EP3834188A2 - Method and system for the detection of a living being or an object in a traffic lane - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for detecting the presence of an object or a living being in a traffic lane, said method being implemented by a detection system comprising: - a photovoltaic unit having at least one photovoltaic sensor (C_pv_i); - means for measuring an electrical variable (I_CC, V_OC, I_mpp, V_mpp) at said photovoltaic sensor; - means for processing the at least one measured electrical variable; the method involving: - a step of measuring at least one electrical variable at the photovoltaic sensor in order to obtain a measurement signal; - a step of determining variation parameters characteristic of the measurement signal obtained for the measured electrical variable; - a detection step implemented to detect the presence of a vehicle or a living being when said characteristic variation parameters are identified.

Description

 Method and system for detecting a living being or an object on a traffic lane

Technical field of the invention

 The present invention relates to a method and a system for detecting a living being or an object on a traffic lane.

 Without limitation, the detection system may in particular be used in different applications, such as:

 - Presence of vehicles for the purpose of counting,

 Position detection of a vehicle on a track,

 Detection for switching on / off urban lighting,

 - Warning of presence on a pedestrian crossing,

 Traffic density detection,

 - Measurement of traffic direction of vehicles on the track,

 Communication between vehicle and lane for information on traffic conditions: slowdown, traffic jams, rain, frost,

 - Calculation of the speed of a vehicle on the track,

 Estimated size (length or width) of a vehicle,

 - Estimated track temperature,

 - Calculation of the trajectory (detection of exit from the road, see exit from the road alert for a system positioned in a dangerous place),

 Analysis of vehicles on the road network: vehicle flow, traffic jam forecast, ...

 - Measurement of the (safety) distances between two vehicles,

 Detection of vehicles stopped on the road, on the emergency stop strip, on prohibited or dangerous parking, etc.

 - Vehicle counting in an area (including underground parking, etc.),

Crossing detection (red light, stop, priority, etc ...),

 - Upstream vehicle detection to improve personal safety

working on or near the track, DD18780 AB

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Detection of presence of pedestrian (s), animals,

 Wheelchair detection to adapt pedestrian routes,

 Presence detection to trigger urban lighting, security or advertising displays, etc.

 5

 State of the art

 Today there are a number of solutions that can detect the presence of a vehicle on a road.

 The patent US6417783B1 describes a solution which comprises a sensor mounted at the top of a mast placed at the roadside. The solution notably uses photovoltaic cells to be autonomous in electrical energy and includes a wireless communication module to transmit the measurement data to a remote central unit. However, such a solution is not optimal. It is in fact impractical to install and it is particularly unattractive.

5 Recently, it has been proposed to functionalize infrastructures, in particular traffic routes, that is to say roads, parking lots, cycle paths, by integrating signaling means and / or photovoltaic equipment directly into the roadway. to capture solar energy and transform it into electrical energy that can be used directly and / or returned to the electrical network. Patent applications WO2016 / 016165A1, WO2016 / 016170A1 and WO2014 / 125415A1 describe, for example, photovoltaic panels to be stuck on the traffic lane, making it possible to capture light energy to transform it into electrical energy.

 There is however a need to go even further in the functionalization of an infrastructure such as a traffic lane and to propose new functionalities which make it possible to improve security, to signal a danger, to easily provide information to centers. These new features must be provided by a simple system, easy to install and robust to withstand the conditions of use in urban or extra-urban areas.

Patent application GB2478560A describes an "intelligent" signaling pad 0 integrated into the roadway. This pad has the distinction of being active. Its operation consists in particular in employing a light detector to detect the intensity of light created by the lights of a vehicle, in processing the signal obtained thanks to a microprocessor and in activating or not signaling diodes according to the processed signal. The stud is powered by a photovoltaic cell. This solution is not DD18780 AB

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 3 however not sufficient to adapt to certain external operating conditions (notably level of brightness).

The object of the invention is to propose a method and a system for detecting the presence of a living being or of an object on a traffic lane, which is particularly simple to install, which does not impact the environment. in particular at the aesthetic level, which remains particularly robust to withstand the different climatic conditions or those which are linked to its implantation environment and which can adapt to different external operating conditions, in order to obtain optimal results.

Statement of the invention

 This object is achieved by a method for detecting the presence of an object or of a living being on a traffic lane, implemented by a detection system which comprises:

 Photovoltaic equipment comprising at least one photovoltaic sensor intended to be integrated into said traffic path,

Means for measuring at least one electrical quantity at said photovoltaic sensor,

0 - Means for processing said at least one measured electrical quantity,

 Said method comprising:

 A step of determining an ambient light level,

 A step of determining at least one electrical quantity to be measured5 as a function of the determined ambient light level,

 A step of determining a processing mode to be carried out taking into account the determined ambient light level,

 A step of measuring at least one electrical quantity at the level of said photovoltaic sensor in order to obtain a measurement signal, 0 - A step of determining parameters of variation characteristic of the measurement signal obtained for said measured electrical quantity,

A detection step implemented to detect the presence of an object or of a living being when said characteristic variation parameters are identified and / or of determining characteristics of said object or of the living being detected from said parameters. variation in characteristics identified. DD18780 AB

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According to one feature, the method comprises a step of preprocessing the measurement signal obtained.

 According to another particular feature, the step of determining parameters of

5 characteristic variation of the measurement signal for said measured electrical quantity is implemented from one or more of the following extraction solutions:

 Frequency breakdown of the measurement signal;

 - Physical modeling and acquisition of parameters;

 - Convolution of the measurement signal;

0 - Statistical learning method;

 - K-nearest-neighbors method;

 - Method for comparing the values of the measurement signal with one or more threshold values;

 - Method for detecting the slope of the measurement signal;

5 - Fuzzy logic method;

 - Method of mixing Gaussian models;

 - Statistical method by sliding averages;

 According to another particular feature, the method comprises a step of determining the length of an object from the variation parameters characteristic of the measurement signal obtained for said measured electrical quantity.

 According to another particularity, the method comprises:

 A step of determining the speed of said object from a fixed distance between a first photovoltaic sensor and a second photovoltaic sensor of the system, from a first detection instant determined on5 a first measurement signal obtained for said electrical quantity measured at level of the first photovoltaic sensor and of a second detection instant, distinct from the first detection instant, determined on a second measurement signal obtained for said electrical quantity measured at the second photovoltaic sensor.

