EP3741040A1 - Smart cell-level power managed pv module - Google Patents
Smart cell-level power managed pv moduleInfo
- Publication number
- EP3741040A1 EP3741040A1 EP19715263.0A EP19715263A EP3741040A1 EP 3741040 A1 EP3741040 A1 EP 3741040A1 EP 19715263 A EP19715263 A EP 19715263A EP 3741040 A1 EP3741040 A1 EP 3741040A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- module
- cells
- cell
- module according
- bypass
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 6
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- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940000425 combination drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000183024 Populus tremula Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010210 aluminium Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004224 protection Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003245 working effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
- H02S40/30—Electrical components
- H02S40/34—Electrical components comprising specially adapted electrical connection means to be structurally associated with the PV module, e.g. junction boxes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/02002—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the device in operations
- H01L31/02005—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the device in operations for device characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/02008—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the device in operations for device characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells or solar cell modules
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
- H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
- H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
- H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
- H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
- H02J2300/26—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin involving maximum power point tracking control for photovoltaic sources
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
Definitions
- the present invention is in the field of a cell-level power managed PV-module, and a method of operating said module, such as operating a large number of PV-modules, such as in a solar farm. Typically a multitude of individual PV-cells is present at a front side of the module that need to be operated and controlled .
- PV-systems In the field of energy conversion PV-systems are known. These systems generally use at least one PN-junction to convert solar energy to electricity.
- a disadvantage of such a system is that the conversion per se is not very efficient, typically, for Si-solar cells, lim ited to some 23%. Even using very advanced PV-cells, such as GaAs cells, the conversion is only about 30%. Inherently these systems are limited in their conversion.
- Bypass diodes may be used in commercial PV modules to reumble effects of hot spots or shading on a PV module. Recently, the active bypass technology has been developed to reduce hotspot even more and provide higher efficiency. However, for these techniques still a considerable amount of PV module power is lost when a small area of shade is present (1/3 of the PV module
- US 2011/073150 Al recites diodeless terres trial photovoltaic solar power arrays, i.e. without blocking diodes and/or without bypass diodes.
- the arrays may comprise a solar array tracker, a controller, and an inverter.
- the controller senses that the solar module power is below a threshold level
- the controller commands the solar tracker to vary the solar module's pointing until the solar module is op erating at its maximum power point for the solar module's level of illumination.
- the control ler senses that the solar module power is less than a minimum bypass threshold level
- the controller commands a bi-position switch to bypass current around the solar module.
- PV photovoltaic
- 2017/048597 Al recites de-energizing a photovoltaic (PV) sys tem, which may include detecting a resistance between a first photovoltaic unit and ground, wherein the first photovoltaic unit is connected to at least one additional photovoltaic unit. If the resistance is less than a threshold, the first photovoltaic unit is shorted by connecting a positive conductor of the first photovoltaic unit with a negative conductor of the first photovoltaic unit.
- PV photovoltaic
- Shorting the first photovol taic unit causes the at least one additional photovoltaic unit to detect the resistance that is less than the threshold, thereby shorting the at least one additional photovoltaic unit by connecting a positive conductor of the at least one additional photovoltaic unit with a negative conductor of the at least one additional photovoltaic unit.
- WO 2014/169295 Al re cites a solar photovoltaic module laminate for electric power generation.
- a plurality of solar cells are embedded within module laminate and arranged to form at least one string of electrically interconnected solar cells within said module laminate.
- a plurality of power optimizers are embedded within the module laminate and electrically interconnected to and powered with the plurality of solar cells.
- Each of the dis tributed power optimizers capable of operating in either passthrough mode without local maximum- power-point tracking
- MPPT switching mode with local maximum-power- point tracking
- MPPT switching mode with local maximum-power- point tracking
- the present invention therefore relates to an improved cell-level power managed PV-module, and a method of operating such a module, which solve one or more of the above problems and drawbacks of the prior art, providing reliable results, without jeopardizing functionality and advantages.
- the present invention relates to a cell-level power managed PV-module according to claim 1.
- the power (circuit) part of the module comprises PV-cells, intelligent bypasses and drivers, and a supply voltage unit for addressing drivers.
- the control part comprises at least one (micro- ) processor and an interface circuit and optionally a communication circuit.
