EP3785810A1 - Device for transmitting ultrasound - Google Patents
Device for transmitting ultrasound Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3785810A1 EP3785810A1 EP20188867.4A EP20188867A EP3785810A1 EP 3785810 A1 EP3785810 A1 EP 3785810A1 EP 20188867 A EP20188867 A EP 20188867A EP 3785810 A1 EP3785810 A1 EP 3785810A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- oscillating body
- curved
- indentation
- coupling surface
- sonotrode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
- B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
- B06B3/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for transmitting mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/18—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound
- G10K11/26—Sound-focusing or directing, e.g. scanning
- G10K11/32—Sound-focusing or directing, e.g. scanning characterised by the shape of the source
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an apparatus for transmitting ultrasound.
- Such devices are known in principle from the prior art and are used, inter alia, for amplitude transformation or amplitude amplification of the ultrasonic vibrations transmitted from a converter to a sonotrode.
- the device has a curved oscillating body with a coupling surface provided at one end for coupling a converter, the oscillating body being curved in particular in the form of a U, an S or a J. is trained. Furthermore, the oscillating body has at least one indentation running over the circumference of the oscillating body between the coupling surface and the end opposite it.
- the oscillating body apart from the retraction, can have an essentially constant cross-sectional shape. This means that the oscillating body is designed to be uniform over its essential course and, apart from the indentation or a base for coupling surfaces, has the same cross-sectional shape.
- the oscillating body can have quarter-circular sections on both sides of the indentation, so that with each section a deflection of 90 ° in the same plane or in different planes is achieved.
- quarter-circular sections between which there is a recess has achieved good results in tests.
- the retraction can be curved in cross section, for example as a circumferential annular groove.
- a further coupling surface for a sonotrode can be provided at the end opposite the coupling surface.
- the vibrating body can be equipped with different sonotrodes and converters thanks to a modular structure.
- a sonotrode can be integrally formed on the end opposite the coupling surface.
- the oscillating body can have a rectangular or square cross section. In contrast to other or asymmetrical cross-sections, a particularly uniform vibration behavior can be achieved in this way.
- the vibrating body is constructed in several parts.
- the oscillating body can be designed to be curved in any planes, which can be advantageous in complex installation situations. However, it can also be advantageous to design the oscillating body to be curved only within one plane. Another advantageous embodiment can be formed in that the oscillating body is curved in two planes extending at right angles to one another.
- Fig. 1 shows a first device for transmitting ultrasound to a sonotrode, which shows a curved oscillating body 10 with a coupling surface 14 formed at one end 12 for coupling a converter.
- the oscillating body 10 is designed in the form of an (inverted) U and has a further coupling surface 18 for a sonotrode at the end 16 opposite the coupling surface 14.
- Both coupling surfaces 14 and 18 are designed in the shape of a circular ring and are molded onto the oscillating body 10 via a base 20 or 22, respectively.
- an indentation 24 is provided which runs over the circumference of the oscillating body and divides the oscillating body into two quarter-circle sections A and B.
- the oscillating body 10 has a constant, approximately rectangular cross-sectional shape.
- the indentation 24 has a concave curvature in cross section, so that the indentation 24 forms a total of four grooves running at right angles to one another on the outer circumference of the oscillating body 10.
- the vibrating body 10 of Fig. 1 made in one piece from metal is made, has a constant radius of curvature on both sides of the indentation 24, so that the overall shape of a U results.
- Fig. 2 shows a further embodiment of an oscillating body 30, the same reference numerals being used for the same components.
- the vibrating body 30 of Fig. 2 differs from the vibrating body 10 of Fig. 1 solely in the fact that the two curved sections A and B are oriented on both sides of the indentation 24 in such a way that the shape of an S (or approximately a Z) results for the oscillating body.
- the oscillating body has a constant radius of curvature on both sides of the indentation 24.
- the curvature of the oscillating body has a point of inflection in its center, ie in the area of the indentation 24.
- the in Fig. 3 The vibrating body 40 shown corresponds in its basic structure to the vibrating body 10 of FIG Fig. 1 .