0 According to another particularity, the electrical quantity is chosen from the short-circuit current of the photovoltaic equipment, the open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic equipment, the maximum power current of the photovoltaic equipment, the maximum power voltage of photovoltaic equipment or a combination of several of these parameters. DD18780 AB

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According to another particularity, the level of brightness is determined from several thresholds delimiting at least three zones:

 A first zone defined under a low threshold of brightness;

 A second zone defined above a high brightness threshold;

5 - A third intermediate zone located between said low threshold and said high threshold;

According to another particularity, in said third zone, the method consists in measuring two electrical quantities. The invention also relates to a system for detecting the presence of a living being or of an object on a traffic lane, said system including:

 Photovoltaic equipment comprising at least one photovoltaic sensor intended to be integrated into said traffic path,

Means for measuring at least one electrical quantity at said photovoltaic sensor in order to obtain a measurement signal,

 Means for processing the measurement signal obtained for said at least one measured electrical quantity, said processing means comprising a module for determining variation parameters characteristic of said measured electrical magnitude and a first detection module configured to detect the presence of a vehicle or a living being when said characteristic variation parameters are identified.

 According to a particular feature, the processing means are configured to apply a preprocessing to said measurement signal obtained.

 According to another particular feature, the processing means are configured to apply to the measurement signal obtained an extraction solution chosen from one or more of the following solutions:

 Frequency breakdown of the measurement signal;

 - Physical modeling and acquisition of parameters;

 - Convolution of the measurement signal;

0 - Statistical learning method;

 - K-nearest-neighbors method;

 - Method for comparing the values of the measurement signal with one or more threshold values;

 - Method for detecting the slope of the measurement signal;

5 - Fuzzy logic method; DD18780 AB

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- Method of mixing Gaussian models;

 - Statistical method by sliding averages;

 According to another particularity, the processing means comprise a module for determining the length of an object from the variation parameters

5 characteristics of the measurement signal obtained for said electrical quantity measured.

 According to another feature:

 - The photovoltaic equipment comprises a first photovoltaic sensor and a second photovoltaic sensor, said second photovoltaic sensor being spaced by a non-zero fixed distance relative to the first photovoltaic sensor according to a direction of circulation of the object or said living being on said floor,

 The processing means comprise a module for determining the speed of said object from said fixed distance between said first photovoltaic sensor and said second photovoltaic sensor, from a first detection instant5 determined on a first measurement signal obtained for said electrical quantity measured at the first photovoltaic sensor and at a second detection instant, distinct from the first detection instant, determined on a second measurement signal obtained by said electrical quantity measured at the second photovoltaic sensor.

0 According to another particularity, the electrical quantity is chosen from the short-circuit current of the photovoltaic equipment, the open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic equipment, the maximum power current of the photovoltaic equipment, the maximum power voltage of photovoltaic equipment or a combination of several of these parameters.

According to another particularity, the system comprises a brightness sensor configured to supply brightness data to the processing means and in that the processing means are configured to determine the electrical quantity measured as a function of said brightness data supplied by the sensor of brightness.

0 According to another particularity, the photovoltaic equipment comprises one or more photovoltaic cells.

 According to another particular feature, the photovoltaic equipment is produced in the form of one or more photovoltaic panels glued to the road.

According to another particular feature, each photovoltaic panel is in the form of a one-piece element comprising a first layer forming said sensor. DD18780 AB

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 7 photovoltaic and at least one electronic unit comprising said processing means.

 According to another particular feature, the system comprises a communication module configured to exchange data with a remote central unit 5 by wired or wireless link.

Brief description of the figures

 Other characteristics and advantages will appear in the detailed description which follows, in conjunction with the appended figures listed below:

 FIG. 1A schematically illustrates the detection system of the invention used to detect an object or a living being on a traffic lane;

 FIG. 1B represents a particular embodiment of the system of the invention;

 FIG. 2 schematically illustrates, according to a particular embodiment, an example of the structure of the detection system of the invention;

 FIG. 3 schematically represents a photovoltaic type sensor which can be used in the detection system of the invention;

 FIGS. 4A to 4C represent several alternative embodiments of a photovoltaic sensor of the detection system of the invention;

 FIG. 5 represents a curve l-V characteristic of a photovoltaic element (cell or module), showing the parameters of interest for the system of the invention;

 FIG. 6 represents curves l-V characteristic of a photovoltaic element (cell or module) obtained according to different levels of irradiance;

 FIG. 7 represents a curve of variation of the power generated by a photovoltaic sensor as a function of time, which makes it possible to illustrate the characteristic parameters of variation during the presence of shading on the sensor;

FIGS. 8A and 8B represent two curves of variation of the voltage in open circuit measured by a system sensor, during the passage of a vehicle5 provided with lighting, on the traffic lane, respectively at night and in low light; DD18780 AB

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FIG. 9 represents a particular embodiment of the detection system of the invention, in which two photovoltaic sensors of the system are separated by a fixed distance;

 FIG. 10 represents two variation curves of the power generated by

5 two photovoltaic sensors of the system as a function of day time, the two sensors being separated by a fixed distance; This figure illustrates the principle of determining the speed of the vehicle;

 Figures 1 1 A and 1 1 B each show two curves of variation of the open circuit voltage generated by two photovoltaic sensors of the system0 as a function of time, the two sensors being separated by a fixed distance, Figure 1 1 A being obtained by night measurement and Figure 1 1 B by measurement at dusk; This figure illustrates the principle of determining the speed of the vehicle under these particular conditions;

 FIG. 12 illustrates the principle of determining the length of a vehicle by the detection system of the invention;

 FIG. 13 represents the power variation curve obtained by the system of FIG. 12, and illustrating the principle of determining the length of a vehicle;

 FIGS. 14A and 14B represent a curve of variation of the current as a function of time making it possible to illustrate the passage respectively of a heavy vehicle and a cyclist over a sensor of the detection system of the invention;

Detailed description of at least one embodiment

The invention relates to a system 2 for detecting a living being or an object on a traffic lane. This principle is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1 A.

 By road, we mean for example a road or equivalent, a path, a cycle track, a parking lot (underground or not), a sidewalk ...

 The detection system 2 notably comprises a photovoltaic type equipment 0 integrated into the traffic lane (for example the road in FIG. 1A).

 Conventionally, photovoltaic equipment, subjected to light energy, makes it possible to produce electrical energy.

 With reference to FIG. 1A, the photovoltaic equipment comprises one or more photovoltaic sensors C_pv_i (i can range from 1 to n depending on the configuration5 of the system). Figure 1A shows a single photovoltaic sensor system C_pv_1.

