EP3886719A1 - Accoustic window for imaging and/or treatment of brain tissue - Google Patents

Accoustic window for imaging and/or treatment of brain tissue

Info

Publication number
EP3886719A1
EP3886719A1 EP19809486.4A EP19809486A EP3886719A1 EP 3886719 A1 EP3886719 A1 EP 3886719A1 EP 19809486 A EP19809486 A EP 19809486A EP 3886719 A1 EP3886719 A1 EP 3886719A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
window
acoustic window
openings
plate
acoustic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP19809486.4A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Guillaume BOUCHOUX
Guillaume Godefroy
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Carthera SAS
Original Assignee
Carthera SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Carthera SAS filed Critical Carthera SAS
Publication of EP3886719A1 publication Critical patent/EP3886719A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B8/00Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
    • A61B8/42Details of probe positioning or probe attachment to the patient
    • A61B8/4272Details of probe positioning or probe attachment to the patient involving the acoustic interface between the transducer and the tissue
    • A61B8/4281Details of probe positioning or probe attachment to the patient involving the acoustic interface between the transducer and the tissue characterised by sound-transmitting media or devices for coupling the transducer to the tissue
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B8/00Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
    • A61B8/08Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings
    • A61B8/0808Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings for diagnosis of the brain
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/28Bones
    • A61F2/2875Skull or cranium
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00831Material properties
    • A61B2017/00902Material properties transparent or translucent
    • A61B2017/00924Material properties transparent or translucent for ultrasonic waves
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/36Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for
    • A61B90/37Surgical systems with images on a monitor during operation
    • A61B2090/378Surgical systems with images on a monitor during operation using ultrasound
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B8/00Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
    • A61B8/44Constructional features of the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic diagnostic device
    • A61B8/4483Constructional features of the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic diagnostic device characterised by features of the ultrasound transducer
    • A61B8/4494Constructional features of the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic diagnostic device characterised by features of the ultrasound transducer characterised by the arrangement of the transducer elements
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30Joints
    • A61F2002/30001Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
    • A61F2002/30316The prosthesis having different structural features at different locations within the same prosthesis; Connections between prosthetic parts; Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
    • A61F2002/30535Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
    • A61F2002/30576Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for with extending fixation tabs
    • A61F2002/30578Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for with extending fixation tabs having apertures, e.g. for receiving fixation screws
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2310/00Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
    • A61F2310/00005The prosthesis being constructed from a particular material
    • A61F2310/00011Metals or alloys
    • A61F2310/00023Titanium or titanium-based alloys, e.g. Ti-Ni alloys
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2310/00Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
    • A61F2310/00389The prosthesis being coated or covered with a particular material
    • A61F2310/00395Coating or prosthesis-covering structure made of metals or of alloys
    • A61F2310/00419Other metals
    • A61F2310/00437Coating made of silicon or Si-based alloys
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M37/00Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin
    • A61M37/0092Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic vibrations, e.g. phonophoresis
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N7/00Ultrasound therapy
    • A61N2007/0004Applications of ultrasound therapy
    • A61N2007/0021Neural system treatment
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N7/00Ultrasound therapy

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the general technical field of ultrasound devices for imaging and / or treatment of brain tissue - human or animal - by ultrasound in order to assist a practitioner in establishing a diagnosis and / or in order to to treat a pathology.
  • the document EP 2 539 021 describes for example an apparatus for treating brain disorders comprising:
  • the operating principle of this device is as follows. Once the ultrasound device is implanted in the patient's skull, a series of treatment sessions is provided to treat the pathology that affects it. At each new treatment session, the intracorporeal device is connected to the control unit via the connection means.
  • Brain imaging can be used to allow the practitioner to follow the evolution of a brain injury or brain tumor for diagnostic and / or surgical intervention.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging is expensive and requires the patient to inject a contrast medium.
  • an external ultrasonic device capable of generating ultrasonic waves can be considered.
  • the ultrasonic device being non-implantable, it is easier to manufacture, and makes it possible to overcome the problems of sterility or MRI compatibility,
  • the ultrasonic device can be more complex than what is achievable in implantable version; for example, a transmitter of the ultrasonic device can have multiple channels, allowing adaptation by electronics of the shape of the beam to the target, - once the window has been implanted in the patient, the acoustic treatment can be adapted to counter at best the progression of the disease (treatment of a local relapse area for example).
  • the window must be minimal, whatever the geometry of the ultrasonic waves (focused, diverging or collimated), and in particular for high incidences: indeed, if the window is acoustically transparent (ie low absorption, low deformation and low reflection of ultrasonic waves) at high incidences, it is possible to treat a maximum volume of tissue by orienting the ultrasonic device to emit ultrasonic waves at different angles of incidence
  • the mechanical deformation of the window due to pressure on the patient's head must be minimal; in particular, the window must withstand a mechanical pressure exerted on it (typically a force of 100N applied to the center of the plate must generate a deformation of less than 5mm),
  • the window is compatible with MRI (no heating during the examination, no distortion of the images), - the window must be biocompatible,
  • the window allows the transmission / reception of ultrasound imaging waves
  • the thickness of the window should be reduced.
  • high angle of incidence means angles of incidence between 20 ° and 60 ° relative to an incidence normal to the window installed.
  • a window made of polyethylene has better transmission of ultrasonic waves than windows made of polystyrene, acrylic or polymethyl methylcrylate respectively (materials commonly used in craniotomy), and that the window implanted must be of significant thickness so that its mechanical resistance is sufficient.
  • the ultrasonic waves are emitted only at an incidence normal to the implanted window. So this document also does not consider the impact of the angle of incidence on the transmission of ultrasonic waves, and the heating of the implanted window.
  • An implanted window has not yet been proposed making it possible to maximize the volume of imaged or treated tissue.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an implanted window allowing the imaging or treatment of a maximum brain volume.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a craniotomy window allowing good acoustic transmission at a large angle of incidence in order to maximize the volume of imaged or treated tissue.
  • the invention provides an acoustic window capable of being implanted at an opening in the skull of a patient, said acoustic window being intended to cooperate with an external ultrasonic probe for the emission of waves.
  • ultrasonic through the acoustic window remarkable in that the acoustic window comprises a plate including a plurality of through openings, the distance between two adjacent through openings being less than five times the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the ultrasonic probe external.
  • wavelength means the wavelength in water of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe.
  • the plate has through openings as defined above allows the acoustic window according to the invention to be acoustically transparent to ultrasonic waves, in particular for ultrasonic waves emitted at significant angles of incidence.
  • the acoustic window according to the invention absorbs little ultrasonic waves, which limits heating of the window and the intermediate tissues (skin) during the emission of ultrasonic waves,
  • This acoustic transparency to ultrasonic waves is independent of the material used, so that it is possible to envisage the use of materials of high acoustic impedance for producing the acoustic window.
  • Such materials with high acoustic impedance generally have better mechanical resistance than materials with low acoustic impedance. It is thus possible to reduce the thickness of the acoustic window when it is made of a material with high acoustic impedance.
  • materials with high acoustic impedance - such as metals - can be sterilized using all known sterilization methods, in particular by autoclave. It is therefore easier to sterilize an acoustic window when it is made of a material with high acoustic impedance.
  • materials with high acoustic impedance generally have a higher heat dissipation coefficient than materials with low acoustic impedance (which are generally thermally insulating). The dissipation of heat through the acoustic window is therefore facilitated when it is made of a material with high acoustic impedance.
  • the material constituting the plate can be a material with a high acoustic impedance greater than 5 c 10 6 Pa s / m, such as a metal such as for example titanium; this improves the mechanical resistance of the acoustic window, the surface covered by the through openings can be greater than or equal to 50%, preferably greater than or equal to 75%, and even more preferably greater than or equal to 90% of the surface total of the plate (1 1); this improves the transmission coefficient of the acoustic window, the distance between two adjacent through openings may be less than twice the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe, preferably less than 1.7 times the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe, and even more preferably less than the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe;
  • each through opening may be less than twice the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe, preferably less than 1.7 times the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe, and even more preferably less than the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe;
  • the through openings can be of identical shape
  • the through openings can be evenly distributed on the plate; this improves the homogeneity of the ultrasonic wave field transmitted to the brain tissue, and limits the deformation of the transmitted ultrasonic wave field,
  • the through openings can be arranged in a square arrangement; the through openings can be arranged in a hexagonal arrangement;
  • the hexagonal arrangement makes it possible to increase the ratio between the surface covered by the through openings and the total surface of the plate,
  • the acoustic window may further comprise at least one layer of polymeric material, such as silicone, containing the plate; this makes it possible to limit the discomfort caused by the implantation of the acoustic window in the patient's skull, and also to guarantee the biocompatibility of the acoustic window, to make the acoustic window impermeable, and to modify the mechanical properties of the acoustic window ,
  • the acoustic window may further comprise at least one positioning mark
  • the acoustic window may further include a reinforcing frame extending around the periphery of the plate;
  • the invention also relates to a surgical implantation assembly comprising a packaging, in particular individual, a sanitized acoustic window as described above contained in the packaging, and instructions for using the window as an acoustic window.
  • the invention also relates to a system for imaging and / or treating brain tissue, the system including an ultrasound wave generation probe and an acoustic window as described above.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a plate including a plurality of through openings as an acoustic window of a system for imaging and / or treating brain tissue, said system including:
  • the acoustic window capable of being implanted at an opening in the skull of a patient
  • an ultrasonic wave generation probe able to cooperate with the acoustic window for the emission of ultrasonic waves through the acoustic window, the plate being such that the distance P between two adjacent through openings is less than twice the length wave of ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe.
  • the invention also relates to a method for imaging and / or treating brain tissue from a system including an ultrasound wave generation probe and an acoustic window as described above, the method comprising the steps consisting in:
  • tilt the probe relative to the acoustic window to emit ultrasonic waves through the acoustic window at an angle of incidence between 0 and 60 ° relative to an angle of incidence normal to the acoustic window, said angle of incidence being in particular greater than 20 ° (preferably 30 °) relative to the normal angle of incidence.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a system including an acoustic window and an acoustic wave emission probe;
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the transmission and reflection of a deflected ultrasonic wave through an acoustic window
  • FIGS. 3 to 5 are schematic representations from above of different alternative embodiments of an acoustic window
  • FIG. 6 and 7 are graphs representing the transmission rate of ultrasonic waves as a function of the angle of incidence of the probe;
  • FIG. 8 is an example of a method of treating a pathology using an imaging system and / or treatment of brain tissue
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of an arrangement for measuring the transmission coefficient of an acoustic window.
  • FIG. 1 there is schematically illustrated a system for imaging and / or processing brain tissue.
  • the system for imaging and / or processing brain tissue includes:
  • a probe 2 capable of generating ultrasonic waves.
  • This system allows a practitioner to check the evolution of brain tissue by imaging and / or to treat brain tissue using ultrasound.
  • the window 1 is intended to be implanted in the patient, in particular at the level of an opening made in his skull 4. This provides protection to the brain and prevents its deformation due to changes in pressure.
  • the window is advantageously sterilizable by any technique known to a person skilled in the art (by autoclave and / or by using a gas such as ethylene oxide, and / or by irradiation by X or gamma rays), once the window conditioned in its packaging. This produces a packaged acoustic window sanitized during its manufacture and which can therefore be used directly by the surgeon.
  • the probe 2 is adapted to be manipulated by the practitioner, or by an automatic displacement system carrying the probe. It comprises a housing 23 in which are housed transducers 21 for the generation of ultrasonic waves.
  • the transducers can be arranged in a linear or matrix array of phase control transducers (also known as "phased array” transducers. Such phase control transducers can be independently controlled to generate acoustic signals having different phases in order to to vary the direction of propagation of the ultrasonic waves.
  • the housing is connected to a control device by means of an electrically conductive cable 22.
  • the probe may also include a coupling element - for example a gel or a bag containing a liquid such as water - intended to be positioned between the transducers and the patient to transmit the ultrasonic waves between the transducer and the patient.
  • a coupling element - for example a gel or a bag containing a liquid such as water - intended to be positioned between the transducers and the patient to transmit the ultrasonic waves between the transducer and the patient.
  • a coupling element - for example a gel or a bag containing a liquid such as water - intended to be positioned between the transducers and the patient to transmit the ultrasonic waves between the transducer and the patient.
  • the window 1 installed must comply with certain conditions with regard in particular to its dimensions (which are limited), and its absorption / reflection rates of ultrasound which must be minimal.
  • a first solution may consist in increasing the dimensions of window 1, and in positioning the probe 2 to the right of window 1 at a normal angle of incidence N to emit ultrasound;
  • the length and width of a window 1 cannot be greater than maximum length and width limits without jeopardizing the integrity of the patient
  • a second solution may consist (as illustrated in FIG. 2) of tilting the probe 2 around the normal incidence N to emit ultrasonic waves at different angles of incidence;
  • the increase in the angle of incidence generally induced an increase in the reflection of the ultrasound by the window 1 and in its absorption rate (the thickness of the acoustic window crossed by the ultrasound being less depending on normal incidence relative to any other angle of incidence).
  • This variation in the transmission of ultrasound is troublesome in clinical applications because the acoustic field present in the brain is not controlled. If the general trend is that the transmission drastically reduces when approaching the critical angle, it may be higher in non-normal incidence.
  • windows according to the invention is that the variation is very low and much better controlled than for plates according to the prior art, which allows a much better control of the pressure applied to the patient's brain whatever the angle. incidence or beam shape. This is essential for our application (opening of the BBB where the pressure in the brain must be as precise as possible)
  • acoustic window means an implanted window whose transmission coefficient in amplitude of the ultrasonic waves is greater than 80% for angles of incidence between 0 and 30 ° relative to normal incidence.
  • the amplitude transmission coefficient can be measured using the method described below.
  • An ultrasonic transmitter (flat element in piezo composite material with a diameter of 10mm operating at 1 MHz) is used to generate a wave in water.
  • the transmitter is excited by a wave burst (for example 10 sinus periods or 10ps).
  • An ultrasonic receiver (an Onda HNC0200-1 168 hydrophone and its Onda preamplifier AH-2020-20-025- 1 127_1 -20t) is immersed in water in front of the transmitter, in its axis, in the area known as far field, 5cm from the transmitter.
  • the precise position of the receiver in the plane normal to the acoustic axis is adjusted to maximize the amplitude of the received signal (positioning can be done using a motorized bench or manually).
  • the amplitude of the signal received at the frequency of interest is measured using an oscilloscope (ie the effective value excluding transients), which serves as the reference amplitude without window.
  • the acoustic window is positioned between the transmitter and the receiver.
  • the distance between the transmitter and the acoustic window is of the order of the distance between an implanted window and an extracorporeal transmitter (for example 1 or 2 cm).
  • the angle between the window and the acoustic axis is chosen (angle of incidence of the wave).
  • a new measurement of the amplitude at the receiver is carried out.
  • the assembly used which is conventional for this type of measurement, is illustrated in FIG. 9.
  • the plate 61 including the through openings is placed in a tank 62 filled with water 63 between the hydrophone 64 and the transducer 65.
  • the transducer 65 is a disc 10mm diameter plane in ceramic piezo (PZ 26, Ferroperm Piezoceramics) resonating at 1 MHz. It is powered by a CarThera generator (not shown) (GEN-00 IGT).