- the module comprises a multitude of PV- cells (i,j), typically a physical array of n*m cells, ie [l;n] , and je[l;m], wherein n may be from 2-2 10 , preferably 3-2 8 , more preferably 4-2 6 , even more preferably 5-2 5 , such as 6-2 4 , and wherein m may be from 2-2 10 , preferably 3-2 8 , more preferably 4-2 6 , even more preferably 5-2 5 , such as 6-2 4 .
- the PV-cells are located at a front side of the module, typically facing the sun. Contrary to prior art PV-modules the present cells may be operated individually, and combinations of electrically connected cells, in parallel, in series, or a combination
- each individual cell is individually connected by electrical connections to a junction box and controlled by a switching network.
- the switching network is aimed at providing an elec trically based order.
- the junction box comprises the switching network, the switching network comprises a plurality of switchable bypass elements, a processor for actively control ling the bypass elements, such as by opening and closing these, a current or voltage sensor per cell, the switching network forming at least one string of PV-cells by electri cally connecting k PV-cells, a current and voltage sensor per string of k cells, a memory, and a plurality of switches and may comprise a wireless transceiver.
- each bypass ele ment comprises a NPN or PNP bipolar junction transistor. Based on operational characteristics of individual cells these cells are mutually connected in parallel, in series, or a combina tion thereof, or are left out, such that an optimal power output is achieved.
- connections are continuously re-evaluated in terms of power output, and an electrical con figuration of PV-cells and the junction box is provided when in operation; this configuration therefore comprises active and contributing PV-cells, electrical connections from the cells to the junction box, the switched network in the junc tion box, and leaves out underperforming or inactive PV-cells.
- Connection may be established or switched off at a frequency of O.lHz-1 MHz, and typically at a rate above 40 kHz.
- the present switch is controlled by a bipolar transistor, which may be of NPN or PNP type.
- the switching network provides a response based on input provided by the current sen sors, the voltage sensors, and optionally by temperature sen sors.
- recorded data from the memory may be compared with a previous set of data, such as for establishing a working conditions (e.g. in terms of voltage and current) of all individual cells.
- the (micro- ) processor can than switch the network such that a maximum output is obtained. In addi tion the processor can evaluate safety issues, such as by identifying to hot cells, and shorts.
- a first scenario no or virtually no current passes through a current sensor.
- all cells are in operation un der uniform irradiation and the cells have compared to an av erage c.q. to one and another a minor mismatch.
- Any electrical configuration is now possible and typically strings of cells are formed such that a maximum voltage and/or power is obtained.
- a second scenario a small amount of leakage current passes through at least one current sensor. There seems to be no need for immediate action and therefore no bypass is acti vated yet. It may be assumed that to the leakage current corresponding cells are sub-optimally functioning, such as caused by dust, cracking, ageing, an inherent mismatch, or a combina tion thereof.
- the cause may be determined based on a time duration of the situation.
- the control circuit decides whether it is bet ter to turn a corresponding bypass on or leave it off, or turn it off.
- an alarm may be generated and sent to an operator, such that a visual inspection of the module may be performed.
- a considerable amount of current such as 1mA-10A, passes through at least one current sensor.
- the to the leakage current corresponding cells may be shaded significantly or damaged seriously, which now forces the bypass system to be activated for such cells.
- the control circuit may decide whether to keep the corresponding by pass activated or to force the current to pass through such cells, which may be determined on a maximum power or on safety requirements .
- a first circuit topology optimises efficiency and has a low chance of hot spots
- a second circuit topology slightly optimises efficiency and has a low chance of hot spots
- a third circuit topology optimises efficiency and has a high chance of hot spots
- a fourth circuit topology slightly optimises efficiency and has a high chance of hot spots.
- a smart cell-level power managed PV module may contain a printed circuit board inside its junction box while all PV cells of the mod ules are typically connected to this box through a back sheet routing system. This smart PV module can understand the work ing condition of its cells and manage them to obtain a highest available power. It may also provide communication signals containing information about working condition PV cells for the user. Therefore, more energy will be saved during shading and a PV system user may also be notified about the working condition of every individual cell within the PV system. The ability to decide when and which bypass elements should be turned on or off to obtain a maximum possible power is novel.
