EP3747028A1 - Procédé de régulation de paramètres opératoires d'un réacteur nucléaire et réacteur nucléaire correspondant - Google Patents
Procédé de régulation de paramètres opératoires d'un réacteur nucléaire et réacteur nucléaire correspondantInfo
- Publication number
- EP3747028A1 EP3747028A1 EP19701691.8A EP19701691A EP3747028A1 EP 3747028 A1 EP3747028 A1 EP 3747028A1 EP 19701691 A EP19701691 A EP 19701691A EP 3747028 A1 EP3747028 A1 EP 3747028A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- vector
- nuclear reactor
- power
- control
- groups
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D3/00—Control of nuclear power plant
- G21D3/08—Regulation of any parameters in the plant
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D3/00—Control of nuclear power plant
- G21D3/08—Regulation of any parameters in the plant
- G21D3/10—Regulation of any parameters in the plant by a combination of a variable derived from neutron flux with other controlling variables, e.g. derived from temperature, cooling flow, pressure
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C7/00—Control of nuclear reaction
- G21C7/06—Control of nuclear reaction by application of neutron-absorbing material, i.e. material with absorption cross-section very much in excess of reflection cross-section
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D3/00—Control of nuclear power plant
- G21D3/001—Computer implemented control
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C7/00—Control of nuclear reaction
- G21C7/06—Control of nuclear reaction by application of neutron-absorbing material, i.e. material with absorption cross-section very much in excess of reflection cross-section
- G21C7/08—Control of nuclear reaction by application of neutron-absorbing material, i.e. material with absorption cross-section very much in excess of reflection cross-section by displacement of solid control elements, e.g. control rods
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C7/00—Control of nuclear reaction
- G21C7/36—Control circuits
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the regulation of operating parameters of a nuclear reactor.
- the invention aims to provide, in a first aspect, a process for regulating operating parameters of a nuclear reactor that offers greater flexibility, while allowing the respect of a very restrictive multi-objective specification.
- the invention relates to a process for regulating operating parameters of a nuclear reactor, these operating parameters comprising at least the average core temperature, and the axial power imbalance, the method comprising the following steps:
- control method may also have one or more of the following characteristics, considered individually or in any technically possible combination:
- the nuclear reactor comprises:
- a heart comprising a plurality of nuclear fuel assemblies, placed in the tank;
- a primary cooling circuit of the heart in which circulates a primary coolant, comprising cold and hot branches stitched on the tank and through which the primary coolant respectively enters the vessel and leaves the vessel;
- An injection circuit configured to selectively injected into the primary coolant in a neutron poison or fluid diluent without neutron poison; controls comprising at least one control cluster movement speed and at least one neutron poison injection or diluent flow rate;
- the clusters are moved in groups, one or more groups being brought together in a first set, the commands comprising at least one moving speed of the group or groups of the first set;
- commands comprising, in addition to the speed of movement of the groups of the first set, at least one moving speed of the groups of the second set;
- the first set has only one group; the operating parameters furthermore comprise the position of insertion of the groups of the first set;
- the nuclear reactor comprises one or more turbines supplied with steam by the primary circuit, the at least one input being a power demanded from the turbine or turbines of the nuclear reactor;
- the power supplied by the turbine or turbines of the nuclear reactor comprises a power programmed according to a predetermined program, for example predetermined for a period of at least one day, and a power disturbance, the reference value of the vector of the outputs being elaborated using said programmed power alone;
- the outputs comprise, in addition to the operating parameters, a temperature of the primary heat transfer fluid in the hot leg, and a thermal power of the core;
- the sequential gain control algorithm comprises a plurality of linear regulators, each determined for a determined operating point of the nuclear reactor, said operating points being preferably staggered to cover a power range of the nuclear reactor ranging from 25% to 100% of a nominal power of the nuclear reactor;
- each operating point is characterized by a determined insertion position of the first set of groups
- K p and Ki are gain matrices, s the Laplace variable, y being an output gap vector between the current value of the vector of the outputs and the reference value of the vector of the outputs, where z is a vector of operating parameter deviation between the current value of the vector of the operating parameters to be controlled and the reference value of the vector of the operating parameters to be controlled, and u K being the vector of the corrective values of the commands;
- the method comprises a step of obtaining linear regulators, comprising for each linear regulator the following sub-steps:
- the output gap vector and the operating parameter deviation vector on the one hand, with At least one of a disturbance of the at least one input, a disturbance of the vector of the control values, a disturbance of the output deviation vector and the vector of the control correction values. somewhere else ;
- the variation of neutron poison concentration is lower than u TM ax , being the rate of increase of the concentration of neutron poison in the primary circuit resulting from a neutron poison injection at a rate Q x ; to respect at least for a disturbance which is a power step requested from the turbine (s) of ⁇ P% of a rated power PN of the nuclear reactor, P being between 5 and 15%; - said one or more operating constraints are translated into one or more of the following numerical conditions:
- T d ® ®d is the transfer function between said power stage
- T vbarres®dp is the transfer function
- Tsp bank®dp ⁇ ⁇ £ l
- T SPbank®dp is the transfer function between said power level and 5P bank , with W P ;
- K denotes the gain matrices K p and K
- W denotes the set of gain matrices stabilizing the looped system
- T z dP is the transfer function between said power step and the operating parameter deviation vector
- W z is a predetermined frequency weighting matrix
- each linearized model takes into account the delay related to the injection of the neutron poison by using the following equations:
- C b is the concentration of neutron poison in the or each primary circuit
- u Q is the command to increase the concentration of neutron poison in the primary circuit resulting from a neutron poison injection control at a Q bor flow rate
- s is the Laplace variable
- h is the value of the delay considered, typically between 100 and 500 seconds
- n is an integer of 3 and 15;
- the gains of the gain matrices K p and 3 ⁇ 4 are determined by the optimization algorithm so as to stabilize the looped system for said determined operating point and to stabilize the looped systems for at least two adjacent determined operating points, while satisfying the digital conditions corresponding to all the operating constraints;
- the predictive control algorithm of the supervisor uses said non-linear model of the nuclear reactor.