  • the signal collected by the hydrophone 64 (HYD04) is preamplified then amplified (Onda equipment) then sampled via an oscilloscope (Picoscope 3205D) at a frequency of 250 kHz. Degassed water is used to suppress the influence of gas bubbles.
  • a 1 MHZ wave (frequency of interest used clinically for the opening of the blood-brain barrier) with a duration of 1 ps with a Tr of 20 ms is generated.
  • the signal from the hydrophone is averaged over 50 repetitions to increase the signal-to-noise ratio ("SNR", acronym for the Anglo-Saxon expression “Signal to Noise Ratio”).
  • SNR signal-to-noise ratio
  • a measurement of the amplitude of the received signal is carried out without a plate, and serves as a reference to calculate the transmission through the plate.
  • the amplitude of the received signal is measured by positioning the plate on a support 66 between the hydrophone 64 and the transducer 65.
  • the transmission is calculated using the following formula:
  • - corresponds to the absolute value of the average (averaged over fifty repetitions) of the signal measured by the hydrophone when the plate is placed on the support
  • the beam incidence is first normal (zero deflection) then it is varied in steps from 10 ° to 50 ° to measure the transmission coefficient of the plate for different angles of incidence of the ultrasonic waves.
  • acoustic window 1 used to close an opening in the skull 4 of a patient for imaging and / or ultrasound treatment.
  • the window 1 comprises a plate 1 1.
  • the plate 1 is generally rectangular, but can have any shape, such as a circular shape.
  • the dimensions of the plate 1 (length and width) can be between 1 and 15 centimeters.
  • the plate 1 can be substantially flat. Alternatively, the plate 1 can be curved or deformed to follow the curvature of the skull 4 of the patient.
  • the plate 1 1 comprises a plurality of through openings 12. These through openings can be obtained by drilling a solid plate, by molding, or by weaving of wires - especially metallic - in order to form a grid made up of mesh wires.
  • Each dimension D (length, width) of each through opening 12 is preferably less than twice the wavelength (in water) of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe 2, and preferably less than 1.7 times the length wave (in water) of ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe 2.
  • each dimension D of each through opening 12 is less than 3 millimeters, preferably less than 2 millimeters.
  • the distance P between two adjacent through openings 12 is less than five times, preferably less than twice the wavelength (in water) of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe 2, and even more preferably less than 1 , 7 times the wavelength (in water) of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe 2.
  • the distance P between two adjacent through openings 12 is less to 3 millimeters, preferably less than 2 millimeters.
  • adjacent through openings means two adjacent through openings 12 between which there is no other through opening.
  • two through openings 12 are said to be “adjacent” when the space between said adjacent through openings is devoid of a through opening.
  • the term “distance between the through openings” means the length separating the start (respectively the center or the end) of two successive adjacent openings in a given direction. When the through openings are arranged in a periodic network, this distance corresponds to a step (or period).
  • a window 1 according to the invention composed of a plate including a network of through openings 12 of dimensions and of a distance less than twice the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe 2 has many advantages, and especially :
  • the distance P between two adjacent through openings 12 is equal to or less than l, where l is the wavelength in the water of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe 2. Still advantageously P ⁇ h / 2. This makes the transmission of the ultrasonic waves very regular regardless of the angle of incidence a of the probe 2.
  • the through openings 12 are arranged in a network.
  • the through openings 12 are regularly distributed on the plate 1 1, and have an identical shape. This ensures the homogeneity of the field of ultrasonic waves transmitted to the brain tissue. This also makes it possible to limit the deformation of the field of ultrasonic waves transmitted to the brain tissue.
  • the plate 11 may include through openings 12 of distinct shapes and / or irregularly distributed, depending in particular on the intended application.
  • the through openings 12 are arranged in a square arrangement 13 (ie “round mesh 90", “square mesh 90").
  • the center of each through opening 12 is: - aligned with the centers of the adjacent openings in a first direction X, and
  • the through openings 12 are arranged in a hexagonal arrangement 14 (i.e. "mesh 60").
  • the center of each opening is:
  • the hexagonal arrangement 14 (FIG. 3) has a better transmission coefficient of the ultrasonic waves than the square arrangement 13 (FIGS. 4, 5) for the same opening percentage. Indeed, the hexagonal arrangement makes it possible to increase the ratio between the surface covered by the through openings and the total surface of the plate.
  • the through openings 12 can be of different shapes. In the embodiments illustrated in Figures 3 and 4, the through openings 12 are round. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 5, the through openings 12 are square. Of course, the through openings 12 can have other shapes (triangular, elliptical, pentagonal, hexagonal, honeycomb, diamond, etc.).
  • the inventors have in fact observed that the shape of the through openings 12 has no influence on the transmission coefficient of the ultrasonic waves, as long as the conditions on the distance between the through openings are respected (cf. point 3.1.1. ).
  • An advantage of the use of through openings 12 of round shape is that the plate 1 1 has better mechanical resistance to shear stresses likely to be applied to the window 1 during its implantation.
  • the ratio between the area covered by the through openings 12 divided by the total area of the plate 1 1 is greater than or equal to 50%, preferably greater than 75%, and even more preferably greater than or equal to 90%.
  • the transmission coefficient of ultrasonic waves increases when the material to vacuum ratio decreases, that is to say when the surface of the plate 1 1 occupied by the material divided by the surface of the plate occupied by the through openings decreases.
  • the thickness of the plate is less than 1 mm (especially if the material constituting the plate is a metal).
  • the transmission coefficient of ultrasonic waves increases when the thickness of the plate decreases.
  • the thickness of the plate is preferably sufficient to ensure mechanical rigidity. This makes it possible to have a plate 1 1 satisfying the minimum deformation criterion which an acoustic window 1 must comply with when a mechanical pressure is exerted on it (typically a force of 100N applied to the center of the plate must cause deformation less than 5mm).
  • the thickness of the plate 1 1 is preferably between 80pm and 500pm.
  • the plate 1 1 is not necessarily made of an acoustically transparent material to allow the passage of the ultrasonic waves generated by the probe 2 through the acoustic window in order to process / image the brain tissue.
  • the material constituting the plate is a metal.
  • a metal plate makes it possible to respond to the mechanical deformation constraints which the acoustic window must satisfy (ie mechanical deformation less than 2.5 mm in response to a bearing force of 50 Newtons applied to the center of the plate) .
  • the metal constituting the plate is titanium (or another metal or another material, possibly covered with parylene or equivalent if it is not biocompatible per se). The use of titanium has many advantages:
  • Titanium is a material well accepted by the bone structure (good biocompatibility), which limits the risks of rejection of the acoustic window after its implantation,
  • Titanium is a very solid material.
  • a metal plate can be relatively transparent to ultrasound applied at a normal incidence to the plate, if its thickness is equal to half the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted.
  • a plate becomes unsuitable for constituting an acoustic window if the ultrasonic waves are emitted at angles of incidence other than the normal incidence (the ultrasonic waves then passing through a thickness of plate greater than the half their wavelength, which greatly attenuates their transmission).
  • the material constituting the plate 1 1 may be another material than a metal.
  • the plate 1 1 can be made of a polymer material (such as polyethylene, polystyrene, acrylic, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) or poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)) or a thermoplastic elastomer (such than PEBAX).
  • the window 1 may also include a reinforcing frame extending at the edges of the plate 1 1. This increases the mechanical resistance of window 1.
  • the reinforcing frame may consist of rods (or plates) of rigid material - such as titanium or stainless steel or any other biocompatible metal known to those skilled in the art - having a thickness greater than the thickness of the plate 1 1.
  • window 1 can be installed:
  • Window 1 can be attached to the skull 4:
  • the window 1 may also include one (or more) layer (s) of acoustically transparent material around the plate 1 1, such as parylene or silicone. More specifically, the plate 1 1 can be embedded in the (or) layer (s) of material.
  • the coating of the window in such a material makes it possible to limit the discomfort caused by the implantation of the acoustic window in the patient's skull. Indeed, the abrasive nature of the plate including the through openings can cause irritation of the dura mater or of the skin covering the acoustic window.
  • the coating can have other functions:
  • an ideal material for forming the plate would be silicone. Nevertheless, the silicone as such is too soft to satisfy this minimal deformation constraint.
  • the plate according to the invention is incorporated into a layer of silicone, this makes it possible to stiffen the silicone layer, while maximizing the ultrasonic transmission coefficient of the acoustic window.
  • the window 1 may also include one (or more) positioning mark (s) allowing the practitioner to identify the position of the plate 1 1 once it has been implanted and covered with the skin of the patient's skull.
  • positioning markers makes it possible to reduce the time necessary for the implementation of an imaging and / or processing session of the brain tissue, in particular by facilitating the identification of the acoustic window and therefore the positioning of the probe. next to window 1 in order to image and / or treat the underlying brain tissue.
  • Each positioning marker can consist of:
  • a position marker visible by ultrasound - such as a metallic structure or an echogenic plastic structure, or
  • An optically visible position marker for example in the infrared range.
  • each marker can be different and include a code making it possible to locate and characterize the window 1.
  • each marker comprises a substrate having a first acoustic impedance and an element having a second acoustic impedance.
  • the element of second acoustic impedance is buried at a different depth in the substrate so that the distribution of the elements in the substrate constitutes a code allowing the identification of said marker.
  • the practitioner implants (step 100) the window 1 in the skull of the patient. It makes one (or more) opening (s) in the skull of the patient, and fixes a window 1 in the opening (or in each respective opening) by gluing or anchoring.
  • the practitioner can fill the free space between window 1 and the dura with a suitable material (gel or saline solution).
  • the practitioner covers the window with the patient's skin.
  • the incision of the patient's skin is made so as to prevent the scar resulting from the closure of the skin after implantation of the window covering the window (the quality of transmission of ultrasonic waves being reduced through the scars).
  • a succession of imaging and / or treatment sessions of brain tissue can be provided to the patient.
  • the practitioner implements a detection step (step 200) of the position of window 1. He switches the probe into a tracking mode (probe transducers or specific transmitters / receivers activated by ultrasound mode A), apply a transmission gel for ultrasound to the patient's hair, and move the probe over the patient's skull to detect the position of window 1.
  • a tracking mode probe transducers or specific transmitters / receivers activated by ultrasound mode A
  • the processing unit sends information to the practitioner asking him to keep the probe stationary.
  • the probe can be removed to reapply transmission gel on the patient's hair above the window before repositioning (step 300) the probe in line with window 1.
  • the practitioner directs the probe to emit the ultrasonic waves in one (or more) direction (s) of interest according to different angles of incidence between 0 and 60 ° relative to the normal incidence ( 90-30 compared to the grazing incidence).
  • the practitioner activates the transducers to allow imaging or processing of the brain tissue (step 400).
  • Titanium titanium
  • PEEK polyetheretherketone
  • the characteristics chosen for the acoustic window including a solid plate are those allowing to obtain the best performance (in terms of transmission of ultrasonic waves) for a solid plate while ensuring adequate mechanical performance.
  • the probe 2 used emitted ultrasonic waves at a frequency of 1 MHz.
  • the transmission coefficients of the two acoustic windows were studied for different inclinations of the probe 2 around the normal incidence (angle of inclination between 0 and 50 ° around the normal incidence).
  • FIG. 6 is a graph representing the transmission rate of the ultrasonic waves as a function of the angle of incidence of the probe 2.
  • the acoustic window including a plate solid has good transmission coefficients (> 85%) for angles of incidence between 0 ° and 20 °. When the angle of incidence of the probe exceeds 20 °, the transmission coefficient decreases sharply to become zero when the angle of incidence is substantially equal to 30 °.
  • the acoustic window according to the invention has transmission coefficients greater than 90% for all angles of incidence between 0 ° and 50 °. It can also be seen in FIG. 6 that the value of the transmission coefficient obtained with a window according to the invention remains substantially constant whatever the angle of incidence of the ultrasonic waves.
  • the acoustic impedance of the assembly “ plate + openings ” is equal to the average between the acoustic impedance of the water (1.5 MRayleigh) and the acoustic impedance of the metal (27 MRayl for titanium):
  • an acoustic window has transmission coefficients greater than 90% for angles of incidence between 0 and 60 ° relative to the normal incidence.
  • an acoustic window including through openings in a system for imaging and / or treatment of brain tissue comprising said window and a generation probe. of ultrasonic waves intended to be positioned at the right of the acoustic window.
  • Figure 7 - which is a graph representing the transmission rate of ultrasonic waves as a function of the angle of incidence of probe 2 - illustrates the result of this experimental study.
  • the acoustic window plates according to the invention consisted of metal grids made up of mesh wires, and having the following characteristics:
  • the transmission curves 53, 54, 55 of the acoustic windows according to the invention are greater than 95% for angles of incidence between 0 and 60 ° relative to the normal incidence N.
  • the transmission curve 51 of the acoustic window comprising a plate full of PEEK tends towards 0 for angles of incidence greater than 20 °.
  • the acoustic window according to the invention makes it possible to maximize the transmission of the ultrasonic waves generated by an ultrasonic probe (higher transmission coefficient at 90%) for large angles of incidence (ie angle of incidence between 0 and 60 ° relative to the normal incidence N), without deforming the field of ultrasonic waves.
  • the acoustic window according to the invention allows the imaging or the processing of a maximum cerebral volume in comparison with the acoustic windows including a full plate.
  • the through openings of the plate may have different shapes.

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Abstract

The invention relates to an acoustic window (1) designed to be implanted at an opening provided in the cranium (4) of a patient, said acoustic window (1) being intended to interact with an external ultrasonic probe (2) for emitting ultrasonic waves through said acoustic window (1), characterised in that the acoustic window comprises a plate (11) that has a plurality of through-openings (12), the distance (P) between these through-openings (12) being less than twice the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe (2).

Description

FENETRE ACOUSTIQUE POUR L’IMAGERIE ET/OU LE TRAITEMENT D’UN TISSU ACOUSTIC WINDOW FOR IMAGING AND / OR TREATING TISSUE
CEREBRAL CEREBRAL
DOMAINE DE L'INVENTION FIELD OF THE INVENTION
La présente invention concerne le domaine technique général des dispositifs ultrasonores pour l’imagerie et/ou le traitement d’un tissu cérébral - humain ou animal - par ultrasons afin d’aider un praticien dans l’établissement d’un diagnostic et/ou afin de traiter une pathologie. The present invention relates to the general technical field of ultrasound devices for imaging and / or treatment of brain tissue - human or animal - by ultrasound in order to assist a practitioner in establishing a diagnosis and / or in order to to treat a pathology.
ARRIERE PLAN DE L'INVENTION BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Principe général 1. General principle
On connaît différentes techniques permettant de traiter ou d'imager un tissu cérébral. Various techniques are known for treating or imaging brain tissue.
1.1. Traitement 1.1. Treatment
On connaît différentes techniques permettant de traiter un tissu cérébral, notamment par ultrasons. Various techniques are known for treating brain tissue, in particular by ultrasound.
Le document EP 2 539 021 décrit par exemple un appareil de traitement d'affections du cerveau comprenant : The document EP 2 539 021 describes for example an apparatus for treating brain disorders comprising:
- un dispositif ultrasonore implantable réalisé en matériau non ferromagnétique, - an implantable ultrasonic device made of non-ferromagnetic material,
- une unité de commande distante du dispositif ultrasonore, et - a remote control unit from the ultrasonic device, and
- des moyens de connexion entre le dispositif ultrasonore et l’unité de commande. - connection means between the ultrasonic device and the control unit.