- the present switching network with many bypass elements is controlled by a (micro- ) processor to make the module intelligent and robust against non-uniform irradiation conditions.
- the processor is adapted, such as by programming, to give the module the ability to detect its own working condition, select the best circuit topology for that specific working condition, and also providing information for a PV system user through a communication circuit and monitoring system.
- the present invention relates to a method of operating a PV-module comprising n*m cells, and a switching network comprising a plurality of switchable bypass elements, a processor for controlling the bypass elements, a current or voltage sensor per cell, wherein each PV-cell is individually connected by electrical connections to and con trolled by the switching network, comprising receiving for at least two cells a cell current, and a cell voltage, and con necting or disconnecting a switchable bypass element.
- the present module and likewise the present method may comprises further elements or details, as provided throughout the description, and in particular in the claims.
- the present invention relates in a first aspect to a module according to claim 1.
- the PV- cells may be back contacted PV-cells.
- the back contacted PV- cells have a relatively larger surface area available for con verting light into electricity. In addition it is easier to contact each individual cell to the present junction box.
- the junc tion box may be located at a back side of the module and is centrally placed, preferably at an intersect of two diagonals of the module. As such power losses are minimized, switching times are minimal, and a minimum amount of material is neces sary for connecting the individual cells. It is noted that prior art modules typically have a junction box, without any further components other than junctions and bypass diodes, lo cated at a top side of a module.
- the junc tion box may comprise a printed circuit board provided with a power circuit.
- the bypass element may comprise in electrical connection a MOSFET driver, a charge pump and an N-channel MOSFET.
- the charge pump, MOSFET driver, and MOSFET are in parallel connected.
- a bipolar junction may be provided in parallel for switching .
- bypass element may comprise in electrical connection a Schottky diode and a NPN or PNP bipolar junction transistor.
- the switch may comprise in electrical connection a DC/DC isolator, a
- MOSFET driver and an N-channel MOSFET. Typically these elements are connected in series, and further the MOSFET driver is connected to the microprocessor, and the MOSFET is at one end connected to a currents sensor, and at another end to a string of PV-cells.
- the switch may comprise in electrical connection a transistor and a diode as a bidirectional half control switch.
- the diode and transistor are typically connected in parallel, the diode connected to the collector and emitter of the transistor, the base of the transistor being in connection with the microprocessor, and the emitter may further be in connection to a string of PV-cells and the collector may further be in connection to a current sensor.
- the switch of each cell ie[l,n] may be driven by a current C(i) from the processor.
- Cells may still be coupled in rows or likewise columns, and combinations thereof, wherein a switch of each cell is driven by the processor, such as to optimize a power out put .
- the NPN or PNP bipolar junction transistor of each cell ie[l,n] may be driven by a current B(i) from the processor.
- the pro cessor may be a microprocessor.
- the pro cessor may be integrated in the module, such as a PCB.
- the pro cessor may comprise at least one of a clock, a ground, a Vcc, an AD current, an AD-voltage, and a temperature sensor.
- the present module may comprise a communication circuit.
- each individual cell (i,j) may have a thickness of ⁇ 0.1 mm, a width of ⁇ 10 , and a length of ⁇ 200 cm, and optionally a doping of 1 * 10 17 /cm 3 -5 * 10 19 /cm 3 , preferably such that power losses are minimal.
- the present module may comprise embedded software for operating the module.
- the present module may comprise at least one power provider selected from a battery, a battery charger, and a voltage regulator.
- the present module may comprise an alarm.
- Figs la-e show schematics of a first topology of the pre sent module.
- Figs. 2a-e show schematics of a second topology of the present module.
- Figs. 3a-e show schematics of a third topology of the pre sent module.
- Figs. 4a-e show schematics of a fourth topology of the pre sent module.
- Fig. 5 shows a work flow
- Figs. 6a-c show schematics of a solar panel.
- Figures la-4a as part of power circuit, schematically show PV cells within the PV module.
- P(l) to P(n+1) nodes connect the bypass circuits to the PV cells (interacting figures la-4a and lb-4b) .
- Figures lb-4b as part of power circuit, show bypasses, switches, and current and voltage sensors. Ports AD(1) to AD(ntl), AD(current) and AD (voltage) provide feedbacks from power circuit to the control circuit while ports C(l) to
- C ⁇ ntl) and B(l) to B(n+1) are command signals from control circuit to power circuit (interacting figures lb-4b and ld- 4d) .
