EP3930741A1 - Utilisation de peptides cycliques fongiques de type destruxine comme agents antibactériens actifs contre clostridium perfringens - Google Patents
Utilisation de peptides cycliques fongiques de type destruxine comme agents antibactériens actifs contre clostridium perfringensInfo
- Publication number
- EP3930741A1 EP3930741A1 EP20708055.7A EP20708055A EP3930741A1 EP 3930741 A1 EP3930741 A1 EP 3930741A1 EP 20708055 A EP20708055 A EP 20708055A EP 3930741 A1 EP3930741 A1 EP 3930741A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- destruxin
- destruxins
- clostridium perfringens
- extract
- fungus
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/06—Fungi, e.g. yeasts
- A61K36/062—Ascomycota
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/15—Depsipeptides; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K11/00—Depsipeptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- C07K11/02—Depsipeptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof cyclic, e.g. valinomycins ; Derivatives thereof
Definitions
- TITLE Use of fungal cyclic peptides of the destruxin type as antibacterial agents active against Clostridium perfringens
- the present invention relates to the field of the prevention or treatment of bacterial infections, in particular by Clostridium perfringens.
- Clostridium perfringens is responsible for intestinal infections in humans as well as in animals. In humans, Clostridium perfringens is responsible for food poisoning. Clostridium perfringens is thus one of the most common causes of food poisoning in the United States and Canada (Johnson, EA, Summanen, P., & Finegold, SM (2007). Clostridium. In PR Murray (Ed.) , Manual of Clinical Microbiology (9th ed., Pp. 889-910). Washington, D.C .: ASM Press).
- Clostridium perfringens ranks 4th in number of outbreaks (2006-2007) and 1st (2006) or 3rd (2007) (Table 3) in number of cases among the causes identified in the context of the declaration.
- mandatory (DO) of collective food poisoning (TIAC) (source ANSES, https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/MIC2010sa0235Fi.pdf).
- TIAC collective food poisoning
- In farm animals Clostridium perfringens mainly infects pigs and poultry with economic (decrease in yield, mortality and cost of treatment) and health consequences (transmission to humans). In poultry farms, it can cause in its clinical form a very abnormally high mortality (up to 50% of the farm) and in its sub-clinical form infection by Clostridium perfringens generally results in significant economic losses since animal performance is greatly reduced.
- compositions which make it possible to act specifically against this strain so as not to cause changes in the intestinal flora.
- Destruxins are fungal cyclic peptides of the cyclohexadepsipeptide type produced by various fungi mainly of the genus Metarhizium anisopliae but also of the genera Metarhizium brunneum, Beauveria felina, Ophiocordyceps coccidiicola, Alternaria brassice, Alternaria linicola and Aschersonis sp.
- destruxins 35 molecules identified to date
- 7 series series A, B, C, D, E, F and G
- Pedras et al. Phytochemistry 2002, 59, 579-96 There are various destruxins (35 molecules identified to date) grouped into 7 series (series A, B, C, D, E, F and G) (Pedras et al. Phytochemistry 2002, 59, 579-96).
- destruxins of the different series differ according to the type of amino acids, the type of alpha-hydroxy acid and / or on the presence or absence of N-methylation of amino acids.
- destruxins exhibit activity against Clostridium perfringens.
- destruxins unlike other fungal cyclic peptides (Enniatins A, A1, B, B1 and Beauvericine in particular which have a broad spectrum of action with antibacterial activity on several Gram + bacteria), destruxins have shown a selectivity of action against Clostridium perfringens. This selective activity of destruxins makes it possible to consider their use for the treatment and / or prevention of infections linked to Clostridium perfringens, in particular intestinal infections in humans and farm animals, including chickens.
- the present invention relates to a composition comprising at least one destruxin for treating and / or preventing infections by Clostridium perfringens.
- the destruxin is chosen from the destruxins of the A, B, C, D, E, F or G series of fungi, or their derivatives.
