EP3681902A1 - Means and methods to modulate probiotic potency of the yeast saccharomyces boulardii - Google Patents
Means and methods to modulate probiotic potency of the yeast saccharomyces boulardiiInfo
- Publication number
- EP3681902A1 EP3681902A1 EP18765673.1A EP18765673A EP3681902A1 EP 3681902 A1 EP3681902 A1 EP 3681902A1 EP 18765673 A EP18765673 A EP 18765673A EP 3681902 A1 EP3681902 A1 EP 3681902A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- boulardii
- allele
- strain
- whi2
- yeast
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012138 yeast extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013618 yogurt Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/16—Yeasts; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/18—Baker's yeast; Brewer's yeast
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/14—Yeasts or derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/06—Fungi, e.g. yeasts
- A61K36/062—Ascomycota
- A61K36/064—Saccharomycetales, e.g. baker's yeast
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/37—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from fungi
- C07K14/39—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from fungi from yeasts
- C07K14/395—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from fungi from yeasts from Saccharomyces
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/16—Yeasts; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/18—Baker's yeast; Brewer's yeast
- C12N1/185—Saccharomyces isolates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/40—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carboxyl group including Peroxycarboxylic acids
- C12P7/54—Acetic acid
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
- C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
- C12R2001/645—Fungi ; Processes using fungi
- C12R2001/85—Saccharomyces
- C12R2001/865—Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of probiotics, more particularly to the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Even more particularly the present invention relates to enhanced probiotic potency of S. boulardii.
- the present invention provides mutant alleles useful to develop yeast strains with enhanced production of acetic acid.
- the invention also relates to the use of such yeast strains for the production of dietary supplements or pharmaceutical compositions to improve gastrointestinal comfort.
- Probiotics have found beneficial applications as probiotics in humans 1"4 , animal husbandry 5,6 and aquaculture 7,8 .
- Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that confer beneficial effects on their hosts when administered in drug-like quantities. They consist mainly of bacterial strains of the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus as well as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii (S. boulardii) 9 .
- boulardii is also known to ameliorate diarrhoea as a result of gastrointestinal infections caused by enteropathogens such as vibrio cholera, Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) 29 .
- enteropathogens such as vibrio cholera, Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) 29 .
- S. boulardii provides the yeast with an unusually high production of acetic acid which is strongly inhibitory against colonization of the gut epithelium by pathogenic bacteria.
- the origin of S. boulardii can be traced back to south east Asia, where it was first isolated from lychee and mangosteen fruits in 1920 by Henry Boulard, a French microbiologist 15 .
- modern molecular phylogenetic methods tend to consider it as a variety of the baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) 16 19 .
- Whole-genome sequencing has indeed revealed that S. boulardii shares a highly similar genomic content and sequence to S.
- S. boulardii exhibits some unique metabolic and physiological attributes. It shows much better tolerance to acidic conditions akin to that of the gastric milieu when compared to S. cerevisiae 21 23 . It possesses an enhanced ability for pseudohyphal switching 22 and thrives better at 37°C 23 . It produces elevated levels of metabolites such as myo-inositol, 2-ethoxyindole and 4-hydrophenylethanol when compared to S. cerevisiae 17 . Furthermore, S. boulardii lacks the ability to sporulate 18,22 , a trait commonly present in most S. cerevisiae strains 24 . It has remained unclear, however, in how far these unique properties are important for the probiotic potency of S. boulardii.
- S. boulardii could act against enteropathogens. These include stemming the migration of T helper cells, which are needed to facilitate pro-inflammatory cytokine production, towards sites of inflammation 30 . It is also thought to protect against Clostridium difficile infections by stimulating the host to secrete adequate levels of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) against C. difficile toxin A 31 , or by being involved in the degradation of the host's toxin receptor sites as well as proteolytic cleavage of C. difficile toxin A by a 54 kDa protease secreted by S. boulardii 32,33 . For Shigella flexneri infections, it has been demonstrated that S.