Referring to Figure 3, each photo voltaic sensor C_pv_i in the system can DD18780 AB

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 9 include and use one or more Cell_k photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells can be organized in series / parallel in each collector or photovoltaic element used. They can be encapsulated to be protected from external elements (humidity, shocks ...).

 5 In FIG. 3, the sensor C_pv_i is represented with a chain of Photovoltaic cells Cell_k connected in series. Bypass diodes ("bypass") can be used in each photovoltaic sensor in the system. A bypass diode is for example placed in parallel with a group of cells in series and makes it possible to derive the current of the group of cells when one of the cells of group 0 is shaded. Without such a diode, the shadow cells heat up and are susceptible to destruction.

 To form each sensor, the detection system 2 comprises means of measurement M_V, MJ of at least one electrical quantity at one or more of the photovoltaic cells of the sensor. The sensors of the photovoltaic equipment5 can be identical or different, in particular in the electrical quantity measured / monitored.

 Each C_pvJ photovoltaic sensor can be produced in the form of one or more photovoltaic panels of the type described in patent applications W02016 / 016165A1 and W02016 / 016170A1. The slabs can be placed contiguously and contiguously on the traffic lane.

 By way of example, FIG. 4A represents an architecture with three contiguous photovoltaic panels, each panel itself integrating several photovoltaic cells. The three tiles can be combined in the same system sensor, or each form a separate sensor from the system or even from several systems.

 Each panel can include one or more photovoltaic sensors of the detection system.

With reference to FIGS. 4B and 4C, as a variant and in a nonlimiting manner, each sensor of the photovoltaic equipment can comprise either a photovoltaic cell for measuring the short-circuit current Icc (FIG. 4B) because a large surface area maximizes the value of Icc _, i.e. a set of cleaved cells (cut into small pieces - Figure 4C) put in series to measure the open circuit voltage Voc with greater precision (Nb of cells x 0.6V in series, because each cell provides 0 , 6V), either a combination of the two means, or yet another structure. DD18780 AB

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The detection system 2 can comprise a BATT battery charged by said photovoltaic equipment and which makes it possible to make the detection system completely autonomous in electrical energy, day and night. The system can then include an electrical energy management module.

 5

 A C_pv_i photovoltaic sensor as used in the system can be used in at least two separate configurations. In a first configuration, it can fulfill both a sensor role and an electrical energy generation role. To generate electrical energy, it is then connected to a CONV converter of the system, controlled to charge a battery or to send electrical energy back to the electrical network.

 In this first configuration, each photovoltaic sensor is therefore designed and installed to operate in the following two operating modes:

 An operating mode of electrical production: The photovoltaic sensor 5 is therefore connected to the CONV converter connected to the electrical network and / or to a battery (for example that of the system) to supply electrical energy;

A non-production operating mode: The sensor is therefore used only in sensor mode to carry out the measurements necessary for detection;

0 The system can then include switching means for connecting / disconnecting each photovoltaic sensor of the converter and thus changing from the production operating mode to the non-production operating mode and vice versa.

 In a second configuration, the sensor C_pv_i can only fulfill its role as a sensor. The photovoltaic sensor is therefore designed and installed to operate only in a non-production operating mode as defined above. It is then used mainly as a sensor (only a power supply function of the detection system can still be assigned to it in order to make the system autonomous - but we will still consider that its main function is that of sensor).

The system 2 can also include one or more COM communication modules controlled to receive measurement data from the measurement means and send data to a remote central processing unit 1. Communication modules can be wired or wireless. They are controlled by the processing means to send / receive the data. DD18780 AB

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 1 1

The photovoltaic equipment used in the detection system may be part of a more global photovoltaic installation, intended for electrical production only. This photovoltaic installation of electrical production can be formed of

5 several slabs such as those described above.

A first principle of the invention consists in determining the electrical quantity or quantities to be measured, according to the ambient light level. In other words, it is a question of taking account of the fact that it is day, night or that it is an intermediate situation, between day and night.

According to one feature, the electrical quantity measured at one or more cells of the photovoltaic equipment of each sensor and necessary for its operation as a sensor, is advantageously an electric current and / or5 an electric voltage.

 More precisely, the electrical quantity or the electrical quantities can thus be chosen from:

 The short-circuit current Icc of the photovoltaic sensor;

 The open circuit voltage Voc of the photovoltaic sensor;

0 The current at maximum power lm _PP supplied by the photovoltaic sensor;

The voltage at maximum power V _mp p supplied by the photovoltaic sensor;

Each sensor of the photovoltaic equipment of the system can therefore integrate means for measuring one or more of these electrical quantities (see above 5 means of measurement M_V, M l).

As a reminder, photovoltaic equipment (cell or module with several cells) is characterized by a characteristic curve IV as shown in FIG. 5 and which is directly linked to the characteristic of the photovoltaic cell that it uses. For a photovoltaic cell, the voltage which is present when no current flows 0 is called open circuit voltage Voc. In addition, the current present when there is no voltage is called short-circuit current Icc. In these two situations, no power is extracted from the photovoltaic panel (non-production operating mode). The point of maximum power of the photovoltaic equipment corresponds to the point of nominal efficiency of the equipment.5 It is defined by a voltage called voltage at maximum power V _mpp and by a current called current at maximum power l _mpp . Figure 6 shows the curves DD18780 AB

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 12 l-V characteristics of a photovoltaic cell, depending on the level of irradiance suffered by the cell.

A second principle of the invention consists in determining the phenomenon to be detected, as a function of the level of brightness determined, in order to deduce therefrom the processing mode to be carried out. It will then be a question of knowing whether we are in the case of detection of a shade (in general when it is day) or in the case of an increase in light (in general when it is night, by the light generated by vehicle lights). Depending on the phenomenon to be detected, the processing mode of the measured signal will be different.

0

 Finally, as an option, it is also possible to determine the electrical quantity or electrical quantities to be considered taking into account the operating mode of the sensor, that is to say whether the sensor is in production mode or in non-production mode. .

5

 The system may include a CJum light sensor configured to measure the ambient light of the system and determine, as a function of the light level, the relevant electrical quantity or quantities as well as the phenomenon to be detected. As a variant or in addition, it is of course possible that the ambient light level, and therefore the day / night distinction, is determined directly by the photovoltaic sensor itself.