- Figures lb-4b contain different types of elements for by passes and switches but the circuit' s functionality is the s me .
- Figures lc-4c as part of power circuit, show power supply units to provide stable voltage for the microprocessor, driv ers, and other internal consumers.
- Figures ld-4d as part of control circuit, show microprocessor with required ports for controlling the PV cells.
- Figures le-4e show a communication circuit and its required ports .
- Figure 5 shows a working algorithm of the microprocessor.
- the flowchart demonstrates all the actions that the micropro cessor may perform step-by-step to make sure that PV module will provide the highest possible power in a safe working condition .
- Figs. 6a-c show schematics of a solar panel.
- a module is shown with a glass plate 61 provided on an array of back contacted solar cells. Further electrical connections 63 are shown, which individually connect each solar cell to a junction box, and a back plate 64, which are located at a back side of the module. Further a frame 65, typically of alumin ium, is present.
- Fig. 6b shows a view from the back side of the module, wherein the junction box is located at a back side of the module. The central part of the figure shows the junc tion box, and the right part functionality of the junction box.
- the switching network addresses the (individual) bypass elements. The status and control of the switching network and bypass elements may be wireless communicated.
- electrical connection to junction box 66 are shown, in this case for a limited number of cells.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NL2020289A NL2020289B1 (en) | 2018-01-18 | 2018-01-18 | Smart Cell-level Power Managed PV Module |
PCT/NL2019/050024 WO2019143242A1 (en) | 2018-01-18 | 2019-01-17 | Smart cell-level power managed pv module |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3741040A1 true EP3741040A1 (en) | 2020-11-25 |
Family
ID=61628421
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19715263.0A Pending EP3741040A1 (en) | 2018-01-18 | 2019-01-17 | Smart cell-level power managed pv module |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP3741040A1 (en) |
NL (1) | NL2020289B1 (en) |
TW (1) | TW201937746A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2019143242A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL2025292B1 (en) * | 2020-04-07 | 2021-10-25 | Univ Delft Tech | Switching matrix for reconfigurable PV modules and systems |
TWI723851B (en) * | 2020-04-21 | 2021-04-01 | 友達光電股份有限公司 | Inspection system of a solar cell |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4328456A (en) * | 1978-02-24 | 1982-05-04 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Camera with solar batteries connected in series or parallel |
US20120316802A1 (en) * | 2005-01-18 | 2012-12-13 | Solar Sentry Corp., Inc. | System and method for monitoring photovoltaic power generation systems |
US8263920B2 (en) * | 2009-09-30 | 2012-09-11 | The Boeing Company | Diodeless terrestrial photovoltaic solar power array |
US20110140531A1 (en) * | 2009-12-16 | 2011-06-16 | Nagendra Srinivas Cherukupalli | Systems, Circuits, and Methods for Voltage Matching of an Adaptive Solar Power System |
JP5583093B2 (en) * | 2011-09-21 | 2014-09-03 | シャープ株式会社 | Photovoltaic module and photovoltaic module array |
JP2016519851A (en) * | 2013-04-13 | 2016-07-07 | ソレクセル、インコーポレイテッド | Smart solar cell and module |
US20190044323A1 (en) * | 2015-09-14 | 2019-02-07 | Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc | Devices and methods for de-energizing a photovoltaic system |
JP6719548B2 (en) * | 2016-03-23 | 2020-07-08 | シャープ株式会社 | Photoelectric conversion device, photoelectric conversion module, and photovoltaic power generation system |
-
2018
- 2018-01-18 NL NL2020289A patent/NL2020289B1/en active
-
2019
- 2019-01-17 WO PCT/NL2019/050024 patent/WO2019143242A1/en unknown
- 2019-01-17 EP EP19715263.0A patent/EP3741040A1/en active Pending
- 2019-01-18 TW TW108102094A patent/TW201937746A/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2019143242A4 (en) | 2019-09-12 |
TW201937746A (en) | 2019-09-16 |
WO2019143242A1 (en) | 2019-07-25 |
NL2020289B1 (en) | 2019-07-29 |
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