Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
  • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
  • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
  • G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
  • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
  • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
  • G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
  • G06K19/06046—Constructional details
  • G06K19/06112—Constructional details the marking being simulated using a light source, e.g. a barcode shown on a display or a laser beam with time-varying intensity profile
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
  • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
  • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
  • G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
  • G06K19/06046—Constructional details
  • G06K19/0614—Constructional details the marking being selective to wavelength, e.g. color barcode or barcodes only visible under UV or IR
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
  • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
  • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
  • G06K19/08—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means
  • G06K19/10—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means at least one kind of marking being used for authentication, e.g. of credit or identity cards
  • G06K19/14—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means at least one kind of marking being used for authentication, e.g. of credit or identity cards the marking being sensed by radiation
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
  • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
  • G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
  • G06Q20/38—Payment protocols; Details thereof
  • G06Q20/40—Authorisation, e.g. identification of payer or payee, verification of customer or shop credentials; Review and approval of payers, e.g. check credit lines or negative lists
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
  • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
  • G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
  • G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
  • G07F7/0806—Details of the card
  • G07F7/0813—Specific details related to card security
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
  • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
  • G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
  • G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
  • G07F7/12—Card verification

Definitions

• This invention relates to using embedded light emitting diodes (LEDs) and wavelength conversion areas on objects and then detecting the emitted light’s characteristics to determine whether the object, such as a credit card or casino chip, is authentic.
• LEDs embedded light emitting diodes
• US Patent 9,443,180 is assigned to the present assignee and incorporated herein by reference. That patent discloses details of methods to print microscopic LEDs on a security label or directly on an object to be authenticated, where the LEDs are naturally randomly arranged within the security mark, such as within a 1 cm area. For example, there may be 30-50 LEDs within the security mark, and each security mark is inherently different. In that patent, the optically detected specific arrangement of the LEDs constitutes the unique signature of the security mark. It is desirable to expand on the general concept of using printed LEDs in an object to visually detect the emitted light for reasons including security and feedback.
• a credit card in one embodiment, includes an induction coil that supplies power to LEDs embedded in the card to illuminate the LEDs while the card is being read, such as at a point of sale.
• a voltage directly applied to the standard smart card chip in the card is routed to the LEDs to illuminate the LEDs.
• the card may act as a light guide to cause the light to be emitted from any portion of the card surface. This not only gives visual feedback to the user that the card is being read, but also provides added security since a counterfeiter would find it very difficult to replicate the visual effect.
• poker tables or pay out stations may be equipped with an energy source that inductively supplies power to an induction coil in the chip. This powers the LEDs in the chip, and a light guide in the chip causes any portion of the chip to light up. Such an effect is extremely difficult to duplicate, so there is added security.
• the LEDs are coated with a wavelength conversion material, such as phosphor or quantum dots, prior to printing, or a wavelength conversion layer is provided over the LEDs.
• the wavelength conversion material absorbs some of the relatively short wavelength primary light and emits longer wavelength secondary light having any spectrum vs. intensity pattern. These materials may be designed to have a certain spectrum vs. intensity, or certain absorption wavelengths, or certain persistences that make it very difficult to reproduce or easily detect.
• the emitted light from the object contains a signature that can only be analyzed using a camera and processing equipment to add a much higher level of security.
• the energy provided to illuminate the LEDs may create a brief flash of blue light that energizes the wavelength conversion material.
• the blue light may escape from the edges and be visible to the user as feedback that the object is being read.
• the wavelength conversion material may have a relatively slow decay time that allows an optical reader to detect the spectrum and/or persistence to authenticate the object, such as a credit card or casino chip.
• the secondary light does not need to be in a visible wavelength.
• the wavelength conversion material may be a combination of different materials to present a complex spectrum and/or persistence signature. Any near field chip or other type of smart-card chip may be included in the object and read at the same time that the wavelength conversion material is being detected for authenticating the object.
• the spectrum or persistence of the wavelength conversion material may be cross-referenced with information in the chip, using a remote data base, for authentication.
• a magnetic strip on the object may also be used.
• a simple circuit may also be added to the object that powers the LEDs in a certain way, such as by pulsing the LEDs in a coded pattern that may convey information.
• information may be the value of a casino chip and adds an added degree of security.
• Fig. 1 is a top down view of an area containing a random array of printed LEDs and an inductive loop for powering the LEDs.
• a wavelength conversion layer may be provided over the LEDs.
• Fig. 2 is a cross-section of the area of Fig. 1 along line 2-2 in Fig. 1, showing only a few of the LEDs, whose relative sizes have been greatly enlarged.
• a wavelength conversion layer is provided over the LEDs.
• Fig. 3 is a front view of a credit or debit card incorporating a micro-LED array as well as light guiding structures for guiding light throughout the card and emitting light through the top and sides of the card.