- destruxins means cyclic peptides of the cyclohexadepsipeptide type, such as those produced by fungi of the genus Metarhizium anisopliae, Metarhizium brunneum, Beauveria felina, Ophiocordyceps coccidiicola, Alternaria brassice, Alternaria linicola and Aschersonis sp.
- Series A Dx A, Ai, A ⁇ , A3, A4, A 5 , A4 chlorohydrin, desmethylDx A, dihydroDx A;
- Series B B, B1, B2, desmethylDx B, Desmethyl Dx B2, homoDx, protoDx, hydroxyDx B, hydroxyhomoDx B, beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-hydroxyDx B;
- destruxins A, B, C, D, E, F or G and their derivatives the sources of which are in particular indicated in Pedras et al, supra
- destruxins A and B are commercially available (Sigma-Aldrich or A2S, purity> 98%).
- a destruxin according to the invention includes the abovementioned destruxins, as well as their derivatives, in particular defined by general formula (I) below.
- Destuxin for the antibacterial application of the invention is a functional destruxin.
- destruxin or “destruxin with functional activity” is meant a destruxin exhibiting an activity capable of preventing and or treating a bacterial infection. It can be determined whether a protein is functional by any known method, for example by an in vitro assay for the determination of antibacterial activity (MIC, as described in Example 1).
- the destruxin according to the invention can be of fungal or synthetic origin, preferably of fungal origin.
- destruxin of fungal origin includes fungal destruxin as defined above or a derivative thereof.
- R represents a hydrogen atom, a C1 -C6 alkyl group or an aralkyl group
- 2 R, 3 R, 4 R which are identical or different independently represent a hydrogen atom or a C1 -C6 alkyl group
- 5 R represents a group chosen from C2-C6 alkenyl and C1 -C6 alkyl groups optionally substituted by one or more substituents chosen from halogen atoms, hydroxy (OH), carboxy (COOH), -glycosyl groups, and 3 to 6 membered heterocyclic groups comprising one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;
- R represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or a benzyl group
- the Alkyl radicals represent saturated hydrocarbon radicals, in straight or branched chain, from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, 2-methylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl, 1 -methylpentyl.
- halogen atoms of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms, preferably fluorine.
- Alkenyl radicals represent hydrocarbon radicals of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, in a straight or branched chain, and comprising one or more ethylenic unsaturations.
- alkenyl radicals mention may in particular be made of the allyl or vinyl radicals.
- aralkyl denotes the groups AlkyleAryl where alkyl is defined as above and aryl denotes a hydrocarbon, mono or bicyclic aromatic system of 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
- alkyl is defined as above
- aryl denotes a hydrocarbon, mono or bicyclic aromatic system of 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
- —AlkyleAryl radicals mention may in particular be made of the benzyl or phenetyl radical.
- composition of the invention may comprise a destruxin in pure form as a mixture, or in the form of a fungus producing a destruxin, or an extract thereof, such as a ground material or a culture supernatant thereof, in particular an extract comprising a destruxin, or mixtures thereof.
- Beauveria feiina and Metarhizium anisopliae are in particular commercially available from DSMZ and ATCC, for example under the references DSM 4678 and ATCC ® 60335 TM or DSM 1490
- Some of these genera are commercially available or available from depositories. They are in particular commercially available from DSMZ and ATCC, for example Beauveria feiina under the reference DSM 4678; Metarrhizium anisopliae under the reference ATCC ® 60335 TM , DSM 1490 and DSM 21704; Metarhizium brunneum under the reference ATCC ® 90448 TM ; Ophiocordyceps sp.
- ATCC ® 24400 TM under the reference ATCC ® 24400 TM ; Alternaria alternata under the reference ATCC® 13963, ATCC® 66981, DSM-12633, DSM-62006, DSM-62010 or DSM-1 102; Alternaria brassicae under the reference ATCC® 58169, ATCC® 38713 or ATCC® 34642; Alternaria linicola under the reference ATCC® 201065, ATCC® 11802 or ATCC® 201658.
- the expression “supernatant” of culture or secretome is understood to mean the culture medium in which the fungus has been cultivated, after separation of said fungus.