- the oscillating body 40 has no base and no further coupling surface at its end 16 opposite the coupling surface 14. Rather, a sonotrode S is formed in one piece on the end 16, with a further indentation 44 being provided between the sonotrode S and the section A of the oscillating body 40, which is designed in the same way as the indentation 24.
- Fig. 4 shows a further embodiment of an oscillating body 50, the basic structure of which is the oscillating body 30 of Fig. 2 corresponds, but the two sections A and B, which are each formed in the shape of a quarter circle, compared to the embodiment of FIG Fig. 2 are rotated by 90 °.
- the oscillating body 50 is curved in two planes standing at right angles to one another, ie the two coupling surfaces 14 and 18 do not run in the same plane Fig. 1 ) and also not within two parallel planes ( Fig. 2 ). Rather, in the oscillating body 50, the two coupling surfaces 14 and 18 run in two planes running at right angles to one another.
- the confiscation 24 is in the embodiment of FIG Fig. 4 also curved in cross-section.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Ultra Sonic Daignosis Equipment (AREA)
- Apparatuses For Generation Of Mechanical Vibrations (AREA)
- Transducers For Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
Abstract
Eine Vorrichtung zur Übertragung von Ultraschall umfasst einen gekrümmt ausgebildeten Schwingkörper mit einer Koppelfläche zur Ankopplung eines Konverters, wobei der Schwingkörper gekrümmt ausgebildet ist und eine Einziehung aufweist.A device for the transmission of ultrasound comprises a curved oscillating body with a coupling surface for coupling a converter, the oscillating body being curved and having an indentation.
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur Übertragung von Ultraschall. Derartige Vorrichtungen sind aus dem Stand der Technik grundsätzlich bekannt und dienen unter anderem zur Amplitudentransformation bzw. zur Amplitudenverstärkung der von einem Konverter auf eine Sonotrode übertragenen Ultraschallschwingungen.The present invention relates to an apparatus for transmitting ultrasound. Such devices are known in principle from the prior art and are used, inter alia, for amplitude transformation or amplitude amplification of the ultrasonic vibrations transmitted from a converter to a sonotrode.
Es ist die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, eine Vorrichtung zur Übertragung von Ultraschall zu schaffen, die bei beengten oder komplexen Platzverhältnissen eine kompakte Bauweise ermöglicht.It is the object of the present invention to create a device for the transmission of ultrasound which enables a compact design in confined or complex spaces.
Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe erfolgt durch die Merkmale des Anspruchs 1 und insbesondere dadurch, dass die Vorrichtung einen gekrümmt ausgebildeten Schwingkörper mit einer an einem Ende vorgesehenen Koppelfläche zur Ankopplung eines Konverters aufweist, wobei der Schwingkörper insbesondere in Form eines U, eines S oder eines J gekrümmt ausgebildet ist. Weiterhin weist der Schwingkörper zwischen der Koppelfläche und dem zu dieser entgegengesetzten Ende zumindest eine über den Umfang des Schwingkörpers verlaufende Einziehung auf. Mit einem derart ausgebildeten Schwingkörper lassen sich trotz der gekrümmten Ausbildung aufgrund der über den Umfang des Schwingkörpers verlaufenden Einziehung sehr gute Ergebnisse erzielen, wobei aufgrund der gekrümmten Ausbildung des Schwingkörpers eine Montage der gesamten Anordnung auch bei sehr komplexen oder beengten Platzverhältnissen problemlos erfolgen kann.This object is achieved by the features of claim 1 and in particular in that the device has a curved oscillating body with a coupling surface provided at one end for coupling a converter, the oscillating body being curved in particular in the form of a U, an S or a J. is trained. Furthermore, the oscillating body has at least one indentation running over the circumference of the oscillating body between the coupling surface and the end opposite it. With a vibrating body designed in this way, very good results can be achieved despite the curved design due to the indentation running over the circumference of the vibrating body, and the entire arrangement can be assembled without problems even in very complex or confined spaces due to the curved design of the vibrating body.
Vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen der Erfindung sind in der Beschreibung, der Zeichnung sowie den Unteransprüchen beschrieben.Advantageous embodiments of the invention are described in the description, the drawing and the subclaims.