• Fig. 4 is a cross-section of the card of Fig. 3 showing side light from the light engine being light-guided by the card.
• Fig. 5 is an exploded view of a card body, containing a light engine and smart chip, and a laminated top layer containing graphics.
• Fig. 6 is a cross-section of a credit card with a light engine showing how side light may be injected into a light guide credit card for being emitted from selected areas of the card. The light engine area is greatly exaggerated with respect to the card area.
• Fig. 7 is an exploded view of a poker chip (a casino chip) containing an induction coil, a light guide, and a micro-LED area.
• Fig. 8 illustrates the poker chip of Fig. 7 with the elements connected together.
• Fig. 9 illustrates the completed poker chip with printed graphics.
• Fig. 10 is an exploded view of another embodiment poker chip using an induction coil, a light guide, and a micro-LED area.
• Fig. 11 illustrates the light intensity persistence vs. time of a certain customized phosphor or dye that has been energized with a pulse of blue or UV light at time 0.
• Fig. 12 illustrates the light intensity persistence vs. time of a certain customized phosphor or dye that has been energized with a pulse of blue or UV light at time 0, where the phosphor or dye is composed of two different phosphors or dyes having different persistences, and optionally different wavelength spectrums.
• Fig. 13 illustrates the light intensity vs. wavelength of a customized phosphor or dye.
• Fig. 14 illustrates the light intensity vs. wavelength of a customized combination of phosphors or dyes.
• Fig. 15 illustrates a complex light intensity vs. wavelength of a customized combination of phosphors or dyes, where light emission wavelengths and absorption bands are detected for added security.
• Fig. 16 illustrates a system for inductively powering the LEDs in an object, such as a credit card or casino chip, and optionally optically detecting the light pattern and wavelength conversion material characteristics, and communicating with a remote secure database for authenticating the object.
• the system may additionally include a UV source for energizing phosphor, dyes, or quantum dots.
• Fig. 17 illustrates a system for applying power to the LEDs in an object, such as a credit card or casino chip, and optionally optically detecting the light pattern and wavelength conversion material characteristics, and communicating with a remote secure database for authenticating the label.
• the system may additionally include a UV source for energizing phosphor, dyes, or quantum dots.
• Fig. 18 illustrates a process for forming another embodiment of the invention, where an object, such as a credit card or casino chip, contains an RFID or other smart- chip, LEDs, and wavelength conversion material for authenticating the object and reading additional information regarding the object without physically contacting the object.
• Fig. 19 illustrates a system for reading and authenticating the object of Fig. 18.
• a printed LED area is contained in an object that is energized by an induction coil or a voltage applied directly to pads on the object.
• Wavelength conversion materials may be used to generate any color.
• the object may provide light guiding to cause the emitted light to appear anywhere on the object.
• power is applied to the LEDs and the resulting light is visually observed by the user.
• Such light may be used for authentication or just to show that the object is being detected.
• the object is a credit/debit card or a casino chip.
• An RFID chip may also be embedded in the object to provide additional information.
• the particular pattern of LEDs and/or the optical signature of the wavelength conversion material is detected by a camera and compared to a stored signature to authenticate the object.
• Fig. 1 is a top down view of an area 10 of randomly arranged printed LEDs 12 and a metal inductor loop 14 for powering the LEDs 12.
• the inductor loop 14 may be formed anywhere on an object containing the LEDs 12 and not necessarily proximate to the LEDs 12.
• Each LED 12 may be coated with a phosphor, dyes, or quantum dots having customized characteristics, or a layer of phosphor, dyes, or quantum dots (or a mixture) may overlie or underlie the LEDs 12.
• the perimeter of the printed LED layer (i.e., where the LED ink is printed) is shown by the dashed line 16.
• the area 10 may be smaller than a postage stamp (e.g., less than 1 square inch).
• the area 10 may be made as a sheet or roll in a high speed roll-to- roll process, then singulated and affixed to the object. Alternatively, the area 10 may be printed directly on the object.
• the cost per area 10 may be on the order of a penny.
• the object to be authenticated may be a credit card, casino chip, passport, license, bank note, etc.
• the inductor loop 14 may be printed as a flat spiral or rectangular coil of two or more turns to form a secondary coil in order to efficiently couple with a primary drive coil producing an oscillating magnetic field.
• the innermost loop connects to a first lamp electrode (e.g., an anode) and an additional insulating layer must be printed over the coil loops so that an electrical trace connecting the end of the outermost winding of the spiral coil may cross over the inner loops of the spiral coil and make electrical contact with a second lamp electrode (e.g., a cathode) to complete the lamp-coil circuit.