- the invention relates to a nuclear reactor comprising:
- the nuclear reactor further comprising:
- a body acquiring a current value of an output vector, the output including at least the operating parameters
- the regulation assembly comprising:
- the nuclear reactor may also have one or more of the following characteristics, considered individually or in any technically feasible combination:
- the nuclear reactor comprises:
- a heart comprising a plurality of nuclear fuel assemblies, placed in the tank;
- a primary cooling circuit of the heart in which circulates a primary coolant, comprising cold and hot branches stitched on the tank and through which the primary coolant respectively enters the vessel and leaves the vessel;
- An injection circuit configured to selectively injected into the primary coolant in a neutron poison or fluid diluent without neutron poison; controls comprising at least one control cluster movement speed and at least one neutron poison injection or diluent flow rate;
- the regulation assembly is configured to move the clusters in groups, one or more groups being brought together in a first set, the commands comprising at least one moving speed of the groups of the first set;
- commands comprising, in addition to the speed of movement of the groups of the first set, at least one moving speed of the groups of the second set;
- the first set has only one group; the operating parameters furthermore comprise the position of insertion of the groups of the first set;
- the nuclear reactor comprises one or more turbines supplied with steam by the primary circuit, the at least one input being a power demanded from the turbine or turbines of the nuclear reactor;
- the power supplied by the turbine or turbines of the nuclear reactor comprises a power programmed according to a predetermined program, for example predetermined for a period of at least one day, and a power disturbance, the reference value of the vector of the outputs being elaborated using said programmed power alone;
- the outputs comprise, in addition to the operating parameters, a temperature of the primary heat transfer fluid in the hot leg, and a thermal power of the core;
- the sequential gain control algorithm comprises a plurality of linear regulators, each determined for a determined operating point of the nuclear reactor, said operating points being staggered to cover a power range of the nuclear reactor ranging from 25% to 100% a nominal power of the nuclear reactor;
- each operating point is characterized by a determined insertion position of the first set of groups
- K p and Ki are gain matrices, s the Laplace variable, y being an output gap vector between the current value of the vector of the outputs and the reference value of the vector of the outputs, where z is a vector of operating parameter deviation between the current value of the vector of the operating parameters to be controlled and the reference value of the vector of the operating parameters to be controlled, and u K being the vector of the corrective values of the commands.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the regulation method of the invention
- FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a nuclear reactor in which the process of FIG. 1 is capable of being implemented;
- FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the insertion sequence of the groups of the first set, for a variant of the adapted T mode regulation method;
- FIG. 4 schematically illustrates the difference between the sequential gain regulator and the supervisor;
- FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the sequential gain control algorithm
- FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a step of obtaining linear regulators of the sequential gain control algorithm
- FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of an echelon perturbation signal used for the step of obtaining the linear regulators of FIG. 6;
- FIG. 8 is a schematic representation illustrating an alternative embodiment in which the linear regulators are determined by zone
- FIG. 10 is a graphical representation of the evolution of the power demanded at the turbine when the reactor operates in frequency control
- FIG. 11 illustrates a graphical representation of the performances obtained with the supervisor alone in the case of operation of FIG. 10;
- FIGS. 12 to 19 are graphical representations of the results obtained with the method of the invention, for a requested power of the turbine forming a ramp 100% -60% -100% PN at 5% PN / min;
- FIGS. 20 to 26 are graphical representations of the results obtained with the method of the invention, for a power required from the turbine forming a descending step of power of 100% -90% PN;
- FIGS. 27 to 33 are graphical representations of the results obtained with the method of the invention, for a requested power of the turbine forming a 100% -70% PN ramp at 5% PN / min with frequency adjustment.
- the process shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1 aims to regulate operating parameters of a nuclear reactor 1 represented diagrammatically in FIG. 2.
- the nuclear reactor 1 comprises:
- a core 5 comprising a plurality of nuclear fuel assemblies, placed in the tank 3;
- clusters 7 for controlling the reactivity of the core, and mechanisms 9 configured to move each cluster 7 in the direction of insertion into the core 5 or in the direction of extraction from the core 5;
- a primary circuit 10 for cooling the core 5 in which circulates a primary coolant, comprising cold and hot branches 1 1, 13 stitched on the tank 3 and through which the primary heat transfer fluid respectively enters the tank 3 and leaves the tank 3;
- An injection circuit 15 configured to selectively inject into the primary coolant a neutron poison or diluent fluid without neutron poison.
- Neutron poison is typically boron.
- the diluent fluid is typically water.
- the primary circuit 10 includes one or more loops, each with a hot leg and a cold leg.
- the nuclear reactor 1 comprises one or more turbines 17 supplied with steam by the primary circuit 10.
- the nuclear reactor 1 is typically a PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor). It comprises a steam generator 19 for each loop of the primary circuit 10. Each loop connects the tank 3 in a closed circuit to a primary side of the associated steam generator 19. Furthermore, the nuclear reactor 1 comprises a secondary circuit 21 connecting in a closed circuit a secondary side of the or each steam generator 19 to the turbine 17 associated. The turbine 17 drives an alternator 23.
