EP3969164A1 - Method for producing microcapsules - Google Patents
Method for producing microcapsulesInfo
- Publication number
- EP3969164A1 EP3969164A1 EP20754223.4A EP20754223A EP3969164A1 EP 3969164 A1 EP3969164 A1 EP 3969164A1 EP 20754223 A EP20754223 A EP 20754223A EP 3969164 A1 EP3969164 A1 EP 3969164A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- crosslinking
- microcapsules
- protein
- oil
- polysaccharide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000003094 microcapsule Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 275
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 114
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract 11
- 239000005056 polyisocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 190
- 229920001228 polyisocyanate Polymers 0.000 claims description 190
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 claims description 141
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 claims description 120
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims description 120
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims description 120
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 108
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 100
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- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 claims description 93
- -1 flavorings Substances 0.000 claims description 90
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 claims description 72
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 70
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 45
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 claims description 42
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- IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanate group Chemical group [N-]=C=O IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
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- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000001290 saussurea lappa clarke root oil Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 235000011803 sesame oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002453 shampoo Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930000308 sinensal Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229940074386 skatole Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 231100000051 skin sensitiser Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IFGCUJZIWBUILZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium 2-[[2-[[hydroxy-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyphosphoryl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid Chemical compound [Na+].C=1NC2=CC=CC=C2C=1CC(C(O)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NP(O)(=O)OC1OC(C)C(O)C(O)C1O IFGCUJZIWBUILZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KWVISVAMQJWJSZ-VKROHFNGSA-N solasodine Chemical compound O([C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@]2(CC[C@@H]3[C@@]4(C)CC[C@H](O)CC4=CC[C@H]3[C@@H]2C1)C)[C@@H]1C)[C@]11CC[C@@H](C)CN1 KWVISVAMQJWJSZ-VKROHFNGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002470 solid-phase micro-extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007614 solvation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019721 spearmint oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001505 spilanthes acmelia oleracea Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010676 star anise oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WPLOVIFNBMNBPD-ATHMIXSHSA-N subtilin Chemical compound CC1SCC(NC2=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(C(C)CC)C(=O)NC(=C)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(O)=O)CSC(C)C2NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C1NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C1NC(=O)C(=C/C)/NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C2NC(=O)CNC(=O)C3CCCN3C(=O)C(NC(=O)C3NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(=C)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(N)CC=4C5=CC=CC=C5NC=4)CSC3)C(C)SC2)C(C)C)C(C)SC1)CC1=CC=CC=C1 WPLOVIFNBMNBPD-ATHMIXSHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000020 sulfo group Chemical group O=S(=O)([*])O[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000001502 supplementing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010660 tarragon oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010677 tea tree oil Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229930006978 terpinene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000003507 terpinene derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940116411 terpineol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UHUFTBALEZWWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecanal Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC=O UHUFTBALEZWWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBPNTDBLHQHPLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecyl 16-methylheptadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C)C HBPNTDBLHQHPLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AVKVDDQTHIQFSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecyl docosanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCCCCCCCC AVKVDDQTHIQFSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DHZWALZKPWZSMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecyl oleate Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC DHZWALZKPWZSMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DZKXJUASMGQEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecyl tetradecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCC DZKXJUASMGQEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJDPGFHVEKFXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrobungeanool Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CC=CC(=O)NCC(C)(C)O GJDPGFHVEKFXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002898 threonine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001789 thuja occidentalis l. leaf oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010678 thyme oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940098465 tincture Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940042585 tocopherol acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940088660 tolu balsam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002110 toxicologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000027 toxicology Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- LVBXEMGDVWVTGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-2-octenal Natural products CCCCCC=CC=O LVBXEMGDVWVTGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CRDAMVZIKSXKFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-Farnesol Natural products CC(C)=CCCC(C)=CCCC(C)=CCO CRDAMVZIKSXKFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XJPBRODHZKDRCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-alpha-ocimene Natural products CC(=C)CCC=C(C)C=C XJPBRODHZKDRCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZFDIRQKJPRINOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N transbutenic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC(=O)C=CC ZFDIRQKJPRINOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IMRYETFJNLKUHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N traseolide Chemical compound CC1=C(C(C)=O)C=C2C(C(C)C)C(C)C(C)(C)C2=C1 IMRYETFJNLKUHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001069 triethyl citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- VMYFZRTXGLUXMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl citrate Natural products CCOC(=O)C(O)(C(=O)OCC)C(=O)OCC VMYFZRTXGLUXMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004441 tyrosine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000016788 valerian Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004295 valine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000010679 vetiver oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000001846 viola odorata l. leaf absolute Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001529 viverra civetta schreber and viverra zibeth a schreber absolute Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940100445 wheat starch Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000009637 wintergreen oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- QRPLZGZHJABGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N xi-5-Dodecanolide Chemical compound CCCCCCCC1CCCC(=O)O1 QRPLZGZHJABGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGPCZPLRVAWXPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N xi-Dihydro-5-octyl-2(3H)-furanone Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC1CCC(=O)O1 WGPCZPLRVAWXPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005023 xylyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229930007850 β-damascenone Natural products 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
- B01J13/14—Polymerisation; cross-linking
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/26—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests in coated particulate form
- A01N25/28—Microcapsules or nanocapsules
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
- A23P10/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the products
- A23P10/30—Encapsulation of particles, e.g. foodstuff additives
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
- A23P10/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the products
- A23P10/30—Encapsulation of particles, e.g. foodstuff additives
- A23P10/35—Encapsulation of particles, e.g. foodstuff additives with oils, lipids, monoglycerides or diglycerides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K8/11—Encapsulated compositions
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/64—Proteins; Peptides; Derivatives or degradation products thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/64—Proteins; Peptides; Derivatives or degradation products thereof
- A61K8/65—Collagen; Gelatin; Keratin; Derivatives or degradation products thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K8/73—Polysaccharides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K8/73—Polysaccharides
- A61K8/731—Cellulose; Quaternized cellulose derivatives
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
- A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
- A61K9/5021—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/5036—Polysaccharides, e.g. gums, alginate; Cyclodextrin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
- A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
- A61K9/5021—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/5052—Proteins, e.g. albumin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q13/00—Formulations or additives for perfume preparations
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
- B01J13/14—Polymerisation; cross-linking
- B01J13/16—Interfacial polymerisation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/20—After-treatment of capsule walls, e.g. hardening
- B01J13/206—Hardening; drying
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/0039—Coated compositions or coated components in the compositions, (micro)capsules
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
- C11D3/001—Softening compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/22—Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof
- C11D3/222—Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3703—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/3726—Polyurethanes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
- C11D3/384—Animal products
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/50—Perfumes
- C11D3/502—Protected perfumes
- C11D3/505—Protected perfumes encapsulated or adsorbed on a carrier, e.g. zeolite or clay
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
- A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
- A61K2800/41—Particular ingredients further characterized by their size
- A61K2800/412—Microsized, i.e. having sizes between 0.1 and 100 microns
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
- A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
- A61K9/5021—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/5052—Proteins, e.g. albumin
- A61K9/5057—Gelatin
-
- C11D2111/12—
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing biodegradable microcapsules, in particular biodegradable protein and/or polysaccharide-based microcapsules and dispersions of such microcapsules (microcapsule slurry) which enclose at least one hydrophobic active ingredient, preferably of polysaccharide containing perfume or aroma - and protein-based microcapsules, which have a good balance of biodegradability, stability and performance compared to state-of-the-art microcapsules.
- the present invention relates to biodegradable microcapsules which comprise at least one hydrophobic active substance which can be obtained by the process according to the invention.
- the present invention relates to the use of the microcapsules and dispersions as a component of household products, textile care products, detergents, fabric softeners, cleaning agents, scent boosters or fragrance enhancers in liquid or solid form, cosmetics, personal care products, perfume compositions, agricultural products, pharmaceutical products or print coating for Paper.
- the present invention relates to consumer products comprising such microcapsules or microcapsule dispersions.
- Microcapsules are particles consisting of a core and a wall material surrounding the core, where the core can be a solid, liquid or gaseous substance, which is surrounded by a polymeric dense, permeable or semipermeable wall material.
- the core is also called the inner phase. Names such as outer phase, shell or coating are also used for the wall.
- the diameter of the microcapsules typically varies in the range from 1 to 1000 ⁇ m.
- the wall thickness is typically 0.5 to 150 pm, but can be varied in the range from 5 ⁇ 10' 9 m to 5 ⁇ 10' 6 m. Loadings of 25 to 95% by weight are typically possible, but loadings of 1 to 99% by weight are also possible.
- taste, smell and color masking e.g. bitter or pungent flavors
- moisture protection e.g. hygroscopic salts or minerals
- Hydrophobic active ingredients such as fragrances or flavorings, can easily be incorporated into numerous and different use formulations by encapsulation.
- microcapsules can be released in various ways and is based in particular on one of the mechanisms described below:
- the capsules are mechanically destroyed by crushing or shearing. This mechanism is used, for example, in reaction carbonless paper. The capsules are destroyed by melting the wall material. According to this mechanism, ingredients such as raising agents or aromas in baking mixes, for example, are only released during the baking process.
- the capsules are destroyed by dissolving the wall material.
- This mechanism is used in washing powder, for example, so that encapsulated ingredients such as enzymes are only released during the washing process.
- the capsules remain intact, the capsule contents are gradually released by diffusion through the capsule wall.
- This mechanism can be used, for example, to achieve a slow and steady release of active pharmaceutical ingredients in the body.
- microcapsules are used in the printing industry, the food industry (vitamins, aromas, plant extracts, enzymes, microorganisms), agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides), the animal feed industry (minerals, vitamins, enzymes, drugs, microorganisms), the pharmaceutical industry, the detergent industry and the cosmetics industry.
- fragrances or fragrance mixtures Many everyday items such as cleaning agents, fabric softeners, washing powder, liquid detergents, shower gels, shampoos, deodorants, polylotions, etc. are now perfumed with fragrances or fragrance mixtures. Very often, the fragrances interact with other components of the formulation or the more volatile components of a perfume evaporate prematurely. As a rule, this means that the scent impression of the perfuming changes over time or even disappears completely.
- microencapsulation of such fragrance mixtures offers the possibility of reducing or completely preventing interactions in the perfumed product or the evaporation of the volatile fragrance components.
- the capsule wall can be made of either natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic materials.
- natural shell materials are gum arabic, agar-agar, agarose, maltodextrins, alginic acid or salts thereof, eg sodium alginate or calcium alginate, fats and fatty acids, cetyl alcohol, collagen, chitosan, lecithins, gelatin, albumin, shellac, polysaccharides such as starch or dextran, polypeptides , protein hydrolysates, sucrose and waxes.
- Semisynthetic capsule wall materials include chemically modified celluloses, in particular cellulose esters and cellulose ethers, eg cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose, and starch derivatives, in particular starch ethers and starch esters.
- synthetic shell materials are polymers such as polyacrylates, polyamides, polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinylpyrrolidone.
- microcapsules with different properties in terms of diameter, size distribution and physical and/or chemical properties are formed.
- Polyurea microcapsules or polyurea/polyurethane microcapsules formed by polymerisation between a polyisocyanate and a polyamine and/or a diol or polyol are known capsules used in a variety of technical fields including perfumery.
- Polyurea microcapsules obtained by reacting two polyisocyanates and a polyamine are described, for example, in WO 2011/161229 or WO 2011/160733.
- the polyurea microcapsules are produced in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a protective colloid.
- PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
- WO 2012/107323 discloses polyurea microcapsules with a polyurea shell which comprises the reaction product of a polyisocyanate with guanazole (3,5-diamino)-1,2,4-triazole) and an amino acid in the presence of anionic stabilizers or surfactants such as anionic polyvinyl alcohol.
- EP 0 537 467 B describes microcapsules made from polyisocyanates containing polyethylene oxide groups in the presence of stabilizers such as polyvinyl alcohol.
- stabilizers such as polyvinyl alcohol.
- the microencapsulation in a Oil phase which is emulsified in a continuous aqueous phase which is generally stabilized by a surfactant system such as polyvinyl alcohols or carboxylated and sulfonated derivatives thereof.
- the exemplary delivery systems from the prior art described above have both good stability, namely the ability to retain the active ingredient and thus the ability of the capsules to avoid the loss of volatile components, and good performance, for example fragrance release in the case of fragrance or fragrance capsules.
- microcapsules of the prior art described above have the disadvantage that the polymeric capsule wall or capsule shell material requires a large proportion of polymer in order to ensure adequate stability and not to suffer excessive losses of active ingredient.
- microencapsulation introduces plastic into the environment, which as "microplastic” can cause problems there, which may result in environmental damage or health problems.
- microcapsules that have both good stability and good drug release.
- the ability to retain the active ingredient and thus the ability of the capsules to avoid the loss of the volatile components depends in particular on the stability of the capsules in the product base.
- capsules in particular with good stability do not automatically have good biodegradability.
- the stability of the microcapsules increases as the degree of crosslinking increases, but at the same time the ability of the capsule shell to biodegrade also decreases.
- the performance for example sensory performance, is lower, since the number of microcapsules which break open and release active substances as a result of pressure, friction, etc. decreases. If they are too unstable, they will be destroyed during storage and will not perform either.
- the present invention is therefore based on the complex task of providing microcapsules which preferably meet one, several or preferably all of the following requirements:
- microcapsule is produced from a polysaccharide and/or a protein and a crosslinking agent in an aqueous emulsion in the presence of a catalyst by interfacial polymerization.
- the crosslinking makes it possible to form a biodegradable and stable capsule shell or capsule wall with which a wide range of hydrophobic or lipophilic active ingredients can be encapsulated.
- a first object of the invention therefore relates to a method for producing a biodegradable protein and / or polysaccharide-based microcapsule, which comprises the following steps in this order:
- the present invention relates to a microcapsule, comprising at least one lipophilic active substance, or a microcapsule slurry, which is produced by the process according to the invention.
- the subject of the present invention is a biodegradable microcapsule comprising or consisting of
- a capsule shell comprising or consisting of a crosslinking matrix or crosslinking units of at least one polysaccharide and/or at least one protein and at least one first crosslinking agent; and optionally at least one protective colloid and/or optionally at least one further crosslinking agent.
- the present invention relates to the use of the microcapsules according to the invention or of dispersions which comprise the microcapsules according to the invention for the production of household products, textile care products, detergents, fabric softeners, cleaning agents, scent boosters, scent lotions or fragrance enhancers in liquid or solid form Form, cosmetics, personal care products, perfume compositions, agricultural products, pharmaceutical products or print coating for paper.
- a combination of polysaccharide and/or protein and subsequent crosslinking with a polyisocyanate having at least two or more isocyanate groups leads to stable microcapsules and thus efficient encapsulation of lipophilic active ingredients with subsequent targeted release of these active ingredients can be guaranteed, while the microcapsules also have good biodegradability due to their bio-based and biodegradable building blocks.
- the polyisocyanate content of the capsule wall or capsule shell material can be reduced, i.e. replaced by bio-based capsule wall components, and the proportion of bio-based capsule wall components can thus be increased without the stability of the microcapsule wall suffering as a result.
- At least one or “at least one” or “one or more” as used herein refers to 1 or more, for example 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or more.
- the term “and/or” expresses that there is a link or that an alternative is offered.