- the compounds of formula (I) exhibit specific antibacterial activity against Clostridium perfringens.
- the compounds of formula (I) are therefore useful in the treatment and / or prevention of infections linked to Clostridium perfringens.
- compositions according to the invention can be used in human or veterinary therapy in order to treat an infection caused by Clostridium perfringens, or as a food supplement for animals in order to prevent infection by Clostridium perfringens.
- Clostridium perfringens comprises or consists of the sequence ATCC®13124 TM deposited with VATCC.
- Clostridium perfringens can comprise or consist of a sequence exhibiting a degree of identity of at least 80% to said ATCC®13124 TM sequence, available commercially, in particular at least 85% identity, preferably at least 90%. identity, and more particularly at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identity, it being understood that said sequence of Clostridium perfringens is functional.
- the present invention therefore relates to a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising a destruxin according to the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
- said composition contains an effective amount of the compound according to the invention.
- said composition is administered to a patient or an animal in need thereof.
- the present invention also relates to a destruxin according to the invention for the treatment and / or prevention of bacterial infections linked to Clostridium perfringens, such as intestinal infections, in particular necrotic enteritis.
- compositions according to the invention can be presented in forms intended for parenteral or oral administration.
- solutes or injectable suspensions or multi-dose vials in the form of naked or coated tablets, dragees, capsules, hard capsules, pills, cachets, powders, suppositories or rectal capsules. , solutions or suspensions.
- excipients which are suitable for such administrations are cellulose or microcrystalline cellulose derivatives, alkaline earth carbonates, magnesium phosphate, starches, modified starches, lactose for the solid forms.
- water, aqueous solutions, physiological saline, isotonic solutions are the most convenient vehicles used.
- the dosage can vary within wide limits (0.5 mg to 1000 mg) depending on the therapeutic indication and the route of administration, as well as the age and weight of the subject.
- the present invention also relates to food compositions comprising a destruxin according to the invention.
- Said compositions are particularly suitable for feeding farm animals such as pigs or poultry or any other farm animal likely to be infected with Clostridium perfringens.
- the present invention also relates to the use of a destruxin as a food additive for farm animals including pigs and poultry for the treatment and / or prevention of bacterial infections by infection by the Clostridium perfringens strain.
- the following examples illustrate the invention, without however limiting it.
- the starting products used are known products or products prepared according to known procedures.
- Figure 1 illustrates the evaluation of resistance induction in Clostridium perfringens by destruxins A or B and metronidazole. The appearance of resistant mutants was evaluated in the presence of destruxins A or B or metronidazole as indicated in the text.
- FIG 2 illustrates the evaluation of the permeabilizing effect of destruxins on Clostridium perfringens.
- Clostridium perfringens was exposed for 2 hours to destruxins A or B, nisin, enniatin A1 or CTAB at a dose corresponding to 5 times their MIC.
- the permeabilization of the bacterial membrane was measured using propidium iodide as explained in the text. The permeabilization is expressed as a percentage, the CTAB serving as a positive control and giving 100% permeabilization.
- the values shown in the graph correspond to the means +/- standard deviation.
- Figure 3 shows the determination of the critical insertion pressure of destruxins in a monolayer formed of lipids extracted from Clostridium perfringens.
- the critical insertion pressures of destruxins A and B, nisin, enniatin A1 and CTAB were measured as indicated in the text at a dose corresponding to 5 times their MIC.
- Figure 4 illustrates the determination of the insertion capacity of destruxins in a monolayer formed of lipids extracted from Clostridium perfringens and exhibiting an initial surface pressure corresponding to the membrane of the bacteria.
- the insertion of destruxins A and B, nisin, enniatin A1 and CTAB into a monolayer lipid mimicking the Clostridium perfringens membrane was measured as indicated in the text at a dose corresponding to 5 times their MIC.
- the values shown in the graph correspond to the mean +/- standard deviation.
- FIG 5 shows the morphological phenotype of Clostridium perfringens bacteria (ATCC 13124) incubated with different conventional antibiotics with a known mechanism of action.
- Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13124) has been exposed to various conventional antibiotics acting on the synthesis of macromolecules shown in the graph or to destruxin A (at a dose corresponding to 5 times their MIC). After 2 hours of exposure, the bacteria were labeled as indicated in the text before observation under a fluorescence microscope of the phenotypes obtained.
- the antimicrobial activity of destruxins A and B was evaluated on various strains of commercial bacteria and fungi listed in Table 2 and obtained from ATCC, DSMZ or the Institut Pasteur (CIP).
- the antimicrobial activity was measured by determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration or MIC according to the instructions of the National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS, 1997) and as described in the following publications: Oyama et al., Nature Biofilms and Microbiomes, 2017, 3, 33; Benkhaled et al., Polym. Chem., 2018, 9, 3127-3141; Olleik et al., Eur J Med Chem, 2019, 165, 133-141.
- the MIC is determined by exposure of bacteria or fungi to increasing doses of destruxins A or B or reference antibiotics obtained by cascade dilution to 1 ⁇ 2 of these molecules in the culture medium.
- each bacterial or fungal strain was cultured on a Petri dish containing the specific culture medium of the strain studied. A colony was picked and used to inoculate 3 ml of culture medium. After incubation at 37 ° C. with stirring (200 rotations per minute (rpm)) for 16 h, the optical density (OD) was read at 600 nm in order to estimate the bacterial density. The bacterial suspension was then diluted to 1/100 in 3 ml of culture medium before incubation at 37 ° C. with stirring at 200 rpm for 2-3 h until an OD 600 nm of 0.6 is obtained.
- the bacteria were then diluted in order to reach a density of 10 E5 bacteria per milliliter (10 E5 bacteria / ml).
- the density used was 10 E3 cells per ml for Candida albicans and 10 E4 conidia per millet for the other fungi.
- 100 mI of this bacterial suspension were then added to wells of a 96-well polypropylene plate (Greiner BioOne) already containing 100 mI of destruxins A or B or reference antibiotics diluted in cascade to 1 ⁇ 2 in medium of culture.
- the 96-well plates were then incubated according to the strain tested under the temperature and time conditions indicated in Table 2.
- the MIC was measured using an anaerobic chamber (Coy Laboratory Products, Grass Lake, Ml).
- CMB Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
- Table 2 Strains tested and culture conditions used.
- LB Luria-Bertoni medium
- MH Mueller-Hinton medium
- BHI Brain Heart Infusion medium
- TS Tryptocasein Soja medium
- PD Potato Dextrose
- RPMI Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium
- Middlebrook 7H9 and 7H10 selective medium for Mycobacterium.
- Table 3 MIC values of DesA, DesB, Bafilomycin A1 and Bafilomycin B obtained on various bacterial and fungal strains tested. MICs are expressed in micromolar or mM (micromole per liter).
- Clostridium perfringens strain ATCC 13124
- ATCC 13124 Clostridium perfringens strain
- V-ATPase two antibiotics with the same molecular target as the destruxins in eukaryotic cells
- Table 4 MIC values of DesA, DesB, Bafilomycin A1, B1 and metronidazole obtained on various anaerobic bacterial strains. MICs are expressed in micromolar or mM (micromole per liter).
- Clostridium strains tested are insensitive to destruxins A and B (MIC> 100 mM).
- Table 5 MIC values of various conventional antibiotics and destruxins A and B against the Clostridium perfringens strain (ATCC13124).
- MICs are expressed in micromolar or mM (micromole per liter) and mg / l (milligram per liter).
- Table 6 Comparison of MIC values of destruxins A and B and enniatin A1 against various bacterial and fungal strains. MICs are expressed in micromolar or mM (micromole per liter).
- destruxin A and destruxin B have MICs on clinical strains of Clostridium perfringens (isolated from infected patients or animals) similar to or lower than those obtained on the strain Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13124 ).
- destruxins A and B have the same activity, see are more active on strains isolated from patients or animals than on the reference strain ATCC, demonstrating their possible use in the treatment of humans and animals infected with Clostridium perfringens or in the preventive treatment of Clostridium perfringens infections in farm animals including pigs and poultry.