Le principe de fonctionnement de cet appareil est le suivant. Une fois le dispositif ultrasonore implanté dans le crâne du patient, une succession de séances de traitement lui est prodiguée pour traiter la pathologie qui l’affecte. A chaque nouvelle séance de traitement, le dispositif intracorporel est relié à l’unité de commande par l’intermédiaire des moyens de connexion. The operating principle of this device is as follows. Once the ultrasound device is implanted in the patient's skull, a series of treatment sessions is provided to treat the pathology that affects it. At each new treatment session, the intracorporeal device is connected to the control unit via the connection means.
Même si l’appareil décrit dans EP 2 539 021 permet un traitement efficace des affections du cerveau, il serait souhaitable de disposer d’une technique de traitement alternative permettant d’appliquer les ondes ultrasonores depuis l’extérieur du crâne de sorte à simplifier le travail du praticien, l’installation des moyens de connexion entre le dispositif ultrasonore et l’unité de commande pouvant parfois être difficile à mettre en œuvre. Even if the apparatus described in EP 2 539 021 allows an effective treatment of the affections of the brain, it would be desirable to have an alternative treatment technique allowing to apply the ultrasonic waves from outside the skull so as to simplify the work of the practitioner, the installation of the connection means between the ultrasonic device and the control unit can sometimes be difficult to implement.
1.2. Imagerie 1.2. Imagery
L'imagerie cérébrale (ou neuro-imagerie) peut être utilisée pour permettre au praticien de suivre l’évolution d’une lésion cérébrale ou d’une tumeur cérébrale dans une visée diagnostique et/ou d'intervention chirurgicale. Brain imaging (or neuroimaging) can be used to allow the practitioner to follow the evolution of a brain injury or brain tumor for diagnostic and / or surgical intervention.
Les techniques d’imagerie le plus souvent utilisées consistent en la tomodensitométrie (communément appelée scanner) et l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM). Même si ces techniques sont efficaces, elles présentent des inconvénients. L'imagerie par résonance magnétique présente un coût élevé et nécessite l’injection d’un produit de contraste au patient. The most commonly used imaging techniques are computed tomography (commonly called a scanner) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Even if these techniques are effective, they have drawbacks. Magnetic resonance imaging is expensive and requires the patient to inject a contrast medium.
Il est donc souhaitable de disposer d’une technique alternative pour permettre l’imagerie cérébrale. It is therefore desirable to have an alternative technique to allow brain imaging.
On connaît également des techniques d’imagerie basées sur l’utilisation d’ondes ultrasonores pour imager un tissu cérébral. Toutefois, ces techniques se heurtent à la difficulté de transmission des ondes ultrasonores à travers la boîte crânienne du patient. There are also known imaging techniques based on the use of ultrasound waves to image brain tissue. However, these techniques come up against the difficulty of transmitting ultrasonic waves through the patient's skull.
1.3. Utilisation combinée d’une fenêtre implantée et d’un dispositif ultrasonore externe 1.3. Combined use of an implanted window and an external ultrasonic device
Pour pallier les inconvénients des méthodes de traitement/imagerie existantes, l’utilisation combinée : To overcome the drawbacks of existing treatment / imaging methods, combined use:
- d’une fenêtre implantée dans l’épaisseur du crâne d’un patient, et - a window implanted in the thickness of a patient's skull, and
- d’un dispositif ultrasonore externe apte à générer des ondes ultrasonores, peut être envisagée. - an external ultrasonic device capable of generating ultrasonic waves, can be considered.
En effet, une telle combinaison (fenêtre implantée / dispositif ultrasonore externe) semble présenter de nombreux avantages : Indeed, such a combination (implanted window / external ultrasonic device) seems to have many advantages:
- le dispositif ultrasonore étant non implantable, il est plus facile à fabriquer, et permet de s’affranchir des problèmes de stérilité ou de compatibilité IRM, - the ultrasonic device being non-implantable, it is easier to manufacture, and makes it possible to overcome the problems of sterility or MRI compatibility,
- le dispositif ultrasonore peut être plus complexe que ce qui est réalisable en version implantable ; par exemple un émetteur du dispositif ultrasonore peut disposer de canaux multiples, permettant une adaptation par l’électronique de la forme du faisceau à la cible, - une fois la fenêtre implantée chez le patient, on peut adapter le traitement acoustique pour contrer au mieux à l’évolution de la maladie (traitement d’une zone de rechute locale par exemple). - the ultrasonic device can be more complex than what is achievable in implantable version; for example, a transmitter of the ultrasonic device can have multiple channels, allowing adaptation by electronics of the shape of the beam to the target, - once the window has been implanted in the patient, the acoustic treatment can be adapted to counter at best the progression of the disease (treatment of a local relapse area for example).
2. Contraintes liées à l’utilisation combinée d’une fenêtre implantée et d’un dispositif ultrasonore externe 2. Constraints related to the combined use of an implanted window and an external ultrasonic device
Toutefois même si l’utilisation combinée d’une fenêtre implantée et d’un dispositif ultrasonore externe constitue une méthode de traitement / d’imagerie prometteuse, l’importance d’émettre des ondes ultrasonores au travers de la fenêtre implantée selon des angles d’incidence importants n’a pas été prise en compte. However, even if the combined use of an implanted window and an external ultrasonic device constitutes a promising treatment / imaging method, the importance of emitting ultrasonic waves through the implanted window at angles of significant impact has not been taken into account.
Or, la possibilité d’incliner le dispositif ultrasonore relativement à la fenêtre implantée sans modifier le comportement de la fenêtre implantée (i.e. sans réduire le coefficient de transmission des ondes ultrasonores et sans augmenter l’échauffement de la fenêtre implantée) est d’une importance capitale pour permettre de traiter / d’imager un grand volume tissulaire. However, the possibility of tilting the ultrasonic device relative to the implanted window without modifying the behavior of the implanted window (ie without reducing the transmission coefficient of the ultrasonic waves and without increasing the heating of the implanted window) is of importance. capital for processing / imaging a large tissue volume.
Ainsi, la fenêtre implantée doit respecter certaines conditions : Thus, the window installed must respect certain conditions:
- les dimensions de la fenêtre doivent être réduites (il n’est pas possible de remplacer toute la boîte crânienne par une fenêtre implantée), - the window dimensions must be reduced (it is not possible to replace the entire skull with an implanted window),
- l’absorption, les aberrations et la réflexion des ondes ultrasonores par la fenêtre doivent être minimales, quelle que soit la géométrie des ondes ultrasonores (focalisée, divergente ou collimatée), et notamment pour des incidences élevées : en effet, si la fenêtre est acoustiquement transparente (i.e. faible absorption, faible déformation et faible réflexion des ondes ultrasonores) aux incidences élevées, il est possible de traiter un volume maximal de tissu en orientant le dispositif ultrasonore pour émettre des ondes ultrasonores selon des angles d’incidence différents - the absorption, the aberrations and the reflection of the ultrasonic waves by the window must be minimal, whatever the geometry of the ultrasonic waves (focused, diverging or collimated), and in particular for high incidences: indeed, if the window is acoustically transparent (ie low absorption, low deformation and low reflection of ultrasonic waves) at high incidences, it is possible to treat a maximum volume of tissue by orienting the ultrasonic device to emit ultrasonic waves at different angles of incidence
- la déformation mécanique de la fenêtre due à une pression sur la tête du patient doit être minimale ; notamment, la fenêtre doit résister à une pression mécanique exercée sur celle-ci (typiquement une force de 100N appliquée au centre de la plaque doit engendrer une déformation inférieure à 5mm), - the mechanical deformation of the window due to pressure on the patient's head must be minimal; in particular, the window must withstand a mechanical pressure exerted on it (typically a force of 100N applied to the center of the plate must generate a deformation of less than 5mm),
- de préférence la fenêtre est compatible avec l’IRM (pas d’échauffement pendant l’examen, pas de déformation des images), - la fenêtre doit être biocompatible, - preferably the window is compatible with MRI (no heating during the examination, no distortion of the images), - the window must be biocompatible,
- de préférence la fenêtre permet la transmission/réception des ondes ultrasonores d’imagerie, - preferably the window allows the transmission / reception of ultrasound imaging waves,
- de préférence l‘épaisseur de la fenêtre doit être réduite. - preferably the thickness of the window should be reduced.
On entend, dans le cadre de la présente invention, par « angle d’incidence élevés », des angles d’incidence compris entre 20° et 60° relativement à une incidence normale à la fenêtre implantée. In the context of the present invention, the term "high angle of incidence" means angles of incidence between 20 ° and 60 ° relative to an incidence normal to the window installed.
Il a déjà été proposé différentes fenêtres implantées permettant de répondre à certaines de ces contraintes. Various windows have already been proposed which make it possible to meet some of these constraints.
Le document “An ultrasound window to perform scanned, focused ultrasound hyperthermia treatments of brain tumors.,” de J. Tobias, K. Hynynen, R. Roemer, N. Guthkelch, S. Fleischer, et J. Shively, Med. Phys., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 228-234, 1987, est une étude de différents matériaux susceptibles de constituer une fenêtre implantée dans le but de traiter des tumeurs cérébrales par hyperthermie induite par ultrasons focalisés (HIFU). Ce document enseigne à l’homme du métier qu’une fenêtre constituée en polyéthylène présente une meilleure transmission des ondes ultrasonores que des fenêtres constituées respectivement en polystyrène, en acrylique ou en polyméthyle- méthylcrylate (matériaux communément utilisés en craniotomie), et que la fenêtre implantée doit être d’épaisseur importante pour que sa résistance mécanique soit suffisante. The document “An ultrasound window to perform scanned, focused ultrasound hyperthermia treatments of brain tumors.,” By J. Tobias, K. Hynynen, R. Roemer, N. Guthkelch, S. Fleischer, and J. Shively, Med. Phys., Vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 228-234, 1987, is a study of various materials capable of constituting an implanted window for the purpose of treating brain tumors by hyperthermia induced by focused ultrasound (HIFU). This document teaches those skilled in the art that a window made of polyethylene has better transmission of ultrasonic waves than windows made of polystyrene, acrylic or polymethyl methylcrylate respectively (materials commonly used in craniotomy), and that the window implanted must be of significant thickness so that its mechanical resistance is sufficient.
Cependant dans ce document, l’impact de l’angle d’incidence sur la transmission des ondes ultrasonores, et les risques liés à l’échauffement de la fenêtre implantée lors de l’émission des ondes ultrasonores n’ont pas été considérés. However, in this document, the impact of the angle of incidence on the transmission of ultrasonic waves, and the risks linked to the heating of the window implanted during the emission of ultrasonic waves have not been considered.
Le document“Novel Cranial Implants of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia as Acoustic Windows for Ultrasonic Brain Therapy” de M. I. Gutierrez, E. H. Penilla, L. Leija, A. Vera, J. E. Garay, et G. Aguilar, Adv. Flealthc. Mater., vol. 1700214, pp. 1-1 1 , 2017 enseigne à l’homme du métier qu’une fenêtre implantée constituée en céramique (Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia) permet une bonne transmission acoustique (81 %) à une épaisseur proche de l/2, avec l la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores dans la fenêtre implantée. The document “Novel Cranial Implants of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia as Acoustic Windows for Ultrasonic Brain Therapy” by M. I. Gutierrez, E. H. Penilla, L. Leija, A. Vera, J. E. Garay, and G. Aguilar, Adv. Flealthc. Mater., Vol. 1700214, pp. 1-1 1, 2017 teaches the skilled person that an implanted window made of ceramic (Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia) allows good acoustic transmission (81%) at a thickness close to 1/2, with the length d wave of ultrasonic waves in the implanted window.
Toutefois dans ce document, les ondes ultrasonores sont émises uniquement selon une incidence normale à la fenêtre implantée. Ainsi ce document ne considère pas non plus l’impact de l’angle d’incidence sur la transmission des ondes ultrasonores, et l’échauffement de la fenêtre implantée. However, in this document, the ultrasonic waves are emitted only at an incidence normal to the implanted window. So this document also does not consider the impact of the angle of incidence on the transmission of ultrasonic waves, and the heating of the implanted window.
Ces études posent une première base de recherche. Néanmoins, de nombreux éléments restent à évaluer pour permettre l’utilisation combinée : These studies provide a first basis for research. However, many elements remain to be evaluated to allow combined use:
- d’une fenêtre implantée, et - an implanted window, and
- d’un dispositif ultrasonore externe, - an external ultrasonic device,
afin de traiter/imager un tissu cérébral. to process / image brain tissue.
En effet, au vu des différentes contraintes indiquées ci-dessus, il n’a pas encore été proposé de fenêtre implantée permettant de maximiser le volume de tissu imagé ou traité. Un but de la présente invention est de proposer une fenêtre implantée permettant l’imagerie ou le traitement d’un volume cérébral maximal. Indeed, in view of the various constraints indicated above, an implanted window has not yet been proposed making it possible to maximize the volume of imaged or treated tissue. An object of the present invention is to provide an implanted window allowing the imaging or treatment of a maximum brain volume.
Plus précisément, un but de la présente invention est de proposer une fenêtre de craniotomie permettant une bonne transmission acoustique à grand angle d’incidence afin de maximiser le volume de tissu imagé ou traité. More specifically, an object of the present invention is to provide a craniotomy window allowing good acoustic transmission at a large angle of incidence in order to maximize the volume of imaged or treated tissue.
BREVE DESCRIPTION DE L'INVENTION BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A cet effet, l’invention propose une fenêtre acoustique apte à être implantée au niveau d’une ouverture ménagée dans la boîte crânienne d’un patient, ladite fenêtre acoustique étant destinée à coopérer avec une sonde ultrasonore externe pour l’émission d’ondes ultrasonores à travers la fenêtre acoustique, remarquable en ce que la fenêtre acoustique comprend une plaque incluant une pluralité d’ouvertures traversantes, la distance entre deux ouvertures traversantes adjacentes étant inférieure à cinq fois la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe. To this end, the invention provides an acoustic window capable of being implanted at an opening in the skull of a patient, said acoustic window being intended to cooperate with an external ultrasonic probe for the emission of waves. ultrasonic through the acoustic window, remarkable in that the acoustic window comprises a plate including a plurality of through openings, the distance between two adjacent through openings being less than five times the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the ultrasonic probe external.
On entend, dans le cadre de la présente invention, par « longueur d’onde », la longueur d’onde dans l’eau des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde. In the context of the present invention, the term “wavelength” means the wavelength in water of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe.
Le fait que la plaque comporte des ouvertures traversantes telles que définies précédemment permet à la fenêtre acoustique selon l’invention d’être acoustiquement transparente aux ondes ultrasonores, notamment pour des ondes ultrasonores émises selon des angles d’incidence importants. The fact that the plate has through openings as defined above allows the acoustic window according to the invention to be acoustically transparent to ultrasonic waves, in particular for ultrasonic waves emitted at significant angles of incidence.