- FIGS. 1a to 1d show diagrams of the particle size distribution (d(0.5) value) of microcapsules according to the invention with different compositions.
- FIG. 1e is a diagram showing the comparison of the particle size distribution of a microcapsule according to the prior art and a microcapsule according to the invention. For determining the
- Figure 2 is a graph of the free oil content of microcapsules according to the present invention compared to prior art microcapsules.
- Figure 3 is a graph of the free oil content of microcapsules according to the present invention compared to prior art microcapsules.
- Figure 4 is a graph of the free oil content of microcapsules of the invention prepared with and without additional crosslinking agent.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the stability of microcapsules according to the invention in a fabric softener.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the sensory evaluation of microcapsules according to the invention.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram which generally shows the correlation between microcapsule stability, performance and biobuildability as a function of the degree of crosslinking.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a biodegradable protein and/or polysaccharide-based microcapsule, which comprises the following steps in this order:
- microcapsules are understood to mean microparticles which have at least one or more active substance(s) as the core material inside the capsule and are enclosed by a capsule shell or capsule wall.
- the active ingredients are preferably hydrophobic or lipophilic active ingredients. Such active substances are not soluble or only sparingly soluble in water, but readily soluble in fats and oils.
- microcapsule and caspel or “hydrophobic” and “lipophilic” are used synonymously within the meaning of the present invention.
- the capsule shell or capsule wall is preferably made up of several crosslinking matrices or crosslinking units, which preferably have different compositions and are generated by several process steps or process sequences, in particular crosslinking steps, in the production of the microcapsule according to the invention.
- the crosslinking matrix comprises or consists of at least one/one polysaccharide and/or at least one/one protein.
- These capsule wall components are crosslinked with one another by means of a crosslinking agent and a catalyst through interfacial polymerization via specifically catalyzed mechanisms, resulting in a three-dimensional network of polysaccharide, protein and crosslinking agent.
- an internal non-aqueous phase which comprises at least one crosslinking agent and at least one hydrophobic active substance to be encapsulated and optionally a further crosslinking agent.
- first crosslinking agent for forming the capsule shell or capsule wall is a crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of polyisocyanate with two or more isocyanate groups selected from the group consisting of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, hydroaromatic, aromatic or heterocyclic polyisocyanates their substitution products, and mixtures of two or more of the aforementioned first crosslinking agents.
- the at least one isocyanate or polyisocyanate with two or more isocyanate groups which is used in the process according to the invention for producing the biodegradable protein- and/or polysaccharide-based microcapsule, has at least two isocyanate groups for the formation of polymeric networks by polymerization on, which form a capsule shell or capsule wall.
- Polyisocyanates with two isocyanate groups are also referred to as diisocyanates.
- Polyisocyanates can be divided into aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, hydroaromatic, aromatic or heterocyclic isocyanates or polyisocyanates.
- the polyisocyanates according to the invention can be linear or branched.
- Polyisocyanates especially aromatic polyisocyanates, are highly reactive compounds.
- the polyaddition reactions of polyisocyanates with diols or polyols are the basis of polyurethane chemistry and the polyaddition reactions of polyisocyanates with amines are the basis of polyurea chemistry.
- At least difunctional, preferably polyfunctional polyisocyanates are used, ie all aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic isocyanates are suitable provided they have at least two reactive isocyanate groups.
- Aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, hydroaromatic, aromatic or heterocyclic polyisocyanates their substitution products and mixtures of the aforementioned monomeric or oligomeric compounds are particularly preferred.
- polyisocyanates specified above preference is given to using aliphatic and/or aromatic compounds.
- These include, for example, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic di-, tri- and higher polyisocyanates.
- R is aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic radicals.
- the radicals have five or more carbon atoms.
- the at least one polyisocyanate with two or more isocyanate groups is selected from the group of aliphatic polyisocyanates and/or aromatic polyisocyanates.
- the at least one polyisocyanate is a combination of two different aliphatic polyisocyanates or a combination of an aliphatic and an aromatic polyisocyanate.
- the polyisocyanate is an aliphatic polyisocyanate.
- aliphatic polyisocyanate refers to any polyisocyanate molecule that is not aromatic.
- the molecule comprises at least two isocyanate groups, ie at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 50, 100, 200 or more isocyanate groups, directly bonded to a corresponding number of different carbon atoms of the same aliphatic molecule, and derivatives of such compounds.
- the aliphatic polyisocyanate molecule having at least two isocyanate groups, ie at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 50, 100, 200 or has more isocyanate groups, may further be linear, branched or cyclic and may have any substitutions including, for example, aliphatic substituents, aromatic substituents, one or more heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and/or sulfur, halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine and /or iodine and/or other functional groups such as alkoxy groups.
- the linear aliphatic polyisocyanate molecule is preferably selected from C2 to C20 linear alkyl, preferably C3 to C15 linear alkyl, C4 to C12 linear alkyl, C5 to C10 linear alkyl, C6 to C9 linear alkyl or C7 to C8 linear alkyl.
- the linear aliphatic molecule does not include an aromatic structure.
- the branched aliphatic polyisocyanate molecule is preferably selected from C2 to C20 branched alkyl, preferably C3 to C15 branched alkyl, C4 to C12 branched alkyl, C5 to C10 branched alkyl, C6 to C9 - branched alkyl, C7 to C8 branched alkyl.
- the cyclic aliphatic polyisocyanate molecule comprises at least 1, ie 1, 2, 3, 4 or more non-aromatic ring structures, the ring structure itself preferably consisting only of C atoms. Of course, the carbon atoms of the ring structure can carry suitable substituents.
- the at least 1-ring structures preferably consist, independently of one another, of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8-membered rings.
- the cyclic aliphatic molecule preferably comprises 2 to 20 carbon atoms, such as 3 to 15 carbon atoms, 4 to 12 carbon atoms, 5 to 10 carbon atoms, 6 to 9 carbon atoms or 7 to 8 carbon atoms.
- the polyisocyanate is an aromatic polyisocyanate.
- aromatic polyisocyanate refers to any polyisocyanate compound having two or more isocyanate groups bonded directly to aromatic carbon atoms and comprising, for example, a phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, naphthyl or diphenyl moiety as the aromatic moiety, and derivatives such polyisocyanate compounds.
- Aromatic polyisocyanates react much faster than aliphatic polyisocyanates and are therefore used with preference in the process according to the invention.
- the linear, branched or cyclic aliphatic or aromatic polyisocyanate can be present as a monomer or polymer.
- a monomeric polyisocyanate is a molecule that is not connected to another molecule, particularly not through one or more crosslinking agents.
- a polymeric polyisocyanate comprises at least two monomers linked together by one or more crosslinking agents. The at least two monomers do not necessarily have to be the same monomers, but can also be different.
- a polymeric polyisocyanate preferably comprises at least 2 or more monomers, i. H. at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100 or more monomers linked together by at least one crosslinking agent.
- the linear, branched or cyclic aliphatic or aromatic polyisocyanate is preferably of size/limited size Molecular weight enabling reactivity with the one or more crosslinking agents.
- suitable molecular weights preferably include about 100 g/mol to 5 ⁇ 10 4 ; g/mol, preferably 120 g/mol to 2 ⁇ 10 4 g/mol, 140 g/mol to 10 4 ; g/mol 160 g/mol to 5 * 10 3 g/mol, 180 g/mol to 2 ⁇ 10 3 g/mol, 200 g/mol to 10 3 g/mol, 220 g/mol to 900 g/mol, 240 g/mol to 800 g/mol, 260 g/mol to 700 g/mol, 280 g/mol to 600 g/mol, 300 g/mol to 500 g/mol, 320 g/mol to 450 g/mol or 340 g/mol to 400 g/mol.
- any number of different linear, branched and/or cyclic aliphatic and/or aromatic polyisocyanates can be used.
- at least one, i. H. at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 different linear aliphatic polyisocyanates are used.
- at least one, i. H. at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 different branched aliphatic polyisocyanates are used.
- at least one, i. H. at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 different branched cyclic polyisocyanates are used.
- Derivatives of the linear, branched and/or cyclic aliphatic polyisocyanates are preferably used.
- a derivative as used herein, is understood in its broadest sense as a compound derived from a compound by a chemical reaction.
- Examples of derivatives include oligomers and/or adducts of the above linear or branched aliphatic polyisocyanates.
- Preferred oligomers are biurets, isocyanurates, uretdiones, iminooxadiazinediones and preferred adducts are trimethylolpropane adducts. These oligomers/adducts are well known in the art and are disclosed, for example, in US Pat. No. 4,855,490 or US Pat. No. 4,144,268.
- the aliphatic polyisocyanate is preferably present only in monomeric form and/or dimerized form (as isocyanate) or in oligomeric form.
- the derivatives of the linear, branched or cyclic polyisocyanates and / or mixtures thereof can also by reacting with the polyisocyanates Polyalcohols (e.g. glycerol), polyamines, polythiols (e.g. dimercaprol) are obtained.
- Polyalcohols e.g. glycerol
- polyamines e.g. dimercaprol
- the isocyanate compounds as defined above expressly include the different isomers, if any, alone or in combination.
- methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) H12MDI
- H12MDI methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate)
- H12MDI includes 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate), 2,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate), and/or 2,2'-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate).
- Exemplary aliphatic polyisocyanates include those that are commercially available, e.g. BAYHYDUR N304 and BAYHYDUR N3Q5, which are aliphatic water-dispersible polyisocyanates based on hexamethylene diisocyanate, DESMODUR N3400, DESMODUR N3600, DESMODUR N3700 and DESMODUR N3900, which are low viscosity, polyfunctional aliphatic polyisocyanates based on hexamethylene diisocyanate, and DESMODUR 3600 and DESMODUR N100 which are aliphatic polyisocyanates based on hexamethylene diisocyanate, each of which is available from Bayer Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA.
- BAYHYDUR N304 and BAYHYDUR N3Q5 which are aliphatic water-dispersible polyisocyanates based on hexamethylene diisocyanate
- DESMODUR N3400 DESMODUR N3600,
- the linear or branched aliphatic polyisocyanates is or are selected from the group consisting of pentamethylene diisocyanate (PDI, such as Stabio D-370N or D-376N from Mitsui Chemicals Inc., Japan) , hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), ethyl ester lysine triisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate ethyl ester and derivatives thereof, preferably wherein each of the derivatives comprises more than one isocyanate group and optionally further comprises one or more groups selected from the group consisting of biuret, isocyanurate, Uretdione, iminooxadiazinedione and trimethylolpropane adduct and/or where the cyclic aliphatic polyisocyanate(s) is or are selected from the group consisting of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 1,3-bis(isocyana
- each of Derivatives comprises more than one isocyanate group and optionally further comprises one or more groups selected from the group consisting of biuret, isocyanurate, uretdione, iminooxadiazine ion and trimethylolpropane adduct (such as TMP adduct) of H6XDI, in particular Takenate D-120N from Mitsui Chemicals Inc ., Japan).
- Aliphatic polyisocyanates obtained from renewable raw materials such as PDI (Stabio D-370N or D-376N from Mitsui Chemicals Inc., Japan) are particularly preferred. It has been found that such aliphatic polyisocyanates, which are obtained from renewable raw materials, do not impair the quality/properties of the core-shell capsules.
- polyisocyanates include LUPRANAT M20 (BASF) where the average n is 0.7; PA PI 27 (Dow Chemical) where the average n is 0.7; MONDUR MR (Bayer) where the average n is 0.8; MONDUR MR Light (Bayer) with an average n of 0.8; MONDIIR 489 (Bayer) where the average n is 1.0; Poly-[(phenylisocyanate)-co-formaldehyde (Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee, WI), other isocyanate monomers such as DESMODUR N3200 (Bayer) and TAKENATE D110-N (Mitsui Chemicals Corporation, Rye Brook, NY).
- Other representative polyisocyanates are TAKENATE D-1 10N (Mitsui), DESMODUR L75 (Bayer) and DESMODUR IL (Bayer) polyisocyanates.
- the polyisocyanate used in the production of the polyurea/polyurethane microcapsules according to the present invention is used as the sole polyisocyanate component, i.e. without the admixture of another, different polyisocyanate component.
- Examples of the monomeric polyisocyanates which can be used according to the invention and which contain at least two polyisocyanate groups are:
- Di- and polyisocyanates produced industrially are preferred as polymerizable compounds having at least two polyisocyanate groups, for example TDI: tolylene diisocyanate (isomeric mixture of 2,4- and 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate in a ratio of 80:20), HDI: hexamethylene diisocyanate -(1,6), IPDI: isophorone diisocyanate or DMDI: diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate.
- TDI tolylene diisocyanate (isomeric mixture of 2,4- and 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate in a ratio of 80:20)
- HDI hexamethylene diisocyanate -(1,6)
- IPDI isophorone diisocyanate
- DMDI diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate.
- diisocyanates such as 1,4-diisocyanatobutane, 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, 1,5-diisocyanato-2,2-dimethylpentane, 2,2,4- and 2,4,4 -Trimethyl-1,6-diisocyanatohexane, 1,10-diisocyanatodecane, 1,3- and 1,4-diisocyanatocyclohexane, 1-polyisocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-polyisocyanatomethylcyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate), 4,4'- Diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane, 2,4- and 2,6-diisocyanatomethylcyclohexane and mixtures thereof.
- diisocyanates such as 1,4-diisocyanatobutane, 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, 1,5-diisocyana
- aromatic polyisocyanates such.
- diisocyanates include, for example, 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), hydrogenated MDI (H12MDI), xylylene diisocyanate (XDI), tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (TMXD1), 4,4'-diphenyldimethylmethane diisocyanate, di- and tetraalkyldiphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4'-dibenzyl diisocyanate, 1,3-phenylene diisocyanate, 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, the isomers of tolylene diisocyanate (TDI), optionally in a mixture, 1-methyl-2,4-diisocyanato
- the internal non-aqueous phase comprises a mixture of two or more different polymerizable polyisocyanates, for example polyisocyanates with different chain lengths, which can form copolymers.
- polyisocyanates which can be represented by modifying the abovementioned diisocyanates or mixtures thereof by known methods and z.
- B. uretdione, urethane, isocyanurate, biuret and / or allophanate groups are used in the inventive method with.
- Aromatic polyisocyanates react much more quickly than aliphatic polyisocyanates and in the case of the short-chain aliphatic polyisocyanates, ie aliphatic polyisocyanates having one to five carbon atoms, preferably three to five carbon atoms, the reaction rate is higher Compared to longer-chain analogues.
- the different aliphatic and/or aromatic polyisocyanates therefore also have different chain lengths.
- longer-chain polyisocyanates preferably have six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, 20, twenty-five or more carbon atoms, but more preferably have six to twelve carbon atoms and particularly preferably six to eight carbon atoms .
- Shorter-chain polyisocyanates are to be understood as meaning polyisocyanates having one to five carbon atoms and preferably polyisocyanates having three to five carbon atoms.
- the use of a mixture of different aliphatic polyisocyanates with two or more is particularly preferred Isocyanate groups with chain lengths of one to twelve carbon atoms in the chain, preferably three to eight carbon atoms and particularly preferably four to seven carbon atoms, for the production of the biodegradable microcapsules according to the invention.
- aliphatic polyisocyanates are to be given particular preference because of their chemical relationship to bio-based systems.