- IgA Immunoglobulin A
- boulardii protects against inflammation by mediating very low production levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 by the host 34 .
- Preservation of enterocyte barrier integrity by conferring on the host an enhanced capacity for tight junction protein secretion is another possibly important mechanism by which S. boulardii may act as a probiotic. It has also been demonstrated that S. boulardii binds EHEC (serogroup 0 157: H7) and Salmonella typhimurium (DT 104 mutant) in a lectin-mediated manner, suggesting that the beneficial effects of S. boulardii on gut health could be explained by its ability to adhere to some enteric pathogens and exclude them from attaching onto receptor sites of intestinal epithelial cells 35 .
- antimicrobial agents secretion of antimicrobial agents is one mechanism of probiotic action commonly described for bacterial probiotics. These are usually in the form of antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocins) 39"41 or organic acids causing medium acidification 42,43 . Weak organic acids, particularly lactic acid and acetic acid, are important compounds, inhibiting a broad range of microorganisms (Helander et al 1997 Trends Food Sci & Technol 8: 146-150). Acetic acid for example has been shown to exert antibacterial effects on different bacterial species (reviewed in Lew & Liong 2013 J Appl Microbiol 114: 1241-1253).
- acetic acid can be both due to its pH lowering capability, thereby making an environment unsuitable for growth of pathogens as well as to the chemical action of acetic acid itself (Lew & Liong 2013 J Appl Microbiol 114: 1241-1253).
- Identification of the polygenic basis of probiotic action in S. boulardii or in other S. cerevisiae strains that exhibit some particular probiotic attributes can provide a means for strengthening the probiotic action of S. boulardii or improve it in S. cerevisiae strains, using marker-assisted breeding or by allele exchange with genome editing technologies.
- Genetic linkage studies such as pooled-segregant whole-genome sequence (PSWGS) analysis, combined with reciprocal hemizygosity analysis and allele exchange for identification of causative alleles, have proven very effective in dissecting the polygenic basis of commercially relevant traits in S. cerevisiae strains 44"47 .
- exchange of superior alleles identified in this way has been employed successfully to construct S. cerevisiae strains with improved traits for industrial performance 44 .
- a S. boulardii strain with a disrupted or deleted WHI2 allele.
- a S. boulardii strain is provided which is deficient of the WHI2 allele.
- a S. boulardii strain is provided comprising a homozygous or hemizygous mutant WHI2 allele wherein said WHI2 allele compromises, partially abolishes or completely abolishes Whi2 function, wherein said strain is not the S. boulardii strain Sb.P or Sb.A or a diploid Sb.P or Sb.A.
- S. boulardii is not able to sporulate in nature.
- this application also provides a haploid segregant of a S. boulardii strain comprising a disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted WHI2 allele.
- the herein described mutant WHI2 allele comprises a temperature sensitive mutation resulting in a growth deficiency on acetic acid at 37°C. Therefore another object of the application is a Saccharomyces boulardii strain producing a cell-free supernatant with a pH lower than 5 at 37°C, wherein the acidification of said supernatant is due to the production of acetic acid by said S. boulardii strain and wherein said S. boulardii strain is not strain Sb.P or Sb.A or not a diploid Sb.P or Sb.A. More particularly, said S. boulardii strain is growth deficient on acetic acid. Given the established use of S.
- a dietary supplement or pharmaceutical composition comprising a yeast strain
- said yeast strain comprises a homozygous or hemizygous mutant WHI2 allele compromising, partially abolishing or completely abolishing Whi2 function.
- said pharmaceutical composition or a yeast strain comprising a homozygous or hemizygous mutant WHI2 allele compromising, partially abolishing or completely abolishing Whi2 function is provided for use as a medicament, more particularly for use in the treatment or prevention of gastrointestinal disorders, even more particularly for the treatment or prevention of diarrhea.
- yeast strain is provided as a live probiotic additive to foodstuff and/or feedstuff as well as for the production of acetic acid. Consequently, the use of a disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted WHI2 yeast allele is provided to develop an acetic acid producing yeast.