Plus précisément, la fenêtre acoustique selon l’invention : absorbe peu les ondes ultrasonores, ce qui limite échauffement de la fenêtre et des tissus intermédiaire (peau) lors de l’émission des ondes ultrasonores, More specifically, the acoustic window according to the invention: absorbs little ultrasonic waves, which limits heating of the window and the intermediate tissues (skin) during the emission of ultrasonic waves,
réfléchit peu les ondes ultrasonores, ce qui maximise le coefficient de transmission de la fenêtre acoustique, réduit la pression acoustique incidente, minimise les ondes stationnaires entre la fenêtre et l’émetteur et hardly reflects ultrasonic waves, which maximizes the transmission coefficient of the acoustic window, reduces the incident sound pressure, minimizes standing waves between the window and the transmitter and
déforme peu le faisceau d’ondes ultrasonores émises. slightly distorts the beam of ultrasonic waves emitted.
Cette transparence acoustique aux ondes ultrasonores est indépendante du matériau utilisé, de sorte qu’il est possible d’envisager l’utilisation de matériaux de forte impédance acoustique pour réaliser la fenêtre acoustique. This acoustic transparency to ultrasonic waves is independent of the material used, so that it is possible to envisage the use of materials of high acoustic impedance for producing the acoustic window.
De tels matériaux à forte impédance acoustique (i.e. supérieure à 5 c 106 Pa s/m) présentent généralement en effet une meilleure résistance mécanique que les matériaux à faible impédance acoustique. Il est ainsi possible de réduire l’épaisseur de la fenêtre acoustique lorsqu’elle est réalisée dans un matériau à forte impédance acoustique.Such materials with high acoustic impedance (ie greater than 5 c 10 6 Pa s / m) generally have better mechanical resistance than materials with low acoustic impedance. It is thus possible to reduce the thickness of the acoustic window when it is made of a material with high acoustic impedance.
Par ailleurs, les matériaux à forte impédance acoustique - tel que les métaux -peuvent être stérilisés en employant toutes les méthodes de stérilisation connues notamment par autoclave. Il est donc plus facile de stériliser une fenêtre acoustique lorsqu’elle est réalisée dans un matériau à forte impédance acoustique. Furthermore, materials with high acoustic impedance - such as metals - can be sterilized using all known sterilization methods, in particular by autoclave. It is therefore easier to sterilize an acoustic window when it is made of a material with high acoustic impedance.
Enfin, les matériaux à forte impédance acoustique présentent généralement un coefficient de dissipation thermique supérieur aux matériaux à faible impédance acoustique (qui sont généralement isolant thermiquement). L’évacuation de la chaleur à travers la fenêtre acoustique est donc facilitée lorsqu’elle est réalisée dans un matériau à forte impédance acoustique. Finally, materials with high acoustic impedance generally have a higher heat dissipation coefficient than materials with low acoustic impedance (which are generally thermally insulating). The dissipation of heat through the acoustic window is therefore facilitated when it is made of a material with high acoustic impedance.
Des aspects préférés mais non limitatifs de la présente invention sont les suivants : le matériau constituant la plaque peut être un matériau d’impédance acoustique élevée supérieure à 5 c 106 Pa s/m, tel qu’un métal comme par exemple du titane ; ceci permet d’améliorer la résistance mécanique de la fenêtre acoustique, la surface couverte par les ouvertures traversantes peut être supérieure ou égale à 50%, préférentiellement supérieure ou égale à 75%, et encore plus préférentiellement supérieure ou égale à 90% de la surface totale de la plaque (1 1 ) ; ceci permet d’améliorer le coefficient de transmission de la fenêtre acoustique, la distance entre deux ouvertures traversantes adjacentes peut être inférieure au double de la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe, préférentiellement inférieure à 1 ,7 fois la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe, et encore plus préférentiellement inférieur à la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe ; Preferred but non-limiting aspects of the present invention are as follows: the material constituting the plate can be a material with a high acoustic impedance greater than 5 c 10 6 Pa s / m, such as a metal such as for example titanium; this improves the mechanical resistance of the acoustic window, the surface covered by the through openings can be greater than or equal to 50%, preferably greater than or equal to 75%, and even more preferably greater than or equal to 90% of the surface total of the plate (1 1); this improves the transmission coefficient of the acoustic window, the distance between two adjacent through openings may be less than twice the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe, preferably less than 1.7 times the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe, and even more preferably less than the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe;
ceci permet d’améliorer le coefficient de transmission et les caractéristiques thermiques de la fenêtre acoustique, this improves the transmission coefficient and the thermal characteristics of the acoustic window,
les dimensions de chaque ouverture traversante peuvent être inférieures au double de la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe, préférentiellement inférieures à 1 ,7 fois la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe, et encore plus préférentiellement inférieures à la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe ; the dimensions of each through opening may be less than twice the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe, preferably less than 1.7 times the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe, and even more preferably less than the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe;
ceci permet également d’améliorer le coefficient de transmission et les caractéristiques thermiques de la fenêtre acoustique, this also improves the transmission coefficient and the thermal characteristics of the acoustic window,
les ouvertures traversantes peuvent être de forme identique ; the through openings can be of identical shape;
ceci permet d’améliorer l’homogénéité du champ d’ondes ultrasonores transmis vers le tissu cérébral, et de limiter la déformation du champ d’ondes ultrasonores transmis, this improves the homogeneity of the ultrasonic wave field transmitted to the brain tissue, and limits the deformation of the transmitted ultrasonic wave field,
les ouvertures traversantes peuvent être régulièrement réparties sur la plaque ; ceci permet d’améliorer l’homogénéité du champ d’ondes ultrasonores transmis vers le tissu cérébral, et de limiter la déformation du champ d’ondes ultrasonores transmis, the through openings can be evenly distributed on the plate; this improves the homogeneity of the ultrasonic wave field transmitted to the brain tissue, and limits the deformation of the transmitted ultrasonic wave field,
les ouvertures traversantes peuvent être disposées selon un arrangement carré ; les ouvertures traversantes peuvent être disposées selon un arrangement hexagonal ; the through openings can be arranged in a square arrangement; the through openings can be arranged in a hexagonal arrangement;
l’arrangement hexagonal permet d’augmenter le rapport entre la surface couverte par les ouvertures traversantes et la surface totale de la plaque, the hexagonal arrangement makes it possible to increase the ratio between the surface covered by the through openings and the total surface of the plate,
la fenêtre acoustique peut comprendre en outre au moins une couche de matériau polymère, tel que de la silicone, contenant la plaque ; ceci permet de limiter l’inconfort provoqué par l’implantation de la fenêtre acoustique dans le crâne du patient, et également de garantir la biocompatibilité de la fenêtre acoustique, de rendre la fenêtre acoustique imperméable, et de modifier les propriété mécaniques de la fenêtre acoustique, the acoustic window may further comprise at least one layer of polymeric material, such as silicone, containing the plate; this makes it possible to limit the discomfort caused by the implantation of the acoustic window in the patient's skull, and also to guarantee the biocompatibility of the acoustic window, to make the acoustic window impermeable, and to modify the mechanical properties of the acoustic window ,
la fenêtre acoustique peut comprendre en outre au moins un repère de positionnement ; the acoustic window may further comprise at least one positioning mark;
ceci permet de faciliter la détection de la fenêtre acoustique une fois celle-ci implantée et recouverte de la peau du crâne du patient, this makes it easier to detect the acoustic window once it has been implanted and covered with the skin of the patient's skull,
la fenêtre acoustique peut comprendre en outre un cadre renfort s’étendant en périphérie de la plaque ; the acoustic window may further include a reinforcing frame extending around the periphery of the plate;
ceci permet d’augmenter la résistance mécanique de la fenêtre acoustique. this increases the mechanical resistance of the acoustic window.
L’invention concerne également un ensemble d’implantation chirurgical comprenant un emballage, notamment individuel, une fenêtre acoustique aseptisée telle que décrite ci- dessus contenue dans l’emballage, et une notice d’utilisation de la fenêtre en tant que fenêtre acoustique. The invention also relates to a surgical implantation assembly comprising a packaging, in particular individual, a sanitized acoustic window as described above contained in the packaging, and instructions for using the window as an acoustic window.
L’invention concerne également un système pour l’imagerie et/ou le traitement d’un tissu cérébral, le système incluant une sonde de génération d’ondes ultrasonores et une fenêtre acoustique telle que décrite ci-dessus. The invention also relates to a system for imaging and / or treating brain tissue, the system including an ultrasound wave generation probe and an acoustic window as described above.
L’invention concerne également l’utilisation d’une plaque incluant une pluralité d’ouvertures traversantes en tant que fenêtre acoustique d’un système pour l’imagerie et/ou le traitement d’un tissu cérébral, ledit système incluant : The invention also relates to the use of a plate including a plurality of through openings as an acoustic window of a system for imaging and / or treating brain tissue, said system including:
- la fenêtre acoustique apte à être implantée au niveau d’une ouverture ménagée dans la boîte crânienne d’un patient, et - the acoustic window capable of being implanted at an opening in the skull of a patient, and
- une sonde de génération d’ondes ultrasonores apte à coopérer avec la fenêtre acoustique pour l’émission d’ondes ultrasonores à travers la fenêtre acoustique, la plaque étant telle que la distance P entre deux ouvertures traversantes adjacentes est inférieure au double de la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe. - an ultrasonic wave generation probe able to cooperate with the acoustic window for the emission of ultrasonic waves through the acoustic window, the plate being such that the distance P between two adjacent through openings is less than twice the length wave of ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe.
L’invention concerne également un procédé pour l’imagerie et/ou le traitement d’un tissu cérébral à partir d’un système incluant une sonde de génération d’ondes ultrasonores et une fenêtre acoustique telle que décrite ci-dessus, le procédé comprenant les étapes consistant à : The invention also relates to a method for imaging and / or treating brain tissue from a system including an ultrasound wave generation probe and an acoustic window as described above, the method comprising the steps consisting in:
- positionner la sonde sur la fenêtre acoustique, - position the probe on the acoustic window,
- incliner la sonde relativement à la fenêtre acoustique pour émettre des ondes ultrasonores au travers de la fenêtre acoustique selon un angle d’incidence compris entre 0 et 60° par rapport à un angle d’incidence normal à la fenêtre acoustique, ledit angle d’incidence étant notamment supérieur à 20° (préférentiellement 30°) par rapport à l’angle d’incidence normal. tilt the probe relative to the acoustic window to emit ultrasonic waves through the acoustic window at an angle of incidence between 0 and 60 ° relative to an angle of incidence normal to the acoustic window, said angle of incidence being in particular greater than 20 ° (preferably 30 °) relative to the normal angle of incidence.
BREVE DESCRIPTION DES DESSINS BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
D'autres avantages et caractéristiques de l’invention ressortiront mieux de la description qui va suivre de plusieurs variantes d’exécution, données à titre d'exemples non limitatifs, à partir des dessins annexés sur lesquels : Other advantages and characteristics of the invention will emerge more clearly from the description which follows of several variant embodiments, given by way of nonlimiting examples, from the appended drawings in which:
- La figure 1 est une représentation schématique d’un système incluant une fenêtre acoustique et une sonde d’émission d’ondes acoustiques ; - Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a system including an acoustic window and an acoustic wave emission probe;
- La figure 2 est un schéma de principe illustrant la transmission et la réflexion d’une onde ultrasonore défléchie à travers une fenêtre acoustique ; - Figure 2 is a block diagram illustrating the transmission and reflection of a deflected ultrasonic wave through an acoustic window;
- Les figures 3 à 5 sont des représentations schématiques en vue de dessus de différentes variantes de réalisation d’une fenêtre acoustique ; - Figures 3 to 5 are schematic representations from above of different alternative embodiments of an acoustic window;
- Les figures 6 et 7 sont des graphiques représentant le taux de transmission des ondes ultrasonores en fonction de l’angle d’incidence de la sonde ; - Figures 6 and 7 are graphs representing the transmission rate of ultrasonic waves as a function of the angle of incidence of the probe;
- La figure 8 est un exemple de procédé de traitement d’une pathologie en utilisant un système d’imagerie et/ou de traitement d’un tissu cérébral - Figure 8 is an example of a method of treating a pathology using an imaging system and / or treatment of brain tissue
- La figure 9 est une illustration schématique d’un montage pour la mesure du coefficient de transmission d’une fenêtre acoustique. - Figure 9 is a schematic illustration of an arrangement for measuring the transmission coefficient of an acoustic window.
DESCRIPTION DETAILLEE DE L'INVENTION DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
On va maintenant décrire différents exemples de systèmes pour l’imagerie et/ou le traitement d’un tissu cérébral en référence aux figures. Dans ces différentes figures, les éléments équivalents sont désignés par la même référence numérique. 1. Principe général We will now describe various examples of systems for imaging and / or processing brain tissue with reference to the figures. In these various figures, the equivalent elements are designated by the same reference numeral. 1. General principle
En référence à la figure 1 , on a illustré schématiquement un système pour l’imagerie et/ou le traitement d’un tissu cérébral. Referring to Figure 1, there is schematically illustrated a system for imaging and / or processing brain tissue.
Le système pour l’imagerie et/ou le traitement d’un tissu cérébral comprend : The system for imaging and / or processing brain tissue includes:
- Une fenêtre acoustique 1 , et - An acoustic window 1, and
- Une sonde 2 apte à générer des ondes ultrasonores. - A probe 2 capable of generating ultrasonic waves.
Ce système permet à un praticien de vérifier l’évolution d’un tissu cérébral par imagerie et/ou de traiter le tissu cérébral en utilisant des ultrasons. This system allows a practitioner to check the evolution of brain tissue by imaging and / or to treat brain tissue using ultrasound.
La fenêtre 1 est destinée à être implantée dans le patient, notamment au niveau d’une ouverture ménagée dans sa boîte crânienne 4. Ceci fournit une protection au cerveau et empêche sa déformation du fait des changements de pression. La fenêtre est avantageusement stérilisable par toute technique connue de l’homme du métier (par autoclave et/ou en utilisant un gaz tel que de l’oxyde d’éthylène, et/ou par irradiation par rayons X ou gamma), une fois la fenêtre conditionnée dans son emballage. On obtient ainsi une fenêtre acoustique emballée aseptisée pendant sa fabrication et qui peut donc être utilisée directement par le chirurgien. The window 1 is intended to be implanted in the patient, in particular at the level of an opening made in his skull 4. This provides protection to the brain and prevents its deformation due to changes in pressure. The window is advantageously sterilizable by any technique known to a person skilled in the art (by autoclave and / or by using a gas such as ethylene oxide, and / or by irradiation by X or gamma rays), once the window conditioned in its packaging. This produces a packaged acoustic window sanitized during its manufacture and which can therefore be used directly by the surgeon.