- PWR Pressure Water Reactor
- the primary coolant directly drives each turbine.
- the nuclear reactor 1 also comprises a set of 25 operating parameters of the heart, typically called Core Control, that is to say "Control of the heart” in French.
- the control unit 25 comprises for example an information processing unit, formed of a processor and a memory associated with the processor (not shown).
- the regulation unit 25 is produced in the form of programmable logic components such as FGPAs (English Field-Programmable Gate Array), or in the form of dedicated integrated circuits such as ASICs (from the English language). Application-Specific Integrated Circuit).
- the regulation assembly 25 is configured to move the clusters 7 by functional groups. Clusters of the same group are moved together, and are always at the same insertion position.
- the groups are advantageously distributed in one or more sets.
- the distribution of the groups and their use depends on the operating mode of the nuclear reactor.
- the groups of the first set are displaced typically sequentially. This means that they are inserted one after the other, with a recovery which is predetermined, as described below. Alternatively, the recovery is variable.
- all the groups of the first set are moved together. This means that they are always in the same insertion position and move together.
- the first set has only one group.
- the groups of the second subset are typically moved together.
- some groups are gathered in a third set, coming in addition to the first and second sets.
- the regulation set moves the groups of the same set in a coordinated manner (sequentially, jointly, etc.).
- the regulation assembly moves the groups of the or each assembly to control the operation of the reactor, in particular to regulate the operating parameters.
- piloting mode Several examples of piloting mode, will be detailed below, respectively inspired modes T, G and A.
- the first set is particularly well suited for controlling the average temperature Tm.
- the second set Hbank is particularly well suited for controlling the axial offset AO.
- the first and second sets are of variable composition, as described below.
- control clusters 7 are grouped into 5 groups P1 to P5. As shown in FIG. 3, groups P1 to P5 make up the Pbank and Hbank groups as follows:
- Pbank At 100% of the nominal power rating of the reactor, Pbank is composed of P1 and Hbank P2 to P5. Pbank is slightly more inserted than Hbank. - When the power decreases to 85% PN, Pbank is inserted in order to control the average temperature on its reference. The power drop results in variations of AO controlled by Hbank.
- control clusters were grouped into a different number of groups.
- position of the first set Pbank is meant the cumulative position of the groups belonging to the first set. This position is rated P bank ⁇
- P t , P 2 , P 3 and P 4 respectively denote the positions of groups P1 to P4.
- the value 214 is chosen for a half-heart position of the cluster groups. The position is expressed as the number of extraction steps from the maximum insertion position of the groups
- position of the second set Hbank is meant the position of the group P5, which is never integrated in the first set Pbank.
- the first set comprises a single group, the group R, consisting of black clusters, that is to say very absorbent clusters;
- GCP for Power Compensation Group is composed of groups G1 and G2 (G for gray clusters) and groups N1 and N2 (N for black clusters). Gray clusters are relatively less absorbent than black clusters.
- the groups of this second subset are sequentially inserted.
- they are inserted according to the electric power required from the turbine.
- the AO is advantageously controlled mainly by neutron poison or diluent injections.
- the functional groups are all brought together in the first set, designated here by the acronym DCBA.
- the first set is particularly well suited for controlling the average temperature Tm.
- GAO is advantageously controlled mainly by injections of neutron poison or diluent.
- the operating parameters to be controlled include at least the average core temperature Tm and the axial power imbalance AO.
- the average temperature of the core T m is defined here as being the average between T f and T c , T, and T c being the temperatures of the primary coolant at the outlet of the core 3 and at the inlet of the core 3, c ' that is to say at the hot and cold branches 13 and 1 1.
- the average temperature of the hot and cold branches of the primary circuits is considered.
- FH and FB are the neutron flux respectively in the high and low parts of the heart.
- the operating parameters to be controlled further comprise the P bank position of the groups of the first set.
- the Pmax is advantageously translated into a reference position of the Pbank group to compensate for the power failure.
- the control of the Pmax thus amounts to controlling the position of the Pbank group according to an insertion profile determined according to the power of the heart and the power at which the operator wants to be able to return.
- a Pmax of 100% PN means that the position of the Pbank group makes it possible to return to 100% PN only by its extraction.
- the P bank position of the groups of the first set is typically not part of the operating parameters to be controlled. These only include Tm and AO.
- the control method takes into account at least one input and several outputs, as can be seen in FIG.
- An input is defined either as a forecast path, or as an additional constraint or a constraint change applied to the control process.
- the at least one input is typically a requested power to the turbine or turbines of the nuclear reactor.
- the power supplied by the turbine or turbines 17 of the nuclear reactor comprises two components: a programmed power Du, according to a predetermined program, and a power perturbation dp.
- the programmed power is, for example, predetermined for a period of at least one day.
- the power disturbance corresponds, for example, to a setting in the operation of the primary circuit, or of the secondary circuit, to a charge reserve step, etc.
- the power demanded from the turbine or turbines of the nuclear reactor means the programmed power D u .
- the at least one alternative entry includes one or more of the entries below, in addition to or instead of the requested power at the turbine (s):
- the outputs preferably comprise, in addition to the operating parameters, the temperature T c of the primary heat transfer fluid in the hot leg 13, and the thermal power of the core Pk.
- the nuclear reactor 1 comprises:
- the nuclear reactor 1 comprises a control system equipped with a set of sensors for accessing the current values of the following quantities: T c , T f , AO, the power of the heart P K , and P bank
- the control system can also provide Du and is equipped with sensors to access D P.