The detection system includes processing means. The processing means may include at least one central processing unit UC and storage means, for example integrated into the central processing unit. They can be in the form of a programmable controller comprising input modules and output modules. On these input modules, the processing means can receive:

 The voltage and / or electric current measurements of each sensor of the photovoltaic equipment;

0 - Brightness measurements from the brightness sensor;

 Data from the electrical energy management module associated with the battery;

When the detection system 2 includes several sensors (C_pv_1, 5 C_pv_2 as in Figure 2 described below), it can include a central unit DD18780 AB

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 13 common to all the sensors, thus receiving the measurements from all the sensors or a separate central unit assigned to each sensor.

The processing means are configured to execute different modules

5 software taking account of data received on the input modules and intended to determine the output data to be applied to the output modules.

 Without limitation, these different software modules can be the following:

 One or more control modules intended to place the detection system 2 in the configuration desired and necessary for the detection (control of each sensor in production mode or non-production mode, ...);

 A module for determining / selecting the electrical quantity or electrical quantities to be measured according to the operating mode of each sensor of the chosen photovoltaic equipment and / or according to the brightness level5 received from the brightness sensor and optionally an activation module means for measuring each selected electrical quantity;

 A module for determining the processing mode to be executed depending on the phenomenon to be detected (shading or increased light);

 A module for processing the data of the measurement signal obtained for each electrical quantity measured and being processed, taking into account, depending on the phenomenon to be detected, parameters for variation of the electrical quantity characteristic of the presence of an object or d 'a living being ;

 A module for detecting the presence of an object or a living being when the variation of the measurement signal for an electrical quantity measured and being processed reproduces said variation parameters characteristic of the presence of an object or of 'a living being ;

 A module for determining several instants of detection from the variation of the measurement signal for each electrical quantity measured and being processed;

0 A module for determining various parameters such as the length of the object, the width of the object, the speed of the object taking into account the different operating conditions of the system;

 A module for determining the temperature of the traffic lane;

A module for determining the operating mode and the electrical quantity or electrical quantities to be measured, taking into account the electrical energy available in the battery; If the electrical energy available in the DD18780 AB

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 14 battery is sufficient to supply the system for a sufficiently long period (at least one night for example), the processing means can disconnect the production mode and switch to non-production mode. By changing the operating mode, the electrical quantity or quantities to be measured may differ. In production mode, the system can rely on measurements of the current at maximum power and / or the voltage at maximum power. In non-production mode, the system can rely on measurements of the short-circuit current and / or the open circuit voltage. 0 The brightness level can be characterized from several thresholds. Without limitation, the processing means can be configured to manage several thresholds defining the following operating zones:

 A first zone defined under a low brightness threshold: The processing means are in a "night" processing mode;

5 - A second zone defined above a high brightness threshold: The processing means are in a "day" processing mode;

 A third intermediate zone situated between the two brightness thresholds: The processing means are in an intermediate day / night processing mode.

0

 By way of example and without implied limitation, FIG. 1B represents a detection system as described above, all the components of which are integrated in one and the same monobloc element, forming a slab to be bonded to the traffic lane. A first upper layer forms the photovoltaic sensor. One or more lower layers5, produced in one or more housings, contain the electronic circuits of the system, the central unit UC, the means for measuring current MJ and voltage M_V, the converter CONV, the battery BATT, and the module for COM switching. Several slabs of this type can be glued to the traffic lane, for example contiguously or spaced depending on the application envisaged (speed measurement, de0 length, simple detection, etc.). Each panel of this type can communicate with the remote central unit 1 thanks to its COM communication module, by wired or wireless link (for example via a ZIGBEE type network).

FIG. 2 schematically represents an exemplary embodiment of the detection system. The system can have the following characteristics: DD18780 AB

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At least one first sensor C_pv_1 is configurable in production mode or in non-production mode;

 Processing means (central processing unit UC) can control the operating mode of the first sensor, to place it in production mode or in

5 non-production mode (this principle is shown diagrammatically by the control point S_1 which makes it possible to connect / disconnect the converter sensor);

At least one second sensor C_pv_2 is in non-production mode only, dedicated to measurements;

 The processing means UC can control the current measurement means and the voltage measurement means at the level of each sensor.

 C_pv_1 or C_pv_2 in an individualized manner (this principle is schematized by the control points S_V_1, S_l_1, S_V_2, S_l_2 which make it possible to connect / disconnect the measurement means of the central unit);

The processing means UC can determine which electrical quantity (s) is (are) useful for the system, taking account for example of the level of brightness, of the processing mode to be carried out (shading detection or increase in light) and of the operating mode in production or out of production of each sensor, and thus receive the measurement data of each selected electrical quantity (this principle is shown diagrammatically by the 0 control points S_V_1 .1, S_V_1 .2, S_l_1. 1, S_l_1 .2 for the first sensor and by the control points S_V_2.1, S_V_2.2, Sl_2.1, S_l_2.2 for the second sensor, these control points being controlled by the central processing unit UC to select each electrical quantity to be treated); In FIG. 4, all the control points controlled by the central unit are generally defined5 S X.

Of course, it would be possible to have a system in which all the sensors are of the type of the first sensor or of the type of the second sensor.

It should be noted that the detection system of the invention can be integrated into a more general electrical production installation comprising photovoltaic modules (for example in the form of panels) dedicated to the production of electricity. Figure 2 thus shows a photovoltaic module M_pv connected to a converter to supply electrical energy to charge a battery. 5 In the production operating mode of a sensor C_pv_i, to detect the presence of a living being or an object, the detection system can DD18780 AB

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16 rely on the variations of the current at maximum power lm _PP and / or of the voltage at maximum power V _mp p at the level of each photovoltaic sensor.

 In the production operating mode, if the electrical production is only intended for the electrical supply of the detection system, a low power is then taken to supply the detection system. The measurements carried out can then be based on variations in the open circuit voltage Voc of the equipment. Excess energy not needed to power the system will be stored in a battery or a super-capacity to allow the system to operate autonomously, especially at night.

0

 In the non-production operating mode, the detection system 2 can rely on both the variations of the short-circuit current Icc and the open circuit voltage Voc.

 Outside production, the observation of these two parameters (Icc and Voc) simultaneously5 or alternatively is indeed relevant. In fact, a drop in ambient light will have a very significant impact on the short-circuit current, which may drop to zero, thus limiting the possibilities of detection. In this situation, the open circuit voltage Voc will also be impacted, but to a lesser extent. If the ambient brightness decreases, the value of the open circuit voltage should not reach a zero value, making it possible to maintain a detection capacity. It is also possible to combine the measurements of these two quantities in order to guarantee a certain level of precision in detection.