Nach einer ersten vorteilhaften Ausführungsform kann der Schwingkörper abgesehen von der Einziehung eine im Wesentlichen gleichbleibende Querschnittsform aufweisen. Dies bedeutet, dass der Schwingkörper über seinen wesentlichen Verlauf gleichförmig ausgebildet ist und abgesehen von der Einziehung oder von einem Sockel für Koppelflächen die gleichen Querschnittsform aufweist.According to a first advantageous embodiment, apart from the retraction, the oscillating body can have an essentially constant cross-sectional shape. This means that the oscillating body is designed to be uniform over its essential course and, apart from the indentation or a base for coupling surfaces, has the same cross-sectional shape.
Nach einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform kann der Schwingkörper zu beiden Seiten der Einziehung viertelkreisförmige Teilabschnitte aufweisen, so dass mit jedem Teilabschnitt eine Umlenkung um 90° in der gleichen Ebene oder in unterschiedlichen Ebenen erreicht ist. Ein solcher Aufbau aus viertelkreisförmigen Teilabschnitten, zwischen denen sich eine Einziehung befindet, hat in Versuchen gute Resultate erzielt.According to a further advantageous embodiment, the oscillating body can have quarter-circular sections on both sides of the indentation, so that with each section a deflection of 90 ° in the same plane or in different planes is achieved. Such a structure of quarter-circular sections between which there is a recess has achieved good results in tests.
Nach einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform kann die Einziehung im Querschnitt gekrümmt ausgebildet sein, beispielsweise als umlaufende Ringnut.According to a further advantageous embodiment, the retraction can be curved in cross section, for example as a circumferential annular groove.
Nach einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform kann an dem der Koppelfläche gegenüberliegenden Ende eine weitere Koppelfläche für eine Sonotrode vorgesehen sein. Auf diese Weise kann durch einen modularen Aufbau der Schwingkörper mit unterschiedlichen Sonotroden und Konvertern bestückt werden.According to a further advantageous embodiment, a further coupling surface for a sonotrode can be provided at the end opposite the coupling surface. In this way, the vibrating body can be equipped with different sonotrodes and converters thanks to a modular structure.
Nach einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform kann an dem der Koppelfläche gegenüberliegenden Ende eine Sonotrode einstückig angeformt sein. Mit einem solchen sehr kompakt bauenden Bauteil lassen sich komplizierte Einbausituationen bewerkstelligen und aufgrund eines unterbrechungsfreien Materialübergangs zwischen Sonotrode und Schwingkörper lassen sich Verluste minimieren.According to a further advantageous embodiment, a sonotrode can be integrally formed on the end opposite the coupling surface. With such a very compact component, complicated installation situations can be managed and losses can be minimized due to an uninterrupted material transition between the sonotrode and the vibrating body.
Weiterhin kann es vorteilhaft sein, wenn bei der vorstehend beschriebenen Ausführungsform zwischen der Sonotrode und dem Schwingkörper ebenfalls eine Einziehung vorgesehen ist, da hierdurch das Schwingungsverhalten der Gesamtvorrichtung verbessert werden kann.Furthermore, it can be advantageous if, in the embodiment described above, there is also a between the sonotrode and the oscillating body Retraction is provided, since this can improve the vibration behavior of the overall device.
Nach einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform kann der Schwingkörper einen rechteckigen oder einen quadratischen Querschnitt aufweisen. Im Gegensatz zu anderen oder auch zu unsymmetrischen Querschnitten lässt sich hierdurch ein besonders gleichmäßiges Schwingungsverhalten erzielen.According to a further advantageous embodiment, the oscillating body can have a rectangular or square cross section. In contrast to other or asymmetrical cross-sections, a particularly uniform vibration behavior can be achieved in this way.
Ein ähnlicher Vorteil kann erzielt werden, wenn der Schwingkörper zu beiden Seiten der Einziehung einen konstanten Krümmungsradius aufweist.A similar advantage can be achieved if the oscillating body has a constant radius of curvature on both sides of the recess.
Weiterhin konnten gute Ergebnisse mit einem Schwingkörper erzielt werden, dessen Krümmung zumindest einen Wendepunkt und insbesondere genau einen Wendepunkt aufweist.Furthermore, it was possible to achieve good results with an oscillating body, the curvature of which has at least one point of inflection and in particular precisely one point of inflection.