- both lysine and 1,5-diisocyanatopentane show the same degradation product, 1,5-diaminopentane, and are therefore particularly suitable for use in the production of bio-based and biodegradable microcapsules, taking environmental aspects into account.
- Primary versions include mixtures of longer-chain and shorter-chain diisocyanates in any mixing ratio.
- the mixing ratio of longer-chain diisocyanates to shorter-chain diisocyanates is preferably in a range from 4:1 to 1:4 and particularly preferably from 2:1 to 1:2.
- Examples of preferred specific mixtures of at least one aliphatic polyisocyanate and at least one aromatic polyisocyanate are a mixture of a biuret of hexamethylene diisocyanate with a trimethylol adduct of xylylene diisocyanate, a mixture of a biuret of hexamethylene diisocyanate with a polyisocyanurate of diisocyanate, or a mixture from a biuret of hexamethylene diisocyanate with a trimethylolpropane adduct of toluene diisocyanate.
- the polyisocyanates are present in a mixture of monomeric or oligomeric or polymeric form.
- short-chain aliphatic polyisocyanate (monomer or oligomer or polymer) and short-chain aliphatic polyisocyanate (monomer or oligomer or polymer); short chain aliphatic polyisocyanate (monomer or oligomer or polymer) and long chain aliphatic polyisocyanate (monomer or oligomer or polymer); short chain aliphatic polyisocyanate (monomer or oligomer or polymer) and short chain aromatic polyisocyanate (monomer or oligomer or polymer); short chain aliphatic polyisocyanate (monomer or oligomer or polymer) and long chain aromatic polyisocyanate (monomer or oligomer or polymer); long chain aliphatic polyisocyanate (monomer or oligomer or polymer) and short chain aliphatic polyisocyanate (monomer or oligomer or polymer); long chain aliphatic polyisocyanate (mon
- d. H. create more densely branched crosslinks within the capsule shell.
- high-performance (fragrance release) microcapsules can be produced which are produced either from a mixture of an aliphatic and aromatic polyisocyanate or from a mixture of two different aliphatic polyisocyanates.
- Such microcapsules are very stable and are characterized by outstanding fragrance storage properties, which in turn is reflected in better performance (fragrance release) of the capsules, for example in the area of fragrance or fragrance encapsulation.
- microcapsules which again exceed the stability of microcapsules made from individual polyisocyanate systems, as is illustrated in the exemplary embodiments below.
- microcapsule of an aliphatic-aliphatic polyisocyanate mixture is as good as a microcapsule of an aliphatic-aromatic polyisocyanate mixture, as illustrated in the working examples below. Accordingly, the combination of at least two different polymerizable (preferably aliphatic and/or aromatic) polyisocyanates is to be preferred in principle in the present invention.
- the proportion of the first crosslinking agent in the internal non-aqueous phase is in a range from 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably in a range from 0.15 to 2.5% by weight, based on the Total weight of non-aqueous phase. Most preferably, the first crosslinking agent is in the internal non- aqueous phase in a range of 0.5 to 1% by weight based on the total weight of the non-aqueous phase.
- the first crosslinking agent is added to the internal non-aqueous phase either as such, e.g. as a solid, or in the form of an aqueous solution.
- the first crosslinking agent is in the aqueous solution at a concentration of 0.01 to 2 mol/l, preferably at a concentration of 0.1 to 1.5 mol/l, most preferably at a concentration of 0.5 up to 1.0 mol/l.
- the solution has a pH of 7 to 14, preferably a pH of 12.
- At least one further crosslinking agent is optionally added to the internal non-aqueous phase.
- the further crosslinking agent is different from the first crosslinking agent.
- the other crosslinking agent is selected from the group consisting of transglutaminase, peroxidase, phytochemicals selected from the group consisting of polyphenols, in particular tannin, gallic acid, ferulic acid, hesperidin, cinnamaldehyde, vanillin, carvacrol, and mixtures of two or more of the aforementioned crosslinking agents.
- Transglutaminase as an enzyme, catalyses cross-linking via isopeptide bonds of two amino acids, glutamine and lysine.
- the phenolic groups of the secondary plant substances cross-link the peptides via hydrogen bonds.
- the aldehydes, cinnamaldehyde and vanillin react covalently with the free amino groups of the proteins via the reactive aldehyde groups.
- Cinnamaldehyde, tannin and gallic acid are particularly preferred among the aforementioned further crosslinking agents.
- Particularly advantageous combinations of first crosslinking agent and further crosslinking agent are:
- the content of further crosslinking agent in the internal non-aqueous phase is in a range from 0.05 to 5% by weight, preferably in a range from 0.1 to 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the non-aqueous phase.
- the first crosslinking agent is used in the internal non-aqueous phase in a range of 0.15 to 1% by weight based on the total weight of the non-aqueous phase.
- the further crosslinking agent is added to the internal non-aqueous phase either as such, for example as a solid, or in the form of an aqueous solution.
- the further crosslinking agent is in the aqueous solution in a concentration of 0.01 to 2 mol/l, preferably in a concentration of 0.1 to 1.5 mol/l, most preferably in a concentration of 0.5 up to 1.0 mol/l.
- the solution has a pH of 7 to 14, preferably a pH of 12.
- protein and/or polysaccharide-based microcapsules in which the absolute polyisocyanate proportion is only 1/50th of the entire capsule, which comprises at least one lipophilic active ingredient to be encapsulated.
- protein- and/or polysaccharide-based microcapsules can be produced which have a polyisocyanate content of only 0.6% by weight, based on the total weight of the capsule.
- the polyisocyanate content is preferably around 1.8% by weight of the capsule.
- the microcapsules according to the invention are characterized by high stability.
- the at least one crosslinking agent is first essentially dissolved together with the at least one or more active substance(s) to be encapsulated, optionally in an inert, nonaqueous solvent or a solvent mixture of inert, nonaqueous solvents .
- the term “essentially dissolved” means that at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 98% by weight, more preferably 99.9% by weight, of the aforementioned components are dissolved in the solvent or in the solvent mixture to be able to use them in this procedure.
- the at least one polyisocyanate and the at least one active substance to be encapsulated are preferably completely dissolved in the solvent or in the solvent mixture.
- Preferred solvents for the internal non-aqueous phase are water-immiscible and non-reactive with the isocyanate component(s) or the active component(s) and have little or no odor at the levels used.
- solvent in the context of the present invention encompasses all types of oil bodies or oil components, in particular vegetable oils such as e.g. Rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, olive oil and the like, modified vegetable oils, eg alkoxylated sunflower or soybean oil, synthetic (tri)glycerides such as technical mixtures of mono-, di- and triglycerides of C6 to C22 fatty acids, fatty acid alkyl esters, eg methyl or ethyl esters of vegetable oils (Agnique® ME 18 RD-F, Agnique® ME 18 SD-F, Agnique® ME 12C-F, Agnique® ME1270), fatty acid alkyl esters based on these C6 to C22 fatty acids, mineral oils and mixtures thereof.
- vegetable oils such as e.g. Rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, olive oil and the like
- modified vegetable oils eg alkoxylated sunflower or soybean oil
- synthetic (tri)glycerides such as technical mixtures of mono
- Suitable and preferred lipophilic solvents are: Guerbet alcohols based on fatty alcohols having 6 to 18, preferably 8 to 10, carbon atoms, esters of linear C6 to C22 fatty acids with linear or branched C6 to C22 fatty alcohols or esters of branched C6 - to C13 carboxylic acids with linear or branched C6 to C22 fatty alcohols, such as myristyl myristate, myristyl palmitate, myristyl stearate, myristyl isostearate, myristyl oleate, myristyl behenate, myristylrucat, cetyl myristate, cetyl palmitate, cetyl stearate, cetylisostearate, cetyl oleate, cetyl urea , stearyl stearate, stearyl isostearate, stearyl oleate, stearyl stearate, stearyl er
- esters of linear C6 to C22 fatty acids with branched alcohols in particular 2-ethylhexanol, esters of C18 to C38 alkyl hydroxycarboxylic acids with linear or branched C6 to C22 fatty acids, in particular dioctylalate, esters of linear or branched fatty acids with polyhydric alcohols (such as propylene glycol, dimerdiol or trimertriol) and/or Guerbet alcohols, triglycerides based on C6 to C10 fatty acids, liquid mono/di/triglyceride mixtures from C6 to C18 -fatty acids, esters of C6 to C22 fatty alcohols and/or Guerbet alcohols with aromatic carboxylic acids, in particular benzoic acid, esters of C2 to C12 dicarboxylic acids with linear or branched alcohols having 1 to 22 carbon atoms or polyols having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 2 to 6 hydroxyl groups,
- Preferred solvents are in particular esters of linear C6 to C22 fatty acids with branched alcohols, esters of C18 to C38 alkyl hydroxycarboxylic acids with linear or branched C6 to C22 fatty alcohols, linear or branched C6 to C22 fatty alcohols, in particular Dioctyl malate, esters of linear or branched fatty acids with polyhydric alcohols, such as. B.
- liquid linear and/or branched and/or saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons or any desired mixtures thereof can be used as solvents in the context of the present invention.
- solvents can be, for example, alkanes having 4 to 22, preferably 6 to 18, carbon atoms, or any mixtures thereof.
- alkylaromatic hydrocarbons such as diisopropylnaphthalene or substituted biphenyls, chlorinated diphenyl, paraffins, chlorinated paraffin, natural vegetable oils such as cottonseed oil, peanut oil, palm oil, tricresyl phosphate, silicone oil, dialkyl phthalates, Dialkyl adipates, partially hydrogenated terphenyl, alkylated biphenyl, alkylated naphthalene, diaryl ether, aryl alkyl ether and higher alkylated benzene, benzyl benzoate, isopropyl myristate and any mixtures of these hydrophobic solvents and mixtures of one or more of these hydrophobic solvents with kerosene, paraffins and/or isoparaffins.
- alkylaromatic hydrocarbons such as diisopropylnaphthalene or substituted biphenyls, chlorinated diphenyl, paraffins, chlorinated
- Vegetable oils, triglycerides, benzyl benzoate or isopropyl myristate are preferably used as solvents for providing the internal non-aqueous phase.
- Most preferred are vegetable oils selected from the group consisting of palm oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, palm kernel oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, corn oil, coconut oil, olive oil, sesame oil, linseed oil, safflower oil, modified vegetable oils, and mixtures thereof.
- the above solvents are used in the process of the present invention either singly or as a mixture of two or more solvents.
- the at least one polyisocyanate is dissolved directly in a solution of at least one active substance, preferably one or more fragrance or flavoring substance / fragrance or flavoring substances or a perfume oil, so that essentially no Solvent as described above is present in the core of the microcapsule of the invention.
- the avoidance of a solvent in the microcapsule core is advantageous in that it reduces manufacturing costs and takes into account environmental considerations.
- the fragrances or flavorings are in particular dissolved in solvents that are customarily used in the perfume or flavoring industry.
- the solvent is preferably not an alcohol since alcohols react with the isocyanates.
- suitable solvents are diethyl phthaloate, isopropyl myristate, Abalyn® (rosins available from Eastman), benzyl benzoate, ethyl citrate, limonene or other terpenes or isoparaffins.
- the solvent is very hydrophobic.
- the fragrance or flavoring solution contains less than 30% solvent. More preferably, the fragrance or flavor solution comprises less than 20% and even more preferably less than 10% solvent, all such percentages being defined by weight relative to the total weight of the fragrance or flavor solution. Most preferably, the fragrance or aromatic is essentially free of solvents.
- the at least one hydrophobic active substance is already present in a mixture with a solvent or a solvent mixture, the use of an inert solvent or a solvent mixture is not necessary.
- the at least one first crosslinking agent can be mixed directly with the hydrophobic agent to obtain an internal non-aqueous phase.
- any material that is suitable for inclusion in microcapsules can be used as the active substance to be encapsulated or as the core material for producing the microcapsules according to the invention in the process according to the invention.
- Active ingredients to be encapsulated are preferably hydrophobic, ie water-insoluble or water-immiscible, liquids or solids and also suspensions. These are predominantly non-polar substances.
- Such hydrophobic substances are almost always lipophilic, which means they dissolve well in fat and oil.
- the core material is a hydrophobic active ingredient, i.e. a substance that has a specific effect or causes a specific reaction, for example a drug, a plant protection product, a cosmetic active ingredient, a food ingredient, etc..
- the at least one active ingredient to be encapsulated which is used in the method according to the invention, is a hydrophobic or lipophilic active ingredient.
- the lipophilic active substance is completely enclosed inside the microcapsule as the core material.
- the internal non-aqueous phase formed in this way is characterized by its organically hydrophobic, oily character.
- the at least one lipophilic or hydrophobic active ingredient is in particular a lipophilic or hydrophobic fragrance or flavoring or a lipophilic or hydrophobic perfume oil or flavor (fragrance or flavoring mixture), a cooling agent , a TRPV1 or a TRPV3 modulator, a substance that causes a pungent taste or a warmth or heat sensation on the skin or mucous membranes, or a tingling or tingling sensation in the mouth or throat, or active substances containing astringent effect, a pesticide, a biocide, an insecticide, a substance from the group of repellents, a food additive, a cosmetic active ingredient, a pharmaceutical active ingredient, a dye, a dye precursor; an agrochemical, a dye, a fluorescent paint, an optical brightener, a solvent, a wax, a silicone oil, a lubricant, a print coating for paper, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.
- hydrophobic or lipophilic active ingredients are particularly hydrophobic fragrances or fragrance mixtures of two or more fragrances (perfume oils) or hydrophobic flavorings or flavoring mixtures of two or more flavorings (flavors) or biogenic principles .
- the microcapsules have a core material in the form of a hydrophobic individual fragrance or individual fragrance, the core material comprising at least one individual fragrance or individual fragrance or mixtures thereof, selected from one or more of the following groups: extracts of natural raw materials and also fractions thereof or components isolated therefrom; single fragrances from a group of hydrocarbons; aliphatic alcohols; aliphatic aldehydes and acetals; aliphatic ketones and oximes; aliphatic sulfur-containing compounds; aliphatic nitriles; esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids; formates, acetates, propionates, isobutyrates, butyrates, isovalerates, pentanoates, hexanoates, crotonates, tiglinates, and 3-methyl-2-butenoates of acyclic terpene alcohols; acyclic terpene aldehydes and keto
- Suitable fragrances and flavors for the production of the capsules according to the invention are preferably described, for example, in “Fragrances”, in Steffen Arctander, in “Perfume and Flavor Chemicals”, self-published, Montclair, N.J. 1969; H. Surburg, J. Panten, in “Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials", 5th edition, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2006.