 On the other hand, in the event of very low light (dark night), depending on the situation and the event to be detected, it is possible that neither of these two parameters is relevant5. In this case, a sensor dedicated to the measurement (for example infrared or other) can be integrated into the system and activated.

Many solutions can be used to extract the information useful for the estimation of the parameters which make it possible to go back to the quantities0 sought. These solutions can be applied to the measurement signal obtained for the monitored electrical quantity, after a possible preprocessing (to denoising, smoothing or extracting characteristic parameters). Without limitation, the pretreatment and the processing can be implemented using at least one processing circuit which may include filtering means, at least one analog / digital converter5, a microcontroller executing an extraction program adapted to extract therefrom. the characteristic parameters sought for the application. The circuit DD18780 AB

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 Processing can easily be carried out and configured to extract the characteristic parameters necessary for one or more of the aims pursued (see below, detection, determination of speed, length, etc.). It can be integrated into the CPU central unit.

 5 Taken alone or in combination, the extraction solutions executed by the processing circuit can be for example:

 Frequency breakdown of the signal (Fourrier, wavelets, etc ...);

- Physical modeling and acquisition of parameters;

 Convolution of function;

0 - Statistical learning (neural networks, support vector machines, kernel methods, etc.);

 K-nearest-neighbors;

 Expert rules (with comparison with threshold values, slope detection ...);

5 Fuzzy logic;

 - Mixture of Gaussiennes;

 - Sliding means (with combination of different window sizes, etc.); 0

 As already indicated above, the solution of the invention mainly makes it possible to take into account two different and complementary phenomena:

 A first phenomenon related to the shading created by the object or the living being on one or more sensors of the photovoltaic equipment;

5 - A second phenomenon related to lighting which can be produced by an object such as a vehicle in the direction of one or more sensors of the photovoltaic equipment of the system;

The phenomenon to be considered takes into account the ambient light level and the detection system is configured to adapt the processing mode of the measured signal or of the measured signals according to the phenomenon to be detected. By different processing modes is meant that the characteristic parameters of the measured signal to be detected may be different. 5 DD18780 AB

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First phenomenon detected: Shading detection

 Photovoltaic type sensors are indeed suitable tools for detecting the presence of an object (such as a vehicle) by the shading created by the object, this shading in fact causing a reduction in the irradiance on the sensor. . The presence of a shade on at least one photovoltaic sensor of the system causes a decrease in the electric production (in terms of current, power or both depending on the configuration of the sensor) as long as the shadow touches the sensor. This first phenomenon is dependent on the external irradiance supply and is therefore mainly operating during the day. However, it generally remains present and detectable at night thanks to the 0 luminous contribution of the stars and ambient lighting when it is present.

The detection of the shading generated by the passage of the vehicle over at least one sensor of the photovoltaic equipment of the system can be carried out in different ways:

5 · For a photovoltaic sensor in production mode: variation of the power and, mainly, of the current at maximum power IMPP.

In this case, the voltage across the sensor of the photovoltaic equipment is generally imposed by the application (which is generally a static converter) which therefore defines the current level resulting at maximum power0 IMPP. The parameter variation will therefore be easier to measure on the current than on the voltage. Indeed, the current remains the variable parameter because imposed only by the amount of radiation received.

• For a photovoltaic sensor in non-production mode: variation of the short-circuit current5 Icc and the open-circuit voltage V _oc .

In the non-production operating mode, therefore without a CONV power converter active behind the photovoltaic sensor, we are interested in the variation of the short-circuit current and / or the open circuit voltage. 0 As already mentioned above, it may be interesting to monitor the two quantities. Advantageously, the system performs this monitoring using at least two separate sensors from the photovoltaic equipment, a first photovoltaic sensor C_pv_1 intended for measuring the short-circuit current and a second photovoltaic sensor C_pv_2 intended for measuring the voltage in circuit. open. The two measures can be time synchronized. The processing means can be common to the two sensors. DD18780 AB

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However, during the day, monitoring the short-circuit current Icc is much more relevant for detection whereas it is much less at night. During the day, the sensor of equipment not used for detection can be used to charge the system battery. At night, the means of

5 treatments can switch the system to switch to the open circuit voltage sensor Voc of the photovoltaic equipment.

 At dawn or dusk, it may be interesting to combine the two measurements and stop recharging the battery by disconnecting it from the photovoltaic sensor dedicated to monitoring the open circuit voltage Voc. For example, this will be the case0 as soon as a low current threshold is crossed below which the energy produced is negligible to recharge the battery and that the complementarity of the measurement of the short-circuit current Icc and the voltage in circuit open Voc is of interest (twilight or dawn or very weak thunderstorm-like lighting conditions).

 Figure 7 shows a power curve illustrating the passage of a vehicle5 on the photovoltaic equipment of the system. By considering that the tension is constant in the period of interest of approximately 700ms, one can reasonably compare this curve to that of the current. Starting from this curve, the detection system is configured to extract the following characteristics:

 The instant T 1 of the start of the shading, associated with the start of the passage of the vehicle, 0 when the power decreases. The time T3 at the end of the shading is also identified by the increase in the power produced.

 Between T1 and T2, the value of the slope of the fall and / or the rise in power (and therefore of the current). These slopes correspond to the advance of the shading on the sensor. We can note the zones Z1, Z2 of conduction5 of the bypass diodes, when they are present, during these transition periods.

 Between T2 and T3, the level of production of the sensor when it is completely shaded (i.e. the low level of the niche). This value should be considered compared to what should have been received in the absence of shading, which can be interpolated from other sensors of the equipment irradiated and not impacted by the shading or from the level of the niche when it is in its upper part. Among one of the extraction solutions described above, the presence of an object can be concluded when the voltage drops below a given threshold value.

5 Between T2 and T3, the time during which the sensor is shaded, that is to say the duration of the slot in the low state. DD18780 AB

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We will see below that, in addition to concluding that there is a vehicle traveling on the traffic lane, these different parameters can be useful for estimating various elements on the passage of the vehicle.