- a method for maintaining or improving the health of the gastrointestinal tract in a human or animal, said method comprising administering to said human or animal, a dietary supplement or pharmaceutical composition comprising a yeast strain is provided, wherein said yeast strain comprises a homozygous or hemizygous mutant WHI2 allele compromising, partially abolishing or completely abolishing Whi2 function.
- said maintaining or improving the health of the gastrointestinal tract comprises reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria found in the faeces of said human or animal.
- said pathogenic bacteria are selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella and mixtures thereof.
- FIG. 1 Phylogenetic typing of S. boulardii and other Saccharomyces strains. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to type all 37 strains.
- S. boulardii (Sb) strains formed a single cluster flanked by two S. cerevisiae (Sc) clusters.
- S. paradoxus (Sp) and S. mikatae (Sm) showed a more distant relationship to both S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae.
- Figure 2. S. boulardii produces acetic acid levels with antibiotic action.
- A. Agar-well diffusion assay for assessment of antibacterial activity in cell-free culture supernatants from S.
- boulardii strains left panel and S. cerevisiae strains (right panel), visualized with plates containing E. coli MG1655 as indicator strain;
- B HPLC chromatograms of cell-free culture supernatants (red line) from Sb.P (S. boulardii) and ER (S. cerevisiae) compared with the 2% acetic acid standard (green line). Insets: antibacterial agar-well diffusion assay using E. coli MG1655 as indicator;
- C Acetic acid accumulation profile of wild type S. boulardii (Sb.P, Sb.A, 7136, 259, UL, SAN) and S.
- FIG. 3 Acetic acid accumulation profile of wild type S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae strains.
- S. boulardii Sb.L, LSB, 7135, 7103, ENT, FLO
- S. cerevisiae CBS 6412, PE-2, S-47, JT 22689, S288c.
- S. boulardii strains Sb.P ( ⁇ ), Sb.L ( ⁇ ) and ENT (o)) and one S. cerevisiae strain, ER ( ⁇ ) were propagated at 37°C for 72 h.
- Figure 5 Origin of the superior haploid parent strain SBERH6 and phenotyping of its progenitors and segregants after crossing with the inferior parent strain.
- the superior parent strain SBERH6 (SP), the inferior parent strain S288c (IP) and the hybrid diploid strain SBERH6/S288C (SP/IP) have been included as controls.
- FIG. 1 QTL mapping with SNPs as genetic markers. Plots of SNP variant frequency from superior (red) and inferior (black) pools versus chromosomal position (raw data: dots; smoothed data: lines). The red line in the middle graph indicates deviation from the confidence interval. P-values (blue line) ⁇ 0.05 for the difference between the smoothed lines of superior and inferior pools at a particular locus indicates statistically significant linkage to the genome of the superior or inferior parent at that locus. A major QTL with maximal linkage is present in the first half of chromosome XI while several minor QTLs with weak, but significant linkage are present in chromosomes IV, IX, XV and XVI. Figure 7. Fine mapping of QTL1. A.
- A SDH1 allele exchanged in SBERH6; SBERH6 ( ⁇ ), SBERH6 reintegrant (o), SBERH6 SC//J Z y202h (H), SBERH6 sdhl Y317F ( ⁇ ), SBERH6 sc //J Z y202H;Y317F ( A ).
- B Allele exchange for WHI2 in SBERH6; SBERH6 ( ⁇ ), SBERH6 whi2::NatMX4 (o), SBERH6 reintegrant ( ⁇ ), SBERH6 WHI2 S288c ( ⁇ ), SBERH6 whi2 Ter287S ( A ). Results are the mean of three biological replicates for each time-point. Error bars show standard deviation at each time-point.
- FIG. 11 Acetic acid production as a function of time.
- a temperature sensitive mutation in the WHI2 gene of Saccharomyces boulardii is disclosed.