• a first lamp electrode e.g., an anode
• an additional insulating layer must be printed over the coil loops so that an electrical trace connecting the end of the outermost winding of the spiral coil may cross over the inner loops of the spiral coil and make electrical contact with a second lamp electrode (e.g., a cathode) to complete the lamp-coil circuit.
• the LED layer may be powered by directly probing the anode and cathode terminals with a voltage, such as done when powering a smart card chip in credit card readers.
• Fig. 2 is a simplified cross-section of the area 10 of Fig. 1 along line 2-2 in Fig. 1, showing only a few of the LEDs 12, whose relative sizes have been greatly enlarged for illustration.
• the area 10 may be formed as follows.
• a starting substrate 18 may be polycarbonate, PET (polyester), PMMA, Mylar or other type of polymer sheet, or even a thin metal film, paper, cloth, or other material.
• the substrate 18 is about 12-250 microns thick and may include a release film.
• a conductor layer 20 is then deposited over the substrate 18, such as by printing.
• the substrate 18 and conductor layer 20 may be essentially transparent.
• the conductor layer 20 may be ITO or a sintered silver nano-wire mesh. If light is to be emitted in the direction opposite to the substrate 18, the substrate 18 or conductor layer 20 may be reflective.
• a monolayer of microscopic inorganic LEDs 12 is then printed over the conductor layer 20.
• the LEDs 12 are vertical LEDs and include standard semiconductor GaN layers, including an n-layer, and active layer, and a p-layer. GaN LEDs typically emit blue light.
• the GaN-based micro-LEDs 12 are less than a third the diameter of a human hair and less than a tenth as high, rendering them essentially invisible to the naked eye when the LEDs 12 are spread across the substrate 18 to be illuminated. This attribute permits construction of a nearly or partially transparent light-generating layer made with micro- LEDs.
• the LEDs 12 have a diameter less than 50 microns and a height less than 20 microns.
• the number of micro-LED devices per unit area may be freely adjusted when applying the micro-LEDs to the substrate 18.
• the LEDs 12 may be printed as an ink using screen printing or other forms of printing.
• an LED wafer containing many thousands of vertical LEDs, is fabricated so that the top metal electrode 22 for each LED 12 is small to allow light to exit the top surface of the LEDs 12.
• the bottom metal electrode 24 is reflective (a mirror) and should have a reflectivity of over 90% for visible light.
• the bottom electrode may be made to be partially or fully transparent to allow light to be emitted in comparable amounts both upwards away from the substrate and downwards through the substrate 18. With either the solid bottom reflector electrode or the transparent bottom electrode option, there is also some side light, depending on the thickness of the LED.
• the anode electrode is on top and the cathode electrode is on the bottom.
• the LED ink is then printed over the conductor layer 20.
• the orientation of the LEDs 12 can be controlled by providing a relatively tall top electrode 22 (e.g., the anode electrode), so that the top electrode 22 orients upward by taking the fluid path of least resistance through the solvent after printing.
• the anode and cathode surfaces may be opposite to those shown.
• the pattern of the LEDs 12 is random, but the approximate number of LEDs 12 printed per area 10 can be controlled by the density of LEDs 12 in the ink.
• the LED ink is heated (cured) to evaporate the solvent. After curing, the LEDs 12 remain attached to the underlying conductor layer 20 with a small amount of residual resin that was dissolved in the LED ink as a viscosity modifier.
• a transparent polymer dielectric layer 26 is then selectively printed over the conductor layer 20 to encapsulate the sides of the LEDs 12 and further secure them in position.
• the ink used to form the dielectric layer 26 pulls back from the upper surface of the LEDs 12, or de-wets from the top of the LEDs 12, during curing to expose the top electrodes 22. If any dielectric remains over the LEDs 12, a blanket etch step may be performed to expose the top electrodes 22.
• conductor layer 28 may be a transparent conductor such as silver nano wires, which is printed to contact the top electrodes 22.
• the conductor layer 28 is cured by lamps to create good electrical contact to the electrodes 22.
• the LEDs 12 in the monolayer, within a defined area are connected in parallel by the conductor layers 20/28. Since the LEDs 12 are connected in parallel, the driving voltage will be approximately equal to the voltage drop of a single LED 12.
• a wavelength conversion layer 30 may be printed or laminated over the transparent conductor layer 28.
• the wavelength conversion material may be deposited on the LEDs 12 prior to infusing the LEDs 12 in the solution.
• the wavelength conversion layer may be below the LEDs 12, where the bottom conductor layer 20 can be a transparent conductor.
• Any metal pattern may then be printed for coupling an external power source to the conductor layers 20/28.