- microcapsules according to the invention preferably have a core material in the form of a hydrophobic individual fragrance or individual flavoring substance, the core material comprising at least one individual fragrance or individual flavoring substance selected from one or more of the following groups:
- hydrocarbons such as B. 3-carene; a-pinene; beta-pinene; alpha-terpinene; gamma-terpinene; p-cymene; bisabolene; camphene; caryophyllene; cedren; famesen; limonene; longifolia; myrcene; ocimene; valencene; (E,Z)-1,3,5-undecatriene;
- Aliphatic alcohols such as B. Hexanol; octanol; 3-octanol; 2,6-dimethylheptanol; 2-methylheptanol, 2-methyloctanol; (E)-2-hexenol; (E)- and (Z)-3-hexenol; 1-octen-3-ol; mixture of 3,4,5,6,6-pentamethyl-3,4-hepten-2-ol and 3,5,6,6-tetramethyl-4-methyleneheptan-2-ol; (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienol; 3,7-dimethyl-7-methoxyoctan-2-ol; 9-decenol; 10-undecenol; 4-methyl-3-decen-5-ol;
- Aliphatic aldehydes and their acetals such as. B. hexanal; heptanal; octanal; nonanal; decanal; undecanal; dodecanal; tridecanal; 2-methyloctanal; 2-methylnonanal; (E)-2-hexenal; (Z)-4-heptenal; 2,6-dimethyl-5-heptenal; 10-undecenal; (E)-4-decenal; 2-dodecenal; 2,6,10-trimethyl-5,9-undecadienal; heptanal diethyl acetal; 1,1-dimethoxy-2,2,5-trimethyl-4-hexene;
- Aliphatic ketones and their oximes such as.
- Aliphatic sulfur-containing compounds such as. B. 3-methylthiohexanol; 3-methylthiohexyl acetate; 3-mercaptohexanol; 3-mercaptohexyl acetate; 3-mercaptohexyl butyrate; 3-acetylthiohexyl acetate; 1-menthene-8-thiol;
- Aliphatic nitriles such as B. 2-nononitrile; 2-tridecenonitrile; 2,12-tridecenonitrile; 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienonitrile; 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenonitrile;
- Aliphatic carboxylic acids and their esters such as. B. (E)- and (Z)-3-hexenyl formate; ethyl acetoacetate; isoamyl acetate; hexyl acetate; 3,5,5-trimethylhexyl acetate; 3-methyl-2-butenyl acetate; (E)-2-hexenyl acetate; (E)- and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate; octyl acetate; 3-octyl acetate; 1 -octen-3-yl acetate; ethyl butyrate; butyl butyrate; isoamyl butyrate; hexyl butyrate; (E)- and (Z)-3-hexenyl isobutyrate; hexyl crotonate; ethyl isovalerate; ethyl 2-methylpentanoate; ethyl hexan
- Acyclic terpene alcohols such as. B. Citronellol; geraniol; nerol; linalool; lavadulol; nerolidol; farnesol; tetrahydrolinalool; tetrahydrogeraniol; 2,6-dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol; 2,6-dimethyloctan-2-ol; 2-methyl-6-methylene-7-octen-2-ol; 2,6-dimethyl-5,7-octadien-2-ol; 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-octadien-2-ol; 3,7-dimethyl-4,6-octadien-3-ol; 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatrien-3-ol; 2,6-dimethyl-2,5,7-octatrien-1-ol; and their formates, acetates, propionates, isobutyrates, butyrates,
- Acyclic terpene aldehydes and ketones such as. B. Geranium; neral; citronellal; 7-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanal; 7-methoxy-3,7-dimethyloctanal; 2,6,10-trimethyl-9-undecenal; geranylacetone; as well as the dimethyl and diethyl acetals of geranial, neral, 7-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanal; Cyclic terpene alcohols, such as. B.
- Cyclic terpene aldehydes and ketones such as. B. menthone; isomenthone; 8-mercaptomenthan-3-one; carvone; camphor; fenchone; a-ionone; beta-ionone; a-n-methyl ionone; beta-n-methyl ionone; a-isomethyl ionone; beta-isomethylionone; a-iron; ß-iron; a-damascenone; beta-damascenone; gamma-damascenone; d-damascenone; 1-(2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one; 1,3,4,6,7,8a-hexahydro-1,1,5,5-tetramethyl-2H-2,4a-methanonaphthalen-8(5H)-one;
- nootkatone nootkatone; dihydronootkatone; a-sinensal; beta-sinensal; acetylated cedarwood oil (methyl cedryl ketone);
- Cyclic alcohols such as. B. 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol; 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol; 3-isocamphylcyclohexanol; 2,6,9-trimethyl-(Z2,Z5,E9)-cyclododecatrien-1-ol; 2-isobutyl-4-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ol; from the group of cycloaliphatic alcohols such.
- Cyclic and cycloaliphatic ethers such as. B. cineole; cedryl methyl ether; cyclododecyl methyl ether; (ethoxymethoxy)cyclododecane; a-cedrene epoxide; 3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyldodecahydronaphtho[2,1-b]furan; 3a-ethyl-6,6,9a-trimethyl-dodecahydronaph-tho[2,1-b]furan; 1,5,9-trimethyl-13-oxabicyclo[10.1,0]trideca-4,8-diene; rose oxide; 2-(2,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-5-methyl-5-(1-methylpropyl)-1,3-dioxane;
- Cyclic ketones such as B. 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone; 2,2,5-trimethyl-5-pentylcyclopentanone; 2-heptylcyclopentanone; 2-pentylcyclopentanone; 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one; 3-Methyl-cis-2-penten-1-yl-2- cyclopenten-1-one; 3-methyl-2-pentyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one; 3-methyl-4-cyclopentadecenone; 3-methyl-5-cyclopentadecenone; 3-
- methylcyclopentadecanone 4-(1-ethoxyvinyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexanone; 4-tert-pentylcyclohexanone; 5-cyclohexadecen-1-one; 6,7-dihydro-1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-4(5H)-indanone; 9-cycloheptadecen-1-one; cyclopentadecanone; cyclohexadecanone;
- Cycloaliphatic aldehydes such as. B. 2,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexenecarbaldehyde; 2-methyl-4-(2,2,6-trimethyl-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-butenal; 4-(4-hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-3-cyclohexenecarbaldehyde; 4-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-3-cyclohexenecarbaldehyde;
- Cycloaliphatic ketones such as. B. 1-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexyl)-4-penten-1-one; 1-(5,5-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-4-penten-1-one; 2,3,8,8-tetramethyl
- Esters of cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids such as.
- Aromatic hydrocarbons such as B. styrene and diphenylmethane
- Araliphatic alcohols such as B. benzyl alcohol; 1-phenylethyl alcohol; 2-phenylethyl alcohol; 3-phenylpropanol; 2-phenylpropanol; 2-phenoxyethanol; 2,2-dimethyl-3-phenylpropanol; 2,2-dimethyl-3-(3-methylphenyl)propanol; 1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl alcohol; 1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylpropanol; 1-ethyl-1- methyl-3-phenylpropanol; 2-methyl-5-phenylpentanol; 3-methyl-5-phenylpentanol; 3-phenyl-2-propen-1-ol; 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol; 1-(4-isopropylphenyl)ethanol; Esters of araliphatic alcohols and aliphatic carboxylic acids, such as.
- Araliphatic ethers such as. B. 2-phenylethyl methyl ether; 2-phenylethyl isoamyl ether; 2-phenylethyl-1-ethoxyethyl ether;
- acetophenone 4-methylacetophenone; 4-methoxyacetophenone; 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylacetophenone; 4-phenyl-2-butanone; 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone; 1-(2-naphthalenyl)ethanone; benzophenone; 1,1,2,3,3,6-hexamethyl-5-indanyl methyl ketone; 6-tert-butyl 1-1 ,1 -dimethyl-4-indanylmethyl ketone; 1 -[2,3-dihydro-1,1,2,6-tetramethyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-1H-5-indenyl]ethanone; 5',6',7',8'-tetrahydro-3',5',5',6',8',8'-hexamethyl-2-acetonaphthone; Aromatic and araliphatic carboxylic acids and their esters, such as.
- Nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds such as. B. 2,4,6-trinitro-1,3-dimethyl-5-tert-butylbenzene; 3,5-dinitro-2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butylacetophenone;
- cinnamonitrile 5-phenyl-3-methyl-2-pentenonitrile; 5-phenyl-3-methylpentanonitrile; methyl anthranilate; methyl N-methyl anthranilate; Schiff bases of methyl anthranilate with 7-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanal, 2-methyl-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)propanal or 2,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexenecarbaldehyde; 6-isopropylquinoline; 6-isobutylquinoline; 6-sec-butylquinoline; indole; skatole; 2-methoxy-3-isopropylpyrazine; 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine; 4-(4,8-dimethyl-3,7-nonadienyl)pyridine;
- phenols, phenyl ethers and phenyl esters such as e.g. B. estragole; anethole; eugenol; eugenyl methyl ether; iseugenol; iseugenyl methyl ether; thymol; carvacrol; diphenyl ether; beta-naphthyl methyl ether; beta-naphthyl ethyl ether; beta-naphthyl isobutyl ether; 1,4-dimethoxybenzene; eugenyl acetate; 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol; 2-ethoxy-5-(1-propenyl)phenol; p-cresylphenyl acetate; from the group of heterocyclic compounds such.
- lactones such as B. 1,4-octanolide; 3-methyl-1,4-octanolide; 1,4-nonanolide; 1,4-decanolide; 8-decene-1,4-olide; 1,4-undecanolide; 1,4-dodecanolide; 1,5-decanolide; 1,5-dodecanolide; 1,15-pentadecanolide; cis- and trans-11-pentadecene-1,15-olide; cis- and trans-12-pentadecene-1,15-olide; 1,16-hexadecanolide; 9-hexadecene
- 1,16-hexadecanolide 1,12-dodecanedioate; ethylene 1,13-tridecanedioate; coumarin; 2,3-dihydrocoumarin; octahydrocoumarin; and the stereoisomers, enantiomers, positional isomers, diastereomers, cis/trans isomers or epimers of the substances mentioned above.
- Aldehydic fragrances or fragrances which also include the corresponding acetals and esters and lactones, can be divided into the following groups, viz
- fragrances or fragrances with aldehyde, carboxylic acid or ester functionality and mixtures thereof are selected from one or more of the following groups:
- Aliphatic aldehydes and their acetals such as. B. hexanal; heptanal; octanal; nonanal; decanal; undecanal; dodecanal; tridecanal; 2-methyloctanal; 2-methylnonanal; (f)-2-hexenal; (Z)-4-heptenal; 2,6-dimethyl-5-heptenal; 10-undecenal; (f)-4-decenal; 2-dodecenal; 2,6,10-trimethyl-5,9-undecadienal;
- Cycloaliphatic aldehydes such as. B. 2,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexenecarbaldehyde; 2-methyl-4-(2,2,6-trimethyl-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-butenal; 4-(4-hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-3-cyclohexenecarbaldehyde; 4-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)-3-cyclohexenecarbaldehyde;
- Aromatic and araliphatic aldehydes such as. B. Benzaldehyde; phenylacetaldehyde; 3-phenylpropanal; hydratropaaldehyde; 4- methylbenzaldehyde; 4-methylphenylacetaldehyde; 3-(4-ethylphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropanal; 2-methyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)propanal; 2-methyl-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)propanal; 3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)propanal; cinnamaldehyde; a-butylcinnamaldehyde; ⁇ -amylcinnamaldehyde; ⁇ -hexylcinnamaldehyde; 3-methyl-5-phenylpentanal; 4-methoxybenzaldehyde; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde; 4-hydroxy-3-e
- Aliphatic carboxylic acid esters such as. B. (E)- and (Z)-3-hexenyl formate; ethyl acetoacetate; isoamyl acetate; hexyl acetate; 3,5,5-trimethylhexyl acetate; 3-methyl-2-butenyl acetate; (f)-2-hexenyl acetate; (E)- and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate; octyl acetate; 3-octyl acetate; 1 -octen-3-yl acetate; ethyl butyrate; butyl butyrate; isoamyl butyrate; hexyl butyrate; (E)- and (Z)-3-hexenyl isobutyrate; hexyl crotonate; ethyl isovalerate; ethyl 2-methylpentanoate; ethyl hexanoate
- Esters of cyclic alcohols such as. B. 2-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate; 4-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate; 2-meri-pentylcyclohexyl acetate; 4th/t-
- Esters of araliphatic alcohols and aliphatic carboxylic acids such as. B. benzyl acetate; benzyl propionate; benzyl isobutyrate; benzyl isovalerianate; 2-phenylethyl acetate; 2-phenylethyl propionate; 2-phenylethyl isobutyrate; 2-phenylethyl isovalerianate; 1 -phenylethyl acetate; a-trichloromethylbenzyl acetate; ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylphenylethyl acetate; ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylphenylethyl butyrate; cinnamyl acetate; 2-phenoxyethyl isobutyrate; 4-methoxybenzyl acetate; Esters of cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids, such as.
- Aromatic and araliphatic carboxylic acid esters such as. B. methyl benzoate; ethyl benzoate; hexyl benzoate; benzyl benzoate; methyl phenyl acetate; ethyl phenyl acetate; geranyl phenyl acetate; phenylethylphenyl acetate; methyl cinnamate; ethyl cinnamate; benzyl cinnamate; phenylethyl cinnamate; cinnamyl cinnamate; allylphenoxy acetate; methyl salicylate; isoamyl salicylate; hexyl salicylate; cyclohexyl salicylate; cis-3-hexenyl salicylate; benzyl salicylate; phenylethyl salicylate; methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoate; ethy
- Aldehydes, acetals, esters and lactones are listed below with their commercial designations, which are particularly preferred as representatives of groups (i) to (v) for the purposes of the process according to the invention:
- aldehydes 2-methylpentanal; aldehyde C12 MNA HM; aldehydes C 4; aldehydes C 5; aldehydes C 6; aldehydes C 7; aldehydes C 8; aldehydes C 9; aldehydes C 10; aldehydes C 11 ISO; aldehydes C 11 MOA PURE; aldehydes C 11 UNDECANAL; aldehydes C 11 UNDEYLENIC; aldehydes C 12; ; aldehydes C 12 MNA; aldehydes C 13; ALDEHYDE MADARINE; AMYL CINNAMIC ALDEHYDE ALPHA; ANISALALDEHYDE-O; ANISYL ALDEHYDE; BENZALDEHYDE NAT.; MOUNTAIN MAL; BORONAL; strengenoal; CAMPHONELIC ALDEHYDE; CITRAL; CITRONELLAL HM; CITRONELLYL
- PHENYLACETALDEYHDEDIMETHYLACETAL ester: JASMAL; EVER; KHARISMAL; TIRAMISONE®.
- flavoring substances can also be encapsulated as core material in the form of an individual flavoring, the core material comprising at least one individual flavoring substance or mixtures thereof as active ingredient.
- Typical examples of flavorings or aromas that can be encapsulated according to the invention are selected from the group consisting of: acetophenone; allyl caproate; alpha-ionone; beta-ionone; anisaldehyde; anisyl acetate; anisyl formate; benzaldehyde; benzothiazole; benzyl acetate; benzyl alcohol; benzyl benzoate; beta-ionone; butyl butyrate; butyl caproate; butylidenephthalide; carvone; camphene; caryophyllene; cineole; cinnamyl acetate; citral; citronellol; citronellal; citronellyl acetate; cyclohexyl acetate; cymene; damascone; decalactone; dihydrocoumarin; dimethyl anthranilate; dimethyl anthranilate; dodecalactone; e
- Hedione® heliotropin; 2-heptanone; 3-heptanone; 4-heptanone; trans-2-heptenal; cis-4-heptenal; trans-2-hexenal; cis-3-hexenol; trans-2-hexenoic acid; trans-3-hexenoic acid; cis -2-hexenyl acetate; cis -3-hexenyl acetate; cis -3-hexenylcaproate; trans -2-hexenylcaproate; cis-3-hexenyl formate; cis -2-hexyl acetate; cis -3-hexyl acetate; trans -2-hexyl acetate; cis -3-hexyl formate; para-hydroxybenzylacetone; isoamyl alcohol; isoamyl isovalerianate; isobutyl butyrate; isobutyraldehyde;
- a fragrance mixture or a perfume oil or an aroma mixture or an aroma is used in the microcapsules according to the invention as the active ingredient to be encapsulated or as the core material.