- Said mutation leads to a deficiency to consume acetic acid at 37°C. This inability to grow on acetic acid while producing acetic acid results in a high acetic acid accumulation.
- This trait provides yeast cells with a double industrial application, i.e. more efficient production of acetic acid and an improved probiotic effect given that acetic acid producing microorganisms protect the gut epithelium against colonization by pathogenic bacteria. Therefore and in a first aspect, a S. boulardii strain is provided in which the WHI2 allele has been disrupted or deleted. Given that S.
- boulardii is diploid this is equivalent as saying that a S. boulardii strain is provided in which both endogenous WHI2 alleles have been disrupted or deleted.
- Disruption of an allele as used herein means inserting a DNA fragment in the base sequence of said allele or deleting a portion of said allele so that the allele cannot function any longer.
- gene (or allele) disruption the gene (or allele) cannot be transcribed into mRNA, hence the structural gene is not translated, or the transcription product mRNA becomes incomplete, hence mutation or deletion occurs in the amino acid sequence of the translation product structural protein, rendering the protein incapable of performing the original function.
- any site may be disrupted, for example, a promoter site of WHI2, an open reading frame (ORF) site, and a terminator site, or combination thereof may be disrupted.
- Gene disruption can also be carried out by deleting the whole WHI2 gene. Therefore in alternative embodiments, a S. boulardii strain is provided comprising a completely deleted WHI2 allele or a S. boulardii strain devoid of the WHI2 allele or deficient of the WHI2 allele.
- said S. boulardii strains comprise a homozygous or hemizygous disrupted WHI2 allele.
- a S. boulardii strain is provided in which the WHI2 allele has been disrupted or deleted by homologous recombination.
- the WHI2 allele can be disrupted, for example, by transforming a plasmid or a fragment thereof for disrupting the WHI2 allele into yeast, and causing homologous recombination of the DNA fragment contained in the transformed plasmid or fragment thereof with the gene on yeast genome.
- a plasmid for disruption of the WHI2 gene or a fragment thereof and the WHI2 gene on the yeast genome have a homology to an extent for causing homologous recombination, homologous recombination is caused.
- Whether a DNA fragment can cause homologous recombination can be confirmed by introducing the fragment into yeast, and determining whether any strain in which homologous recombination has been caused can be isolated, that is, whether the supernatant of the yeast culture acidifies to a pH lower than 5, preferably lower than 4.8, more preferably lower than 4.4.
- disruption can be accomplished by homologous recombination, whereby the gene to be disrupted is interrupted (e.g., by the insertion of a selectable marker gene) or made inoperative (e.g., "gene knockout”).
- Methods for gene knockout and multiple gene knockout are well known. See, e.g. Rothstein, 2004, “Targeting, Disruption, Replacement, and Allele Rescue: Integrative DNA Transformation in Yeast” In: Guthrie et al., Eds.
- nucleases such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), meganucleases but especially the CRISPR-Cas system.
- ZFNs zinc-finger nucleases
- TALENs Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases
- meganucleases but especially the CRISPR-Cas system.
- Nucleases as used herein are enzymes that cut nucleotide sequences. These nucleotide sequences can be DNA or RNA. If the nuclease cleaves DNA, the nuclease is also called a DNase. If the nuclease cuts RNA, the nuclease is also called an RNase.
- ZFN are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing a zinc finger DNA-binding domain to a DNA cleavage domain.
- Zinc finger domains can be engineered to target desired DNA sequences, which enables zinc- finger nucleases to target a unique sequence within a complex genome.
- a TALEN ® is composed of a TALE DNA binding domain for sequence-specific recognition fused to the catalytic domain of an endonuclease that introduces double strand breaks (DSB).
- the DNA binding domain of a TALEN ® is capable of targeting with high precision a large recognition site (for instance 17bp).
- Meganucleases are sequence-specific endonucleases, naturally occurring "DNA scissors", originating from a variety of single- celled organisms such as bacteria, yeast, algae and some plant organelles. Meganucleases have long recognition sites of between 12 and 30 base pairs.