• the LEDs 12 When the LEDs 12 are energized by a voltage potential across the conductor layers 20/28, very small and bright blue dots are created. A blue light ray 32 is shown. Some of the blue light may pass through the wavelength conversion layer 30 and add to the overall color emitted by the wavelength conversion layer 30. Alternatively, all LED light may be absorbed by the wavelength conversion layer 30 and converted to secondary light of a longer wavelength. Any emitted frequency spectrum can be customized.
• the particular characteristics of the light emitted by the wavelength conversion layer 30 can be customized to provide a primary or secondary security criterion, as described in more detail later.
• the wavelength conversion layer 30 may be customized for light persistence, wavelength spectrum vs. intensity, or other
• the random arrangement of the LEDs 12 and the specific characteristics of the emitted spectrum are not relevant to the optical detection, and only the fact that light is emitted from the object is needed for authentication or to show the user that the object is being read. In such a case, no camera is needed to detect the light.
• the inductor loop 14 may be formed by printing a metal pattern contacting the conductor layers 20/28.
• Fig. 2 shows a cross-section of the inductor loop end portion 14A contacting a small extension of the conductor layer 20, and another cross-section (taken at a different location) of the inductor loop end portion 14B contacting a small extension of the conductor layer 28.
• a majority of the inductor loop 14 is formed on the dielectric substrate 18, and a somewhat vertical conductive trace connects the inductor loop 14 to the upper end portion 14B.
• Each step in the vertical stair-step like rise between the portions 14A and 14B is typically less than lOpm and so is easily traversed by a printed trace of either an opaque reflective conductive ink or a partially or substantially transparent conductive ink.
• a sufficient current induced in the inductor loop 14 in the proper direction will forward bias the LEDs 12 to illuminate them.
• a suitable value resistor may also be printed between the inductor loop 14 and the conductor layers 20/28 to limit current.
• an inductor coil that is formed separately may be electrically connected to the LED electrodes.
• a direct probe of the anode and cathode electrodes connected to the conductor layers may also be used to energize the LEDs 12. If power is not available, the wavelength conversion layer 30 or the phosphor or quantum dots directly on each LED 12 may be energized by a blue or UV external light to determine the locations of the dots and the characteristics of the wavelength conversion material.
• the bottom of the substrate 18 may be coated with an adhesive for affixing to an article to be authenticated.
• the substrate 18 may be a surface of the object to be authenticated.
• the area 10 is very flexible and has a thickness on the order of paper or cloth, such as between 5-13 mils.
• the areas 10 may be formed using a roll-to-roll process where the LEDs 12 and other layers are continuously printed on a single substrate 18 and then singulated.
• One surface of the areas 10 may have a tacky adhesive applied to them, and the areas 10 may then be applied to a wax film for creating inexpensive rolls of many areas 10. Since the positions of LEDs 12 for each area 10 are random when printed, the pattern of LEDs in each area 10 will be different and unique.
• Figs. 3-6 illustrate an embodiment of the security system used with credit cards or debit cards.
• the embodiments include using light guides to verify to the user that the LED area is being energized, and using various powering techniques for energizing the LED area.
• the security is provided by the fact that the user sees the light being emitted by the credit card. The precise pattern of LEDs and the precise emitted spectrum is not detected by any camera, so expensive equipment is not used for the security system.
• Fig. 3 is a front view of a credit card 36 containing an LED area 40 that is printed directly on the credit card 36 when manufacturing the card 36 using a high speed process.
• the LED area 40 may be pre-printed and affixed to the card 36.
• a conventional smart card chip 42 is also contained in the card 36.
• the card 36 is typically formed of a plastic, and graphics 44 are printed on the card 36, such as the type of card, the card number, and the owner’s name.
• Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the card 36 of Fig. 3 with features exaggerated for simplicity.
• the smart chip is not shown.
• the LED area 40 generates side light and possibly downward light that is internally reflected within the transparent plastic forming the card’s body.
• a light ray 46 is shown being emitted by the side of the area 40 and reflected by total internal reflection (TIR) until the light exits a surface of the card.
• Light extraction features may include molded microscopic prisms, or a roughening of the surface, or printed non-opaque graphics on the card 36. Some or all of the graphics may even be fluorescent so as to glow when energized by the LED light.
• the light 49 emitted from the top of the area 40 is also shown.
• the LEDs are powered by either an induction coil or by the voltage probes used to energize the smart card chip 42.
• the user sees the card glowing and the edges bright, such as by the light ray 48.
• the top face of the card 36 also emits light, such as by highlighting any printed graphics.
• a logo may also be superimposed over the LED area 40.
• Fig. 5 illustrates an exploded perspective view of the credit card 36.
• the top layer 50 containing the graphics, may be a thin transparent layer laminated over a transparent substrate layer 52 (e.g., polycarbonate) for appearance and protection.