 5

Second phenomenon detected; increased light

 The second phenomenon detectable by a photovoltaic equipment sensor is linked to the clean lighting of a vehicle. Indeed, it can be seen that the light equipment of a vehicle (in particular the dipped or main beam headlights, but also the rear lights and the lighting of the license plate) generate an additional amount of light generating a significant response to the level of a system sensor. 5 Note that this second phenomenon can be measured with the same means as the first. On the other hand, the measurement is ideally based on the measurement of the open circuit voltage Voc, the latter being much more sensitive than the current in the event of weak radiation. Thus, the open circuit voltage makes it possible to detect and measure the passage of the vehicle via the light emitted by its headlights (dipped or / and road or / and fog lights and / and license plate rear lights), combined or not with a artificial light. Thus, by also detecting this phenomenon, the detection system becomes suitable for other applications, such as:

 Detection in the middle of the countryside and at night when no lighting is present; Detection in the city at night, even when there is lighting, the surplus5 of lighting provided by the vehicle making it possible to discriminate;

 Detection in an underground car park;

At night, the signature on the open circuit voltage Voc is here different from that which is observable during the day. In fact, in FIG. 8A, it is observed that, for a duration 0 of less than 2000 ms, the open circuit voltage Voc is low, or even zero, in the absence of lighting of the vehicle. Then the different characteristics of the curve are as follows:

- At T1, we can see a slight positive variation in voltage, which corresponds to the first moment of detection of the lights of the approaching vehicle; 5 Between T1 and T2, the voltage increases gently, which corresponds to the vehicle approach period. DD18780 AB

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Between T2 and T3, the voltage increases with a steeper slope, which corresponds to the passage of the vehicle above the system sensor.

 Between T3 and T4, the voltage decreases sharply, the dip corresponding to the complete coverage of the sensor.

 5 - At T4, the voltage forms a positive peak, representative of the detection of the light generated essentially by the lighting of the license plate.

 - From T4, the voltage drops gently, corresponding to the vehicle's departure phase. 0

 Furthermore, depending on the ambient light conditions and the equipment of the vehicle, when one is in the intermediate light zone, the two phenomena (i.e. detection of shading and detection of brightness by the sensor) can of course combine to produce a detectable deformation. Of course, the first phenomenon is mainly observed during the day and the second occurs mainly at night. They are nevertheless easily uncorrelated when they occur simultaneously (the first generates in fact what corresponds to a drop in production at the level of the photovoltaic sensor compared to the basic level while the second generates what corresponds to an increase in the production). Thus, 0 if at least one of the phenomena is detected, the passage of a vehicle can be announced. For example in the case of dawn or twilight, we could observe the case presented in Figure 8B, corresponding to the monitoring of the open circuit voltage Voc in low light. In this situation, the vehicle has its lights on. 5 In FIG. 8B, we thus:

 Between T 1 and T2, a distinction is made between the vehicle approach phase marked by an increase in open circuit voltage.

 Between T2 and T3, a drop in voltage along a steep slope, synonymous with the passage of the vehicle over the sensor.

0 Between T3 and T4, the open circuit voltage is almost zero, corresponding to the shading generated by the passage of the vehicle over the sensor.

A T5 corresponds to a positive peak, representative of the detection of the light generated essentially by the vehicle registration plate on the sensor. 5 The open circuit voltage Voc here has the advantage of being extremely sensitive to light. So, in case the vehicle does not have its lights on DD18780 AB

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(only the sidelights for example) the measurement method can still detect the vehicle in a situation of twilight, dawn or the presence of artificial lighting (for example in the city). In the latter case of FIG. 8B, the great sensitivity of the system to the light of the license plate is noted, which even if it is weaker than that of the rear lights, is preponderant because it is oriented perpendicular to the sensor.

When at least one of the two phenomena described above is detected, the 0 associated time curve makes it possible to estimate several parameters:

 Location (presence of an object on a position);

 - Measurement of speed and direction of traffic;

 - Measurement of the length, (see width and / or shape in the event of a large mesh of sensors);

5 - Nature, size of the object: long vehicle (truck, bus), short vehicle

 (automobile), 2 wheels, pedestrian, etc ...

 - Road temperature;

Below, we review these different parameters:

0 · Detection of the presence of an object.

 In the case of the first phenomenon described above, the detection of the presence of an object is revealed by a disturbance on the measurements of one or more monitored electrical quantities. For a vehicle, it is thus possible to detect shading thanks to the photovoltaic sensor of the system.

5 In the case of the second phenomenon (detection of brightness, for example the lights of a vehicle), it is possible to detect one or more positive peaks, each corresponding for example to the passage of an object provided with lighting means ( for example lights at the front and rear of a vehicle).

 FIGS. 7 to 8B described above make it possible to illustrate the principle of presence detection.

• Discrimination of the type of object.

 When the presence of an object is detected, it is possible to determine what type of object it is from the form of the disturbance generated on the variation5 of the monitored electrical quantity.

For exemple : DD18780 AB

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In the case of a vehicle traveling on four wheels (car, van ...), the disturbance takes the form of a slot more or less long depending on the length of the vehicle, its speed, ...

 In the case of a two-wheeled vehicle (bicycle, scooter ...), the disturbance 5 is more akin to at least one negative peak (or double peak). FIG. 14B presents for example a measurement made during the passage of a cyclist. We note that the detection time (the peak at T1) is much shorter than for a car. We also note that the minimum value reached by the slot is not as low as that which can be observed during the passage of a car. 0 - In the case of a pedestrian, the disturbance comprises small successive peaks (and a lack of continuity).

 It is also possible to discriminate between heavy vehicles (PL) and light vehicles (VL) by counting the shadows formed by each axle of the vehicle. Indeed, the shadow of the vehicle on the ground is more marked vertically on the 5 axles (depending on the type of truck: not lowered). Such a signature is reproduced in FIG. 14A in which it is possible to distinguish three successive slots (between T1 and T2, between T3 and T4 and between T5 and T6) each corresponding to the passage of a separate axle on the system sensor. 0 For pedestrians, the signature results in the reading of the pedestrian's steps on the sensors via the levels generated by the bypass diodes. These detection modes need, due to the relatively small size of these users compared to the space to be measured (floor), greater sensor coverage in order to guarantee good detectability. For example, to measure the use of a cycle path, it will be necessary to have a sensor barrier across the width of the path to be sure of measuring all the passages.

• Width of the object.

 By having several photovoltaic sensors (one with at least one photovoltaic cell) adjacent across the traffic lane, it is possible to estimate the width of the object. It suffices to determine the number of cells covered by the object during its passage.