- metronidazole quickly leads to the appearance of resistance with a significant increase in its MIC: multiplication of the MIC by 10 after 7 days of contact and multiplication by 50-100 after 9 days of contact.
- destruxins A and B do not cause the appearance and / or selection of mutants of Clostridium perfringens resistant to their action.
- destruxins A and B have an extremely selective action, showing activity only against commercial and clinical strains of Clostridium perfringens with a very low MIC / CMB (0.75-3 mM).
- This very narrow selectivity is a major advantage of destruxins because, unlike conventional antibiotics which strongly disrupt the intestinal commensal flora, the use of destruxins will not lead to intestinal dysbiosis. This could also allow preventive treatment of farm animals including pigs and poultry with destruxins to prevent infection by Clostridium perfringens without risking disturbing the beneficial commensal flora of the animals.
- dextruxins The safety of dextruxins was first measured by a hemolysis test performed on human red blood cells as published in the paper Oyama et al., Nature Biofilms and Microbiomes, 2017, 3, 33. Red blood cells obtained from Divbioscience ( Netherlands) were washed 3 times in phosphate buffer (PBS, pH 7) then diluted to 8% (volume: volume) in PBS. 100 ml of this cell suspension were added in 96-well plates and then 100 ml of PBS containing increasing doses of destruxins A or B were added to each well. After 1 h incubation at 37 ° C, the plates were centrifuged at 800 xg for 5 min.
- PBS phosphate buffer
- destruxins were also evaluated using human intestinal cells mimicking the small intestine (Caco-2 cells (ATCC HTB-37) or colon (T84 cells (ATCC CCL-248)). and pig small intestine cells (DSM ACC701).
- Cells were routinely grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with 10% (volume: volume) feta calf serum.
- Cells were seeded in flasks. of 25 cm2 and maintained at 37 ° C in a CO 2 incubator with change of medium every other day and passage when cells reached 80-90% confluence.
- the cells For the safety tests, the cells, Caco-2, T84 or IPEC-J2 cells were trypsinized and seeded in 96-well plates. Once confluent, the cells were exposed to increasing doses of destruxins A or B or other molecules for 48 hours. After 48 hours of incubation, cell viability was measured using the Sigma-Aldrich toxicity assay kit based on resazurin (ref TOX8-1 KT). After 4 h of incubation with the reagent of the kit, the cell viability was measured by reading the fluorescence of the wells (excitation at 530 nm / emission at 590 nm). The concentration causing 50% cell death (IC50) was calculated graphically using GraphPad ® Prism 7 software.
- the transepithelial passage (apical to basal) and the intracellular accumulation of the various antibiotics were measured after addition in the apical compartment (corresponding to the intestinal lumen) of 100 mM of compound diluted in PBS containing calcium and magnesium (PBS ++). After 4 hours of incubation at 37 ° C, the transepithelial electrical resistance was measured using a voltohmeter (EVOM from Millipore) and the apical, basal and intracellular media were collected and analyzed by HPLC chromatography in order to quantify the antibiotic content.
- enniatin A1 which nevertheless belongs to the same family of fungal cyclic peptides (depsipeptides) causes hemolysis of human red blood cells with 51% hemolysis. observed at 100 mM of enniatin A1.
- Table 8 Evaluation of the hemolytic effect of destruxins A and B, enniatin A1, bafilomycin A1 or metronidazole on human red blood cells. The values given in the table indicate the percentage of hemolysis observed after 1 hour of contact with 100 mM of antibiotic.
- Table 9 Assessment of the toxicity of destruxins A and B, enniatin A1, bafilomycin A1 or metronidazole to human and porcine intestinal cells.
- the values given in the table correspond to the IC50 expressed in pmol / l (mM) (mean +/- standard deviation).
- the safety factor (calculated by dividing the IC50 obtained in the toxicity test by the MIC obtained with Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13124)) is at least 66.
- bafilomycin A1 and enniatin A1 exhibit low dose toxicity against human and porcine cells (from 1.8 to 1 1.8 mM for the bafilomycin A1 and 3.1 to XX mM for enniatin A1).
