 leaving the housing 6, including in the solution of Figures 18-19 in which a collection cover (not shown) can come to cap the open face of the housing on which the openings 23b emerge.
- a means 43 of forced circulation pump if the flow of fluid F2 is a liquid, fan, if it is a gas
- an exchanger 45 will usefully be found on the recycling circuit 39. (between the flow of fluid F2 and another flow of fluid F4), in order a priori to cool the flow of fluid F2 and recycle it to 25a colder than it left the housing; see Figure 12 where, like Figure 2, the flow path of the fluid flow F2 is provided only by way of non-limiting example.
- control unit 49 (FIG. 12) to control the supply of this flow of thermal fluid to the inlet and / or the discharge of said flow of fluid to the outlet, so that the flow of fluid F2 thus circulates in said at least one space 17; 17-17a1, 17-17a2 while cells 7 are in the nominal state.
- this flow of fluid F2 also to circulate in said at least one space 17; 17-17a1, 17-17a2 while cubicles 7 are in an abnormal state: below or above the minimum and maximum nominal operating temperature thresholds of the cubicles, namely:
- a control unit 49 can be connected with at least one temperature sensor 51 sensing the temperature of (at least one) cell (s) 7; figure 2.
- the control unit 49 can be connected with at least one temperature sensor 51 sensing the temperature of (at least one) cell (s); figure 2.
- a circulation means 53 connected with the control unit 49, will ensure the forced circulation of said fluid flow, in the housing 6 (its walls 1 1).
- the control unit 49 can also be connected with the three-way valve (s) 41 for control; figure 12.
- the fluid F3 and the circulation of the fluid flow F2 what follows in connection with the circulation of the fluid flow (s) F1 and / or F2 and / or F3 in the housing 6 is independent of the description above in link with figures.
- a thermal power of 20 kW for example should be able to be dissipated at the level of a group of cells (a compartment in figure 2 or 8), instead for example of 2 kW in nominal use. This heat should be able to increase the temperature of the entire battery pack 5, to a temperature level above the allowable temperature for a
- the prismatic cells 7 of the battery 5 are at side connection terminals 15, here marked 15a (anode) and 15b (cathode).
- connection terminals 15 are neither on the upper face 7a, nor on the opposite lower face, but here on two opposite side faces 7c, 7d. This requires that the functionalized walls 11 of the housing 6 of the invention be lower (in this case vertically, therefore) than the cells 7: H3 ⁇ H4 in FIG. 15.
- connection terminals 15 By not extending to the level of these side connection terminals 15, the walls 1 1 and the connection blocks 31 will not interfere with the connection terminals 15 which will therefore overhang them, on the two opposite sides most lengths of the housing 6 in the example illustrated. This makes it possible not to interfere with the electrical connections and the circulation of the fluid flow (s) F 1, F2 and / or F3.
- FIG 16 an example is illustrated where the cells 7 of the battery 5 are cylindrical and with upper connection terminals 15:
- the two terminals, here marked 15a (anode) and 15b (cathode), are on the upper face 7a of each cell .
- FIG 17 shows an example where cells 7 of battery 5 are still
- connection terminals 15a and 15b one on the upper face 7a, the other on the lower face 7f:
- the walls 1 1 and the connection blocks 31 are located laterally with respect to the opposite faces 7a, 7f of the cells, again so as not to interfere with the connection terminals 15.
- (horizontal) bottom 35 comprises a housing 6 as presented above (walls 1 1 on several sides with in particular flow F1 and F2, but with the particularity that one of said walls of the housing (1 1-1 1a on the figure) which contains at least one said space (17-17a1 / 17-17b1 in the figure) is oriented, on the vehicle, to be disposed parallel to said frame (to its base plate 35), facing it.
- contour C1 is in a vertical plane P2 and the axis (s) B1 of aligned arrangement of the cells, by line, is horizontal.
- the walls 11 with hollow interiors (therefore with space (s) 1 1 internal (s)) allowing the fluids F1 and F2 to be present therein are organized as follows: one of these walls (marked 1 1 -1 1e) is a bottom wall, located in a plane parallel to plane P2.