- the acquisition member 27 is configured to acquire the current value of the requested power from the turbine or turbines directly from the control system.
- the acquisition member 29 is configured to acquire the current values of certain outputs directly from the control system, in particular T c , A 0, P K , and P ba n k.
- the acquisition member 29 is configured to calculate the current values of the other outputs from values provided by the control system, in particular Tm.
- the acquisition members 27 and 29 are for example modules of the regulation unit 25 or directly inform the regulation unit 25.
- the operating parameters are regulated by giving commands to actuators.
- These commands advantageously comprise at least one speed V bars of displacement of the control clusters, and at least one injection rate of neutron poison or diluent fluid.
- the at least one speed V of control cluster displacement bars typically comprises the movement speed of the groups of the first set Pbank and the speed of movement of the groups of the second set HBANK.
- the at least one speed V bars of displacement of the control clusters typically corresponds to the speed of movement of the groups of the first set.
- the neutron poison or diluent fluid injection rate is typically expressed as a rate of change of the neutron poison concentration in the primary coolant noted u Q. In other cases, it is expressed in the form of a mass flow injected into the primary coolant, denoted Q bor or Q dil .
- the controls are developed by the control assembly 25, which transmits them to actuators.
- the actuators are the drive mechanisms 9 of the bunches, and the injection circuit 15 of neutron poison or diluent fluid.
- the regulation method is designed to comply with specifications, that is to say a plurality of objectives. These constraints will be described only for the first control mode.
- the Core Control is constrained by an authorized operating domain in which the deviations of the operating parameters from their references must be maintained. This domain is defined by the Limiting Condition Operation (LCO), ie the high and low limits for each controlled operating parameter (namely T m , AO and P bank ) with respect to their references.
- LCO Limiting Condition Operation
- AAO max 5% AO
- the Core Control must make it possible to fulfill the flexibility requirements imposed on the reactor, for example:
- the purpose of the Core Control is to maintain the outputs to be controlled within the allowed operating range defined above, regardless of the power variations specified above.
- the regulator must have robustness guarantees:
- the reference temperature T m ref is a function of the power of the nuclear reactor. It is read directly on a predetermined curve, depending on the power demand of the turbine or turbines. Here we consider the current value of the at least one entry.
- the axial imbalance of reference power AO ref is updated periodically, for example every month, to take into account the depletion of the heart. It is provided directly by the nuclear reactor operator and is considered constant between two updates.
- the reference position Pi ank.ref of the subset Pbank is a function of the power of the nuclear reactor. It is read directly on a predetermined curve, depending on the power demand of the turbine or turbines. This reference position is given in cumulative position.
- This method has been designed to take into account that the control of a nuclear reactor core has specificities.
- the reactor has disparate dynamics, ie both slow and fast.
- the dynamics related to xenon is very slow (of the order of the hour) while those related to power and temperature are rather fast (of the order of ten seconds).
- the behavior of the heart is highly nonlinear, mainly due to the insertion of clusters into the heart.
- an intermediate power eg 60% PN
- the neutron poison actuator considered in the control problem has a significant delay: 300 seconds. Although the system that we are trying to control is relatively slow (global order of magnitude: 10 seconds), a delay of this magnitude is dimensioning for regulation.
- the specifications outlined above contain a large number of constraints, including time constraints that are often difficult to take into account by traditional control techniques.
- each power generation unit receives a daily load variation program. This program is known in advance. However, we do not currently benefit from this signal to predict future orders. In the present control method, it is possible to consider the future variations of this signal for the development of the command.
- the regulation method implements a hierarchical control strategy.
- the method comprising the following steps:
- the at least one input is typically the requested power at the turbine (s). This typically corresponds to the programmed power D u , provided for example by the load tracking program known in advance.
- D P D u + d P.
- the at least one alternative entry includes one or more of the entries listed above, in addition to or instead of the requested power at the turbine (s).
- the reference value Y ref of the output vector is determined only from the programmed power D u .
- the reference value Y ref is thus not modified by the power variations considered random, ie given by d P.
- the reference value Yref of the output vector is as follows:
- T c ref is the hot reference branch temperature. It is read on a predetermined curve, giving T c ref directly as a function of the current value of the at least one entry.
- T m, re > AO ref , and P b an k, ref are determined as described above.
- P Kref is the reference heart power. It is considered equal to the power demanded at the turbine (s).
- the current value Y of the output vector is as follows:
- the supervisor 33 considers as input the vector y, defined as the difference between the current value Y of the vector of the outputs and the reference value Y ref of the vector of the outputs:
- the Sequential Gains Regulator 33 addresses the following issues: - Ensure close control of the system by ensuring good performance a priori around each operating point, especially for the rejection of disturbances related to frequency adjustment.
- a sequential gain regulator may exhibit poor performance. Indeed, it is synthesized at each operating point on the basis of a linearized model. However, the use of a linearized model may lack representativeness of the global nonlinear model. The disadvantage is that the paths taken by this regulator may then be far from the optimal trajectory of the overall behavior.
- Figure 4 compares the path taken by a sequential gain regulator (dashed line) to that taken by a predictive control algorithm (solid line). It illustrates that the sequential gain regulator does not take into account global constraints for tracking trajectories as would predictive control.
- the sequential gain regulator is a structured regulator, preferably of multivariable PI type.
- the sequencing of the regulator is advantageously on the position of the first subset Pbank.