Für komplexe Formen des Schwingkörpers kann es vorteilhaft sein, wenn der Schwingkörper mehrteilig ausgebildet ist.For complex shapes of the vibrating body, it can be advantageous if the vibrating body is constructed in several parts.
Grundsätzlich kann der Schwingkörper in beliebigen Ebenen gekrümmt ausgebildet sein, was bei komplexen Einbausituationen von Vorteil sein kann. Es kann jedoch auch vorteilhaft sein, den Schwingkörper lediglich innerhalb einer Ebene gekrümmt auszubilden. Eine weitere vorteilhafte Ausführungsform kann dadurch gebildet sein, dass der Schwingkörper in zwei rechtwinklig zueinander verlaufenden Ebenen gekrümmt ausgebildet ist.In principle, the oscillating body can be designed to be curved in any planes, which can be advantageous in complex installation situations. However, it can also be advantageous to design the oscillating body to be curved only within one plane. Another advantageous embodiment can be formed in that the oscillating body is curved in two planes extending at right angles to one another.
Nachfolgend wird die vorliegende Erfindung rein beispielhaft anhand vorteilhafter Ausführungsformen und unter Bezugnahme auf die biegefügten Zeichnungen beschrieben. Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- einen Schwingkörper in Form eines U;
- Fig. 2
- einen Schwingkörper in Form eines S;
- Fig. 3
- einen Schwingkörper in Form eines J; und
- Fig. 4
- einen in zwei rechtwinklig zueinander verlaufenden Ebenen gekrümmt ausgebildeten Schwingkörper.
- Fig. 1
- a vibrating body in the shape of a U;
- Fig. 2
- a vibrating body in the shape of an S;
- Fig. 3
- a vibrating body in the shape of a J; and
- Fig. 4
- an oscillating body which is curved in two planes extending at right angles to one another.
In der Mitte zwischen den beiden Enden 12 und 16, d.h. zwischen der Koppelfläche 14 und der Koppelfläche 18 ist eine über den Umfang des Schwingkörpers verlaufende Einziehung 24 vorgesehen, die den Schwingkörper in zwei viertelkreisförmige Abschnitte A und B teilt.In the middle between the two
Wie
Der in
Claims (13)
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass der Schwingkörper (10, 30, 40, 50), abgesehen von der Einziehung (24), eine im Wesentlichen gleichbleibende Querschnittsform aufweist.Device according to claim 1,
characterized,
that the oscillating body (10, 30, 40, 50), apart from the indentation (24), has an essentially constant cross-sectional shape.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass der Schwingkörper (10, 30, 40, 50) zu beiden Seiten der Einziehung (24) viertelkreisförmige Teilabschnitte aufweist.Device according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized,
that the oscillating body (10, 30, 40, 50) has quarter-circular sections on both sides of the indentation (24).
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Einziehung (24) im Querschnitt gekrümmt ausgebildet ist.Device according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the recess (24) is curved in cross section.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass an dem der Koppelfläche (14) gegenüberliegenden Ende (16) eine weitere Koppelfläche (18) für eine Sonotrode (S) vorgesehen ist.Device according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that a further coupling surface (18) for a sonotrode (S) is provided at the end (16) opposite the coupling surface (14).
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass an dem der Koppelfläche (14) gegenüberliegenden Ende (16) eine Sonotrode (S) einstückig angeformt ist.Device according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that a sonotrode (S) is integrally formed on the end (16) opposite the coupling surface (14).
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass zwischen der Sonotrode (S) und dem Schwingkörper (10, 30, 40, 50) eine Einziehung (24) vorgesehen ist.Device according to claim 6,
characterized,
that a recess (24) is provided between the sonotrode (S) and the oscillating body (10, 30, 40, 50).
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass der Schwingkörper (10, 30, 40, 50) einen rechteckigen oder einen quadratischen Querschnitt aufweist.Device according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the oscillating body (10, 30, 40, 50) has a rectangular or square cross-section.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass der Schwingkörper (10, 30, 40, 50) zu beiden Seiten der Einziehung (24) einen konstanten Krümmungsradius aufweist.Device according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the oscillating body (10, 30, 40, 50) has a constant radius of curvature on both sides of the indentation (24).