La sonde 2 est adaptée pour être manipulée par le praticien, ou par un système de déplacement automatique portant la sonde. Elle comprend un boîtier 23 dans lequel sont logés des transducteurs 21 pour la génération d’ondes ultrasonores. Les transducteurs peuvent être arrangés en réseau linéaire ou matriciel de transducteurs à commande de phase (également connus sous le nom de transducteurs « phased array ». De tels transducteurs à commande de phase peuvent être commandés indépendamment pour générer des signaux acoustiques ayant des phases différentes afin de faire varier la direction de propagation des ondes ultrasonores. Le boîtier est relié à un dispositif de commande par l’intermédiaire d’un câble électriquement conducteur 22. La sonde peut également comprendre un élément de couplage - par exemple un gel ou une poche contenant un liquide tel que de l’eau - destinée à être positionnée entre les transducteurs et le patient pour transmettre les ondes ultrasonores entre le transducteur et le patient. Une telle sonde 2 est connue de l’homme du métier et ne sera pas décrite plus en détails dans la suite. Elle permet la génération d’ondes acoustiques à des fréquences comprises entre 200kHz-10MHz, de préférence comprises entre 500kHz-2MHz. 2. Contexte The probe 2 is adapted to be manipulated by the practitioner, or by an automatic displacement system carrying the probe. It comprises a housing 23 in which are housed transducers 21 for the generation of ultrasonic waves. The transducers can be arranged in a linear or matrix array of phase control transducers (also known as "phased array" transducers. Such phase control transducers can be independently controlled to generate acoustic signals having different phases in order to to vary the direction of propagation of the ultrasonic waves. The housing is connected to a control device by means of an electrically conductive cable 22. The probe may also include a coupling element - for example a gel or a bag containing a liquid such as water - intended to be positioned between the transducers and the patient to transmit the ultrasonic waves between the transducer and the patient. Such a probe 2 is known to those skilled in the art and will not be described further details below. It allows the generation of acoustic waves at frequencies between 200kHz-10MHz, preferably between between 500kHz-2MHz. 2. Background
Comme indiqué précédemment, la fenêtre 1 implantée doit respecter certaines conditions en ce qui concerne notamment ses dimensions (qui sont limités), et ses taux d’absorption/réflexion des ultrasons qui doivent être minimaux. As indicated above, the window 1 installed must comply with certain conditions with regard in particular to its dimensions (which are limited), and its absorption / reflection rates of ultrasound which must be minimal.
Ces contraintes rendent difficile une maximisation du volume de tissu cérébral pouvant être imagé/traité. These constraints make it difficult to maximize the volume of brain tissue that can be imaged / processed.
En effet, pour maximiser le volume de tissu cérébral imagé/traité : Indeed, to maximize the volume of brain tissue imaged / treated:
- Une première solution peut consister à augmenter les dimensions de la fenêtre 1 , et à positionner la sonde 2 au droit de la fenêtre 1 selon un angle d’incidence normal N pour émettre des ultrasons ; - A first solution may consist in increasing the dimensions of window 1, and in positioning the probe 2 to the right of window 1 at a normal angle of incidence N to emit ultrasound;
Toutefois la longueur et la largeur d’une fenêtre 1 ne peuvent être supérieures à des longueur et largeur maximales limites sans remettre en cause l’intégrité du patient, However, the length and width of a window 1 cannot be greater than maximum length and width limits without jeopardizing the integrity of the patient,
- Une deuxième solution peut consister (comme illustré à la figure 2) à faire basculer la sonde 2 autour de l’incidence normale N pour émettre des ondes ultrasonores selon des angles d’incidence a différents ; - A second solution may consist (as illustrated in FIG. 2) of tilting the probe 2 around the normal incidence N to emit ultrasonic waves at different angles of incidence;
Toutefois dans ce cas, l’augmentation de l’angle d’incidence a induit généralement une augmentation de la réflexion des ultrasons par la fenêtre 1 et de son taux d’absorption (l’épaisseur de fenêtre acoustique traversée par les ultrasons étant inférieure selon l’incidence normale par rapport à tout autre angle d’incidence). Cette variation de la transmission des ultrasons est gênante dans les applications cliniques car le champ acoustique présent dans le cerveau n’est pas maîtrisé. Si la tendance générale est que la transmission réduit drastiquement lorsqu’on s’approche de l’angle critique, elle peut être plus élevée en incidence non normale. However, in this case, the increase in the angle of incidence generally induced an increase in the reflection of the ultrasound by the window 1 and in its absorption rate (the thickness of the acoustic window crossed by the ultrasound being less depending on normal incidence relative to any other angle of incidence). This variation in the transmission of ultrasound is troublesome in clinical applications because the acoustic field present in the brain is not controlled. If the general trend is that the transmission drastically reduces when approaching the critical angle, it may be higher in non-normal incidence.
Un avantage des fenêtres suivant l’invention est que la variation est très faible et bien mieux maîtrisée que pour des plaques suivant l’art antérieur, ce qui permet une bien meilleure maîtrise de la pression appliquée au cerveau du patient quel que soit l’angle d’incidence ou la forme du faisceau. C’est primordial pour notre application (ouverture de la BHE où la pression dans le cerveau doit être la plus précise possible) An advantage of windows according to the invention is that the variation is very low and much better controlled than for plates according to the prior art, which allows a much better control of the pressure applied to the patient's brain whatever the angle. incidence or beam shape. This is essential for our application (opening of the BBB where the pressure in the brain must be as precise as possible)
C’est pourquoi les inventeurs ont développé un nouveau système pour l’imagerie et/ou le traitement d’un tissu cérébral incluant une fenêtre 1 originale et une sonde 2. 3. Fenêtre acoustique This is why the inventors have developed a new system for imaging and / or treating brain tissue including an original window 1 and a probe 2. 3. Acoustic window
3.1. Définition 3.1. Definition
On entend, dans le cadre de la présente invention, par « fenêtre acoustique », une fenêtre implantée dont le coefficient de transmission en amplitude des ondes ultrasonores est supérieur à 80% pour des angles d’incidence compris entre 0 et 30° par rapport à l’incidence normale. In the context of the present invention, the term “acoustic window” means an implanted window whose transmission coefficient in amplitude of the ultrasonic waves is greater than 80% for angles of incidence between 0 and 30 ° relative to normal incidence.
Le coefficient de transmission en amplitude peut être mesuré en utilisant la méthode décrite ci-après. The amplitude transmission coefficient can be measured using the method described below.
Un émetteur ultrasonore (élément plan en matériau piezo composite de diamètre 10mm fonctionnant à 1 MHZ) est utilisé pour générer une onde dans de l’eau. L’émetteur est excité par une salve d’onde (par exemple 10 périodes de sinus soit 10ps). Un récepteur (un hydrophone Onda HNC0200-1 168 et son préamplificateur Onda AH-2020-20-025- 1 127_1 -20t) ultrasonore est immergé dans l’eau en face de l’émetteur, dans son axe, dans la zone dite de champ lointain, soit à 5cm de l’émetteur. La position précise du récepteur dans le plan normal à l’axe acoustique est ajustée afin de maximiser l’amplitude du signal reçu (le positionnement peut être effectué à l’aide d’un banc motorisé ou manuellement). Une fois correctement positionné, le récepteur est maintenu immobile durant l’ensemble des mesures. On mesure l’amplitude du signal reçu à la fréquence d’intérêt à l’aide d’un oscilloscope (soit la valeur efficace hors transitoires), qui sert comme amplitude de référence sans fenêtre. La fenêtre acoustique est positionnée entre l’émetteur et le récepteur. La distance entre l’émetteur et la fenêtre acoustique est de l’ordre de la distance entre une fenêtre implantée et un émetteur extracorporel (par exemple 1 ou 2 cm). L’angle entre la fenêtre et l’axe acoustique est choisi (angle d’incidence de l’onde). Une nouvelle mesure de l’amplitude au récepteur est effectuée. Le coefficient de transmission est le rapport entre les amplitudes lues sur l’oscilloscope avec et sans fenêtre. Cette méthode pour la mesure du coefficient de transmission acoustique à travers une plaque est connue de l’homme du métier et de nombreuses variantes existent. An ultrasonic transmitter (flat element in piezo composite material with a diameter of 10mm operating at 1 MHz) is used to generate a wave in water. The transmitter is excited by a wave burst (for example 10 sinus periods or 10ps). An ultrasonic receiver (an Onda HNC0200-1 168 hydrophone and its Onda preamplifier AH-2020-20-025- 1 127_1 -20t) is immersed in water in front of the transmitter, in its axis, in the area known as far field, 5cm from the transmitter. The precise position of the receiver in the plane normal to the acoustic axis is adjusted to maximize the amplitude of the received signal (positioning can be done using a motorized bench or manually). Once correctly positioned, the receiver is kept stationary during all measurements. The amplitude of the signal received at the frequency of interest is measured using an oscilloscope (ie the effective value excluding transients), which serves as the reference amplitude without window. The acoustic window is positioned between the transmitter and the receiver. The distance between the transmitter and the acoustic window is of the order of the distance between an implanted window and an extracorporeal transmitter (for example 1 or 2 cm). The angle between the window and the acoustic axis is chosen (angle of incidence of the wave). A new measurement of the amplitude at the receiver is carried out. The transmission coefficient is the ratio between the amplitudes read on the oscilloscope with and without window. This method for measuring the acoustic transmission coefficient through a plate is known to those skilled in the art and many variants exist.
Le montage utilisé, qui est classique pour ce type de mesure, est illustré à la figure 9. La plaque 61 incluant les ouvertures traversantes est placée dans une cuve 62 remplie d’eau 63 entre l’hydrophone 64 et le transducteur 65. Le transducteur 65 est un disque plan de diamètre 10mm en piezo céramique (PZ 26, Ferroperm Piezoceramics) résonnant à 1 MHz. Il est alimenté par un générateur (non représenté) CarThera (GEN- 00 IGT). Le signal collecté par l’hydrophone 64 (HYD04) est préamplifié puis amplifié (matériel Onda) puis échantillonné via un oscilloscope (Picoscope 3205D) à une fréquence de 250 kHz. De l’eau dégazée est utilisée pour supprimer l’influence des bulles de gaz. The assembly used, which is conventional for this type of measurement, is illustrated in FIG. 9. The plate 61 including the through openings is placed in a tank 62 filled with water 63 between the hydrophone 64 and the transducer 65. The transducer 65 is a disc 10mm diameter plane in ceramic piezo (PZ 26, Ferroperm Piezoceramics) resonating at 1 MHz. It is powered by a CarThera generator (not shown) (GEN-00 IGT). The signal collected by the hydrophone 64 (HYD04) is preamplified then amplified (Onda equipment) then sampled via an oscilloscope (Picoscope 3205D) at a frequency of 250 kHz. Degassed water is used to suppress the influence of gas bubbles.
Une onde de 1 MHZ (fréquence d’intérêt utilisée en clinique pour l’ouverture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique) d’une durée de 1 ps avec un Tr de 20 ms est générée. Le signal en provenance de l’hydrophone est moyenné sur 50 répétitions pour augmenter le rapport signal sur bruit (« SNR », sigle de l’expression anglo-saxonne « Signal to Noise Ratio »). Une mesure de l’amplitude du signal reçu est effectuée sans plaque, et sert de référence pour calculer la transmission à travers la plaque. Une mesure de l’amplitude du signal reçu est effectuée en positionnant la plaque sur un support 66 entre l’hydrophone 64 et le transducteur 65. La transmission est calculée via la formule suivante : A 1 MHZ wave (frequency of interest used clinically for the opening of the blood-brain barrier) with a duration of 1 ps with a Tr of 20 ms is generated. The signal from the hydrophone is averaged over 50 repetitions to increase the signal-to-noise ratio ("SNR", acronym for the Anglo-Saxon expression "Signal to Noise Ratio"). A measurement of the amplitude of the received signal is carried out without a plate, and serves as a reference to calculate the transmission through the plate. The amplitude of the received signal is measured by positioning the plate on a support 66 between the hydrophone 64 and the transducer 65. The transmission is calculated using the following formula:
Où : Or :
- correspond à la valeur absolue de la moyenne (moyennée sur cinquante répétitions) du signal mesuré par l’hydrophone lorsque la plaque est disposé sur le support, et- corresponds to the absolute value of the average (averaged over fifty repetitions) of the signal measured by the hydrophone when the plate is placed on the support, and
correspond à la valeur absolue de la moyenne (moyennée sur cinquante répétitions) du signal mesuré par l’hydrophone lorsque le support 66 est dépourvu de plaque. corresponds to the absolute value of the average (averaged over fifty repetitions) of the signal measured by the hydrophone when the support 66 is devoid of a plate.
L’incidence du faisceau est d’abord normale (déflexion nulle) puis on la fait varier par pas de 10° jusqu’à 50° pour mesurer le coefficient de transmission de la plaque pour différents angles d’incidences des ondes ultrasonores. The beam incidence is first normal (zero deflection) then it is varied in steps from 10 ° to 50 ° to measure the transmission coefficient of the plate for different angles of incidence of the ultrasonic waves.
3.2. Structure de la fenêtre acoustique 3.2. Acoustic window structure
En référence aux figures 3 à 5, on a illustré différents exemples de fenêtre acoustique 1 utilisée pour fermer une ouverture ménagée dans la boîte crânienne 4 d’un patient à des fins d'imagerie et/ou de traitement par ultrasons. La fenêtre 1 comprend une plaque 1 1. La plaque 1 est généralement rectangulaire, mais peut présenter une forme quelconque, telle qu’une forme circulaire. Les dimensions de la plaque 1 (longueur et largeur) peuvent être comprises entre 1 et 15 centimètres. Referring to Figures 3 to 5, there are illustrated various examples of acoustic window 1 used to close an opening in the skull 4 of a patient for imaging and / or ultrasound treatment. The window 1 comprises a plate 1 1. The plate 1 is generally rectangular, but can have any shape, such as a circular shape. The dimensions of the plate 1 (length and width) can be between 1 and 15 centimeters.
La plaque 1 peut être sensiblement plane. En variante, la plaque 1 peut être incurvée ou déformée pour suivre la courbure de la boîte crânienne 4 du patient. The plate 1 can be substantially flat. Alternatively, the plate 1 can be curved or deformed to follow the curvature of the skull 4 of the patient.
3.2.1. Ouvertures traversantes 3.2.1. Through openings
L’une des originalités de la fenêtre acoustique 1 selon l’invention est que la plaque 1 1 comprend une pluralité d’ouvertures traversantes 12. Ces ouvertures traversantes peuvent être obtenues par perçage d’une plaque pleine, par moulage, ou par tissage de fils - notamment métallique - afin de former un grillage constitué de fils maillés. One of the original features of the acoustic window 1 according to the invention is that the plate 1 1 comprises a plurality of through openings 12. These through openings can be obtained by drilling a solid plate, by molding, or by weaving of wires - especially metallic - in order to form a grid made up of mesh wires.
Chaque dimension D (longueur, largeur) de chaque ouverture traversante 12 est de préférence inférieure au double de la longueur d’onde (dans l’eau) des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde 2, et préférentiellement inférieure à 1 ,7 fois la longueur d’onde (dans l’eau) des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde 2. Par exemple, pour des ondes ultrasonores émises à une fréquence de 1 MHz, chaque dimension D de chaque ouverture traversante 12 est inférieure à 3 millimètres, préférentiellement inférieure à 2 millimètres. Each dimension D (length, width) of each through opening 12 is preferably less than twice the wavelength (in water) of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe 2, and preferably less than 1.7 times the length wave (in water) of ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe 2. For example, for ultrasonic waves emitted at a frequency of 1 MHz, each dimension D of each through opening 12 is less than 3 millimeters, preferably less than 2 millimeters.