- the regulator 31 comprises a set of linear regulators, each determined for a predetermined operating point, that is to say for a predetermined insertion position of the first set Pbank.
- LTI Linear Time Invariant
- the trajectories of the regulator will be optimized on the overall behavior of the system and not locally as it is the case for a sequential gain regulator alone.
- this sampling step can be large.
- the supervisor does not have the capacity to adapt his commands to reject any unforeseen disturbances. Indeed, if these disturbances are faster than the sampling step, the supervisor, having fixed commands on this step, will not be able to adapt his commands fast enough to reject the disturbances. In this case, it is the power variations due to the frequency setting that may pose a problem. Indeed, these are random and fast.
- the central idea of the invention is to combine a predictive control algorithm and a multi-objective sequential gain regulator.
- the benefits of one compensate for at least some of the weaknesses of the other, as highlighted in the table below.
- the sequential gain control algorithm of the regulator 33 comprises a plurality of linear regulators, each determined for a specific operating point of the nuclear reactor.
- Said operating points being staggered to cover a power range of the nuclear reactor ranging from 25% to 100% of a nominal power of the nuclear reactor.
- each operating point is characterized by a determined insertion position P ban k of the first set of groups, typically exclusively characterized by the position P ban k
- each operating point is characterized by one or more of the physical parameters below, in addition to or in place of the determined insertion position P ban k of the first set of groups:
- Each linear regulator is expressed, for the example, in the following form, illustrated in FIG. 5:
- K p and Ki are gain matrices, s the Laplace variable, where y is the output gap vector between the current value Y of the output vector and the reference value Yref of the output vector, where z is a vector of operating parameter deviation between the current value of the vector of the operating parameters to be controlled and the reference value of the vector of the operating parameters to be controlled, and u k being the vector of the corrective values of the commands.
- the different vectors are composed as follows:
- the method comprises a step of obtaining linear regulators, comprising for each linear regulator the following substeps:
- the perturbation dp of the at least one input Du or the perturbation dU of the corrected vector U of control, or the perturbation dy of the deviation vector of the outputs y on the one hand, and or the difference between the current value of one of the operating parameters and the reference value of said operating parameter, ie the difference between the current value of one of the outputs and the reference value of said output, being one of corrective values of orders on the other hand;
- the optimization algorithm is typically non-smooth.
- the nonlinear model of the nuclear reactor is as follows:
- i (t) u Q (t - h boron), where h is a constant boron delay.
- K AO K AO K AO K AO K AO K do P K c K f K p K H K CB are coefficients that vary according to the state of the core and introduce nonlinearities.
- Linearization is carried out according to any suitable method, for example by performing a Taylor development of equations containing non-linearities around the operating points considered.
- the linearized model around an operating point is as follows:
- n is an integer h is typically between 100 and 500 seconds, preferably between 200 and 400 seconds, and is for example 300 seconds n is typically between 3 and 15 and for example is chosen equal to 9 ..
- the model G Lp v can be expressed in the following form:
- d P turb .
- the translation of the operating constraints into digital conditions that can be used to determine the gain matrices notably involves translating a time constraint into a frequency constraint. To do this, we look for an approximant of the maximum amplitude of an output signal y of a transfer function response to a known solicitation. The H ⁇ standard is then used
- T y® transfer characterizing the worst case gain of it. From this gain is characterized the maximum amplitude of the output signal as a function of the amplitude of the slot signal for a defined stabilized initial state.
- time criteria is a difficult problem for control problems. In this case, it is a major constraint of the control problem.
- the specification specifies certain time constraints to be met. For example, in any scenario, the average temperature should not exceed 15 ° C, ie Vt, ⁇ ST m ⁇ ⁇ 1.5 ° C.
- the maximum overshoot of certain parameters is characterized under a known solicitation, considering a stabilized initial state.
- the solicitations possible are given by the specifications: ramps at 5% PN / min, frequency setting or power step up to 10% PN.
- the most penalizing scenario (the one that constrains the most the regulation) is a power step requested from the turbine (s) of ⁇ P% of a nominal power PN of the nuclear reactor, P being between 5 and 15%, P being for example 10%.
- the amplitude of the output signal y is equal to the sum of the amplitudes of the harmonics multiplied by the transfer gain evaluated at the frequency of each harmonic.
- T U ®d u is the transfer function between the perturbation of the vector of the values of the commands UU and the vector of the corrected values of the commands U;
- W R is the target module margin, this value being predetermined and worth, for example, 0.5;
- Ts Tm®dp is the transfer function between said power level and ST m , with
- T vbarres®dp is the transfer function between said power level and the speed of movement of the clusters
- T UQ®dp is the transfer function between said power level and the neutron poisoning rate
- T z®dp ⁇ 2 where K denotes the gain matrices K p and K , W denotes the set of gain matrices stabilizing the looped system, T z ®d P is the transfer function between said power level dp and the operating parameter deviation vector z, W z is a predetermined frequency weighting matrix.
- z (5T m SAO SP bank ) T is the deviation vector of the operating parameters to be controlled.
- W z the frequency weighting matrix is defined by:
- the weights chosen for each path are defined by:
- K1, K2, K3, t1, t2 and t3 are predetermined coefficients.
- the difference 8P bank between the current value of P ban k and the reference value of P ban k, ref is between -DR3 ⁇ 4 and DR3 ⁇ 4.
- T 5Pbank®dp is the transfer function between said power stage
- the operating constraint for the speed of movement of the clusters is ⁇ K ⁇ ivPjyank £ 1
- T fVpbank is the transfer function between said power level and vH bank ) ®dp
- the determination of the gains of the gain matrices K p and K is performed using a non-smooth optimization method, well suited to solve control problems.