- the MICs against Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13124) being 25 mM for bafilomycin A1 and 6.25 mM for enniatin A1, unlike destruxins or metronidazole, these molecules do not present any safety factors (safety factor less than 1 for bafilomycin A1 and for eniatin A1).
- the absence of toxicity of destruxins A and B therefore also distinguishes them from enniatin A1, another fungal cyclic peptide of the depsipeptide type with antibacterial action which is very toxic to it.
- the tissue integrity after 4 hours of exposure to destruxins A or B was evaluated by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance of human or porcine intestinal cells cultured on inserts using an EVOM-type device (Table 1 1). Data show that destruxins, like metronidazole, have little or no effect on transepithelial electrical resistance (decrease between 2 and 17% for destruxins and between 0 and 34% for metronidazole) indicating that these molecules cause little or no damage. impairment of intestinal integrity.
- enniatin A1 and bafilomycin A1 cause sharp reductions in transepithelial electrical resistance (decrease between 67 and 83% for enniatin A1 and 61 and 75% for bafilomycin A1), indicating significant impairment. intestinal tissue integrity.
- Table 11 Evaluation using human and porcine intestinal epithelial cells of the tissue damage caused by destruxins A and B, enniatin A1, bafilomycin A1 and metronidazole.
- the human and porcine intestinal cells cultured on inserts were exposed for 4 h to 100 mM of each molecule added in the apical compartment of the inserts. After 4 h, tissue integrity was evaluated by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance. The values are in ohm.cm2 (mean +/- standard deviation).
- destruxins A and B The intracellular accumulation and transepithelial passage of destruxins A and B is poor, which is a good thing. In fact, following their ingestion, destruxins A and B will mainly remain in the intestinal lumen, which is an advantage for their use in the topical treatment and / or the prevention of intestinal infections caused by Clostridium perfringens.
- destruxins A and B The mechanism of action of destruxins A and B has been studied by various techniques. Most of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) reported in the literature are known to insert into the bacterial membrane forming pores and causing permeabilization / lysis of the bacterial membrane. The capacity of destruxins A and B to permeabilize the membrane of Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13124) was therefore evaluated. Nisin, a PAM known to permeabilize the bacterial membrane was used as a positive control for permeabilization. Enniatin A1's ability to form pores has also been evaluated.
- AMPs antimicrobial peptides
- the evaluation of permeabilization is done using propidium iodide, a molecule that becomes fluorescent once it comes into contact with DNA (Oyama et al., Nature Biofilms and Microbiomes, 2017, 3, 33). Since the bacterial membrane is impermeable to propidium iodide, it can only come into contact with DNA if the membrane is permeabilized.
- the principle of the test is as follows. A liquid culture of Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13124) is centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min. The bacterial pellet is then resuspended in PBS at a concentration of 10 e9 bacteria / ml.
- Propidium iodide (Sigma Aldrich) is then added to this bacterial suspension to a final concentration of 60 mM. 100 ml of this suspension are then added to the wells of a 96-well black fluorescence plate (Greiner) containing 100 ml of test molecules diluted in PBS at a concentration corresponding to 5 times their MIC. After 120 min of incubation at 37 ° C. under anaerobic condition, the fluorescence of the wells was read using a fluorescence microplate reader (excitation at 530 nm and emission at 590 nm). The permeabilization of the bacterial membrane of Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13124) was expressed as a percentage, the CTAB serving as a reference and giving 100% permeabilization.
- the lipid film formed compresses a probe positioned on the surface of the PBS causing an increase in the surface pressure measured using a surface microtensiometer (pTROUGH SX, Kibron Inc).
- the lipids are thus added until the desired surface pressure called initial surface pressure is reached (Pi, the unit of which is mN / m).
- initial surface pressure the desired surface pressure
- the antibiotics to be tested are injected into the PBS subphase using another Hamilton syringe. If the antibiotic injected is capable of inserting itself into the lipid film, an increase in the surface pressure follows until a maximum value corresponding to the maximum surface pressure (Pmax in mN / m) is reached.