Par ailleurs, la distance P entre deux ouvertures traversantes 12 adjacentes est inférieure à cinq fois, préférentiellement inférieure au double de la longueur d’onde (dans l’eau) des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde 2, et encore plus préférentiellement inférieure à 1 ,7 fois la longueur d’onde (dans l’eau) des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde 2. A titre indicatif, pour des ondes ultrasonores émises à une fréquence de 1 MHz, la distance P entre deux ouvertures traversantes 12 adjacentes est inférieure à 3 millimètres, préférentiellement inférieur à 2 millimètres. Furthermore, the distance P between two adjacent through openings 12 is less than five times, preferably less than twice the wavelength (in water) of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe 2, and even more preferably less than 1 , 7 times the wavelength (in water) of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe 2. As an indication, for ultrasonic waves emitted at a frequency of 1 MHz, the distance P between two adjacent through openings 12 is less to 3 millimeters, preferably less than 2 millimeters.
On entend, dans le cadre de la présente invention, par « ouvertures traversantes adjacentes », deux ouvertures traversantes 12 voisines entre lesquelles il n’y a pas d’autre ouverture traversante. En d’autres termes, deux ouvertures traversantes 12 sont dites « adjacentes » lorsque l’espace entre lesdites ouvertures traversantes adjacentes est dépourvu d’ouverture traversante. In the context of the present invention, the term "adjacent through openings" means two adjacent through openings 12 between which there is no other through opening. In other words, two through openings 12 are said to be "adjacent" when the space between said adjacent through openings is devoid of a through opening.
On entend, dans le cadre de la présente invention par « distance entre les ouvertures traversantes », la longueur séparant le début (respectivement le centre ou la fin) de deux ouvertures adjacentes successives selon une direction donnée. Lorsque les ouvertures traversantes sont disposées en réseau périodique, cette distance correspond à un pas (ou période). In the context of the present invention, the term “distance between the through openings” means the length separating the start (respectively the center or the end) of two successive adjacent openings in a given direction. When the through openings are arranged in a periodic network, this distance corresponds to a step (or period).
Une fenêtre 1 suivant l’invention composée d’une plaque incluant un réseau d’ouvertures traversantes 12 de dimensions et d’une distance inférieure au double de la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde 2 présente de nombreux avantages, et notamment : A window 1 according to the invention composed of a plate including a network of through openings 12 of dimensions and of a distance less than twice the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe 2 has many advantages, and especially :
- une bonne transmission des ondes acoustiques, en particulier pour les angles élevés d’incidence, - good transmission of acoustic waves, especially for high angles of incidence,
- de bonnes caractéristiques thermiques (dissipation thermique très efficace du fait de la conductivité thermique élevée des métaux, et de la structure comportant une grande surface pour les échanges thermiques). - good thermal characteristics (very efficient heat dissipation due to the high thermal conductivity of metals, and the structure comprising a large surface for heat exchange).
Avantageusement, la distance P entre deux ouvertures traversantes 12 adjacentes est égale ou inférieure à l, où l est la longueur d’onde dans l’eau des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde 2. Encore avantageusement P< h/2. Ceci permet de rendre la transmission des ondes ultrasonores très régulière indépendamment de l’angle d’incidence a de la sonde 2. Advantageously, the distance P between two adjacent through openings 12 is equal to or less than l, where l is the wavelength in the water of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe 2. Still advantageously P <h / 2. This makes the transmission of the ultrasonic waves very regular regardless of the angle of incidence a of the probe 2.
3.2.2. Agencement des ouvertures 3.2.2. Opening arrangement
Dans les modes de réalisation illustrés aux figures 3 à 5, les ouvertures traversantes 12 sont disposées en réseau. In the embodiments illustrated in Figures 3 to 5, the through openings 12 are arranged in a network.
De préférence, les ouvertures traversantes 12 sont régulièrement réparties sur la plaque 1 1 , et présentent une forme identique. Ceci permet d’assurer l’homogénéité du champ d’ondes ultrasonores transmis vers le tissu cérébral. Ceci permet en outre de limiter la déformation du champ d’ondes ultrasonores transmis vers le tissu cérébral. Preferably, the through openings 12 are regularly distributed on the plate 1 1, and have an identical shape. This ensures the homogeneity of the field of ultrasonic waves transmitted to the brain tissue. This also makes it possible to limit the deformation of the field of ultrasonic waves transmitted to the brain tissue.
Toutefois, dans certaines variantes de réalisation, la plaque 1 1 peut comprendre des ouvertures traversantes 12 de formes distinctes et/ou irrégulièrement réparties, en fonction notamment de l’application visée. However, in certain variant embodiments, the plate 11 may include through openings 12 of distinct shapes and / or irregularly distributed, depending in particular on the intended application.
Dans les modes de réalisation illustrés aux figures 4 et 5, les ouvertures traversantes 12 sont disposées selon un arrangement carré 13 (i.e. « maille ronde 90 », « maille carrée 90 »). En d’autres termes, le centre de chaque ouverture traversante 12 est : - aligné avec les centres des ouvertures adjacentes selon une première direction X, et In the embodiments illustrated in Figures 4 and 5, the through openings 12 are arranged in a square arrangement 13 (ie "round mesh 90", "square mesh 90"). In other words, the center of each through opening 12 is: - aligned with the centers of the adjacent openings in a first direction X, and
- aligné avec les centres des ouvertures adjacentes selon une deuxième direction Y perpendiculaire à la direction X. - aligned with the centers of the adjacent openings in a second direction Y perpendicular to the direction X.
Dans le mode de réalisation illustré 3, les ouvertures traversantes 12 sont disposées selon un arrangement hexagonal 14 (i.e. « maille 60 »). En d’autres termes, le centre de chaque ouverture est : In the illustrated embodiment 3, the through openings 12 are arranged in a hexagonal arrangement 14 (i.e. "mesh 60"). In other words, the center of each opening is:
- aligné avec les centres des ouvertures adjacentes selon la première direction X, et - aligned with the centers of the adjacent openings in the first direction X, and
- décalé (d’une distance « d » non nulle selon la direction X) des centres des ouvertures adjacentes selon la deuxième direction Y perpendiculaire à la direction X. - offset (by a distance "d" not zero in the X direction) from the centers of the adjacent openings in the second Y direction perpendicular to the X direction.
L’arrangement hexagonal 14 (figure 3) présente un meilleur coefficient de transmission des ondes ultrasonores que l’arrangement carré 13 (figures 4, 5) pour un même pourcentage d’ouverture. En effet, l’arrangement hexagonal permet d’augmenter le rapport entre la surface couverte par les ouvertures traversantes et la surface totale de la plaque. The hexagonal arrangement 14 (FIG. 3) has a better transmission coefficient of the ultrasonic waves than the square arrangement 13 (FIGS. 4, 5) for the same opening percentage. Indeed, the hexagonal arrangement makes it possible to increase the ratio between the surface covered by the through openings and the total surface of the plate.
3.2.3. Forme des ouvertures traversantes 3.2.3. Shape of through openings
Les ouvertures traversantes 12 peuvent être de différentes formes. Dans les modes de réalisation illustrés aux figures 3 et 4, les ouvertures traversantes 12 sont rondes. Dans le mode de réalisation illustré à la figure 5, les ouvertures traversantes 12 sont carrées. Bien entendu, les ouvertures traversantes 12 peuvent avoir d’autres formes (triangulaire, elliptique, pentagonale, hexagonal, en nid d’abeille, en losange, etc.). The through openings 12 can be of different shapes. In the embodiments illustrated in Figures 3 and 4, the through openings 12 are round. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 5, the through openings 12 are square. Of course, the through openings 12 can have other shapes (triangular, elliptical, pentagonal, hexagonal, honeycomb, diamond, etc.).
Les inventeurs ont en effet observé que la forme des ouvertures traversantes 12 n’avait pas d’influence sur le coefficient de transmission des ondes ultrasonores, tant que les conditions sur la distance entre les ouvertures traversantes est respectée (cf. point 3.1.1.). Un avantage de l’utilisation d’ouvertures traversantes 12 de forme ronde est que la plaque 1 1 présente une meilleure résistance mécanique aux contraintes de cisaillement susceptibles d’être appliquées à la fenêtre 1 lors de son implantation. The inventors have in fact observed that the shape of the through openings 12 has no influence on the transmission coefficient of the ultrasonic waves, as long as the conditions on the distance between the through openings are respected (cf. point 3.1.1. ). An advantage of the use of through openings 12 of round shape is that the plate 1 1 has better mechanical resistance to shear stresses likely to be applied to the window 1 during its implantation.
3.2.4. Rapport matériau/ouvertures Avantageusement, le rapport entre la surface recouverte par les ouvertures traversantes 12 divisée par la surface totale de la plaque 1 1 est supérieur ou égale à 50%, préférentiellement supérieur à 75%, et encore plus préférentiellement supérieur ou égale à 90%. 3.2.4. Material / opening ratio Advantageously, the ratio between the area covered by the through openings 12 divided by the total area of the plate 1 1 is greater than or equal to 50%, preferably greater than 75%, and even more preferably greater than or equal to 90%.
En effet, le coefficient de transmission des ondes ultrasonores augmente lorsque le rapport matériau sur vide diminue, c’est-à-dire lorsque la surface de la plaque 1 1 occupée par le matériau divisée par la surface de la plaque occupée par les ouvertures traversantes diminue. Indeed, the transmission coefficient of ultrasonic waves increases when the material to vacuum ratio decreases, that is to say when the surface of the plate 1 1 occupied by the material divided by the surface of the plate occupied by the through openings decreases.
Ainsi, plus la surface couverte par les ouvertures traversante 12 augmente en regard de la surface couverte le matériau constituant la plaque 11 , plus la transmission des ondes ultrasonores est améliorée. Thus, the more the area covered by the through openings 12 increases with respect to the area covered by the material constituting the plate 11, the more the transmission of the ultrasonic waves is improved.
3.2.5. Epaisseur de la plaque 3.2.5. Plate thickness
De préférence, l’épaisseur de la plaque est inférieure à 1 mm (notamment si le matériau constituant la plaque est un métal). Preferably, the thickness of the plate is less than 1 mm (especially if the material constituting the plate is a metal).
En effet, le coefficient de transmission des ondes ultrasonores augmente lorsque l’épaisseur de la plaque diminue. Indeed, the transmission coefficient of ultrasonic waves increases when the thickness of the plate decreases.
Par ailleurs l’épaisseur de la plaque est préférentiellement suffisante pour assurer une rigidité mécanique. Ceci permet de disposer d’une plaque 1 1 satisfaisant au critère de déformation minimal que doit respecter une fenêtre acoustique 1 lorsqu’une pression mécanique est exercée sur celle-ci (typiquement une force de 100N appliquée au centre de la plaque doit engendrer une déformation inférieure à 5mm). Furthermore, the thickness of the plate is preferably sufficient to ensure mechanical rigidity. This makes it possible to have a plate 1 1 satisfying the minimum deformation criterion which an acoustic window 1 must comply with when a mechanical pressure is exerted on it (typically a force of 100N applied to the center of the plate must cause deformation less than 5mm).
Ainsi à titre indicatif, l’épaisseur de la plaque 1 1 est de préférence comprise entre 80pm et 500pm. Thus for information, the thickness of the plate 1 1 is preferably between 80pm and 500pm.
3.3. Matériau constituant la fenêtre acoustique 3.3. Material of the acoustic window
La plaque 1 1 n’est pas nécessairement constituée dans un matériau acoustiquement transparent pour permettre le passage des ondes ultrasonores générées par la sonde 2 à travers la fenêtre acoustique afin de traiter/imager le tissu cérébral. The plate 1 1 is not necessarily made of an acoustically transparent material to allow the passage of the ultrasonic waves generated by the probe 2 through the acoustic window in order to process / image the brain tissue.
Dans un mode de réalisation, le matériau constituant la plaque est un métal. L’utilisation d’une plaque en métal permet de répondre aux contraintes de déformation mécanique que doit satisfaire la fenêtre acoustique (i.e. déformation mécanique inférieure à 2,5mm en réponse à une force d’appui de 50 Newtons appliquée au centre de la plaque). De préférence, le métal constituant la plaque est du titane (ou un autre métal ou un autre matériau, éventuellement recouvert de parylène ou équivalent s’il n’est pas biocompatible en soi). L’utilisation de titane présente de nombreux avantages : In one embodiment, the material constituting the plate is a metal. The use of a metal plate makes it possible to respond to the mechanical deformation constraints which the acoustic window must satisfy (ie mechanical deformation less than 2.5 mm in response to a bearing force of 50 Newtons applied to the center of the plate) . Preferably, the metal constituting the plate is titanium (or another metal or another material, possibly covered with parylene or equivalent if it is not biocompatible per se). The use of titanium has many advantages:
- Le titane est un matériau bien accepté par la structure osseuse (bonne biocompatibilité), ce qui limite les risques de rejet de la fenêtre acoustique postérieurement à son implantation, - Titanium is a material well accepted by the bone structure (good biocompatibility), which limits the risks of rejection of the acoustic window after its implantation,
- Le titane est un matériau très solide. - Titanium is a very solid material.
Le lecteur appréciera que l’homme du métier considère les métaux comme étant des matériaux défavorables à la transmission des ultrasons, notamment à cause de leur impédance acoustique élevée. The reader will appreciate that a person skilled in the art considers metals to be materials unfavorable to the transmission of ultrasound, in particular because of their high acoustic impedance.
En effet, il est connu qu’une plaque métallique peut être relativement transparente aux ultrasons appliqués selon une incidence normale à la plaque, si son épaisseur est égale à la moitié de la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises. Toutefois selon l’homme du métier, une telle plaque devient inadaptée pour constituer une fenêtre acoustique si les ondes ultrasonores sont émises selon d’autres angles d’incidences que l’incidence normale (les ondes ultrasonores traversant alors une épaisseur de plaque supérieure à la moitié de leur longueur d’onde, ce qui atténue fortement leur transmission). Indeed, it is known that a metal plate can be relatively transparent to ultrasound applied at a normal incidence to the plate, if its thickness is equal to half the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted. However, according to a person skilled in the art, such a plate becomes unsuitable for constituting an acoustic window if the ultrasonic waves are emitted at angles of incidence other than the normal incidence (the ultrasonic waves then passing through a thickness of plate greater than the half their wavelength, which greatly attenuates their transmission).
Ainsi, l’utilisation d’un métal pour constituer la plaque 1 1 d’une fenêtre acoustique 1 va à l’encontre des préjugés de l’homme du métier. Or l’utilisation de métal présente des avantages par rapport à d’autres matériaux intrinsèquement transparents aux ultrasons, notamment en ce qui concerne sa résistance mécanique. Thus, the use of a metal to constitute the plate 1 1 of an acoustic window 1 goes against the prejudices of those skilled in the art. However, the use of metal has advantages over other materials that are intrinsically transparent to ultrasound, in particular with regard to its mechanical resistance.
Bien entendu, le matériau constituant la plaque 1 1 peut être un autre matériau qu’un métal. Notamment, la plaque 1 1 peut être constituée dans un matériau polymère (tel que du polyéthylène, du polystyrène, de l'acrylique, du polyétheréthercétone (PEEK) ou du poly (méthacrylate de méthyle) (PMMA)) ou un élastomère thermoplastique (tel que du PEBAX). Of course, the material constituting the plate 1 1 may be another material than a metal. In particular, the plate 1 1 can be made of a polymer material (such as polyethylene, polystyrene, acrylic, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) or poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)) or a thermoplastic elastomer (such than PEBAX).