- the tool used is for example Matlab's Systune. This tool has a complete integrated environment for expressing the constraints H 2 and H ⁇ as described above.
- the gains of the gain matrices K p and 3 ⁇ 4 are determined by the optimization algorithm so as to stabilize the looped system for said determined insertion position and stabilizing the looped systems for at least two adjacent determined insertion positions, while satisfying the digital conditions corresponding to all the operating constraints (see Figure 8).
- the gains of the gain matrices K p and 3 ⁇ 4 are determined by the optimization algorithm so as to stabilize the looped system for said determined insertion position, and to stabilize the loop systems for the four insertion positions. determined adjacent to the determined insertion position, on each side thereof.
- the interpolation of LTI controllers synthesized at different operating points can pose certain difficulties, especially when the synthesis of two adjacent two-point regulators does not provide regulators sufficiently close to one another.
- the interpolated regulator between these two operating points does not necessarily constitute a viable solution, either that it can lead to instability, or that it induces too abrupt transients during the change of coefficients.
- the determination of the gains at a given operating point consists of a multi-model approach per zone, as indicated above.
- the resulting regulator will check the constraints and will be optimal for all models considered.
- the optimized one-point regulator is used to initiate optimization at the next operating point.
- the model used for the supervisor is the nonlinear model described above.
- the interests of this model are that:
- U Q denotes the control of neutron poison and boron the neutron poison delay.
- the delay is 300 seconds.
- the base of functions used for the commands is the base of the piecewise constant functions. This means that orders will be constant over the sampling period, and discontinuous from one sampling step to the next.
- the objective function considered for the supervisor is based on the performance objectives defined above.
- the goal of the supervisor will be to calculate the reference commands for the Pbank, Hbank and neutron poison actuators minimizing the deviation of the parameters to be controlled from their respective references.
- the parameters to be controlled are the same as the regulator 33:
- the axial power distribution denoted AO.
- J 0 KrJST m + K AO ⁇ SAO ⁇ 2 + Kp bank ⁇ SP bank ⁇ 2
- J 0 KrJST m + K AO ⁇ SAO ⁇ 2 + Kp bank ⁇ SP bank ⁇ 2
- Ave filtered order entries These are filtered in such a way as to penalize the high frequencies.
- H u the high pass filter on the controls, and the filtered signals:
- the constraints imposed on the supervisor, via the control problem, stem from the requirements set out in the specifications concerning the solicitations on the order.
- the advantage of the supervisor 31, compared to the regulator 33 is that it has the capacity to explicitly take into account formal time constraints, whether they relate to the inputs or the state variables: here the position constraints and maximum cluster group velocities and maximum dilution / borification rates. We then formulate the following constraints, deduced from the specifications:
- V Pbank ⁇ 1-25 steps / s
- VH bank > -1.25 (not / s)
- the predictive control algorithm used in the invention is as follows.
- the model used to calculate model outputs based on controls is a non-linear model.
- a non-linear optimization algorithm under constraints is required for the resolution of such a problem.
- a non-linear sub-constraint optimization algorithm based on the inner-point method, as implemented by the Matinab fmincon function is used.
- the supervisor algorithm is presented in the form of a block diagram in Figure 9. This figure shows the different functions that are implemented as well as the information flows that they exchange at each sampling step. .
- the supervisor receives the measurements of the system Y, the references of the outputs to be controlled Z ref and the user turbine power profile D v .
- this sampling step receives the measurements of the system Y, the references of the outputs to be controlled Z ref and the user turbine power profile D v .
- FIG. 11 illustrates the performances obtained with the supervisor in the case of a frequency adjustment where the nominal power follows the curve illustrated in FIG. 10.
- the RMOSC is simulated on the nonlinear model of the reactor described above. In order to comply with the solicitation requirements of the actuators of the saturations will be introduced on them in coherence with the maximum demands defined in the specifications.
- the behavior of the RMOSC was first tested on a load transient at 5% PN / min from 100% PN to 60% PN followed by a load increase from 60% PN to 100% PN at the same speed. In a second step it was tested for a power level of 10% PN. Finally, it has been tested in the case of frequency adjustment superimposed on a load transient.
- the RMOSC provides correct results against the control criteria. It can be seen that all the outputs to be regulated are kept within the allowed range, defined by the LCOs, i.e. none of the outputs exceed the maximum and minimum limits associated with it.
- xenon is completely compensated and even anticipated by the regulator by boron variations. Note also that the speeds of the actuators are saturated during the simulation. They can not therefore exceed the physical limits of the actual actuators.
- An appreciable behavior of the RMOSC is the insertion of Hbank during the load variation to help control the average temperature, followed by an extraction to ensure the control of the AO.
- the specifications do not include criteria for the position difference of the first set of groups.
- linear regulators of the sequential gain control algorithm are each again determined for a given operating point of the nuclear reactor.
- each operating point is characterized by the power demanded from the turbine or turbines, typically only by this power.
- the controls are only the speed of the first set (group R), as well as the injection rate of neutron poison or diluent fluid.
- the controlled operating parameters include only the average core temperature and the axial power imbalance.
- the outputs may include, in addition to those indicated for the first driving mode, the power demanded at the turbine or turbines.
- the specifications do not include criteria for the position difference of the first set of groups.
- the controls are only the speed of the first set, as well as the injection rate of neutron poison or diluent fluid.
- the controlled operating parameters include only the average core temperature and the axial power imbalance.