- the affinity of an antibiotic for the lipid film is evaluated by measuring the critical insertion pressure (Pc).
- Pc corresponds to the initial surface pressure which does not allow the insertion of the antibiotic.
- Pc is determined graphically by measuring the DeltaP caused by the insertion of the antibiotic at different values of Pi (approximately 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mN / m).
- a bacterial suspension of Clostridium perfringens was diluted 1/100 and cultured at 37 ° C under anaerobic condition until reaching an optical density at 600 nm of 0.2. The bacteria were then treated for 2 hours with destruxins A or B or with various conventional antibiotics for which the molecular target is known. The dose of antibiotic used is 5 times their MIC.
- the bacterial membrane was labeled 10 min in ice using the red fluorescent molecule FM4-64FX (from ThermoFisher, used at 12 pg / ml) and the bacterial DNA with the blue fluorescent molecule.
- DAPI from Sigma Aldrich, used at 2 ⁇ g / ml. The bacteria were then centrifuged at 7,500 rpm for 30 sec and washed with PBS. The bacteria are then fixed with a 4% paraformaldehyde solution for 15 minutes in ice before being centrifuged again and washed with PBS.
- the lipid monolayer technique was then used to confirm the absence of insertion of destruxins A and B into the membrane of Clostridium perfringens ( Figures 3 and 4).
- the determination of the critical insertion pressure (Pc) shows that destruxins A and B insert very weakly into a lipid monolayer formed from total lipids extracted from Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13124) with a Pc value of 26.9 and 27.1 mN / m for destruxin A and destruxin B.
- Table 12 Determination of the critical insertion pressure of destruxins A and B, enniatin A1, nisin and CTAB.
- peptides antimicrobials are little or not selective, acting either on all Gram + and Gram- bacteria, or on Gram-i- or Gram- bacteria, or on a set of phylogenetically close bacteria.
- Destuxins A and B are therefore very original since they act only on Clostrium perfringens (clinical strains and ATCC) without acting on bacteria which are phylogenetically similar like the other Clostridium strains tested in Tables 3 and 4.
- the selectivity of destruxins A and B against Clostrium perfringens derives from their original mechanism of action.
- Table 13 Determination of the antimicrobial activity of the secretome obtained from the mold Beauveria felina (DSM 4678).
- the antimicrobial activity of secretomes of Beauveria felina was tested on various Gram-i- and Gram- strains by cascade dilution. Activity is expressed as the percentage of diluted secretome exhibiting activity.
- the data in Table 13 show that the secretomes of Beauveria felina (DSM 4678) are indeed active against Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13124) but also against other Gram-i-pathogenic strains such as Bacillus cereus (DSM 31) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538P). This suggests that the secretomes contain other molecules, in addition to destruxins A and B, which are active against Gram + bacteria. Although the loss of selectivity against Clostridium perfringens is detrimental, the fact that the secretomes of Beauveria felina (DSM 4678) are active against various Gram + pathogens infecting animals and humans is a positive point. The use of more purified fractions of the secretome, enriched in destruxins, should make it possible to regain selectivity against Clostridium perfringens.
- destruxins A and B demonstrate an ultra-selective activity of destruxins A and B against bacteria of the genus Clostrium perfringens responsible for intestinal infections in humans and farm animals including pigs and poultry. Due to the lack of toxicity of destruxins A and B at antibacterial doses, the use of destruxins A and B can be envisaged in the treatment of human infections by Clostridium perfringens but also in the treatment of intestinal infection by Clostridium perfringens of farm animals, including pigs and poultry.
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| FR1901896A FR3092994B1 (fr) | 2019-02-25 | 2019-02-25 | Utilisation de peptides cycliques fongiques de type destruxine comme agents antibactériens actifs contre Clostridium perfringens |
| PCT/EP2020/054877 WO2020173926A1 (fr) | 2019-02-25 | 2020-02-25 | Utilisation de peptides cycliques fongiques de type destruxine comme agents antibactériens actifs contre clostridium perfringens |
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