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Krümmung des Schwingkörpers (30, 50) zumindest einen Wendepunkt und insbesondere genau einen Wendepunkt aufweist.Device according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the curvature of the oscillating body (30, 50) has at least one turning point and in particular exactly one turning point.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass der Schwingkörper (10, 30, 40, 50) mehrteilig ausgebildet ist.Device according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the oscillating body (10, 30, 40, 50) is constructed in several parts.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass der Schwingkörper (10, 30, 40, 50) nur in einer Ebene gekrümmt ist ausgebildet ist.Device according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the oscillating body (10, 30, 40, 50) is curved in only one plane.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass der Schwingkörper (10, 30, 40, 50) in zwei rechtwinklig zueinander verlaufenden Ebenen gekrümmt ausgebildet ist.Device according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the oscillating body (10, 30, 40, 50) is curved in two planes extending at right angles to one another.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102019123071.3A DE102019123071A1 (en) | 2019-08-28 | 2019-08-28 | DEVICE FOR TRANSMISSION OF ULTRASOUND |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3785810A1 true EP3785810A1 (en) | 2021-03-03 |
EP3785810C0 EP3785810C0 (en) | 2023-09-06 |
EP3785810B1 EP3785810B1 (en) | 2023-09-06 |
Family
ID=71899560
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP20188867.4A Active EP3785810B1 (en) | 2019-08-28 | 2020-07-31 | Device for transmitting ultrasound |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US11305313B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3785810B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102019123071A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2962725T3 (en) |
HU (1) | HUE062919T2 (en) |
PL (1) | PL3785810T3 (en) |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1229515A2 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2002-08-07 | Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. | Method and waveguides for changing the direction of longitudinal vibrations |
WO2007101362A2 (en) * | 2006-03-09 | 2007-09-13 | Woodwelding Ag | Diversion of mechanical oscillations |
DE102016116430A1 (en) * | 2016-09-02 | 2018-03-08 | Herrmann Ultraschalltechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Ultrasonic vibration system |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3546498A (en) * | 1969-06-13 | 1970-12-08 | Univ Ohio | Curved sonic transmission line |
FR2671743B1 (en) * | 1991-01-17 | 1993-06-18 | Duburque Dominique | DEVICE FOR ULTRASONIC VIBRATION OF A NON-TUNED STRUCTURE. |
DE10337272A1 (en) | 2003-08-13 | 2005-03-10 | Alpma Alpenland Masch | Slicing device for food with tendency of sticking to blade, working with creation of ultrasonic waves |
DE102016116429A1 (en) | 2016-09-02 | 2018-03-08 | Herrmann Ultraschalltechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Ultrasonic vibration system with lateral surface support |
-
2019
- 2019-08-28 DE DE102019123071.3A patent/DE102019123071A1/en active Pending
-
2020
- 2020-07-31 PL PL20188867.4T patent/PL3785810T3/en unknown
- 2020-07-31 ES ES20188867T patent/ES2962725T3/en active Active
- 2020-07-31 HU HUE20188867A patent/HUE062919T2/en unknown
- 2020-07-31 EP EP20188867.4A patent/EP3785810B1/en active Active
- 2020-08-27 US US17/005,265 patent/US11305313B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1229515A2 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2002-08-07 | Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. | Method and waveguides for changing the direction of longitudinal vibrations |
WO2007101362A2 (en) * | 2006-03-09 | 2007-09-13 | Woodwelding Ag | Diversion of mechanical oscillations |
DE102016116430A1 (en) * | 2016-09-02 | 2018-03-08 | Herrmann Ultraschalltechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Ultrasonic vibration system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
PL3785810T3 (en) | 2024-03-11 |
US20210060616A1 (en) | 2021-03-04 |
ES2962725T3 (en) | 2024-03-20 |
EP3785810C0 (en) | 2023-09-06 |
EP3785810B1 (en) | 2023-09-06 |
US11305313B2 (en) | 2022-04-19 |
DE102019123071A1 (en) | 2021-03-04 |
HUE062919T2 (en) | 2023-12-28 |
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