- the outputs may include, in addition to those indicated for the first driving mode, the power demanded at the turbine or turbines.
- the sequencing of the regulator is done taking into account other parameters, such as for example the burn-up rate or the cycles.
- the gains of the gain matrices K p and K i vary according to these parameters. For this, one always proceeds in the same way, by establishing linear models around predetermined operating points and by interpolating the gains. However, the operating points are no longer characterized by a single parameter, but by three parameters that vary. These parameters are for example the position of Pbank, the burn-up rate and the cycle.
- the invention relates to the nuclear reactor 1 described above.
- This nuclear reactor comprising the core 5 and the set 25 for regulating operating parameters of the core, these operating parameters comprising at least the average core temperature and the axial power imbalance.
- the nuclear reactor 1 further comprises:
- an organ 29 for acquiring a current value Y of an output vector, the outputs comprising at least the operating parameters.
- the regulation assembly 25 comprises:
- the supervisor 31 programmed to develop a vector U s of control values of the nuclear reactor by implementing a predictive control algorithm, using at least said current value of the at least one input Du, D P and the value current Y of the output vector;
- the regulator 33 programmed to develop a corrective value vector u k of the controls of the nuclear reactor by implementing a sequential gain control algorithm, by using the current value Y of the vector of the outputs and the reference value Y ref of the vector outings;
- the nuclear reactor 1 typically comprises:
- a tank 3 a tank 3; a core 5 comprising a plurality of nuclear fuel assemblies, placed in the tank 3;
- clusters 7 for controlling the reactivity of the core 5, and mechanisms 9 configured to move each cluster 7 in the direction of insertion into the core 5 or in the direction of extraction from the core 5;
- a primary circuit 10 for cooling the core 5 in which a primary heat transfer fluid circulates comprising cold and hot branches 1 1, 13 pierced on the tank 3 and through which the primary heat transfer fluid respectively enters the tank 3 and leaves the tank 3;
- An injection circuit 15 configured to selectively inject into the primary coolant a neutron poison or diluent fluid without neutron poison.
- Neutron poison is typically boron.
- the diluent fluid is typically water.
- the controls advantageously comprise at least one speed of movement of the control clusters and at least one injection rate of neutron poison or diluent fluid.
- control assembly 25 is configured to move the clusters 7 in groups. Clusters of the same group are moved together, and are always at the same insertion position.
- the groups are advantageously distributed in one or more sets.
- the distribution of the groups and their use depends on the operating mode of the nuclear reactor.
- the groups of the first set are displaced typically sequentially. By this is meant that they are inserted one after the other, with an overlap that is predetermined, as described below. Alternatively, the recovery is variable.
- all the groups of the first set are moved together. This means that they are always in the same insertion position and move together.
- the first set has only one group.
- other groups are brought together in a second set.
- the groups of the second subset are typically moved together.
- piloting mode Several examples of piloting mode, will be detailed below, respectively inspired modes T, G and A.
- Hbank a second set
- the first set is particularly well suited for controlling the average temperature Tm.
- the second set Hbank is typically assigned particularly well suited for controlling the axial offset AO.
- Groups of the first set Pbank are moved sequentially. Groups of the second Hbank set are moved together.
- the first set comprises the group R, consisting of black clusters, that is to say very absorbent clusters;
- GCP for Power Compensation Group is composed of groups G1 and G2 (G for gray clusters) and groups N1 and N2 (N for black clusters). Gray clusters are relatively less absorbent than black clusters.
- the groups of this second subset are sequentially inserted.
- they are inserted according to the electric power required from the turbine.
- the AO is advantageously controlled mainly by neutron poison or diluent injections.
- a third driving mode inspired by mode A, the functional groups are all brought together in the first set, designated here by the acronym DCBA.
- the first set is particularly well suited for controlling the average temperature Tm.
- the AO is advantageously controlled mainly by neutron poison or diluent injections.
- the at least one speed V bars of displacement of the control clusters typically comprises the speed of movement of the groups of the first set Pbank and the speed of movement of the groups of the second together Hbank. These speeds are denoted vP bank and vH bank respectively.
- the at least one speed V bars of displacement of the control clusters typically corresponds to the speed of movement of the groups of the first set.
- the control assembly 25 is configured to implement the control method that has been described above.
- supervisor 31 and the regulator 33 are as described above with respect to the control method.
- Modules 35 and 37 are also as described above.
- the members 25, 27 are as described above.
- the module 39 for regulating the operating parameters is configured to send the commands to the actuators, these actuators being the mechanisms 9 for moving the clusters 7 and the injection circuit 15.