- CRISPR-Cas The recognition site of natural meganucleases can be modified in order to target native genomic DNA sequences (such as endogenous genes).
- CRISPR-Cas system Another recent and very popular genome editing technology is the CRISPR-Cas system, which can be used to achieve RNA-guided genome engineering.
- CRISPR interference is a genetic technique which allows for sequence- specific control of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It is based on the bacterial immune system-derived CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats) pathway and has been modified to edit basically any genome.
- the cell's genome can be cut at a desired location depending on the sequence of the gRNA, allowing existing genes to be removed and/or new one added and/or more subtly removing, replacing or inserting single nucleotides (e.g. DiCarlo et al 2013 Nucl Acids Res doi:10.1093/nar/gktl35; Sander & Joung 2014 Nat Biotech 32:347-355). Therefore, also a S. boulardii strain is provided in which the WHI2 allele has been disrupted or deleted by using nuclease technology, more particularly by means of the CRISPR-Cas technology.
- gRNA synthetic guide RNA
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii is a strain of S. cerevisiae, sharing very high genomic relatedness.
- S. boulardii can therefore also be defined as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain related to Saccharomyces boulardii.
- S. boulardii is well known as a probiotic with the purpose of introducing beneficial active cultures into the large and small intestine of humans and animals, as well as conferring protection against pathogenic microorganisms in the host.
- Many S. boulardii strains are available including several strains that are commercially available. Of particular interest for this application is S.
- WHIT or Whi2 refers to the WHISKEY2 gene or Whiskey2 protein respectively of Saccharomyces.
- the WHI2 gene is depicted in SEQ ID No. 3 and the Whi2 protein is depicted in SEQ ID No.4.
- the mutant WHI2 allele which is disclosed in this application is depicted in SEQ ID No. 1.
- WHI2 is also known in the art as YOR043W (SGD ID: S000005569, Chromosome XV 410870..412330).
- said S. boulardii strain is an engineered or recombinant s, boulardii strain. In other particular embodiments of the first aspect and of all its embodiments, said S. boulardii strain is a haploid S. boulardii strain.
- a mutant WHI2 yeast allele is provided comprising a mutation on nucleic acid position 860. In one embodiment, said mutant WHI2 allele is an isolated mutant WHI2 yeast allele. In particular embodiments, said mutation is a nonsense or missense mutation. In more particular embodiments, said mutant allele is a whi2S270* allele or encodes a Whi2 protein comprising a S270* mutation.
- said mutant allele comprises a C860G mutation.
- said mutant allele is the allele as depicted in SEQ ID No. 1.
- the above described mutant WHI2 yeast alleles will be referred to as "one of the mutant WHI2 alleles of the application”.
- a "nonsense mutation” as used herein refers to a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon (often illustrated as '*'), or a nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA, and in a truncated, incomplete, and nonfunctional protein product.
- a "missense mutation” means a point mutation where a single nucleotide is changed to cause substitution of a different amino acid.
- a “mutation on nucleic acid position 860” is equivalent as saying that the nucleobase on position 860 is mutated. With “mutation on nucleic acid position 860” as used herein, it is thus meant that nucleobase 860 from the wild-type WHI2 gene as depicted in SEQ ID No. 3 is mutated.
- “Position 860” or “nucleobase 860” as used herein refers to the nucleobase that is 859 positions removed downstream from the first nucleobase (i.e. adenosine) from the start codon. This nucleobase 860 is a cytosine (C) and its position is indicated in SEQ ID No. 3 by underlining.
- said C is replaced by a guanine (G).
- G guanine
- said mutation can also be referred to as a C860G mutation.
- said mutation changes a serine (S) codon into a premature stop codon (*)
- said WHI2 allele can also be referred to as a whiS270* allele or an allele that encodes a S270* mutation.