• the LED area 40 on the substrate layer 52 is exposed through a window 54 in the top layer 50, and the smart card chip 42 is exposed through another window 56.
• An inductor coil 58 on the substrate layer 52, supplies power to the LEDs in the area 40 when the card 36 is being detected.
• the coil 58 may be separately formed on a thin polymer sheet that is laminated over the substrate layer 52.
• the LED area 40 may also be separately formed on a thin polymer sheet and laminated so that electrodes in the LED area 40 electrically contact electrodes of the coil 58 (or other circuit).
• the LEDs When the LEDs are energized, the side light optically couples into the substrate 52 and top layer 50 and is waveguided throughout the card 36 until the light exits the top or side surfaces of the card 36.
• the LEDs may be powered by a DC voltage directly coupled to the Vcc and ground pads of the smart card chip 42, obviating the need for the coil 58.
• a voltage doubler chip on the substrate layer 52 may be used to convert the Vcc voltage of 1.8 volts to 3.6 volts for powering the LEDs.
• a voltage doubler chip and rectifier may also be used between the inductor coil 58 and the LED area 40. Multiple coils may be used to power different electronic circuits in the card 36 in the presence of a magnetic field.
• An RFID chip may also be powered by the credit card reader.
• the visible feedback to the user not only shows the user that the card 36 has the LED area 40 feature but is also cosmetically appealing.
• the side light that is waveguided may be different from the light emitted from the top of the area 40, since the side light may be mainly the LED primary light, such as blue, while the light emitted from the top of the area 40 may be a combination of the LED light and the secondary light from the wavelength conversion material, or only light from the wavelength conversion material.
• Fig. 6 is a simplified and exaggerated cross-sectional view of a credit card 60, showing how the side light from the LED area 40 is injected into the body 62 of the credit card 60.
• the credit card 60 has a bottom reflective layer 64.
• a transparent light pipe layer 66 may form the bottom layer of the LED area 40, or may be part of the card body 62.
• Over the light pipe layer 66 is formed a customized wavelength conversion layer 68. Note that the portion of the area 40 taken up by the LEDs 12 is nominal compared to the open portions, so most of the light emitted by the wavelength conversion layer 68 may be through the front of the area 40, unless a reflective layer is provided over the area 40.
• a transparent conductor layer 72 the then formed, followed by the printing and curing of the LED ink, resulting in the random arrangement of LEDs 12.
• a transparent dielectric layer 74 fills in the area between the LEDs 12, and a top transparent conductor layer 76 contacts the top electrodes to connect the LEDs 12 in parallel.
• a graphics layer 78 may be over the area 40.
• Light rays 80-84 are shown being emitted in various directions and exiting the top of the area 40 as well as being light-guided by the credit card body 62. Light is also emitted by the wavelength conversion layer 68 in all directions.
• Figs. 7-9 illustrate a similar technique applied to poker chips (casino chips) to not only add authentication but to illuminate the poker chips using light guiding.
• Fig. 7 is an exploded view of a poker chip 90, which may be any casino chip used to make a wager.
• An inductive coil 92 powers the LED area 94 formed in the center area.
• Transparent light guide pieces 96 form part of the periphery of the chip 90 and receive side light from the LED area 94.
• the LED area 94 as well as any customized phosphor or dye layer are very difficult to counterfeit.
• Fig. 8 shows the same chip 90 in a non-exploded view.
• Fig. 9 shows the same chip 90 with a thin protective top layer 98.
• the layer 98 may or may not allow light to pass through.
• the top layer 98 includes graphics 100 to identify the value of the chip 90 and the casino.
• An RFID chip may also be incorporated to transmit information about the chip 90.
• the coil 92 When the poker chip 90 is subjected to a suitable magnetic field, such as when the chip 90 is bet or during cashing out, the coil 92 energizes the LED area 94, and the edges are illuminated at the light guide pieces 96 to verify proper operation of the LED area 94.
• Fig. 10 is an exploded view of a poker chip 110 having a different construction.
• the light from the LEDs or a phosphor layer is emitted at the periphery of the chip 110 using light guiding within the chip 110.
• the characteristics of the phosphor layer may be varied for added security.
• the phosphor characteristics may also (or only) be used to optically identify the denomination of the chip 110. In such a case, each denomination uses a different phosphor or combination of phosphors.
• the layers are identified from the bottom up in Fig. 10.
• the bottom layer is a 4- color artwork label 112 showing suitable graphics.
• a light-blocking double-sided adhesive layer 114 affixes the label 112 to a solid slug 116 that includes a transparent central core for light guiding. The light can escape through transparent/translucent portions 117 near the periphery of the chip.
• a transparent epoxy layer 118 affixes the LED area 119 to the slug 116.
• the LED area substrate may include a voltage doubler and rectifier.