• Speed measurement:

5 The measurement of the vehicle speed is possible using one or more photovoltaic sensors of the installation. DD18780 AB

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By having at least two sensors coordinated in known relative positions, it is possible to fairly accurately estimate the speed of the object circulating on the traffic lane, taking into account the time difference between the disturbances generated on each of the two sensors and the distance between the two sensors. 5 In this case, the signatures will reproduce with a time difference on all the sensors of the system. In addition to the speed of the object, it is thus possible to know its direction of movement and to follow its movement, as long as sensors are present on the track. With regard to the determination of the speed, the reliability of the measurement will then depend essentially on the efficiency of the algorithm detecting the edges0 of the disturbance, and on the quality of coordination of the time stamping of the measurements.

 FIG. 9 illustrates a principle of embodiment of the system, allowing the determination of the speed of a vehicle. A first sensor C_pv_1 is formed of a first series of three photovoltaic panels connected in series and a second sensor C_pv_2 (advantageously identical to the first) is formed of a second series (identical to the first) of three photovoltaic panels connected in series, separated from the first series by a known distance along the length of the traffic lane. The same principle can be duplicated to occupy the entire width of the traffic lane. This configuration example makes it possible to easily measure the speed of the vehicle regardless of its size using the two sensors, by measuring the interval of 0 time between the start of the signature on the first sensor and the start of the signature on the second sensor and taking into account the distance D between the two sensors (known parameter). Figure 10 shows the power variation curves obtained on each of the two sensors.

 In this figure 10, the distance D plotted on the time axis is there to show5 that the known distance between the two sensors C_pv_1, C_pv_2 makes it possible to estimate the speed of the vehicle thanks to the time offset measured between the responses of the series of panels. The speed of the object is then equal to the distance D between the sensors divided by the time of offset between the curves, regardless of the size of the vehicle. This principle can of course be transposed whatever the electrical magnitude0 monitored and whatever the phenomenon monitored (shading during the day, or voltage peak in open circuit at night). Figures 1 1 A and 1 1 B illustrate respectively the passage of a vehicle at night and the passage of a vehicle at dusk. In both cases, we notice the production of the same signal on each of the two sensors.

5 Of course, by multiplying the sensors, it is possible to follow the trajectories of vehicles: lane changes, detection of a stopped vehicle, ... DD18780 AB

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Furthermore, it is also possible to determine the speed of a vehicle using a single photovoltaic sensor of the equipment.

 For this, as illustrated in Figures 12 and 13, we can make an assumption about the length of the vehicle, for example by taking the average length of a vehicle (for example equal to 4.10m) in the country considered. We will then have the following reasoning:

 - Time spent by the vehicle on the slot = T2 (measured in h).

 - Speed calculation:

 0.0041

0 Speed =

 T 2

 In Figure 13, T2 is worth around 700 ms (i.e. 0.0001944h).

 Speed calculation:

 0.0041

 Speed = 21 km / h

 0.000 l‘M l 5

 Still using a single sensor and based on the first phenomenon (passage of a shadow), it is possible to estimate the speed relatively precisely by measuring the time of descent of the irradiance on the sensor. In fact, when the vehicle is arriving at the sensor, it is partly shaded. Thus, the vehicle gradually shadows the sensor, more or less quickly depending on its speed. If we know the width of the sensor (0m70 in Figures 12 and 13), it is possible to estimate the vehicle speed. The same process is also applicable when the shadow of the vehicle leaves the module. Naturally, an estimate combining the two estimates (by an average for example) will generally be more robust.

5 More precisely, let Ti be the time of descent of the slot (corresponding to the shade of the panel of 0.70m divided by the speed v of the vehicle), T ₂ the time of the lower part of the slot (corresponding to the length 4.10m divided by the speed v of the vehicle) and T ₃ the ascent time (corresponding to the illumination of the panel of 0.70m divided by the speed v of the vehicle). The measurements of these different times correspond to the times elapsed between specific instants.

Schematically, the slot (observable in FIG. 13) consists successively of a power value at a high level, of a step of decrease (rapid, but not instantaneous) of the power, of a phase where the power is low, an ascent phase and a phase where the power is high. The time measurement Ti corresponds to the time at the ends of the descent phase. It must be equal to the time of DD18780 AB

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26 climb T ₃ (assuming the vehicle speed is constant). We can possibly use the average of the two measurements in the following as an alternative. The measurement of T2 can be defined, either from the start of the descent until the start of the ascent, or from the start of the low period until the end of the ascent. In this

5 cases, we can estimate the speed v as v = ^Lsensor or the two times T 1 and T3 having to be almost identical.

If the sensor is oriented so that its cell chains (electrical connection in the module) are oriented in length (in the direction of flow), 0 the length of the module will be taken into account if we consider the totality of the signature (do not take it into account if we consider only the low state). In this case, the shading will occur simultaneously on all the strings of the PV module without effect on the triggering of the bypass diodes (no steps observed in the fall of the current and in its ascent). The drop in current will therefore be close to a linear function over time.

• Length measurement

Measuring the length of the object is easier if you have enough sensors. This will be approximately the size of its shadow (assuming that the light source is at infinity, which is acceptable in the case of the sun). If on the contrary, we do not have a sufficient number of sensors, but we do have an estimate of the speed and the passage time (for example, the passage time of the shadow in the case of the first phenomenon), an estimate of the length of the vehicle can be proposed. Using the case of FIGS. 12 and 13, the length L of the vehicle can then be calculated from the following relation:

Is . Lvefticuie— V X T2 L sensor 0 · Temperature

Photovoltaic cells are semiconductors that are sensitive to temperature. It is known that the open circuit voltage Voc is more strongly influenced by temperature than the short-circuit current Icc. The photovoltaic cells could then be used to estimate the temperature directly5 at the level of the asphalt of the traffic lane: an advantage is to detect conditions of DD18780 AB

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 27 freezing or close to freezing and to inform road users of the possible presence of ice. This information would be more relevant than that provided by the vehicles, the sensors of which are most often located up the windshield and not at ground level. Furthermore, this information would really be located at the place where the measurement would be made.

It is understood from the above that the solution has many advantages, among which:

 The detection system is easy to set up; It can in particular be presented in the form of a one-piece element carrying all the components necessary for its operation (sensor, treatment, battery) in a limited space (in particular in thickness).

 The detection system may include a single sensor, sufficient to implement the features of the invention.

5 - The system is perfectly reliable; It allows object detection (especially of vehicles) under different operating conditions (day, night, high or low light).

 The system can be used in different types of traffic routes, including road, bicycle path, pedestrian crossing, underground parking ...