- compositions that contain at least one fragrance or flavoring.
- Such compositions in particular fragrance mixtures or perfume oils, preferably comprise two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more fragrances.
- the fragrance mixtures or perfume oils are preferably selected from the group of extracts from natural raw materials such as essential oils, concretes, absolutes, resins, resinoids, balms, tinctures such as B.
- ambergris tincture amyris oil; angelica seed oil; angelica root oil; anise oil; valerian oil; basil oil; tree moss absolute; bay oil; mugwort oil; benzoresine; bergamot oil; beeswax absolute; birch tar oil; bitter almond oil; savory oil; buckwheat oil; cabreuva oil; cade oil; Calmus oil; camphor oil; cananga oil; cardamom oil; cascarilla oil; cassia oil; Cassie-Absolu; castoreum absolute; cedar leaf oil; cedarwood oil; cistus oil; citronellol; lemon oil; copaiva balm; copaiva balm oil; coriander oil; costus root oil; cumin oil; cypress oil; davana oil; dill weed oil; dill seed oil; eau de brouts absolute; oakmoss absolute; elemi oil; tarragon oil; eucalyptus citri
- fragrances or flavorings are most preferably used which are selected from the group which consists of: AGRUMEX LC; AGRUNITRILE; ALDEHYDE C11 UNDECYLENIC; ALDEHYDE C12 LAURIN; ALDEHYDE C12 MNA; ALDEHYDE C14 SOG; ALDEHYDE C16 SOG.; ALLYLAMYL GLYCOLATE; ALLYL CAPRONATE;
- Exemplary cooling agents (cooling agents) used as hydrophobic active ingredients in the preparation of the microcapsules of the invention include one or more of menthol and menthol derivatives (e.g. L-menthol, D- Menthol, racemic menthol, isomenthol, neoisomenthol, neomenthol), menthyl ether (e.g.
- menthyl ester e.g Example menthyl formate, menthyl acetate, menthyl isobutyrate, menthyl lactate, L-menthyl-L-lactate, L-menthyl-D-lactate, menthyl-(2-methoxy)-acetate, menthyl-(2-methoxyethoxy)-acetate, menthylpyroglutamate
- menthyl carbonates for example
- menthyl propylene glycol carbonate menthyl ethylene glycol carbonate
- Menthylglycerol carbonate or mixtures thereof Menthylglycerol carbonate or mixtures thereof
- the semiesters of menthol with a dicarboxylic acid or derivatives thereof e.g. monomenthyl succinate, monomenthyl glutarate, monomenthyl malonate, O-menthyl succinate-N,N-(dimethyl)amide, O-menthyl succinamide
- menthanecarboxamides e.g.
- menthone and menthone derivatives e.g. L-menthone glycerol ketal
- 2,3-dimethyl-2-(2-propyl)butanoic acid derivatives e.g. 2,3-dimethyl-2-(2-propyl)butanoic acid -N-methylamide [WS23]
- isopulegol or its ester l-(-)-isopulegol, l-(-)-isopulegol acetate
- menthane derivatives e.g.
- p-menthane-3,8-diol cubebol or synthetic or natural mixtures containing cubebol, pyrrolidone derivatives of cycloalkyldione derivatives (e.g. 3-methyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-one) or tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ones (e.g. icilin or related compounds as in described in WO 2004/026840).
- cycloalkyldione derivatives e.g. 3-methyl
- tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ones e.g. icilin or related compounds as in described in WO 2004/026840.
- cooling agents are menthol (L-menthol, D-menthol, racemic menthol, isomenthol, neoisomenthol, neomenthol), L-menthyl methyl ether, menthyl formate, menthyl acetate), menthone, isopulegol, !_-(-)- isopulegol acetate) and cubebol, the have a cooling taste effect.
- Suitable coolants are well known in the art and are described, for example, in US 2017/216802 (A1), US 2010/273887 (A1), EP 2 033688 (A2) and EP 1 958627 (A2).
- a TRPV1 or a TRPV3 modulator is used in the polyurea/polyurethane microcapsules according to the invention as the active substance to be encapsulated or as the core material.
- TRPV1 and TRPV3 modulators are known in the art and relate to TRP channels (Transient Receptor Potential channels) of the vanilloid (TRPV) subfamily.
- TRPV1 - modulators impart a pungent taste and the hot feeling associated with capsaicin and piperine.
- the TRPV3 protein belongs to the family of nonselective cation channels that function in a variety of processes including temperature sensing and vasoregulation.
- the TRPV3 channel is directly activated by various natural compounds such as carvacrol, thymol and eugenol. Some other monoterpenoids that either cause a feeling of warmth or are skin sensitizers can also open the channel. Monoterpenoids also induce agonist-specific desensitization of TRPV3 channels in a calcium-independent manner.
- the active ingredient to be encapsulated or the core material used in the polyurea/polyurethane microcapsules according to the invention is an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of substances that have a pungent taste or a warmth or heat sensation on the skin or mucous membranes or cause a tingling or tingling sensation in the mouth or throat or active ingredients with a stinging or biting or astringent effect.
- the caustic or pungent active ingredients are preferably selected from the group consisting of: paprika powder, chili pepper powder, extracts of paprika, extracts of pepper, extracts of chilli pepper, extracts of ginger roots, extracts of grains of compassion (Aframomum melegueta ), extracts of paracress (Jambu oleoresin; Spilanthes acmella or Spilanthes oleracea), extracts of Japanese pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum), extracts of Kaempferia galanga, extracts of Alpinia galanga, extracts of water pepper (Polygonium hydropiper), capsaicinoids, in particular capsaicin , dihydrocapsaicin or nonivamide; Gingeroids, in particular gingerol [6], gingerol [8], or gingerol [10]; shogaols, in particular shogaol-[6], shogaol-[8], shogao
- the active ingredients that can be perceived as stinging or biting are preferably selected from the group consisting of: aromatic isothiocyanates, in particular phenylethyl isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate, cyclopropyl isothiocyanate, butyl isothiocyanate, 3-methylthiopropyl isothiocyanate, 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate, 4-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate and mixtures thereof.
- the active ingredients that cause a tingling sensation are preferably selected from the group consisting of 2E,4E-decadienoic acid-N-isobutylamide (trans-pellitorin), in particular those as described in WO 2004/043906; 2E,4Z-decadienoic acid-N-isobutylamide (cis-pellitorin), in particular those as described in WO 2004/000787; 2Z,4Z-decadienoic acid-N-isobutylamide; 2Z,4E-decadienoic acid-N-isobutylamide; 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-([2S]-2-methylbutyl)amide; 2E,4E-decadienoic acid N-([2S]-2-methylbutyl)amide; 2E,4E-decadienoic acid-N-([2R]-2-methylbutylamide); 2E,4Z-decadienoic acid N-(2-methylbutyl)
- Active ingredients with an astringent effect are preferably selected from the group consisting of: catechins, in particular epicatechins, gallocatechins, epigallocatechins and their respective gallic acid esters, in particular epigallocatechin gallate or epicatechin gallate, their oligomers (procyanidins, proanthocyanidins, prodelphinidins, procyanirins, thearubigenins, theogallins) and their C- and O-glycosides; Dihydroflavonoids such as dihydromyricetin, taxifolin and their C and O glycosides, flavonols such as myricetin, quercetin and their C and O glycosides such as quercetrin, rutin, gallic acid esters of carbohydrates such as tannin, pentagalloyl glucose or their reaction products such as elligatannin, aluminum salts, eg alum , and their mixtures.
- catechins in particular epicatechins, gallo
- biogenic principles can also be encapsulated as core material, the core material comprising at least one biogenic principle or mixtures thereof.
- Biogenic principles are to be understood as meaning active ingredients with biological activity, for example tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, tocopherol palmitate, ascorbic acid, carnotine, carnosine, caffeine, (deoxy)ribonucleic acid and its fragmentation products, ⁇ -glucans, retinol, bisabolol, allantoin, phytantriol, panthenol , AHA acids, amino acids, ceramides, pseudoceramides, essential oils, plant extracts and vitamin complexes.
- substances for print coatings for paper are also used as the active ingredient to be encapsulated or as the core material, as described in US Pat .
- the internal non-aqueous phase may contain, for example, 20 to 80%, preferably 25 to 75% and more preferably 33 to 50% by weight of the hydrophobic active ingredient to be encapsulated, 0.1 to 5% by weight %, preferably 0.15 to 3.5% by weight and more preferably 0.5 to 2.5% by weight of first crosslinking agent and supplementing 100% by weight of a hydrophobic solvent, based on the total weight the internal non-aqueous phase.
- an external aqueous phase which comprises at least one protein and/or at least one polysaccharide and optionally at least one protective colloid.
- Suitable solvents for preparing the external aqueous phase are water or mixtures of water with at least one water-miscible organic solvent.
- suitable organic solvents are glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, ethanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and other analogues.
- the solvent is water.
- the at least one protein is selected from the group consisting of proteinogenic L-amino acids, animal or vegetable proteins, in particular protein isolates, animal or vegetable proteins in the form of fractions, partial or complete hydrolysates or by physical intermediate products produced by chemical processes or fermentative or enzymatic treatment of proteins, in particular proteins from the group consisting of: meat (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish), crabs, shellfish, molluscs, insects, eggs, milk, in particular casein and whey, rennet casein, whey protein concentrate 80%, gelatin, algae, cereals, especially wheat, barley, rye, spelt, gluten, especially wheat gluten, rapeseed, sunflowers, rice, potatoes, corn, soybeans, beans, peas, lentils, lupins , peanut, alfalfa, hemp, other proteins from edible plants, chitosan, and mixtures thereof.
- meat mimals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish
- crabs shellfish
- the amino acids are proteinogenic L-amino acids.
- the L-amino acids are selected from the group consisting of L-alanine, L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-cysteine, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, L-glycine, L-histidine, L -Isoleucine, L-Leucine, L-Lysine, L-Methionine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Proline, L-Serine, L-Threonine, L-Tryptophan, L-Tyrosine and L-Valine.
- L-glutamine and L-lysine are particularly preferred.
- one of the above proteins is used in combination with one or more free L-amino acid(s).
- Preferred combinations are: milk protein with L-glutamine and/or L-lysine. With such a combination, both large and small molecules are brought into the network, increasing stability.
- the amino acids L-glutamine and/or L-lysine can be crosslinked particularly easily by an enzymatic crosslinker such as transglutaminase.
- proteins mentioned above have the advantageous effect that they have an emulsifying effect. Due to their emulsifying effect, they help to stabilize the emulsion. Due to their more or less flexible structure and their differently charged areas within the molecule, proteins are amphiphilic and therefore surface-active.
- the secondary and/or tertiary structure of the molecule can be changed by modifying the proteins, for example by physical or chemical modification.
- the emulsifying properties can be influenced by changing the spatial availability of charged areas of the molecule or by exposing amino acid side chains. Due to these advantageous properties, an additional emulsifier or a protective colloid can be dispensed with in the process according to the invention.
- the proportion of the at least one protein in the external aqueous phase is in a range from 0.25 to 5.0% by weight, preferably in a range from 0.5 to 3.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the external aqueous phase.
- the at least one protein is most preferably used in a range from 1.0 to 1.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the external aqueous phase.
- the at least one polysaccharide is selected from the group consisting of indigestible fibers and roughage, in particular insoluble roughage, in particular cellulose, cellulose derivatives such as hydroxyethyl cellulose, in particular quaternized hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), hemicelluloses, lichenin, chitin, chitosan, lignin, xanthan, vegetable fibres, in particular grain fibres, potato fibres, apple fibres, citrus fibres, bamboo fibres, extracted sugar beet fibres; Oat fibers and soluble roughage, in particular inulin, in particular native inulin, highly soluble inulin, granulated inulin, high performance inulin, pectins, alginates, agar, carrageenan, gum arabic (type Senegal, type Seyal), konjac gum, gellan gum, gurdian (para
- Starch in particular starch from wheat, potatoes, corn, rice, tapioca and oats, modified starch and starch derivatives, eg dextrins or maltodextrins, in particular dextrins and maltodextrins from wheat, potatoes, corn, rice, peas and oats, in particular maltodextrins DE8-10 , DE17-20, DE18-20, cyclodextrins, oligosaccharides, in particular
- Sugar alcohols in particular sorbitol, mannitol, isomalt, maltitol, maltilol syrup, lactitol, xylitol, erythritol;
- Glucose and mixtures of two or more of the aforementioned polysaccharides.
- gum arabic and maltodextrins are particularly preferred.
- Most preferred are the maltodextrins DE8-10 Potato; DE17-20 corn; DE17-20 Potato and DE18-20 Wheat.
- the proportion of the at least one polysaccharide in the external aqueous phase is in a range from 0.5 to 7.0% by weight, preferably in a range from 1.5 to 6.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the external aqueous phase. Most preferably, the at least one polysaccharide is used in a range of 3.0 to 5.0% by weight based on the total weight of the external aqueous phase.
- the external aqueous phase is provided with both major components of the capsule shell, i.e. at least one protein and at least one polysaccharide.
- the emulsion formed in this way has less of a tendency to form aggregates, so that the addition of a protective colloid or an additional emulsifier is not necessary in the process according to the invention.
- the following combinations of protein and polysaccharide are particularly preferred for building up the capsule wall or capsule shell: whey protein and maltodextrin; milk protein and maltodextrin; whey protein and gum arabic; gelatin and maltodextrin; milk protein, L-glutamine, L-lysine and maltodextrin; and gelatin, milk protein and maltodextrin.
- a combination of gelatine and DE8-10 potato maltodextrin or a combination of milk protein, L-glutanine and/or L-lysine and maltodextrin are most preferred for building up the capsule shell.
- Microcapsules made with such capsule shell materials result in microcapsules that yield ⁇ 1% free oil content in isopropanol.
- the previously described and exemplified components for building the capsule wall, proteins and polysaccharides, are readily available from biological sources. In addition, they are readily biodegradable as such.
- the external aqueous phase is provided with only one of the main components of the capsule shell, protein or polysaccharide.
- the other main component, polysaccharide or protein is optionally added in process step (iv) after the emulsification/dispersion and before or with the addition of the catalyst in process step (v).
- the content of crosslinking agent polyisocyanate in the capsule shell can be reduced, preferably to an isocyanate content of up to 50% by weight, more preferably an isocyanate content of up to 20% by weight, based on the capsule shell.
- polyisocyanate By replacing polyisocyanate with protein and/or polysaccharide as components for building up the capsule wall or capsule shell, the polyisocyanate content in the microcapsule is reduced, as a result of which a lower degree of crosslinking is achieved.
- a protective colloid can optionally be added to the external aqueous phase.
- a protective colloid is a polymer system which, in suspension or dispersion, prevents the emulsified, suspended or dispersed components from clumping together (agglomeration, coagulation, flocculation).