- Nucleobases are nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides, which in turn are components of nucleotides; all which are monomers that are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids. Often simply called bases, as in the field of genetics, the ability of nucleobases to form base-pairs and to stack one upon another leads directly to long-chain helical structures such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). There are four so-called DNA-bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T).
- A adenine
- C cytosine
- G guanine
- T thymine
- nucleic acid includes reference to a deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide polymer in either single- or double-stranded form, and unless otherwise limited, encompasses known analogues having the essential nature of natural nucleotides in that they hybridize to single-stranded nucleic acids in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides (e.g. peptide nucleic acids).
- encoding or “encodes” or “encoded”, with respect to a specified nucleic acid, is meant comprising the information for transcription into an RNA molecule and in some embodiments, translation into the specified protein or amino acid sequence.
- a nucleic acid encoding a protein may comprise non-translated sequences (e.g., introns) within translated regions of the nucleic acid, or may lack such intervening non- translated sequences (e.g., as in cDNA).
- the information by which a protein is encoded is specified by the use of codons.
- the amino acid sequence is encoded by the nucleic acid using the "universal" genetic code.
- a S a S.
- boulardii strain comprising a homozygous or hemizygous mutant WHI2 allele compromising, partially abolishing or completely abolishing Whi2 function, wherein said strain is not a diploid S. boulardii strain Sb.P or Sb.A or wherein said strain is not Sb.P or Sb.A.
- An allele that compromises, partially abolishes or completely abolishes Whi2 function is equivalent to a disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted WHI2 allele.
- a S. boulardii strain is provided comprising a homozygous or hemizygous mutant WHI2 allele, wherein said mutant allele comprises a nonsense or missense mutation on nucleic acid position 860.
- said mutant WHI2 allele is a whi2S270* allele or encodes a Whi2 protein comprising a S270* mutation.
- said mutant WHI2 allele comprises a C860G mutation.
- said mutant WHI2 allele is the allele as depicted in SEQ ID No. 1.
- Disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted function or “disrupting, partially deleting or completely deleting the functional expression” is equivalent as saying partially or completely inhibiting the formation of a functional mRNA molecule encoding Whi2.
- Means and methods to disrupt, partially delete or completely delete a gene or protein are well known in the art. The skilled person can select from a plethora of techniques to affect the expression or function of Whi2. One very efficient technique is the Crispr/Cas technology which has also been used in the Examples of this application.
- disruption, partial deletion or complete deletion can for example be achieved by removing or disrupting a gene encoding Whi2 or by mutations in the promoter of a gene encoding Whi2.
- Non-limiting examples are knock-outs or loss-of-function mutations but also gain-of-function mutations and dominant negative mutations can disrupt the functional expression or inhibit the formation of a functional mRNA molecule.
- a "knock-out" can be a gene knockdown (leading to reduced gene expression) or the gene can be knocked out by a mutation such as, a point mutation, an insertion, a deletion, a frameshift, or a missense mutation by techniques known in the art.
- the lack of transcription can e.g. be caused by epigenetic changes (e.g. DNA methylation) or by loss-of-function mutations.
- a “loss-of-function” or “LOF” mutation as used herein is a mutation that prevents, reduces or abolishes the function of a gene product as opposed to a gain-of-function mutation that confers enhanced or new activity on a protein.
- the disclosed WHI2 mutant allele has a loss-of-function effect and is recessive, meaning that the mutation has to be homozygous or hemizygous to lead to the mutant phenotype.
- Both dominant negative or LOF mutations can be caused by a wide range of mutation types, including, but not limited to, a deletion of the entire gene or part of the gene, splice site mutations, frame-shift mutations caused by small insertions and deletions, nonsense mutations, missense mutations replacing an essential amino acid and mutations preventing correct cellular localization of the product.
- “Homozygous” refers to having identical alleles for a single trait.
- An “allele” represents one particular form of a gene. Alleles can exist in different forms and diploid organisms typically have two alleles for a given trait. A homozygous mutant WHI2 allele thus means that all WHI2 alleles are identical.