0 - The system makes it possible to determine a certain number of parameters, such as the presence of an object or of being alive, speed of the object or of the living being, length of the object, width of the object, temperature of the track, ... 5

Claims

DD18780 ABWO 2020/030877 PCT / FR2019 / 051911 28 CLAIMS

1. Method for detecting an object or a living being on a traffic lane, implemented by a detection system which comprises:

 5 - Photovoltaic equipment comprising at least one photovoltaic sensor (C_pv_i) intended to be integrated into said traffic path,

Means for measuring at least one electrical quantity (Icc, Voc, lm _PP , Vmpp) at the level of said photovoltaic sensor,

 Means for processing said at least one measured electrical quantity,

 Said method being characterized in that it comprises:

 - A step of determining an ambient light level,

A step of determining at least one electrical quantity to be measured as a function of the determined ambient light level,

5 - A step of determining a processing mode to be executed taking into account the determined ambient light level,

 A step of measuring at least one electrical quantity at said photovoltaic sensor in order to obtain a measurement signal,

A step of determining characteristic variation parameters of the measurement signal obtained for said measured electrical quantity,

 A step of detecting the presence of an object or of a living being when said characteristic variation parameters are identified and / or of determining characteristics of said object or of the living being detected from said identified characteristic variation parameters.

5

 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a step of preprocessing of the measurement signal.

 3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the step of determining characteristic variation parameters of the measurement signal 0 for said measured electrical quantity is implemented from one or more of the following extraction solutions :

 Frequency breakdown of the measurement signal;

 - Physical modeling and acquisition of parameters;

- Convolution of the measurement signal; DD18780 AB

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- Statistical learning method;

 - K-nearest-neighbors method;

 - Method for comparing the values of the measurement signal with one or more threshold values;

 5 - Method for detecting the slope of the measurement signal;

 - Fuzzy logic method;

 - Method of mixing Gaussian models;

 - Statistical method by sliding averages;

 4. Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it comprises a step of determining the length of an object from the parameters of variation characteristic of the measurement signal obtained for said electrical quantity measured.

 5. Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it comprises:

 A step of determining the speed of said object from a fixed distance5 between a first photovoltaic sensor and a second photovoltaic sensor of the system, from a first detection instant determined on a first measurement signal obtained for said electrical quantity measured at level of the first photovoltaic sensor and a second detection instant, distinct from the first detection instant, determined on a second measurement signal obtained for said electrical quantity measured at the second photovoltaic sensor.

6. Method according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the electrical quantity is chosen from the short-circuit current (Icc) of the photovoltaic equipment, the open circuit voltage (V _oc ) of the equipment photovoltaic, le5 maximum power current (lm _PP ) of photovoltaic equipment, maximum power voltage (V _mpp ) of photovoltaic equipment or a combination of several of these parameters.

 7. Method according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the brightness level is determined from several thresholds delimiting at least three0 zones:

 A first zone defined under a low threshold of brightness;

 A second zone defined above a high brightness threshold;

A third intermediate zone located between said low threshold and said high threshold;

8. Method according to claim 7, characterized in that, in said third zone, the method consists in measuring two electrical quantities. DD18780 AB

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9. System for detecting the presence of a living being or an object on a traffic lane, characterized in that it comprises:

 Photovoltaic equipment comprising at least one photovoltaic sensor (C_pv_i) intended to be integrated into said traffic path,

5 - Means for determining an ambient light level,

 Means for determining at least one electrical quantity to be measured as a function of the determined ambient light level,

 Means for determining a processing mode to be carried out taking into account the determined ambient light level,

0 - Means for measuring at least one electrical quantity (Icc, Voc, lm _PP ,

V _mpp ) at said photovoltaic sensor in order to obtain a measurement signal,

 Means for processing the measurement signal obtained for said at least one measured electrical quantity, said processing means comprising a module for determining variation parameters characteristic of said measured electrical magnitude and a first detection module configured to detect the presence of an object or a living being when said characteristic variation parameters are identified and / or determining characteristics of said object or living being detected from said identified characteristic variation parameters.

 10. System according to claim 9, characterized in that the processing means are configured to apply a preprocessing to said measurement signal obtained.

 1 1. System according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the processing means are configured to apply to the measurement signal obtained an extraction solution chosen from one or more of the following solutions:

 Frequency breakdown of the measurement signal;

 - Physical modeling and acquisition of parameters;

 - Convolution of the measurement signal;

0 - Statistical learning method;

 - K-nearest-neighbors method;

 - Method for comparing the values of the measurement signal with one or more threshold values;

 - Method for detecting the slope of the measurement signal;

5 - Fuzzy logic method;

- Method of mixing Gaussian models; DD18780 AB

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- Statistical method by sliding averages;

 12. System according to one of claims 9 to 1 1, characterized in that the processing means comprise a module for determining the length of an object from the variation parameters characteristic of the measurement signal

5 obtained for said measured electrical quantity.

 13. System according to one of claims 9 to 12, characterized in that:

 The photovoltaic equipment comprises a first photovoltaic sensor and a second photovoltaic sensor, said second photovoltaic sensor being spaced by a non-zero fixed distance relative to the first photovoltaic sensor in a direction of circulation of the object or said living being on said road ,

 The processing means comprise a module for determining the speed of said object from said fixed distance between said first photovoltaic sensor and said second photovoltaic sensor, from a first detection instant5 determined on a first measurement signal obtained for said electrical quantity measured at the first photovoltaic sensor and at a second detection instant, distinct from the first detection instant, determined on a second measurement signal obtained by said electrical quantity measured at the second photovoltaic sensor.

0 14. System according to one of claims 9 to 13, characterized in that the electrical quantity is chosen from the short-circuit current of the photovoltaic equipment, the open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic equipment, the power current maximum of photovoltaic equipment, the maximum power voltage of photovoltaic equipment or a combination of several of these parameters.

 15. System according to one of claims 9 to 14, characterized in that it comprises a brightness sensor configured to supply brightness data to the processing means and in that the processing means are configured to determine the electrical quantity measured as a function of said brightness data supplied by the brightness sensor.

 16. System according to one of claims 9 to 15, characterized in that the photovoltaic equipment comprises one or more photovoltaic cells.

17. System according to one of claims 9 to 16, characterized in that the photovoltaic equipment is produced in the form of one or more photovoltaic slabs5 bonded to the pavement. DD18780 AB

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18. The system as claimed in claim 17, characterized in that each photovoltaic panel is in the form of a monobloc element comprising a first layer forming said photovoltaic sensor and at least one electronic unit comprising said processing means.

 5 19. System according to one of claims 9 to 18, characterized in that it comprises a communication module (COM) configured to exchange data with a remote central unit (1) by wired or wireless link. 0