- the group management is performed as described above, including the distribution of the groups in the first and second Pbank and Hbank sets and the displacement of the first and second sets.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR1850867A FR3077412B1 (fr) | 2018-02-01 | 2018-02-01 | Procede de regulation de parametres operatoires d'un reacteur nucleaire et reacteur nucleaire correspondant |
| PCT/EP2019/052543 WO2019149907A1 (fr) | 2018-02-01 | 2019-02-01 | Procédé de régulation de paramètres opératoires d'un réacteur nucléaire et réacteur nucléaire correspondant |
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| EP3747028A1 true EP3747028A1 (fr) | 2020-12-09 |
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| US (1) | US11682497B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3747028A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP7296972B2 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR102726076B1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN111801743B (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3077412B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2019149907A1 (fr) |
| ZA (1) | ZA202004781B (fr) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN117854614A (zh) * | 2024-01-22 | 2024-04-09 | 上海交通大学 | 核反应堆干涸后传热系数预测方法 |
| RU2833822C1 (ru) * | 2024-06-26 | 2025-01-28 | федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Национальный исследовательский университет "МЭИ" (ФГБОУ ВО "НИУ "МЭИ") | Гибридная АЭС |
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| FR3077412B1 (fr) | 2018-02-01 | 2021-07-23 | Framatome Sa | Procede de regulation de parametres operatoires d'un reacteur nucleaire et reacteur nucleaire correspondant |
| EP4034952A4 (fr) * | 2019-09-27 | 2023-10-25 | Tata Consultancy Services Limited | Procédé et système d'identification et d'analyse de changement de régime |
| CN112712909B (zh) * | 2020-11-20 | 2024-01-23 | 中国核电工程有限公司 | 可溶中子毒物的加料装置 |
| FR3122030B1 (fr) * | 2021-04-14 | 2023-11-24 | Framatome Sa | Procédé et ensemble de pilotage d’un réacteur nucléaire, réacteur nucléaire équipé d’un tel ensemble |
| CN114999687B (zh) * | 2022-05-31 | 2024-05-07 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | 一种核反应堆热工水力瞬态试验电功率调节方法及系统 |
| FR3140981B1 (fr) * | 2022-10-18 | 2026-04-10 | Electricite De France | Procédé d’estimation d’une valeur future d’une grandeur physique d’un système industriel tel qu’un réacteur nucléaire |
| CN117130262B (zh) * | 2023-08-07 | 2024-07-23 | 东南大学 | 压水堆核动力装置非线性模型预测控制方法、设备及介质 |
| CN117592355A (zh) * | 2023-10-30 | 2024-02-23 | 中广核研究院有限公司 | 金属堆的启停控制方法、装置、计算机设备和存储介质 |
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| US4318778A (en) * | 1973-05-22 | 1982-03-09 | Combustion Engineering, Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling a nuclear reactor |
| FR2639141B1 (fr) * | 1988-11-14 | 1991-02-01 | Framatome Sa | Procede de pilotage de reacteur nucleaire a eau sous pression et reacteur nucleaire en faisant application |
| FR2796197B1 (fr) | 1999-07-05 | 2001-10-12 | Framatome Sa | Procede et dispositif de surveillance d'au moins un parametre de fonctionnement du coeur d'un reacteur nucleaire |
| FR2846139B1 (fr) * | 2002-10-21 | 2005-02-18 | Framatome Anp | Procede de determination d'une valeur limite d'un parametre de fonctionnement d'un reacteur nucleaire, programme et support correspondants |
| US20050193739A1 (en) * | 2004-03-02 | 2005-09-08 | General Electric Company | Model-based control systems and methods for gas turbine engines |
| FR2901401A1 (fr) * | 2006-05-22 | 2007-11-23 | Areva Np Sas | Methode de regulation de parametres de fonctionnement du coeur d'un reacteur nucleaire a eau sous pression |
| FR2914103B1 (fr) * | 2007-03-19 | 2009-12-18 | Areva Np | Procede de determination de la distribution de puissance volumique du coeur d'un reacteur nucleaire |
| FR2924852B1 (fr) | 2007-12-07 | 2010-02-19 | Areva Np | Procede de determination de la valeur d'un parametre representatif de la manoeuvrabilite d'un reacteur nucleaire, systeme de determination, programme d'ordinateur et support correspondant. |
| US8670515B2 (en) | 2009-07-29 | 2014-03-11 | Westinghouse Electric Company Llc | Digital nuclear control rod control system |
| KR101146950B1 (ko) * | 2010-10-15 | 2012-05-23 | 한국수력원자력 주식회사 | 원자로 붕소농도 자동제어장치 |
| UA100070C2 (ru) | 2011-02-28 | 2012-11-12 | Максим Витальевич Максимов | Способ управления ядерной энергетической установкой с реактором водяного типа при изменении мощности реактора или внешней нагрузки |
| KR101250809B1 (ko) * | 2011-09-09 | 2013-04-04 | 한국수력원자력 주식회사 | 원자로 냉각재평균온도 및 출력분포 제어를 위한 자동원자로제어계통 |
| DE102012000529A1 (de) | 2012-01-13 | 2013-07-18 | Areva Np Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur Messung der Position eines verschiebbaren Steuerstabes in einem Kernreaktor |
| JP6104907B2 (ja) | 2012-06-29 | 2017-03-29 | 株式会社東芝 | 原子炉出力調整装置 |
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| CN203134387U (zh) | 2012-09-29 | 2013-08-14 | 苏州东山精密制造股份有限公司 | 一种核能控制装置的箱体结构 |
| FR3005196A1 (fr) | 2013-04-25 | 2014-10-31 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Systeme de controle commande de cœur de reacteur nucleaire |
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| FR3077412B1 (fr) | 2018-02-01 | 2021-07-23 | Framatome Sa | Procede de regulation de parametres operatoires d'un reacteur nucleaire et reacteur nucleaire correspondant |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN117854614A (zh) * | 2024-01-22 | 2024-04-09 | 上海交通大学 | 核反应堆干涸后传热系数预测方法 |
| RU2833822C1 (ru) * | 2024-06-26 | 2025-01-28 | федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Национальный исследовательский университет "МЭИ" (ФГБОУ ВО "НИУ "МЭИ") | Гибридная АЭС |
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| RU2020125405A (ru) | 2022-01-31 |
| FR3077412A1 (fr) | 2019-08-02 |
| CN111801743B (zh) | 2023-10-27 |
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