3.4. Autres aspects optionnels 3.4. Other optional aspects
3.4.1. Cadre de renfort 3.4.1. Reinforcement frame
Comme illustré aux figures 3 à 5, la fenêtre 1 peut également comprendre un cadre renfort s’étendant au niveau des bords de la plaque 1 1 . Ceci permet d’augmenter la résistance mécanique de la fenêtre 1. Le cadre renfort peut consister en des tiges (ou plaques) en matériau rigide - tel que du titane ou de l'acier inoxydable ou tout autre métal biocompatible connu de l’homme du métier - présentant une épaisseur supérieure à l’épaisseur de la plaque 1 1. As illustrated in Figures 3 to 5, the window 1 may also include a reinforcing frame extending at the edges of the plate 1 1. This increases the mechanical resistance of window 1. The reinforcing frame may consist of rods (or plates) of rigid material - such as titanium or stainless steel or any other biocompatible metal known to those skilled in the art - having a thickness greater than the thickness of the plate 1 1.
Différentes solutions peuvent être retenues pour l’implantation de la fenêtre 1 décrite précédemment dans le crâne du patient. Notamment, la fenêtre 1 peut être implantée : Different solutions can be chosen for the implantation of window 1 described above in the patient's skull. In particular, window 1 can be installed:
- de sorte à s’étendre dans le prolongement de la boîte crânienne du patient, ou - so as to extend in line with the patient's skull, or
- de sorte à s’étendre au-dessus de la boîte crânienne du patient. - so as to extend above the patient's skull.
La fenêtre 1 peut être fixée à la boîte crânienne 4 : Window 1 can be attached to the skull 4:
- par collage, par exemple en utilisant un adhésif - tel que du cyanoacrylate, - by bonding, for example using an adhesive - such as cyanoacrylate,
- par vissage, grâce à des éléments de fixation - tels que des vis d’ancrage osseux - destinés à coopérer avec des orifices traversants 15 ménagés dans la fenêtre 1 , - by screwing, thanks to fixing elements - such as bone anchoring screws - intended to cooperate with through orifices 15 formed in window 1,
- ou par tout autre moyen connu de l’homme du métier permettant la fixation de la fenêtre 1. - or by any other means known to a person skilled in the art allowing the window 1 to be fixed.
3.4.2. Enrobage 3.4.2. Coating
La fenêtre 1 peut également comprendre une (ou des) couche(s) de matériau transparent acoustiquement autour de la plaque 1 1 , tel que du parylène ou de la silicone. Plus précisément, la plaque 1 1 peut être noyée dans la (ou les) couche(s) de matériau. The window 1 may also include one (or more) layer (s) of acoustically transparent material around the plate 1 1, such as parylene or silicone. More specifically, the plate 1 1 can be embedded in the (or) layer (s) of material.
L’enrobage de la fenêtre dans un tel matériau permet de limiter l’inconfort provoqué par l’implantation de la fenêtre acoustique dans le crâne du patient. En effet, le caractère abrasif de la plaque incluant les ouvertures traversantes peut provoquer des irritations de la dure-mère ou de la peau recouvrant la fenêtre acoustique. The coating of the window in such a material makes it possible to limit the discomfort caused by the implantation of the acoustic window in the patient's skull. Indeed, the abrasive nature of the plate including the through openings can cause irritation of the dura mater or of the skin covering the acoustic window.
L’enrobage peut avoir d’autres fonctions : The coating can have other functions:
- Rendre l’implant biocompatible, - Make the implant biocompatible,
- Rendre imperméable la plaque incluant les ouvertures traversantes, - Make the plate waterproof including the through openings,
- Modifier les propriétés mécaniques de la grille, - Modify the mechanical properties of the grid,
- Eviter blessures dues aux arêtes de la plaque, etc.). - Avoid injuries due to edges of the plate, etc.).
Sans la contrainte de déformation minimale que doit satisfaire la fenêtre 1 , un matériau idéal pour constituer la plaque serait la silicone. Néanmoins, la silicone en tant que telle est trop molle pour satisfaire à cette contrainte de déformation minimale. Lorsque la plaque selon l’invention est incorporée dans une couche de silicone, celle-ci permet de rigidifier la couche de silicone, tout en maximisant le coefficient de transmission des ultrasons de la fenêtre acoustique. Without the minimum strain constraint that window 1 must satisfy, an ideal material for forming the plate would be silicone. Nevertheless, the silicone as such is too soft to satisfy this minimal deformation constraint. When the plate according to the invention is incorporated into a layer of silicone, this makes it possible to stiffen the silicone layer, while maximizing the ultrasonic transmission coefficient of the acoustic window.
3.4.3. Reoère(s) de positionnement 3.4.3. Positioning reoere (s)
La fenêtre 1 peut également comprendre un (ou plusieurs) repère(s) de positionnement permettant au praticien d’identifier la position de la plaque 1 1 une fois celle-ci implantée et recouverte de la peau du crâne du patient. The window 1 may also include one (or more) positioning mark (s) allowing the practitioner to identify the position of the plate 1 1 once it has been implanted and covered with the skin of the patient's skull.
L’utilisation de repères de positionnement permet de réduire le temps nécessaire à la mise en œuvre d’une séance d’imagerie et/ou de traitement du tissu cérébral, notamment en facilitant le repérage de la fenêtre acoustique et donc le positionnement de la sonde en regard de la fenêtre 1 afin d’imager et/ou de traiter le tissu cérébral sous-jacent. The use of positioning markers makes it possible to reduce the time necessary for the implementation of an imaging and / or processing session of the brain tissue, in particular by facilitating the identification of the acoustic window and therefore the positioning of the probe. next to window 1 in order to image and / or treat the underlying brain tissue.
Chaque repère de positionnement peut consister en : Each positioning marker can consist of:
- Un élément mécanique repérable tactilement par l’opérateur à travers la peau du patient - tel qu’un pion s’étendant en saillie vers l’extérieur de la plaque 1 1 , ou - A mechanical element that can be identified by the operator by tactile means through the patient's skin - such as a pin projecting outwards from the plate 1 1, or
- Un marqueur de position visible par ultrasons - tel qu’une structure métallique ou une structure plastique échogène, ou - A position marker visible by ultrasound - such as a metallic structure or an echogenic plastic structure, or
- Un marqueur de position visible par IRM, ou - A position marker visible by MRI, or
- Un marqueur de position visible optiquement, par exemple dans la gamme infrarouge. - An optically visible position marker, for example in the infrared range.
Chaque marqueur peut être différent et inclure un code permettant de repérer et de caractériser la fenêtre 1. Par exemple dans une variante de réalisation, chaque marqueur comprend un substrat présentant une première impédance acoustique et un élément ayant une deuxième impédance acoustique. Pour chaque marqueur, l’élément de deuxième impédance acoustique est enfoui à une profondeur différente dans le substrat de sorte que la répartition des éléments dans le substrat constitue un code permettant l'identification dudit marqueur. Each marker can be different and include a code making it possible to locate and characterize the window 1. For example in an alternative embodiment, each marker comprises a substrate having a first acoustic impedance and an element having a second acoustic impedance. For each marker, the element of second acoustic impedance is buried at a different depth in the substrate so that the distribution of the elements in the substrate constitutes a code allowing the identification of said marker.
4. Principe de fonctionnement 4. Principle of operation
On va maintenant décrire le principe de fonctionnement du système pour l’imagerie et/ou le traitement d’un tissu cérébral en référence à la figure 9. Dans une première étape, le praticien implante (étape 100) la fenêtre 1 dans le crâne du patient. Il réalise une (ou plusieurs) ouverture(s) dans la boîte crânienne du patient, et fixe une fenêtre 1 dans l’ouverture (ou dans chaque ouverture respective) par collage ou ancrage. Lors de l’implantation de la fenêtre, le praticien peut combler l’espace libre entre la fenêtre 1 et la dure-mère avec un matériau approprié (gel ou solution saline). Le praticien recouvre ensuite la fenêtre avec la peau du patient. Avantageusement l’incision de la peau du patient est pratiquée de façon à éviter que la cicatrice résultant de la fermeture de la peau après implantation de la fenêtre recouvre la fenêtre (la qualité de transmission ondes ultrasonores étant réduite à travers les cicatrices). We will now describe the operating principle of the system for imaging and / or processing brain tissue with reference to FIG. 9. In a first step, the practitioner implants (step 100) the window 1 in the skull of the patient. It makes one (or more) opening (s) in the skull of the patient, and fixes a window 1 in the opening (or in each respective opening) by gluing or anchoring. When installing the window, the practitioner can fill the free space between window 1 and the dura with a suitable material (gel or saline solution). The practitioner then covers the window with the patient's skin. Advantageously, the incision of the patient's skin is made so as to prevent the scar resulting from the closure of the skin after implantation of the window covering the window (the quality of transmission of ultrasonic waves being reduced through the scars).
Une fois la fenêtre implantée, une succession de séances d’imagerie et/ou de traitement d’un tissu cérébral peut être prodiguée au patient. Once the window is implanted, a succession of imaging and / or treatment sessions of brain tissue can be provided to the patient.
A chaque nouvelle séance de traitement, le praticien met en œuvre une étape de détection (étape 200) de la position de la fenêtre 1. Il fait basculer la sonde dans un mode de repérage (transducteurs de la sonde ou émetteurs/récepteurs spécifiques activés en mode échographique A), applique un gel de transmission pour échographie sur les cheveux du patient, et déplace la sonde sur le crâne du patient pour détecter la position de la fenêtre 1. At each new treatment session, the practitioner implements a detection step (step 200) of the position of window 1. He switches the probe into a tracking mode (probe transducers or specific transmitters / receivers activated by ultrasound mode A), apply a transmission gel for ultrasound to the patient's hair, and move the probe over the patient's skull to detect the position of window 1.
Lorsque la fenêtre 1 est détectée, l’unité de traitement envoie une information au praticien lui demandant de maintenir la sonde immobile. Eventuellement, la sonde peut être retirée pour réappliquer du gel de transmission sur les cheveux du patient au-dessus de la fenêtre avant de repositionner (étape 300) la sonde au droit de la fenêtre 1. When window 1 is detected, the processing unit sends information to the practitioner asking him to keep the probe stationary. Optionally, the probe can be removed to reapply transmission gel on the patient's hair above the window before repositioning (step 300) the probe in line with window 1.
Une fois la sonde positionnée, le praticien oriente la sonde pour émettre les ondes ultrasonores dans une (ou plusieurs) direction(s) d’intérêt selon des angles d’incidence différents compris entre 0 et 60° par rapport à l’incidence normale (90-30 par rapport à l’incidence rasante). Once the probe is positioned, the practitioner directs the probe to emit the ultrasonic waves in one (or more) direction (s) of interest according to different angles of incidence between 0 and 60 ° relative to the normal incidence ( 90-30 compared to the grazing incidence).
Lorsque la sonde est correctement orientée, le praticien active les transducteurs pour permettre d’imager ou de traiter le tissu cérébral (étape 400). When the probe is correctly oriented, the practitioner activates the transducers to allow imaging or processing of the brain tissue (step 400).
5. Théorie relative à l’invention Les performances de transmission d’une fenêtre acoustique 1 selon l’invention incluant une plaque comportant une pluralité d’ouvertures traversantes 12 ont été comparées aux performances de transmission d’une fenêtre acoustique incluant une plaque pleine.5. Theory relating to the invention The transmission performance of an acoustic window 1 according to the invention including a plate comprising a plurality of through openings 12 were compared to the transmission performance of an acoustic window including a solid plate.
La fenêtre acoustique selon l’invention avait les caractéristiques suivantes : The acoustic window according to the invention had the following characteristics:
- Forme des ouvertures traversante : ronde, - Form of through openings: round,
- Diamètre des ouvertures traversantes : D=1 mm, - Diameter of through openings: D = 1 mm,
- Distance entre les ouvertures traversantes : P=1 .7 mm, - Distance between the through openings: P = 1.7 mm,
- Epaisseur de la plaque : e=0.3 mm, - Thickness of the plate: e = 0.3 mm,
- Arrangement des ouvertures traversantes : hexagonal 14 (Motif 60°), - Arrangement of through openings: hexagonal 14 (Motif 60 °),
- Matériau constituant la plaque : Titane. - Material constituting the plate: Titanium.
La fenêtre acoustique incluant une plaque pleine avait les caractéristiques suivantes : The acoustic window including a solid plate had the following characteristics:
- Plaque pleine, - Full plate,
- Epaisseur de la plaque : e=1 6mm, - Thickness of the plate: e = 1 6mm,
- Matériau constituant la plaque : polyétheréthercétone (PEEK). - Material constituting the plate: polyetheretherketone (PEEK).
Les caractéristiques choisies pour la fenêtre acoustique incluant une plaque pleine sont celles permettant d’obtenir les meilleures performances (en termes de transmission des ondes ultrasonores) pour une plaque pleine tout en assurant des performances mécaniques adéquates. The characteristics chosen for the acoustic window including a solid plate are those allowing to obtain the best performance (in terms of transmission of ultrasonic waves) for a solid plate while ensuring adequate mechanical performance.
La sonde 2 utilisée émettait des ondes ultrasonores à une fréquence de 1 MHz. Les coefficients de transmission des deux fenêtres acoustiques ont été étudiés pour différentes inclinaisons de la sonde 2 autour de l’incidence normale (angle d’inclinaison compris entre 0 et 50° autour de l’incidence normale). The probe 2 used emitted ultrasonic waves at a frequency of 1 MHz. The transmission coefficients of the two acoustic windows were studied for different inclinations of the probe 2 around the normal incidence (angle of inclination between 0 and 50 ° around the normal incidence).
Les résultats obtenus sont illustrés à la figure 6 qui est un graphique représentant le taux de transmission des ondes ultrasonores en fonction de l’angle d’incidence de la sonde 2. Comme le lecteur appréciera sur la figure 6, la fenêtre acoustique incluant une plaque pleine présente de bons coefficients de transmission (>85%) pour des angles d’incidence compris entre 0° et 20°. Lorsque l’angle d’incidence de la sonde dépasse les 20°, le coefficient de transmission décroit fortement pour devenir nul lorsque l’angle d’incidence est sensiblement égal à 30°. The results obtained are illustrated in FIG. 6 which is a graph representing the transmission rate of the ultrasonic waves as a function of the angle of incidence of the probe 2. As the reader will appreciate in FIG. 6, the acoustic window including a plate solid has good transmission coefficients (> 85%) for angles of incidence between 0 ° and 20 °. When the angle of incidence of the probe exceeds 20 °, the transmission coefficient decreases sharply to become zero when the angle of incidence is substantially equal to 30 °.
La fenêtre acoustique selon l’invention présente quant à elle des coefficients de transmission supérieurs à 90% pour tous les angles d’incidence compris entre 0° et 50°. On constate par ailleurs sur la figure 6 que la valeur du coefficient de transmission obtenu avec une fenêtre selon l’invention reste sensiblement constante quel que soit l’angle d’incidence des ondes ultrasonores. The acoustic window according to the invention has transmission coefficients greater than 90% for all angles of incidence between 0 ° and 50 °. It can also be seen in FIG. 6 that the value of the transmission coefficient obtained with a window according to the invention remains substantially constant whatever the angle of incidence of the ultrasonic waves.