- protective colloids bind large amounts of water and generate in aqueous solutions high viscosities depending on the concentration.
- the protective colloid attaches itself to the primary particles with its hydrophobic part and turns its polar, ie hydrophilic part of the molecule towards the aqueous phase. This accumulation at the interface reduces the interfacial tension and prevents agglomeration of the primary particles. In addition, it stabilizes the emulsion and promotes the formation of comparatively smaller droplets and thus the corresponding microcapsules.
- the protective colloid also has emulsifying properties in addition to the properties mentioned above. If the protective colloid has sufficient emulsifying properties, such as carboxymethyl cellulose, acid-modified starch, polyvinyl alcohol, ammonium derivatives of polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene sulfonates, polyvinyl pyrollidone, polyvinyl acrylates, the process according to the invention can advantageously even dispense with the use of an emulsifier in the downstream emulsifying/dispersing step (iii). .
- emulsifying properties such as carboxymethyl cellulose, acid-modified starch, polyvinyl alcohol, ammonium derivatives of polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene sulfonates, polyvinyl pyrollidone, polyvinyl acrylates
- the protective colloid used in the method of the invention is selected from the group consisting of
- Diols in particular ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, isomeric butanediol, 1,2-pentanediol, 1,2-hexanediol, 1,2-octanediol, 1,2-decanediol, 1,2-dodecanediol, and
- Polyols preferably triols, in particular glycerol and its ethoxylation and propoxylation products, trimethylolpropane and its ethoxylation and propoxylation products, polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and its derivatives, in particular ammonium- or sulfonate-functionalized polyvinyl alcohols, polyphenols, preferably 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene, Polysaccharides, in particular glucose, starches or chemically, mechanically and/or enzymatically modified starches, cellulose derivatives such as hydroxyethyl cellulose, in particular quaternized hydroxyethyl cellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose,
- polyvinylpyrrolidone maleic acid vinyl copolymers, sodium lignosulfonates, maleic anhydride/styrene copolymers, Ethylene / maleic anhydride copolymers, copolymers of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and acid esters of polyethoxylated sorbitol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, animal and vegetable polymers, in particular gum arabic (Senegal type and Seyal type), proteins, gelatin, olibanum resin, shellac, lignin, chitosan, saponin and mixtures of the aforementioned connections.
- Starches, especially modified starches, or animal or vegetable polymers are naturally occurring substances that are biodegradable.
- bio-based and biodegradable capsule shells can thus be provided with the present method.
- the starch and the animal and vegetable polymers therefore also act as so-called bio-crosslinkers.
- the starch used in the method according to the invention is selected from the group consisting of corn starch, potato starch, rye starch, wheat starch, barley starch, oat starch, rice starch, pea starch, tapioca starch and mixtures thereof.
- the chemically modified starches are preferably acid-modified starches, alkali-modified starches, oxidized starches, acetylated starches, succinated starches or ocentylsuccinated starches.
- the external aqueous phase preferably comprises at least one protective colloid selected from polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyvinyl alcohols and mixtures thereof.
- Polyvinylpyrrolidones are particularly preferred.
- Commercial standard polyvinylpyrrolidones have molar masses in the range from about 2500 to 750000 g/mol.
- polyols, polyphenols or starch, in particular modified starch are used as the protective colloid.
- Polyvinyl alcohol or its polyvinyl alcohol is particularly preferred for the production of the microcapsules according to the invention Ammonium derivatives, 1, 3,5-trihydroxybenzene, modified starch or carboxymethyl cellulose used as a protective colloid.
- combinations of two or more different protective colloids can also be used to produce the microcapsule according to the invention.
- a combination of one of the above-mentioned protective colloids with starch is used as a further protective colloid in the external aqueous phase.
- Such a combination stabilizes the emulsion due to the high number of functional hydroxyl groups and, on the other hand, promotes a reaction between the protective colloid and the polyisocyanate(s), the reaction equilibrium in the reaction of the protective colloids with the polyisocyanate(s) being sideways of the products, ie the polyurethanes, is pushed.
- the large number of functional hydroxyl groups in starch also enables the formation of spatially particularly pronounced crosslinks.
- the above-mentioned protective colloids have different reaction rates with the isocyanate groups of the at least one polyisocyanate.
- glycerin reacts more quickly with the isocyanate groups than, for example, starch.
- the crosslinking of the protective colloid with the isocyanate groups of the polyisocyanate can therefore be controlled by the selection of the protective colloid.
- Glycerine with starch or modified starch or the combination of glycerine with quaternized hydroxyethyl cellulose or Seyal gum arabic has proven to be a particularly advantageous combination; Such a combination makes use of the previously described properties of both protective colloids: high reaction rate of the glycerol on the one hand and number of polymerizable functional groups of the other protective colloid on the other.
- the protective colloids used in the method according to the invention have a dual function in that they act as a protective colloid and thus prevent the agglomeration of the emulsified, suspended or dispersed components, stabilize the emulsion subsequently formed, promote the formation of small droplets and ultimately stabilize formed microcapsule dispersion.
- the amount of protective colloid used or the amount of a combination of protective colloids used is thus in a range of 1 to 6% by weight, preferably in a range of 2 to 4% by weight, more preferably in a range of 2 to 3% by weight based on the total weight of the external aqueous phase.
- the external aqueous phase is prepared, preferably with stirring, by successively adding the polysaccharide and/or the protein and optionally the protective colloid or vice versa to the external aqueous phase, or by adding the components simultaneously to the external aqueous phase.
- the pH of the external aqueous phase is optionally adjusted to a pH below the isoelectric point of the protein, i.e. to a pH that is lower than the isoelectric point of the protein used.
- the isoelectric point is understood to be the pH value at which the isoelectric state is reached, i.e. at which the positive and negative charges are balanced in the case of ampholytes or zwitterions (e.g. amino acids and proteins). This value is a characteristic constant for each amino acid and depends on the pKa value of the functional group.
- ampholytes or zwitterions e.g. amino acids and proteins.
- This value is a characteristic constant for each amino acid and depends on the pKa value of the functional group.
- peptides and proteins also have an isoelectric point. At the isoelectric point, the amino acids, and thus also proteins, have the lowest water solubility.
- the pH of the aqueous phase is depending on the isoelectric point of the protein used to a pH in the range of 2.0 to 7.0, more preferably adjusted to a pH in the range of 2.0 to 6.0 and most preferably to a slightly acidic pH in the range of 3.0 to 5.0.
- the pH adjustment to a pH value below the isoelectric point, ie to a pH value lower than the isoelectric point, of the protein has the advantage that at such a pH value the emulsifying properties and the solubility of the protein am are largest.
- the pH of the external aqueous phase is adjusted by adding an organic acid.
- an organic acid for example formic acid or acetic acid, is added to the external aqueous phase before the emulsification step and a pH value in the above-mentioned ranges is set.
- the internal non-aqueous phase which comprises at least one first crosslinking agent and at least one hydrophobic active ingredient, is emulsified or dissolved in a further process step (iii) in the external aqueous phase to form an oil-in-water emulsion/dispersion. dispersed.
- the oil-in-water emulsion is prepared by mixing the internal non-aqueous phase and the external aqueous phase.
- the weight ratio of internal non-aqueous phase to external aqueous phase is preferably in a range from 70:30 to 60:40, preferably in a range from 30:70 to 60:40.
- a stabilizer and/or an emulsifier or an emulsifying aid is optionally added to the emulsion or dispersion in the process according to the invention.
- a stabilizer is preferably added to the external aqueous phase, which stabilizes the emulsion/dispersion in order to prevent the internal non-aqueous (oily) phase and the external aqueous phase from separating.
- the preferred stabilizers for preparing the polysaccharide and protein-based microcapsules according to the present invention are above all acrylic copolymers that have sulfonate groups. Also suitable are copolymers of acrylamides and acrylic acid, copolymers of alkyl acrylates and N-vinylpyrrolidone such as LUVISKOL® K15, K30 or K90 (BASF); Sodium polycarboxylates, sodium polystyrene sulfonates, vinyl and methyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymers and ethylene, isobutylene or styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers, microcrystalline cellulose, which is commercially available, for example, under the name VIVAPUR®, diutan gum, xanthan gum or carboxymethyl cellulose.
- the amount of stabilizers used can be in the range from 0.01 to 10% by weight and preferably in the range from 0.1 to 3% by weight, based in each case on the external aqueous phase.
- an emulsifier preferably an O/W emulsifier, is used in the method according to the invention, which enables a homogeneous distribution of the oil droplets of the internal non-aqueous phase in the external aqueous phase and stabilizes the emulsion.
- O/W emulsifier preferably an O/W emulsifier
- an emulsifier is optional, in particular when the protein or the protective colloid has no or only slight, i.e. insufficient, emulsifying properties. If an emulsifying protein and/or protective colloid is used, the use of an emulsifier can advantageously be dispensed with in the method according to the invention.
- Suitable emulsifiers are nonionic surfactants from at least one of the following groups: Adducts of 2 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide and/or 0 to 5 moles of propylene oxide onto linear fatty alcohols containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms, onto fatty acids containing 12 to 22 carbon atoms, onto alkylphenols containing 8 to 15 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and alkylamines with 8 to 22 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical;
- Alkyl and/or alkenyl oligoglycosides having 8 to 22 carbon atoms in the alk(en)yl radical and their ethoxylated analogues;
- Partial esters of polyglycerol (average degree of self-condensation 2 to 8), polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 400 to 5000), trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sugar alcohols (e.g. sorbitol), alkyl glucosides (e.g. methyl glucoside, butyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside) and polyglucosides (e.g. cellulose) with saturated and/or unsaturated , linear or branched fatty acids having 12 to 22 carbon atoms and/or hydroxycarboxylic acids having 3 to 18 carbon atoms and their adducts with 1 to 30 mol ethylene oxide, preferably Cremophor®;
- polysiloxane polyalkyl polyether copolymers or corresponding derivatives block copolymers eg polyethylene glycol-30 dipolyhydroxystearates; polymer emulsifiers, for example Pemulen types (TR-1, TR-2) from Goodrich or Cosmedia® SP from Cognis; polyalkylene glycols and glycerol carbonate.
- Typical anionic emulsifiers that can be used in the process of the invention for preparing the isocyanate-based microcapsules are aliphatic fatty acids having 12 to 22 carbon atoms, such as palmitic acid, stearic acid or behenic acid, and dicarboxylic acids having 12 to 22 carbon atoms, such as azelaic acid or sebacic acid.
- zwitterionic surfactants can be used as emulsifiers in the method according to the invention for the production of the polysaccharide- and protein-based microcapsules.
- Zwitterionic surfactants are surface-active compounds which contain at least one quaternary ammonium group and at least one carboxylate and one sulfonate group in the molecule.
- Particularly suitable zwitterionic surfactants are the so-called betaines, such as the N-alkyl-N,N-dimethylammonium glycinates, for example coconut alkyldimethylammonium glycinate, N-acylaminopropyl-N,N-dimethylammonium glycinates, for example cocoacylaminopropyldimethylammonium glycinate, and 2-alkyl-3-carboxylmethyl-3 -hydroxyethylimidazolines each having 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl or acyl group and the cocoacylaminoethylhydroxyethylcarboxymethylglycinate.
- the fatty acid amide derivative known under the CTFA name Cocamidopropyl Betaine is particularly preferred.
- ampholytic surfactants are surface-active compounds which, in addition to a C8/18 alkyl or acyl group, contain at least one free amino group and at least one -COOH or -SO3H group in the molecule and are capable of forming inner salts.
- ampholytic surfactants are N-alkylglycine, N-alkylpropionic acid, N-alkylaminobutyric acid, N-alkyliminodipropionic acid, N-hydroxyethyl-N-alkylamidopropylglycine, N-alkyltaurine, N-alkylsarcosine, 2-alkylaminopropionic acid and alkylaminoacetic acid, each with about 8 to 18 C -atoms in the alkyl group.
- Particularly preferred ampholytic surfactants are N-cocoalkylaminopropionate, cocoacylaminoethylaminopropionate and C12/18 acylsarcosine.
- cationic surfactants are also suitable as emulsifiers, with those of the esterquat type, preferably methyl-quaternized difatty acid triethanolamine ester salts, quaternized hydroxyethyl cellulose, modified chitosan with propylene glycol and quaternized with epichlorohydrin, distearyldimethylammonium chloride (DSDMAC), benzalkonium chloride,
- Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (cetrimonium bromide), dequalinium chloride. are particularly preferred.
- the emulsifiers can be added to the external aqueous phase in an amount of about 0.5 to about 10% by weight and preferably about 1 to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the external aqueous phase.
- the microcapsules can be produced continuously or discontinuously. As the viscosity of the aqueous phase increases or the viscosity of the oily phase decreases, the size of the capsules generally decreases.
- the method according to the invention for the production of the polysaccharide- and protein-based microcapsules can be carried out, for example, according to the "inline" technique.
- the internal non-aqueous phase and the external aqueous phase are first fed separately to an emulsifying turbine by means of a forced metering pump, in short combined before entering the emulsifying turbine or combined in the emulsifying turbine, with a throughput volume of 1200 to 1500 l/h Protein-based microcapsules also in conventional dispersion apparatus or
- Emulsifying devices done.
- the emulsification or dispersion of the external aqueous phase and the internal non-aqueous phase takes place, for example, by means of an emulsifying turbine (IKA Eurostar 20 high-speed stirrer).
- an emulsifying turbine IKA Eurostar 20 high-speed stirrer
- the process of emulsifying or dispersing in the method according to the invention is advantageously carried out for a time of 30 seconds to 20 minutes, preferably 1 to 4 minutes and most preferably 1 to 2.5 minutes, at a stirring speed of 1000 rpm to 5000 rpm, preferably at 3000 rpm to 4000 rpm, until a capsule size of 10 to 50 ⁇ m ⁇ 5 ⁇ m has been established.
- step (iii) there is an oil-in-water emulsion or dispersion in which the internal oily phase is finely emulsified with the active ingredients to be encapsulated in the form of droplets or dispersed in the external aqueous phase is present.
- At least one polysaccharide or at least one protein is optionally added in a method step (iv) after the emulsifying or dispersing step (iii), as described above. If the external aqueous phase in process step (ii) is provided with only at least one main protein component, at least one polysaccharide is added in process step (iv). If, on the other hand, the external aqueous phase in process step (ii) is only provided with at least one polysaccharide main component, at least one protein is added in process step (iv). The separate addition results in the formation of multiple layers (“layer-by-layer”), the individual layers of which are crosslinked with one another in the subsequent process step (v).
- step (iv) a further protein and/or polysaccharide which is the same as or different from the at least one protein and/or at least one polysaccharide from step (ii) or has a different charge or with a change of the pH value changes the charge can be added.
- a further protein and/or polysaccharide which is the same as or different from the at least one protein and/or at least one polysaccharide from step (ii) or has a different charge or with a change of the pH value changes the charge can be added.
- further layers (“layer-by-layer”) are built up, the individual layers of which are crosslinked with one another in the subsequent process step (v). This leads to a denser and more stable network of the capsule wall components and consequently to more stable capsule shells, which increases the stability of the microcapsule.