- the functionalized walls 1 1 may extend in three perpendicular planes, these walls being adjacent in pairs, so that one and / or the other of the fluids F1 and F2 can, if necessary, pass from a wall 1 1 to the wall 1 1 adjacent.
- each cell 7 has lateral sides including two opposite lateral sides (including the 7th one) defining the largest surfaces of each cell 7, and
- perimeter C1 extends perpendicularly to said largest surfaces of cells considered all together or groups (here of the two groups) of cells considered all together.
- connection faces (terminals 15) arranged face to face, from one line to the next, parallel to the plane P2, the terminals 15 being oriented towards the center of the box where a free space 55 allows the installation of the cables (not shown) of
- each cell 7 always has lateral sides, including two opposite lateral sides (7b, 7e) defining the largest surfaces of each cell,
- the perimeter C1 passes around said largest surfaces of the cells considered all together or the groups of cells considered all together.
- each cell 7 therefore has lateral sides with, among these sides, two which are opposite lateral sides (7b, 7e) which define the largest surfaces of each cell parallel to which the cells are arranged in the box, along a line (figure 15) or several lines (figure 2 or 13).
- these walls each have two thin opposite elongated edges (1 11 a and 1 11 b figure 7) which each extend:
- angles 57a and 57b in FIG. 11 which limit the sides thereof.
- the housing 6 could be in one piece (with walls 1 1 integrated together, for example molded all together, the bottom (11-11 e Figure 21) can also be integrated or attached by fixing with the other walls).
- the wall has a surface S (see hatching in Figure 1 1 and perimeter in alternating long / short lines in Figure 3).
- the surface S is delimited by said two thin edges 11 1 a and 11 1 b and:
- said spaces (17; 17-17a1, 17-17a2; 17-17b1, 17-17 b2) of the walls of the housing occupy most of the surfaces (S) of these walls.
- FIGS. 23 and 24 Another solution is also to be considered. Two examples thereof are illustrated in FIGS. 23 and 24.
- This solution is in part inspired by an embodiment in a network of at least one of the spaces 17.
- these protuberances form a suitable network. so that the flow of fluid F1 or F2 can circulate in the corresponding space 17.
- space 17 sufficiently large to occupy the essential at least of the interior of said walls 11 (therefore of said surface S), a single space, but a networked or compartmentalized space .
- one of the plates or panels defining the wall here the plate or the outer panel 170a, has been replaced by a series 1700a of tubes 173. That in the example it is on both sides opposite sides of panel 11 (two 1700a series) does not change anything.
- the tubes 173 of an entire series (like the one in the front figure 23) all together define a surface of passage of the fluid F2 almost equivalent to the previous cases and which is as bulky as mentioned above: the series of tubes 173 extends over almost the entire said surface S. All the tubes 173 are therefore hollow and extend along the aforementioned surface S; in this case over the entire length L of the remaining plates 170b, 170c between which a fluid F1 may be present, as before. Parallel or not to each other, all the tubes 173 of one (of each) series will form a structure extending parallel to the aforementioned common plane 171 of the remaining plates of the wall.
- each tube 173 can be in fluid connection with the fittings 31 already presented, so that such a panel 11 can be connected to another adjacent identical panel 11.
- the solution of figure 24 differs from that of figure 23 in that the three plates 170a, 170b, 170c of the first solution have been replaced by two adjacent series 1700a, 1700b, placed one against the other according to the plan 171.
- the tubes 173 may be metallic, for example aluminum. But in fact that they are formed with plates, tubes or others, the hollow walls 1 1 will be of polymer material (plastic) or metal, or even composite, but a priori without MCP. As a polymeric material, interest has been shown in an elastomer. As composite, there may in particular be mentioned a composite with an organic matrix (CMO) or with a metal matrix (CMM).
- CMO organic matrix
- CCMM metal matrix
- the walls 11 would be advantageously thermally conductive with then a conductivity l greater than 1 W / mk, and even preferably greater than 5, or even 10 W / mk, in fact greater than the conductivity l of MCP which can be used elsewhere in the housing 6.