Cette étude permet de mettre en évidence l’intérêt de la fenêtre selon l’invention (comportant une plaque incluant des ouvertures traversantes), de par la stabilité des valeurs de coefficients de transmission et ses très bons résultats pour des angles d’incidences élevés jusqu’à 60° par rapport à l’incidence normale. This study makes it possible to highlight the advantage of the window according to the invention (comprising a plate including through openings), by the stability of the values of transmission coefficients and its very good results for high angles of incidence up to '' at 60 ° to normal incidence.
De tels résultats n’étaient aucunement prévisibles pour l’homme du métier pour les raisons suivantes. En effet pour calculer l’impédance acoustique d’une plaque 1 1 incluant des ouvertures traversantes 12, l’homme du métier va considérer l’ensemble « plaque + ouvertures » comme un matériau homogène moyen. Such results were in no way predictable to those skilled in the art for the following reasons. Indeed, to calculate the acoustic impedance of a plate 1 1 including through openings 12, those skilled in the art will consider the assembly "plate + openings" as an average homogeneous material.
Cette approximation est couramment utilisée, par exemple dans le cas de matériaux piézocomposite (bâtons de céramique dans une matrice de résine légère). Une telle approximation est notamment décrite dans le document Smith, W. A., et B. A. Auld. « Modeling 1-3 Composite Piezoelectrics: Thickness-Mode Oscillations » https://doi.org/10.1 109/58.67833 (" Such composites can be treated as a homogeneous medium with new effective material parameters so long as the rod size and spacing are sufficiently fine compared with ail relevant acoustic wavelengths"). This approximation is commonly used, for example in the case of piezocomposite materials (ceramic sticks in a matrix of light resin). Such an approximation is described in particular in the document Smith, W. A., and B. A. Auld. "Modeling 1-3 Composite Piezoelectrics: Thickness-Mode Oscillations" https://doi.org/10.1 109 / 58.67833 ("Such composites can be treated as a homogeneous medium with new effective material parameters so long as the rod size and spacing are sufficiently fine compared with garlic relevant acoustic wavelengths ").
En considérant l’ensemble « plaque + ouvertures » comme un matériau homogène moyen, l’homme du métier va, pour une plaque dont 50% de la surface est recouverte d’ouvertures traversantes, supposer que l’impédance acoustique de l’ensemble « plaque + ouvertures » est égale à la moyenne entre l’impédance acoustique de l'eau (1.5 MRayleigh) et l’impédance acoustique du métal (27 MRayl pour le titane) : By considering the assembly “plate + openings” as an average homogeneous material, those skilled in the art will, for a plate of which 50% of the surface is covered with through openings, assume that the acoustic impedance of the assembly “ plate + openings ”is equal to the average between the acoustic impedance of the water (1.5 MRayleigh) and the acoustic impedance of the metal (27 MRayl for titanium):
léquivalent = (leau I titane)/2 = (1.5 + 217)12. = donc 14 MRayl Selon cette approche naïve, l’homme du métier va considérer qu’une fenêtre acoustique comprenant une plaque de 300pm d'épaisseur incluant des ouvertures traversantes a un coefficient de transmission de 50% à 1 MHz. lequivalent = (water I titanium) / 2 = (1.5 + 217) 12. = therefore 14 MRayl According to this naive approach, a person skilled in the art will consider that an acoustic window comprising a plate 300 μm thick including through openings has a transmission coefficient of 50% at 1 MHz.
Or, comme le montre la figure 6, une telle fenêtre acoustique présente des coefficients de transmission supérieure à 90% pour des angles d’incidence compris entre 0 et 60° par rapport à l’incidence normale. Ainsi, rien n’incitait l’homme du métier à proposer l’utilisation d’une fenêtre acoustique incluant des ouvertures traversantes dans un système pour l’imagerie et/ou le traitement d’un tissu cérébral comprenant ladite fenêtre et une sonde de génération d’ondes ultrasonores destinée à être positionnée au droit de la fenêtre acoustique. However, as shown in FIG. 6, such an acoustic window has transmission coefficients greater than 90% for angles of incidence between 0 and 60 ° relative to the normal incidence. Thus, nothing encouraged the skilled person to propose the use of an acoustic window including through openings in a system for imaging and / or treatment of brain tissue comprising said window and a generation probe. of ultrasonic waves intended to be positioned at the right of the acoustic window.
Les résultats illustrés à la figure 6 ont été obtenus par simulation. Des mesures expérimentales des coefficients de transmission de trois fenêtres acoustiques selon l’invention pour différents angles d’incidence ont été réalisées (sonde 2 émettant des ondes ultrasonores à une fréquence de 1 MHz). Ces mesures expérimentales ont été comparées à des mesures expérimentales des coefficients de transmission d’une fenêtre acoustique comportant une plaque pleine de PEEK. The results illustrated in Figure 6 were obtained by simulation. Experimental measurements of the transmission coefficients of three acoustic windows according to the invention for different angles of incidence have been carried out (probe 2 emitting ultrasonic waves at a frequency of 1 MHz). These experimental measurements have been compared to experimental measurements of the transmission coefficients of an acoustic window comprising a plate full of PEEK.
La figure 7 - qui est un graphique représentant le taux de transmission des ondes ultrasonores en fonction de l’angle d’incidence de la sonde 2 - illustre le résultat de cette étude expérimentale. Figure 7 - which is a graph representing the transmission rate of ultrasonic waves as a function of the angle of incidence of probe 2 - illustrates the result of this experimental study.
Les plaques des fenêtres acoustiques selon l’invention consistaient en des grillages métalliques constitués de fils maillés, et présentant les caractéristiques suivantes : The acoustic window plates according to the invention consisted of metal grids made up of mesh wires, and having the following characteristics:
- première fenêtre acoustique : fil diamètre 250pm, période de la maille : 2.1 mm (0=0.17l, distance=1.4Â), - first acoustic window: wire diameter 250pm, mesh period: 2.1 mm (0 = 0.17l, distance = 1.4Â),
- deuxième fenêtre acoustique : fil diamètre 220pm, période de la maille : 1.25 mm (0=0.15l, distance=0.8Â), - second acoustic window: wire diameter 220pm, mesh period: 1.25 mm (0 = 0.15l, distance = 0.8Â),
- troisième fenêtre acoustique : fil diamètre 150pm, période de la maille : 0.59 mm (0=0.10l, distance=0.4Â). - third acoustic window: wire diameter 150pm, mesh period: 0.59 mm (0 = 0.10l, distance = 0.4Â).
Comme il ressort de la figure 7, les courbes de transmission 53, 54, 55 des fenêtres acoustiques selon l’invention sont supérieures à 95% pour des angles d’incidence compris entre 0 et 60° par rapport à l’incidence normale N. La courbe de transmission 51 de la fenêtre acoustique comportant une plaque pleine de PEEK tend vers 0 pour des angles d’incidence supérieurs à 20°. As can be seen from FIG. 7, the transmission curves 53, 54, 55 of the acoustic windows according to the invention are greater than 95% for angles of incidence between 0 and 60 ° relative to the normal incidence N. The transmission curve 51 of the acoustic window comprising a plate full of PEEK tends towards 0 for angles of incidence greater than 20 °.
6. Conclusions 6. Conclusions
La fenêtre acoustique selon l’invention permet de maximiser la transmission des ondes ultrasonores générées par une sonde ultrasonore (coefficient de transmission supérieur à 90%) pour des angles d’incidences importants (i.e. angle d’incidence compris entre 0 et 60° par rapport à l’incidence normale N), sans déformer le champ d’ondes ultrasonores. Ainsi, la fenêtre acoustique selon l’invention permet l’imagerie ou le traitement d’un volume cérébral maximal en comparaison des fenêtres acoustiques incluant une plaque pleine. The acoustic window according to the invention makes it possible to maximize the transmission of the ultrasonic waves generated by an ultrasonic probe (higher transmission coefficient at 90%) for large angles of incidence (ie angle of incidence between 0 and 60 ° relative to the normal incidence N), without deforming the field of ultrasonic waves. Thus, the acoustic window according to the invention allows the imaging or the processing of a maximum cerebral volume in comparison with the acoustic windows including a full plate.
Le lecteur aura compris que de nombreuses modifications peuvent être apportées à l’invention décrite précédemment sans sortir matériellement des nouveaux enseignements et des avantages présentés ici. The reader will have understood that many modifications can be made to the invention described above without materially departing from the new teachings and the advantages presented here.
Par exemple, les ouvertures traversantes de la plaque peuvent présenter des formes différentes. For example, the through openings of the plate may have different shapes.
Par conséquent, toutes les modifications de ce type sont destinées à être incorporées à l’intérieur de la portée des revendications jointes. Therefore, all such modifications are intended to be incorporated within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Fenêtre acoustique (1 ) apte à être implantée au niveau d’une ouverture ménagée dans la boîte crânienne (4) d’un patient, ladite fenêtre acoustique (1 ) étant destinée à coopérer avec une sonde ultrasonore externe (2) pour l’émission d’ondes ultrasonores à travers la fenêtre acoustique (1 ), 1. Acoustic window (1) able to be installed at an opening in the skull (4) of a patient, said acoustic window (1) being intended to cooperate with an external ultrasonic probe (2) for the 'emission of ultrasonic waves through the acoustic window (1),
caractérisée en ce que la fenêtre acoustique comprend une plaque (1 1 ) incluant une pluralité d’ouvertures traversantes (12), la distance (P) entre deux ouvertures traversantes (12) adjacentes étant inférieure à cinq fois la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe (2). characterized in that the acoustic window comprises a plate (1 1) including a plurality of through openings (12), the distance (P) between two adjacent through openings (12) being less than five times the wavelength of the waves ultrasound emitted by the external ultrasonic probe (2).
2. Fenêtre acoustique (1 ) selon la revendication 1 , dans laquelle le matériau constituant la plaque est un matériau d’impédance acoustique élevée supérieure à 5 * 106 Pa s/m, tel qu’un métal comme par exemple du titane. 2. Acoustic window (1) according to claim 1, in which the material constituting the plate is a material of high acoustic impedance greater than 5 * 10 6 Pa s / m, such as a metal such as for example titanium.
3. Fenêtre acoustique (1 ) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 ou 2, dans laquelle la surface couverte par les ouvertures traversantes (12) est supérieure ou égale à 50%, préférentiellement supérieure ou égale à 75%, et encore plus préférentiellement supérieure ou égale à 90% de la surface totale de la plaque (1 1 ). 3. Acoustic window (1) according to any one of claims 1 or 2, in which the surface covered by the through openings (12) is greater than or equal to 50%, preferably greater than or equal to 75%, and even more preferably greater than or equal to 90% of the total surface of the plate (1 1).
4. Fenêtre acoustique (1 ) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, dans laquelle la distance (P) entre deux ouvertures traversantes (12) adjacentes est inférieure au double de la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe (2), préférentiellement inférieure à 1 ,7 fois la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe (2), et encore plus préférentiellement inférieur à la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe (2). 4. Acoustic window (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, in which the distance (P) between two adjacent through openings (12) is less than twice the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the probe external ultrasound (2), preferably less than 1.7 times the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe (2), and even more preferably less than the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the ultrasonic probe external (2).
5. Fenêtre acoustique (1 ) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, dans laquelle les dimensions (D) de chaque ouverture traversante (12) sont inférieures au double de la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe (2), préférentiellement inférieures à 1 ,7 fois la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe (2), et encore plus préférentiellement inférieures à la longueur d’onde des ondes ultrasonores émises par la sonde ultrasonore externe (2). 5. Acoustic window (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, in which the dimensions (D) of each through opening (12) are less than twice the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the ultrasonic probe external (2), preferably less than 1.7 times the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe (2), and even more preferably less than the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves emitted by the external ultrasonic probe (2).
6. Fenêtre acoustique (1 ) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, dans laquelle les ouvertures traversantes (12) sont de forme identique. 6. Acoustic window (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the through openings (12) are of identical shape.
7. Fenêtre acoustique (1 ) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, dans laquelle les ouvertures traversantes (12) sont régulièrement réparties sur la plaque (1 1 ). 7. Acoustic window (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the through openings (12) are regularly distributed on the plate (1 1).
8. Fenêtre acoustique (1 ) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, dans laquelle les ouvertures traversantes (12) sont disposées selon un arrangement carré (13). 8. Acoustic window (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the through openings (12) are arranged in a square arrangement (13).
9. Fenêtre acoustique (1 ) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, dans laquelle les ouvertures traversantes (12) sont disposées selon un arrangement hexagonal (14). 9. Acoustic window (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the through openings (12) are arranged in a hexagonal arrangement (14).
10. Fenêtre acoustique (1 ) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, laquelle comprend en outre au moins une couche de matériau polymère, tel que de la silicone, contenant la plaque (1 1 ). 10. Acoustic window (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 9, which further comprises at least one layer of polymeric material, such as silicone, containing the plate (1 1).
1 1. Fenêtre acoustique (1 ) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, laquelle comprend en outre au moins un repère de positionnement. 1 1. Acoustic window (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 10, which further comprises at least one positioning mark.
12. Fenêtre acoustique (1 ) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 1 1 , laquelle comprend en outre un cadre renfort s’étendant en périphérie de la plaque (1 1 ). 12. Acoustic window (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 1 1, which further comprises a reinforcing frame extending around the periphery of the plate (1 1).
13. Ensemble d’implantation chirurgical comprenant un emballage, notamment individuel, caractérisé en ce que l’ensemble d’implantation comprend une fenêtre aseptisée selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 12 contenue dans l’emballage, et une notice d’utilisation de la fenêtre en tant que fenêtre acoustique. 13. Surgical implantation assembly comprising a packaging, in particular individual, characterized in that the implantation assembly comprises a sanitized window according to any one of claims 1 to 12 contained in the packaging, and an instruction manual of the window as an acoustic window.
14. Système pour l’imagerie et/ou le traitement d’un tissu cérébral, le système incluant une sonde de génération d’ondes ultrasonores, caractérisé en ce que le système comprend en outre une fenêtre acoustique selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 12. 14. System for imaging and / or treating brain tissue, the system including an ultrasonic wave generation probe, characterized in that the system also comprises an acoustic window according to any one of claims 1 at 12.
EP19809486.4A 2018-11-30 2019-11-29 Accoustic window for imaging and/or treatment of brain tissue Pending EP3886719A1 (en)

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FR1872187A FR3089128B1 (en) 2018-11-30 2018-11-30 ACOUSTIC WINDOW FOR IMAGING AND / OR TREATMENT OF CEREBRAL TISSUE
PCT/EP2019/083023 WO2020109527A1 (en) 2018-11-30 2019-11-29 Accoustic window for imaging and/or treatment of brain tissue

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US20090112278A1 (en) * 2007-10-30 2009-04-30 Neuropace, Inc. Systems, Methods and Devices for a Skull/Brain Interface
WO2011101039A1 (en) 2010-02-22 2011-08-25 Universite Pierre Et Marie Curie (Paris 6) Apparatus for the treatment of brain affections and method implementing thereof
US9044195B2 (en) * 2013-05-02 2015-06-02 University Of South Florida Implantable sonic windows
US10952701B2 (en) * 2015-06-16 2021-03-23 Institut National De La Sante Et De Recherche Medical (Inserm) Detecting apparatus and associated imaging method

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