- the additional protein and/or additional polysaccharide is selected from the group of proteins and/or polysaccharides as already defined in detail above for method step (ii). The same also applies to the preferred variants or preferred combinations of the protein and/or polysaccharide described there.
- a first crosslinking of the material of the capsule shell or capsule wall is also carried out with stirring.
- the first crosslinking takes place after the emulsification or dispersing by adding a catalyst in order to crosslink the above-described layers (“layer-by-layer)” of capsule wall components and to stabilize the resulting capsule shell.
- Interfacial polymerization at the interface between the outer aqueous phase and the disperse inner phase, ie at the boundary surfaces of the emulsified or dispersed oil droplets that include the active substance to be encapsulated forms catalyzed polymerization reactions between the carboxyl group and/or sulfo group and/or hydroxyl group of polysaccharide and the amino group of protein on the one hand and the isocyanate group of the first crosslinking agent on the other hand.
- first crosslinking units or a first crosslinking matrix for the construction of a capsule shell or capsule wall are formed .
- the formation of the first crosslinking units in the method according to the invention is based on the polyaddition reaction between polysaccharide and first crosslinking agent and/or protein and first crosslinking agent.
- the hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide react with the isocyanate groups of the first crosslinking agent to form polyurethane
- the amino groups of the protein react with the isocyanate groups of the first crosslinking agent to form polyurea.
- soluble or insoluble complexes of protein and polysaccharide are also formed in the first crosslinking step (v) to constitute the capsule wall matrix or capsule shell.
- the chain length of the individual capsule wall building blocks also influences the mechanical properties, i. H. the stability of the microcapsules is decisive: for example, the large number of hydroxyl groups in starch enables the formation of spatially particularly pronounced crosslinks; longer-chain capsule wall building blocks, such as polyisocyanates, lead to the formation of more stable capsule walls.
- the emulsified or dispersed oil droplets with the core material i.e. the encapsulated active ingredients
- the core material i.e. the encapsulated active ingredients
- the at least one catalyst to the emulsion or dispersion accelerates the crosslinking reaction between the polysaccharide and/or protein and the crosslinking agent and catalyzes the reaction in favor of the formation of a first crosslinking matrix or first crosslinking units.
- the catalyst which is added in the process according to the invention is preferably diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), also called triethylenediamine (TEDA), a bicyclic tertiary amine.
- DABCO diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
- TAA triethylenediamine
- the lone-pair tertiary amine promotes the reaction between the isocyanate groups of the first crosslinking agent and the hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide.
- catalysts based on bismuth or tin are used to catalyze the first crosslinking, such as catalysts based on bismuth(II) salts or bismuth(III) salts, as described in K.C. Fresh & L.P. Rumao, Catalysis in Isocyanate Reactions, Polymer Reviews, 1970, 5:1, pages 103-149, DOI: 10.1080/15583727008085365, the relevant disclosure of which is incorporated in the present description in its entirety.
- a combination of DABCO and one of the abovementioned catalysts is preferred according to the invention.
- Such a mixture leads to a multiplication of reactivity as described in K.C. Fresh & L.P. Rumao, Catalysis in Isocyanate Reactions, Polymer Reviews, 1970, 5:1, pages 103-149, DOI: 10.1080/15583727008085365, the relevant disclosure of which is incorporated in the present description in its entirety.
- the DABCO and the aforementioned catalysts preferably catalyze the polyurethane reaction between the at least one polymerizable polyisocyanate having two or more locyanate groups and the diols or polyols in the process of the invention.
- the amount in which the catalyst is added to the external aqueous phase is in a range from 0.001 to 1% by weight, preferably in a range from 0.02 to 0.75% by weight and more preferably in a range from 0.05 to 0.5% by weight based on the total weight of the external aqueous phase. In the case of sluggish polymerization, however, the catalyst can also be increased.
- the catalyst is added to the emulsion or dispersion either as such, for example as a solid, or in the form of an aqueous solution, preferably in water, with stirring.
- the catalyst is contained in the aqueous solution in a concentration of 0.5 to 2 mol/l, preferably 1 mol/l.
- the catalyst is added at a stirring speed of 500 rpm to 2000 rpm, preferably at 1000 rpm to 1500 rpm and at a temperature in the range of 20°C to 30°C, preferably at temperatures from 22 °C to 26 °C.
- process step (v) of the catalyzed first crosslinking is carried out by gradually heating the emulsion or dispersion to a temperature in the range from 60°C to 90°C, preferably to a temperature in the range from 65 to 85° C, most preferably to a temperature in the range 70 to 80°C.
- the first crosslinking in the process of the invention is carried out for a period of from about 30 minutes to 90 minutes, preferably for a period of from 40 minutes to 70 minutes and most preferably for a period of 60 minutes.
- the capsules produced by the process according to the invention are present as raw microcapsules in the form of an aqueous dispersion or a slurry.
- the microcapsules in the slurry still have a flexible shell that is not particularly stable and therefore breaks open easily.
- the shell is hardened.
- the curing in process step (vi) is preferably carried out by gradually raising the microcapsule slurry to a temperature of at least 60° C., preferably to a temperature in the range from 60° C. to 65° C., up to a maximum of the boiling point of the microcapsule slurry.
- the curing is usually carried out over a period of at least 3 hours, preferably for a period of 4 hours and most preferably for a period of 5 hours.
- ком ⁇ онентs are used, which, chemically speaking, are proanthocyanidins such as are found in dicotyledonous perennials, shrubs and leaves, particularly in the tropics and subtropics.
- the terpenes typically have molecular weights in the range of 500 to 3000 KDa.
- a preferred example of a suitable tannin is corigallin.
- An aqueous preparation of the tannins is added to the aqueous dispersion containing the raw microcapsules for hardening.
- the tannins are usually added in amounts of from about 0.1 to about 2% by weight and preferably from about 0.5 to about 1.5% by weight, based on the microcapsules.
- a further protein and/or further polysaccharide can optionally be added to the microcapsule slurry in method step (vi).
- the additional protein and/or additional polysaccharide is selected from the group of proteins and/or polysaccharides as already defined in detail above for method step (ii).
- the same definitions and preferred embodiments and/or preferred combinations as for the protein and/or polysaccharide are also fully valid for the additional protein and/or polysaccharide.
- the further protein and/or the further polysaccharide can be the same as or different from the protein and/or polysaccharide of method step (ii).
- the additional protein and/or the additional polysaccharide is preferably different from the protein and/or polysaccharide of method step (ii).
- a further protein and/or further polysaccharide leads to further crosslinking with the first crosslinking agent and contributes to the construction of a particularly dense and stable network of the capsule wall building blocks.
- the curing step (vi) of the method according to the invention is followed by a step of cooling the microcapsule slurry to room temperature and optionally a second crosslinking step of the capsule wall building blocks by adding a second crosslinking agent.
- At least one crosslinking agent is used in the method according to the invention, which is selected from the group consisting of transglutaminase, peroxidase, phytochemicals, selected from the group consisting of polyphenols, in particular tannin, gallic acid , ferulic acid, hesperidin, cinnamaldehyde, vanillin, carvacrol, and mixtures of two or more of the aforementioned crosslinking agents, as already described above in connection with the first and further crosslinking agents.
- the same definitions and preferred embodiments as for the first and further crosslinking agents are also fully valid for the second crosslinking agent.
- crosslinking agents cinnamaldehyde, tannin and gallic acid are particularly preferred.
- the second crosslinking agent is different from the first and further crosslinking agent in process step (i).
- the content of the second crosslinking agent is in a range from 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably in a range from 0.15 to 2.5% by weight, based on the Total weight of non-aqueous phase.
- the first crosslinking agent is used in the internal non-aqueous phase in a range of 0.5 to 1% by weight based on the total weight of the non-aqueous phase.
- the second crosslinking agent is added to the emulsion or dispersion either as such, for example as a solid, or in the form of an aqueous solution.
- the second crosslinking agent is in the aqueous solution at a concentration of 0.01 to 2 mol/l, preferably at a concentration of 0.1 to 1.5 mol/l, most preferably at a concentration of 0.5 up to 1.0 mol/l.
- the solution has a pH of 7 to 14, preferably a pH of 12.
- the second crosslinking in process step (vii) is carried out by gradually heating the emulsion or dispersion to a temperature in the range from 20°C to 50°C, preferably to a temperature in the range from 30 to 40°C .
- the second crosslinking in the process of the invention is carried out for a period of about 20 minutes to 10 hours, preferably for a period of about 30 minutes to 8 hours.
- the pH of the emulsion or dispersion is optionally adjusted to a pH above or below the isoelectric point of the used protein set. At a pH value below the isoelectric point, the net electrostatic charge on a protein is positive; above the isoelectric point, the net charge on a protein is negative.
- the pH is adjusted to a pH in the range of pH 2.0 to pH 4.0, more preferably to a pH in the range of pH 2.5 to pH 3.5 and most preferably preferably adjusted to a pH value of pH 3.0 in order to obtain a positive charge on the protein.
- the pH is preferably adjusted to a pH in the range of pH 8.0 to pH 12.0 even more preferably adjusted to a pH in the range of pH 9.0 to pH 10.0 and most preferably adjusted to a pH of 9.5.
- an organic acid for example formic acid or acetic acid
- a base for example sodium hydroxide solution
- Carrying out the first crosslinking and/or the second crosslinking at a pH above or below the isoelectric point has the advantage that the electrical charge of the protein is changed and electrostatic interactions can thus positively influence capsule formation.
- such a modification of the proteins has a positive effect on their emulsifying ability.
- the stirring power is reduced, for example to a stirring speed of about 800 to 1200 rpm, so that the microcapsules that are forming are not immediately broken up again.
- microcapsules An important criterion for the usability of the microcapsules is the weight ratio of core material to capsule wall material. While on the one hand the highest possible proportion of core material is sought in order to enable the highest possible utility value of the capsules, on the other hand it is necessary for the capsule to still have a sufficient proportion of capsule wall material to ensure the stability of the capsules.
- the microcapsules it has proven to be particularly advantageous for the microcapsules to be designed in such a way that the microcapsules have a weight ratio of core material to capsule wall material of 50:50 to 90:10, preferably 70:30 to 80:20 .
- microcapsules produced by the process according to the invention are present as a dispersion in water, which can also be used as Microcapsule dispersion or microcapsule slurry is called.
- the microcapsules can already be sold in this form.
- the suspension In order to prevent such a suspension from separating or creaming and thus to achieve high storage stability, it has proven advantageous for the suspension to have a viscosity of from 12 to 1500 mPas. In order to obtain the desired viscosity of the suspension, a thickening agent is preferably used.
- xanthan gum diethane gum
- Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or guar gum is used as thickening agents.
- one or more preservatives are optionally added to the microcapsule slurry, or the microcapsule slurry is dried.
- the microcapsule slurry is preferably dried.
- Methods such as lyophilization are suitable for drying the microcapsule slurry, but spray drying, for example in a fluidized bed, is preferred. It has proven advantageous to add further polysaccharides, preferably dextrins and in particular maltodextrins, to the suspension at temperatures of about 20 to about 50° C. and preferably about 40° C., which support the drying process and protect the capsules during this process.
- the amount of polysaccharides used can be about 50 to about 150% by weight and preferably about 80 to about 120% by weight, based on the capsule mass in the dispersion.
- the spray drying itself can be carried out continuously or batchwise in conventional spray systems, the inlet temperature being about 170 to about 200 °C and preferably about 180 to 185 °C and the outlet temperature being about 70 to about 80 °C and preferably about 72 is up to 78 °C.
- the method according to the invention is further characterized in that the main components, protein and polysaccharide and polyisocyanates, are polymerized and/or crosslinked via specifically catalyzed mechanisms, thus enabling the production of bio-based and biodegradable microcapsules based on biocompatible polymers.
- the polyisocyanates make up a large proportion of the capsule shell material, the opposite is the case here: the polyisocyanates no longer function as the main material in the microcapsules according to the invention, but serve exclusively as crosslinking agents for the amino acids and the other components mentioned above.
- the inventive method thus allows to replace part of the polyisocyanate by biodegradable wall materials such as proteins and / or polysaccharides and thus reduce the polyisocyanate content without causing a loss or loss in the functionality of the microcapsules, such as olfactory properties and positive secondary properties such as high stability, namely the ability to retain the active ingredient occurs.
- the process according to the invention can thus be used to produce microcapsules which, on the one hand, have excellent functionality and, at the same time, are readily biodegradable.
- the method according to the invention produces microcapsules with a reduced amount of isocyanate starting substance by up to 25%, preferably by up to 50%, even more preferably by up to 75% or other microcapsule starting substances of the prior art can be produced in the art with the same amount of active substance to be encapsulated, without a loss or loss of stability of the microcapsules obtained as a result, as will be shown in the following exemplary embodiments.
- the present invention relates to a microcapsule or a microcapsule slurry that is produced by the process of the invention.
- biodegradable protein and/or polysaccharide-based microcapsules are characterized in that they are composed of or comprise:
- a capsule shell comprising or consisting of a crosslinking matrix or crosslinking units of at least one polysaccharide and/or at least one protein and at least one first crosslinking agent; and optionally a protective colloid and/or optionally a second crosslinking agent.
- the microcapsule according to the invention comprises a core which is surrounded or enveloped by the capsule shell or capsule wall. Any material that is suitable for inclusion in microcapsules can be used as the core material for producing the microcapsules according to the invention. Materials to be encapsulated are preferably hydrophobic, water-insoluble or water-immiscible liquids or solids, and also suspensions.
- the core material is a hydrophobic active substance, ie a substance that has a specific effect or evokes a specific reaction, for example a drug, a plant protection product, a cosmetic active substance, a food active substance, etc., as mentioned above was described.
- hydrophobic active ingredient means that the active ingredient to be encapsulated is in the internal non-aqueous phase during manufacture of the microcapsule and does not mix with the external aqueous phase.
- polymerization and/or crosslinking of functional groups of protein and/or polysaccharide with polyisocyanate results in a stable capsule wall made of alternating and dense and thus stable crosslinking matrices or crosslinking units based on polyurea and polyurethane as well as soluble or insoluble protein complexes and polysaccharide.
- the capsule shell comprises or consists of: a/a crosslinking matrix or crosslinking units from a polymerization and/or crosslinking of at least one protein with the first and optionally the second crosslinking agent and/or a/a crosslinking matrix or crosslinking units a polymerisation and/or crosslinking of at least one polysaccharide, with the first and optionally the second crosslinking agent.
- the crosslinking matrix or the crosslinking units from a polymerization and/or crosslinking of at least one protein with the first and optionally the second crosslinking agent is predominantly a polyurea-based network and the crosslinking matrix or the crosslinking units from a Polymerization and/or crosslinking of at least one polysaccharide with the first and optionally second crosslinking agent is a network predominantly based on polyurethane and soluble or insoluble complexes of protein and polysaccharide.
- the capsule shell can optionally comprise a protective colloid and/or optionally another crosslinking agent.
- the microcapsules according to the invention are in the form of a dispersion or slurry, in which the microcapsules are dispersed in the external aqueous phase.
- the proportion by weight of the microcapsules in the dispersion or slurry is about 20 to 60% by weight, in particular about 25 to 50% by weight, more preferably about 30 to 35% by weight.
- microcapsules produced by the process according to the invention can be characterized via the d(0.5) value of their size distribution: 50% of the capsules are larger and 50% of the capsules are smaller than this value.