- a flat plate of the housing such as 170b or 170c in the solution of Figure 23
- they can be attached to it, for example by gluing or welding.
- the sets can also be secured together and to plate 29 in this case, to form a unitary set.
- tubes 173 in a series are vertical, they could have a closed bottom end 173a and contain an F1 fluid which will vaporize when the time comes, if an adjacent cell overheats.
- FIGS. 25 to 34 which, in pairs, schematize five possible situations, in conjunction with three different embodiments, shown each time in an assembled situation, and with the wall 11 concerned moved away from the cell (s) 7 concerned, or even exploded in FIGS. 26,28,30,32).
- the cells 7 considered are prismatic.
- At least one cell 7 in the example several cells aligned along a single line), said cell having several sides (such as 7a and 7e above), and
- the wall 1 1 containing at least a first and a second space: - spaces 17-17a1, 17-17b1 in the example of the three-plate solution (figures 25-28; see also figure 4 for details),
- the flows F1 and F2 circulate in parallel and in offset (planes P6, P7), as illustrated and as already explained.
- the second case ( Figures 27,28) is identical to the first case, except that the set of parallel plates 170a, 170b, 170c are now arranged opposite and adjacent to the same long aligned sides 7th of the cells.
- the flows F1 and F2 circulate in parallel and in offset (planes P6, P7), as illustrated and as already explained.
- the third (figures 29,30) and fourth cases (figures 31, 32) are identical, except that the tubes 173 of one sheet 1700a and those of the other sheet 1700b are:
- tubes 137 with an envelope or wall 65 and openings 161, but alternating in the same plane P8, along small sides of cells, but this could be facing at least one large side.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Sustainable Development (AREA)
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- Power Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1906209A FR3097373B1 (fr) | 2019-06-11 | 2019-06-11 | Ensemble à boîtier thermiquement controle, pour cellules électriques |
| PCT/FR2020/050997 WO2020249906A1 (fr) | 2019-06-11 | 2020-06-11 | Ensemble a boitier thermiquement controle, pour cellules electriques |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3984078A1 true EP3984078A1 (fr) | 2022-04-20 |
Family
ID=68501684
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20743742.7A Pending EP3984078A1 (fr) | 2019-06-11 | 2020-06-11 | Ensemble a boitier thermiquement controle, pour cellules electriques |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20230013678A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3984078A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN114207913B (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3097373B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2020249906A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115483494A (zh) * | 2022-09-27 | 2022-12-16 | 中国第一汽车股份有限公司 | 一种电池包及具有其的车辆 |
| CN218677326U (zh) * | 2022-12-13 | 2023-03-21 | 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 | 电池及用电装置 |
| JP7833568B2 (ja) * | 2022-12-13 | 2026-03-19 | 香港時代新能源科技有限公司 | 電池及び電力消費装置 |
| DE102023102007A1 (de) * | 2023-01-27 | 2024-08-01 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Wärmetauschelement für einen Hochvoltspeicher |
| WO2024156100A1 (fr) * | 2023-01-28 | 2024-08-02 | 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 | Batterie et dispositif électrique |
| DE102023202300A1 (de) * | 2023-03-14 | 2024-09-19 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Kühlplatte mit mindestens einem Fluidkanal zur Temperierung eines elektrischen Antriebsenergiespeichers eines Fahrzeuges sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung einer solchen Kühlplatte |