• the LED area 119 may include a phosphor, dye, or quantum dot layer having customized optical characteristics.
• a double-sided adhesive layer 120 affixes an induction coil 122 over the LED area 119, which electrically connects to the voltage doubler and rectifier for powering the LEDs.
• a Mylar spacer 124 is then provided, followed by a double-sided light blocking adhesive layer 126.
• a 4-color top label 128 is then provided over the central area of the chip 110.
• the light from the LED area 119 is light-guided in the chip 110 until it exits through the transparent or translucent areas 117.
• the wavelength conversion layer emission may be customized to have complex optical characteristics. Some of these customized characteristics include a certain spectrum vs. intensity and a persistence. If such an added security feature is used, the spectrum of the light emitted from the object and/or the persistence of the phosphor or dye layer is optically detected by a camera and digitally encoded. The code is then later compared with a stored code in a database to authenticate the object.
• Figs. 11-15 relate to forming a wavelength conversion material having customized characteristics that are very difficult to accurately reproduce. Additionally, the wavelength conversion material may be changed from time to time during the
• Characteristics that may be customized include the persistence of the light after the LEDs have turned off, where the persistences of different phosphors or dyes in a mixture may be different and associated with different frequency spectrums.
• the spectrum vs. intensity can be customized, and absorbing materials may form notches in the spectrum vs. intensity graph. Multiple phosphors or dyes may be combined to form a highly complex spectrum vs. intensity graph with different persistences. Other customized characteristics are envisioned.
• Fig. 11 illustrates how, at time 0, the LEDs in the LED area in an object are pulsed to energize a single phosphor or dye type. The decay of the light intensity for selected wavelengths is shown. Phosphors or dyes may be customized to have a wide variety of persistences. The phosphor wavelengths and its persistence is the security feature in such an embodiment. The characteristics are stored in a database and then compared with a transmitted code when authenticating the object.
• Fig. 12 illustrates how the phosphor or dye light output can become much more complex when combining phosphors or dyes. Only two phosphors or dyes are combined in Fig. 12, but many more phosphors or dyes can be combined with different spectrums and persistences.
• the graph 140 may be associated with one type of phosphor or dye, such as one emitting a first spectrum, and the graph 142 may be associated with another type of phosphor or dye emitting a second spectrum or the same spectrum. Both persistences may be independently measured if they apply to different spectrums, which may be filtered to isolate the different phosphors.
• the relative combinations of two or more phosphors or dyes can be varied over time for high security.
• Fig. 13 illustrates how a customized phosphor or dye may have a characteristic emission spectrum, which is the wavelength of the emitted light vs. intensity of light over the spectrum.
• Fig. 14 shows how multiple phosphors or dyes can be combined to add spikes 144 at various wavelengths or any other perturbation in the graph.
• the graph may be made very complex by combining phosphors or dyes. Phosphors, dyes, and quantum dots may be combined to further increase the complexity.
• Fig. 15 illustrates a wavelength vs. intensity graph with multiple phosphors or dyes and wavelength absorbers.
• the absorbers absorb light at the desired wavelengths and produce the notches 146.
• the spikes 148 may be associated with other phosphors or dyes.
• a blend of other phosphors or dyes may produce the broad spectrum pattern. The combination of the spectrum and persistences can provide very high security, in addition to the visual feedback to the user.
• a camera and processing system For detecting the precise characteristics of the emission from the object, a camera and processing system is needed as well as a database that stores a code that corresponds to the detected characteristics. Such systems are shown in Figs. 16 and 17.
• Fig. 16 illustrates one embodiment of a detector 150 that powers the LEDs 12 and authenticates an LED area 152. If the authentication only requires that some light be emitted, then a camera and processing circuitry is not needed.
• the LED area 152 (or any light output area) is positioned in front of a digital imager 154, such as a camera. If the LED area 152 is in a credit card, a card reader would be equipped with the detector 150.
• the imager 154 may be hand held.
• the same type of detector 150 may also be used during manufacturing of the LED area 152 to store the unique code conveyed by the dot pattern and wavelength conversion material.
• Fig. 16 shows the LED area 152 supported on a surface 156, which may be the object to be authenticated.
• the field of view of the imager 154 is shown by the dashed lines 158.
• a metal coil 160 (the primary coil) centered over the LED area 152 is then energized by one or more pulses from a power supply 162 to create an electromagnetic field.
• An AC signal may also be applied to the coil 160.
• the electromagnetic field induces a current through the inductor loop 163 on the object and forward biases the LEDs 12 to continuously or briefly illuminate them.
• Power may be transferred using either an RF field produced by continuous AC power to the coil 160 or pulsed, using a flyback drive approach.