- the microcapsules according to the invention with different compositions were dispersed in water as part of a dynamic process and the particle size was then determined by means of laser diffraction.
- the laser beam is refracted differently and can thus be converted into a size. Therefore the Mie theory was used.
- a MALVERN Mastersizer 3000 was used for the particle measurement. The corresponding calculation is based on the Mie theory.
- microcapsules according to the invention are characterized in that they have a particle size distribution with a d(0.5) value of 18 to 50 ⁇ m, preferably a d(0.5) value of 22 to 30... have pm.
- FIGS. 1a to 1d The corresponding particle size distributions of the microcapsules according to the invention are illustrated in FIGS. 1a to 1d:
- FIG. 1a Symcap B: 20% isocyanate content; whey protein/pectin and maltodextrin; microcapsule according to the present invention
- FIG. 1b Symcap B: 20% isocyanate content; milk protein and maltodextrin, additional crosslinker tannin; microcapsule according to the present invention
- FIG. 1c Symcap B: 30% isocyanate content; milk protein, L-glutamine, L-lysine and maltodextrin; microcapsule according to the present invention
- FIG. 1d Symcap B: 20% isocyanate content; gelatin and maltodextrin; Microcapsule according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1e Comparison of particle size distribution: microcapsule according to the prior art, Symcap G 2.1: 100% isocyanates, polyvinyl alcohol and guarnidinium carbonate; Microcapsule according to the invention, Symcap B: 20% isocyanates, milk protein, tannin.
- the protein- and/or polysaccharide-based microcapsule produced by the process according to the invention has a comparable stability and a comparable content of perfume oil escaping unintentionally, despite a reduction in the polyisocyanate content in the microcapsule wall
- Microcapsules according to the invention which were produced with an additional second crosslinking agent, have a comparable, if not better, stability compared to microcapsules of the prior art and thus a lower free oil content, as shown in Figures 2 and 3. which can be attributed in particular to a more efficient encapsulation of the fragrances.
- microcapsules in particular microcapsules that were produced with another crosslinking agent, in the target application also shows comparable stability values compared to microcapsules of the prior art, despite the reduced polyisocyanate content (see FIG. 5).
- the protein- and / or polysaccharide-based microcapsules according to the invention also show a significant improvement in the sensory performance (fragrance release) compared to capsules of the prior art, which can be attributed to the stable active ingredient encapsulation and the associated low loss of active ingredient.
- the microcapsules according to the invention show a significantly higher sensory intensity when the fragrance is released by opening the capsules by means of mechanical friction or by pressure, as illustrated in FIG.
- Figure 7 generally shows the correlation between microcapsule stability, performance and Biobuildability depending on the degree of cross-linking. For example, in the case of very stable microcapsules, the performance, for example the sensory performance, is lower, since the number of microcapsules which break open as a result of rubbing, pressure, etc. and release the active ingredients decreases. If the microcapsules are too unstable, they are already destroyed during use or during storage and also do not perform.
- the protein and / or polysaccharide-based microcapsules according to the invention have a reduced content of polyisocyanate by up to 75% compared to polyurea / polyurethane microcapsules of the prior art, without a loss or loss of stability or occurs in the loading of the microcapsules with the active substance to be encapsulated, as will be shown in the following exemplary embodiments.
- the isocyanates no longer function as the main material of the capsule shell or capsule wall, but serve exclusively as crosslinkers for the proteins and/or polysaccharides of the capsule shell.
- the absolute proportion of polyisocyanate in the microcapsules described herein thus corresponds to a proportion of only 1.5% of the entire microcapsule.
- microcapsules according to the invention are more biodegradable than capsules according to the prior art.
- Microcapsules according to the invention have a significantly better biodegradability, as is shown in the following exemplary embodiments.
- Biodegradability is the ability of organic material to be degraded to water, carbon dioxide (CO2) and biomass after a specified time under defined temperature, oxygen and humidity conditions in the presence of microorganisms or fungi.
- a microcapsule is considered to be immediately biodegradable if more than 60% of the wall material has degraded after 28 days.
- the microcapsules of the invention have a biodegradability according to OECD 301 F after 28 days of> 10%, preferably a biodegradability of> 50%, more preferably a biodegradability of> 70% and most preferably a biodegradability of > 90%.
- the combination of the starting components enables microcapsules according to the invention to have sufficient stability (mechanical and diffusion-stable in use), high sensory performance and, at the same time, excellent biodegradability.
- the composition of the starting components allows the degree of cross-linking to be kept low, which enormously increases the biodegradability of the microcapsule. In this way, the previously applicable correlation between sensory performance, high cross-linking and biodegradability can be broken.
- the protein and polysaccharide-based microcapsules according to the present invention are suitable for a wide range of applications can be used for scenting and flavoring.
- microcapsule according to the invention is also a universal capsule with which, according to the current state of the art, a wide range of fragrances or flavorings can be encapsulated, even fragrances or flavorings that have an aldehyde, carboxylic acid or ester functionality, see above that there are no restrictions on individual active ingredients.
- the microcapsules according to the invention are suitable for a wide range of applications and in particular for use in household products, textile care products, detergents, fabric softeners, cleaning agents, scent boosters, scent lotion and fragrance enhancers, cosmetics, personal care products, agricultural products, pharmaceutical products, or print coating for paper and the like.
- the present invention therefore relates to the use of the biodegradable protein- and/or polysaccharide-based microcapsules according to the invention or a dispersion of the biodegradable protein- and/or polysaccharide-based microcapsules according to the invention for the production of household products, textile care products, detergents, fabric softeners, detergents, scent boosters, scent lotions and fragrance enhancers in liquid or solid form, cosmetics, personal care products, agricultural products, pharmaceutical products or print coating for paper.
- the microcapsules according to the invention are particularly suitable for enclosing hydrophobic fragrances or flavorings which can be used in various household and textile care products.
- the present invention relates to household products, fabric care products, detergents, fabric softeners, cleaning agents, scent boosters, scent lotions and fragrance enhancers, cosmetics, personal care products, agricultural products, pharmaceutical products or print coating for paper and the like, which contain the biodegradable biodegradable protein and /or polysaccharide-based microcapsules or a dispersion of the biodegradable protein- and/or polysaccharide-based microcapsules according to the invention.
- the proportion of microcapsules in the aforementioned products is 0.05 to 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the product, preferably 0.2 to 5% by weight.
- exemplary embodiments
- biodegradable protein- and/or polysaccharide-based microcapsules according to the invention and their advantageous properties are described in more detail using the following examples.
- Example 1 Free oil content of microcapsules according to the invention compared with microcapsules SYMCAP®G2.1 and SYMCAP®G3 according to the prior art
- the stability data below relate to a test at 40° C. in a commercial formulation such as Scent Booster or fabric softener.
- those capsules whose capsule walls are exclusively due to a polyurea network were chosen as the microcapsules of the prior art.
- a mixture consisting of hexamethylene diisocyanate and 4,4'-methyldiphenylene diisocyanate in a ratio of 80:20 was used as the polyisocyanate.
- Polyvinyl alcohol was used as a protective colloid, and guanidinium carbonate was used for crosslinking.
- no catalyst was usually used and the synthesis took place at a pH of 9.
- Microcapsules according to the invention were produced with two different proteins. On the one hand with gelatine, on the other hand with milk protein, which was additionally mixed with the amino acids glutamine L and lysine L. In both cases, the polysaccharide used is Maltodextrin DE 8-10. A mixture consisting of hexamethylene diisocyanate and 4,4'-methyldiphenylene diisocyanate in a ratio of 80:20 was used as the polyisocyanate. DABCO was used as the catalyst. Cinnamaldehyde was used as a further crosslinking agent.
- the perfume oil content in all samples was 35% of the microcapsule slurry obtained, vegetable oil being added to the perfume oil in a ratio of 1:1.
- the proportion of free oil is measured in isopropanol, ie isopropanol is added to a defined amount of the microcapsule slurry, the mixture is stirred for 30 seconds and a sample is taken from it. The sample taken is measured by GC-MS.
- the result indicates how much of the encapsulated oil went into the isopropanol or was not completely encapsulated.
- the free oil content therefore gives an indication of whether the process itself has worked, ie the perfume oil has been completely encapsulated and/or whether the capsule shell is stable enough to prevent the perfume oil from bleeding out in isopropanol. Values of less than 1% are considered an indicator of successful encapsulation and a stable capsule shell.
- the free oil content of microcapsules according to the invention was compared to the free oil content of microcapsules SYMCAP®G2.1 (100%) and SYMCAP®G3 (75%) according to the prior art.
- Sample 1 SYMCAP® G2.1: isocyanate content: 100%; crosslinked with polyvinyl alcohol and guanidinium carbonate
- Sample 2 SYMCAP® G3: isocyanate content: 75%; crosslinked with polyvinyl alcohol and guanidinium carbonate.
- Microcapsules according to the present invention are Microcapsules according to the present invention.
- Sample 3 SYMCAP B: isocyanate content 50%; gelatin and maltodextrin;
- Sample 4 SYMCAP B: isocyanate content 50%; gelatin and maltodextrin; additional crosslinking agent gallic acid;
- Sample 5 SYMCAP B: isocyanate content 30%; gelatin and maltodextrin;
- Sample 6 SYMCAP B: isocyanate content 30%; gelatin and maltodextrin; additional crosslinking agent cinnamaldehyde;
- Sample 7 SYMCAP B: isocyanate content 50%; milk protein + L-glutamine + L-lysine and maltodextrin;
- Sample 8 SYMCAP B: isocyanate content 50%; milk protein + L-glutamine + L-lysine and maltodextrin; additional crosslinking agent cinnamaldehyde; Sample 9: SYMCAP B: isocyanate content 30%; milk protein + L-glutamine + L-lysine and maltodextrin;
- Sample 10 SYMCAP B: isocyanate content 30%; milk protein + L-glutamine + L-lysine and maltodextrin; additional crosslinking agent cinnamaldehyde;
- the microcapsules of the present invention with a reduced isocyanate content have a nearly comparable free oil content as compared to the prior art microcapsules.
- Crosslinking with another crosslinking agent can further increase the stability of the microcapsule wall and further reduce the free oil content.
- microcapsule samples according to the present invention have a free oil content of less than 1%, which is an indicator of successful encapsulation and a stable capsule shell.
- Example 2 Free oil content of microcapsules according to the invention with and without additional crosslinking agent (transglutaminase (TG))
- Microcapsules were made with three different proteins. On the one hand with gelatine, on the other hand with milk protein and also with milk protein, which was additionally mixed with the amino acids L-glutamine and L-lysine. In both cases, the polysaccharide used is Maltodextrin DE 8-10. DABCO was used as the catalyst. The microcapsule samples were each prepared with and without an additional crosslinking agent; transglutaminase (TG) was used as a further crosslinking agent.
- TG transglutaminase
- the free oil content was determined as described in Example 1.
- Example 3 Stability of the microcapsules in use
- the stability of microcapsules according to the invention and prior art microcapsules prepared as described above or analogously was measured in the target application.
- the stability test was carried out using a representative softener (fabric softener) into which the microcapsule slurry was incorporated in an amount of 1% by weight and was stored at room temperature and at 40° C. in each case. After defined time intervals (24 h, 1 week), samples were taken and the stability measured.
- Sample 2 SYMCAP® G3: isocyanate content: 75%
- Microcapsules according to the present invention are Microcapsules according to the present invention.
- Sample 4 Symcap B: icocyanate content 50%, gelatin, maltodextrin
- Sample 5 Symcap B: icocyanate content 50%, milk protein, amino acids, crosslinker transglutaminase, maltodextrin
- Sample 7 Symcap B: icocyanate content 30%, gelatin, crosslinking agent tannin, maltodextrin
- the capsule contents were analyzed by means of headspace GC/MS (SPME fiber: PDMS-DVB 65 ⁇ m coat).
- fragrance components are based on an in-house database as well as commercially available analytical databases of fragrance formulas.
- Example 4 Sensory Evaluation of the Microcapsules According to the Invention
- the microcapsules according to the invention were compared with microcapsules according to the prior art, ie microcapsules that were produced as described above:
- Microcapsules according to the present invention are Microcapsules according to the present invention.
- Sample 2 SYMCAP B: isocyanate content 30%; gelatin and maltodextrin; additional crosslinking agent tannin;
- Sample 3 SYMCAP B: isocyanate content 20%; milk protein and maltodextrin; additional crosslinking agent tannin;
- the washing instructions were as follows: The laundry, including the terry towels (cotton cloth), was placed in the washing machine and the fabric softener was added to the softener compartment. The washing program “Express 20; 900 rpm was started. The terry towels were then left to dry overnight at room temperature.
- the fragrance was released in three steps. The first step describes the smelling of an untreated cloth.
- the second step describes the smelling of a lightly kneaded cloth; for this, the cloth was subjected to slight mechanical stress by moving it back and forth between the hands several times, which broke the capsules.
- the third step describes sniffing after the cloths have been rubbed vigorously, breaking the capsules. After each step, the fragrance intensity was rated.
- microcapsules of the present invention have virtually the same, if not more intense, odor than the prior art microcapsules.
- the use of a further crosslinking agent leads to better sensory performance.
- the advantage here lies in the stability of the microcapsules according to the invention. Despite the isocyanate reduction to 30% based on the capsule shell, these show comparable stability.
- microcapsules according to the invention Due to the advantageous properties described above, consistent quality and consequently also sensory stability can be expected over the long term with the microcapsules according to the invention compared to the microcapsules from the prior art. In contrast, the microcapsules according to the prior art are less readily degradable than the microcapsules according to the invention.
- biodegradability according to OECD 301 F was determined as follows: degradability of the wall material in a non-preadapted inoculum, measured by manometric respiration (oxygen consumption). Table 2:
Abstract
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WO2023232432A1 (en) * | 2022-05-31 | 2023-12-07 | Unilever Ip Holdings B.V. | Microcapsule and method |
WO2023232514A1 (en) * | 2022-05-31 | 2023-12-07 | Unilever Ip Holdings B.V. | Use of microcapsules in a laundry composition to improve the softness of a fabric |
WO2023232512A1 (en) * | 2022-05-31 | 2023-12-07 | Unilever Ip Holdings B.V. | Use of microcapsules in a laundry composition to improve the hand of a fabric |
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CN116491586B (en) * | 2022-10-25 | 2023-09-29 | 中国科学院华南植物园 | Myrtle ketone microcapsule for promoting growth of animal and application thereof |
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2020
- 2020-08-06 JP JP2023507907A patent/JP2023538276A/en active Pending
- 2020-08-06 WO PCT/EP2020/072202 patent/WO2022028705A1/en active Application Filing
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JP2023538276A (en) | 2023-09-07 |
KR20230044009A (en) | 2023-03-31 |
CN116507204A (en) | 2023-07-28 |
US20240033703A1 (en) | 2024-02-01 |
BR112023001890A2 (en) | 2023-03-07 |
KR20230044010A (en) | 2023-03-31 |
CN116322327A (en) | 2023-06-23 |
JP2023538277A (en) | 2023-09-07 |
WO2022029490A1 (en) | 2022-02-10 |
EP4192614A1 (en) | 2023-06-14 |
US20230313078A1 (en) | 2023-10-05 |
WO2022028705A1 (en) | 2022-02-10 |
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