| DE102023211121B4 (de) * | 2023-11-10 | 2025-09-04 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Elektrisches Antriebssystem |
| US20250372761A1 (en) * | 2024-05-31 | 2025-12-04 | Fluence Energy, Llc | Energy storage system including dual side cooled battery module |
Family Cites Families (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4419281C1 (de) * | 1994-06-01 | 1995-12-14 | Daimler Benz Ag | Hochtemperaturbatterie |
| US7147071B2 (en) * | 2004-02-04 | 2006-12-12 | Battelle Energy Alliance, Llc | Thermal management systems and methods |
| US7547487B1 (en) * | 2004-05-18 | 2009-06-16 | Ovonic Battery Company, Inc. | Multi-cell battery assembly |
| US9283826B2 (en) * | 2007-11-13 | 2016-03-15 | Mahle International Gmbh | Device for cooling a heat source of a motor vehicle |
| DE102009016867A1 (de) * | 2009-04-08 | 2010-10-14 | Li-Tec Battery Gmbh | Akkumulator mit verlängerter Lebensdauer |
| US20110262794A1 (en) * | 2010-04-21 | 2011-10-27 | Jihyoung Yoon | Battery pack and cooling system for a battery pack |
| DE102010019187B4 (de) * | 2010-04-30 | 2019-05-09 | Obrist Engineering Gmbh | Batterie und Verfahren zum Temperaturmanagement |
| FR2962075B1 (fr) * | 2010-07-02 | 2013-02-15 | Renault Sa | Refroidissement d'une batterie d'alimentation d'un moteur d'entrainement d'un vehicule automobile. |
| DE102012209306B4 (de) * | 2012-06-01 | 2023-08-31 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Kühlsystem für Batteriezellen |
| FR3008036B1 (fr) * | 2013-07-05 | 2015-06-26 | Renault Sa | Dispositif de gestion thermique de la batterie d'un vehicule electrique |
| US9780413B2 (en) * | 2013-08-01 | 2017-10-03 | Denso Corporation | Battery cooling system |
| DE102013219200A1 (de) * | 2013-09-24 | 2015-03-26 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Kühleinrichtung für ein Batteriesystem, insbesondere eines Kraftfahrzeugs |
| DE102014114020A1 (de) * | 2014-09-26 | 2016-03-31 | Obrist Technologies Gmbh | Batteriesystem |
| US9620830B2 (en) * | 2014-12-16 | 2017-04-11 | Xinen Technology Hong Kong Company, Ltd. | Vehicle battery module with cooling and safety features |
| DE102014226143B4 (de) * | 2014-12-16 | 2026-04-30 | Röchling Automotive SE | Speicherzellenanordnung und Speicherzellenbetriebsanordnung mit einer Speicherzellenanordnung |
| US9954260B2 (en) * | 2015-03-16 | 2018-04-24 | Thunder Power New Energy Vehicle Development Company Limited | Battery system with heat exchange device |
| DE102015108611A1 (de) * | 2015-06-01 | 2016-12-01 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Fahrzeugkomponente |
| MX2018009399A (es) * | 2016-02-03 | 2019-01-10 | Modine Mfg Co | Intercambiador de calor de placas para refrigeración de baterias y conjunto de placas. |
| US20180123201A1 (en) * | 2016-10-28 | 2018-05-03 | Inevit, Llc | Battery module cooling tube including an integrated turbulator component and method thereof |
| DE102017209604A1 (de) * | 2017-06-07 | 2018-12-13 | Röchling Automotive SE & Co. KG | Batteriemodul mit Strömungsleitformation im Modulgehäuse |
| KR102726742B1 (ko) * | 2018-06-07 | 2024-11-05 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 차량용 배터리 냉각 장치 |
-
2019
- 2019-06-11 FR FR1906209A patent/FR3097373B1/fr active Active
-
2020
- 2020-06-11 EP EP20743742.7A patent/EP3984078A1/fr active Pending
- 2020-06-11 CN CN202080055318.3A patent/CN114207913B/zh active Active
- 2020-06-11 US US17/618,794 patent/US20230013678A1/en active Pending
- 2020-06-11 WO PCT/FR2020/050997 patent/WO2020249906A1/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3097373A1 (fr) | 2020-12-18 |
| CN114207913B (zh) | 2025-02-11 |
| US20230013678A1 (en) | 2023-01-19 |
| WO2020249906A4 (fr) | 2021-02-11 |
| FR3097373B1 (fr) | 2023-01-06 |
| WO2020249906A1 (fr) | 2020-12-17 |
| CN114207913A (zh) | 2022-03-18 |
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