• Driving the coil 160 with continuous AC with a frequency from lOkHz to lOO’s of kHz, will light LEDs of both orientations, with one population of LEDs lit during each half of the AC cycle, and a blue dot pattern will coincide with the locations of every printed LED 12.
• low duty-cycle square wave pulses with a frequency from lOKHz to lOO’s of kHz, may be used to induce a current in the inductor loop with a voltage high enough to light LEDs of one orientation each time the current is supplied to the coil 160.
• the inductor loop is printed such that it has a high enough series resistance, the induced voltage signal then damps out to below the micro-LED turn-on voltage of the LEDs as the voltage in the coil 160 and loop swings to the reverse polarity.
• the polarity of the pulses in the coil 160 is used to select whether the“up” or“down” LEDs 12 are to be lit.
• the combined pattern of up and down LEDs may be part of the unique code.
• the detection system may simply determine that the emitted light meets a certain criterion for authentication. In such a case, the optical properties may only need to be compared to data in a local database in the reader. However, if the optical properties are unique for each object, or changes from batch to batch, such properties may be initially stored in a remote database and then compared with the detected properties, such as at the point of sale of the object.
• optical properties of the light emitted by the object are used to authenticate the object.
• a programmed processor/memory system 165 connected to the imager 154 records the image (including the characteristics of the wavelength conversion material) and generates the unique code for the dot pattern and secondary light characteristics in the same manner as the code was generated during the manufacture of the LED area 152.
• Any other identifying mark on the area 152 such as a serial number, is also optically detected and associated with the unique code.
• a printed serial number on the article itself, such as a passport, banknote, license, or certificate, may also be optically detected by the imager 154 and ultimately cross-referenced with the unique code.
• the unique code and other optically detected information are then transmitted via a communications network 166 to a secure database 168.
• the user uses a user interface 170 to control the authentication process and receive the authentication information.
• the user interface 170 may be a simple button pad with a display.
• the database 168 compares the dot code and wavelength conversion material characteristics code to a stored code and, if there is a match, the object is deemed authentic.
• the optically detected label serial number (or other printed code) may also be detected, and both codes are compared with associated codes in the database 168 for additional security.
• the identification that the object is authentic may be transmitted to a display in the user interface 170, or other systems may be used to register that the object is authentic or not authentic.
• Fig. 17 illustrates a detector 180 for authenticating the LED area 152. All elements are the same as the detector 150 of Fig. 16 except for metal probes 182, for applying a voltage to the anode and cathode pads 184/186 on the object, and a polarity switchable DC voltage source 188, which can be used to selectively illuminate LEDs 12 in each orientation. A simple AC voltage source may be used to illuminate both orientations of LEDs 12 without orientation selectability.
• Such a detector 180 may be located in a credit or debit card reader and also be used to power a smart chip in the card.
• an external blue or UV light source 164 may energize the wavelength conversion material to detect its customized characteristics to authenticate the object. In such a case, the random arrangement of the LEDs 12 may not be relevant.
• the light-generating devices do not use LEDs, and only phosphor particles and/or quantum dots are printed on the substrate.
• the phosphor or quantum dot particles may be directly dispersed in an ink at a low concentration so that no substrate is needed.
• the ink solvent is evaporated, leaving the wavelength-conversion particles randomly scattered on the label surface.
• No voltage source or conductor layers are needed.
• the randomness is a natural result of the printing process.
• An external UV or blue light source energizes the particles instead of using LEDs.
• the level of security may be less than that when using LEDs but the security may be sufficient for lower value items. In such a case, the dots in Fig. 1 represent the wavelength conversion particles rather than LEDs.
• a simple circuit may also be added to the object that powers the LEDs in a certain way, such as by pulsing the LEDs in a coded pattern that may convey information.
• information may be the value of a casino chip and adds an added degree of security.
• Figs. 18 and 19 relate to an object, such as a credit card or casino chip, that may be read and authenticated without physical contact.
• the object may contain legacy circuitry that requires direct contact of electrodes, and such legacy circuitry may also be included in the object of Figs. 18 and 19.
• Fig. 18 illustrates a process for forming a credit card, although the process may also be used to form any portable object, such as a casino chip.
• a credit card substrate 190 may be a transparent or translucent plastic. Over the substrate 190 is provided an RFID chip 192, LEDs 194, and flat inductive coils 196 for energizing the LEDs 194 and RFID chip 192.
• the RFID chip 192 and its associated coil may be conventional.
• the LEDs 194 and associated coil may be similar to those shown in Figs. 2 and 5.
• the LEDs 194 and coil may be pre-printed on a thin sheet and laminated onto the substrate 190 or directly printed on the substrate 190.
• the LEDs 194 are connected in parallel and illuminate when a pulse of current is inductively coupled to the coils 196.
• the RFID chip 192 coil energizes the RFID circuitry and also performs as a communications antenna to transmit data to a conventional reader. Other suitable chips may be used instead of an RFID chip.
• a protective layer 198 which may be a thin polymer and/or a graphic layer, is printed or laminated over the surface of the card.
• a transparent window 200 is formed over the LEDs 194.
• a customized wavelength conversion layer 202 is printed or laminated (like a stamp) over the window 200.
• the wavelength conversion layer 202 may be composed of any combination of phosphors, quantum dots, dyes, or any other material that emits secondary light, emitting any combination of wavelengths, after being energized by a flash of the LED primary light (e.g., blue). Although the LEDs 194 may flash for a fraction of a second, the wavelength conversion layer 202 may have a relatively slow decay (persistence). As mentioned previously, the particular spectrum and/or persistence of the wavelength conversion layer 202 is used for authenticating the object.
• the wavelength conversion layer 202 may be different for different types of cards, or for different manufacturing dates of cards, or for any other reason for improved security. It is very difficult to reproduce the LED wavelength in combination with the various wavelengths emitted by the wavelength conversion layer 202. Both the LED wavelength and the wavelength conversion layer 202 spectrum may be detected.
• the composition of the wavelength conversion material (e.g., ratio of phosphors, dyes, QDs, etc.) is changed in random ways over time for added security.
• the wavelength conversion layer 202 may be pre-printed as an adhesive stamp on a sheet and simply transferred to the card 204, in the same way that holograms are sometimes used to authenticate a credit card.
• LEDs 194 are printed that emit two or more different peak wavelengths. A different spectral response will occur for the different wavelengths.
• the resulting spectrum includes the primary light from the LEDs 194, the resulting spectrum will be extremely difficult to copy.
• the LEDs 194 and/or wavelength conversion layer 202 emits light that varies non-linearly with current to the LEDs 194.
• the input may then be varied over the detection time to derive a code corresponding to spectrum vs. time or to obtain a plurality of discrete spectral signatures to further improve security.
• the LEDs 194 in the LED ink have two different physical shapes so that a predetermined percentage of the printed LEDs are oriented up and the remainder is oriented down. If the energizing current is AC, such as a sine wave or square wave, the two sets of LEDs will be alternately driven. As a result, there will be two spectrums for a single detection, to further improve security.
• the processing of the card 204 may be performed under atmospheric conditions in an assembly line type process. The completed cards are then segmented from a sheet of cards.
• Fig. 19 illustrates a process for using the card 204.
• the user places the card 204 near or into a reader/energizer 206 that includes one or more inductive coils that magnetically couple to the coils in the card 204. If RFID chips are used, very little power needs to be coupled to initiate the RF communications between the RFID chip 192 and the reader 206. If the chip is an NFC chip, the card 204 may need to be close to the reader/energizer 206. A separate coil may be needed in the reader/energizer 206 for coupling sufficient power to the coil on the card 204 that powers the LEDs 194.
• the system may be designed to just briefly flash the LEDs 194, which emit a blue light 208. If the card substrate 190 is transparent or translucent, it acts like a light guide so that the user sees a flash of blue light from the edges of the card 204, providing feedback to the user that the card 204 is being read.
• the wavelength conversion layer 202 emits light for a much longer time, and this light is detected by an optical detector 210 that detects the emitted spectrum and/or persistence of the primary and secondary emissions for authenticating the card 204.
• the RFID or NFC chip 192 is also being read to authenticate the card 204.
• a controller 212 controls the process and suitably formats the data for
• a data base via a communications system 214, such as by using the internet.
• the wavelength conversion layer 202 is energized with a pulse of primary light, and the resulting optical characteristics of the spectrum and/or persistence are recorded in a code.
• This code is then stored in a data base and associated with the particular card.
• another code is generated using the same technique.
• the communications system 214 transmits the code and the card identification to the data base, and the code is compared to the stored code in the data base for authentication. If there is a match, the authentication is communicated back to the point of sale and the sale is completed.
• the card 204 may also include electrodes on its surface so that insertion of the card 204 into a reader directly powers the chip 192 and LEDs 194 as well as reads the data on the chip 192.
• the RFID or NFC chip 192 is not needed.
• the RFID or NFC chip 192 may be used to identify the value of the chip, its serial number, its casino, etc.
• the phone may include an adhesive stamp that contains the LEDs, the inductive coil, and the wavelength conversion material.
• the stamp may be adhered to any object.
• the stamp may also include a chip (e.g., RFID, NFC) containing information that is cross-referenced to the light emitting characteristics of the wavelength conversion material for added security. The chip and light emitting characteristics may be read in a contactless manner using RF and/or inductive coupling as described above for authenticating the smart phone for completing the sale.

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