- Hemizygous refers to having only one allele for a single trait or gene. In case of a diploid organism thus only one allele of its pairs is present, while all other genes are represented by two alleles. This can for example be achieved by deleting one allele of a gene or by introducing one allele of a gene that is not present in an organism.
- a haploid segregant of a S. boulardii strain comprising a disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted WHI2 allele.
- said haploid segregant comprises a mutant WHI2 yeast allele comprising a nonsense or missense mutation on nucleic acid position 860.
- said mutant WHI2 allele is a whi2S270* allele or encodes a Whi2 protein comprising a S270* mutation.
- said mutant WHI2 allele comprises a C860G mutation.
- said mutant WHI2 allele is the allele as depicted in SEQ ID No. 1.
- Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes, while diploid cells contain two.
- a haploid segregant as used herein is equivalent as a haploid spore, the result of sporulation.
- yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom and like all fungi, yeast may have asexual and sexual reproductive cycles.
- the most common mode of vegetative growth in yeast is asexual reproduction by budding.
- a small bud or daughter cell is formed on the parent cell.
- the nucleus of the parent cell splits into a daughter nucleus and migrates into the daughter cell.
- the bud continues to grow until it separates from the parent cell, forming a new cell.
- This reproduction cycle is independent of the yeast's ploidy, thus both haploid and diploid yeast cells can duplicate as described above.
- Haploid cells have in general a lower fitness and they often die under high- stress conditions such as nutrient starvation, while under the same conditions, diploid cells can undergo sporulation, entering sexual reproduction (meiosis) and producing a variety of haploid spores or haploid segregants, which can go on to mate (conjugate), reforming the diploid.
- the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduces by mitosis as diploid cells when nutrients are abundant, but when starved, this yeast undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores. Haploid cells may then reproduce asexually by mitosis.
- boulardii is sporulation deficient (Edwards-Ingram et al 2007 Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 2458-2467) and thus does not have the ability to naturally form haploid spores or haploid segregants.
- said S. boulardii strain is an engineered or recombinant s, boulardii strain.
- a yeast strain comprising a homozygous or hemizygous WHI2 mutant allele
- said allele is the WHI2 yeast allele comprising a nonsense or missense mutation on nucleic acid position 860, more particularly said mutant WHI2 allele is a whi2S270* allele or encodes a Whi2 protein comprising a S270* mutation, even more particularly said mutant WHI2 allele comprises a C860G mutation, most particularly said mutant WHI2 allele is the allele as depicted in SEQ ID No. 1, and wherein said strain is not a diploid S. boulardii Sb.P or Sb.A strain or not a Sb.P or Sb.A strain.
- said yeast is growth deficient on acetic acid, preferably at 37°C.
- said yeast strain produces a cell-free supernatant with a pH lower than 5 at 37°C.
- said pH lower than 5 is a pH lower than 4.8, lower than 4.6, lower than 4.4, lower than 4.3 or is equal to or lower than a pH of 4.2.
- said yeast strain is growth deficient on acetic acid, particularly at 37°C and in aerobic conditions.
- said yeast strain produces a cell-free supernatant with a pH lower than 5, lower than 4.8, lower than 4.6 or lower than 4.4 at 37°C due to the accumulation of acetic acid.
- said yeast is a recombinant or an engineered yeast.
- Engineering or “engineered” as used herein refers to genetic engineering, a technique whereby an organism's genome is modified using biotechnology. This includes but is not limited to the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries, deleting fragments of genes or deleting whole genes, modifying the DNA sequence of an organism by deleting, inserting or substituting one or more nucleic acid molecules.
- Means and methods to engineer microorganisms, particularly yeasts are well known by the person skilled in the art. The most known techniques involve traditional genetic transformation of yeast and recombinant DNA techniques.
- nucleases such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator- Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), meganucleases but especially the C ISP -Cas system as described earlier.
- ZFNs zinc-finger nucleases
- TALENs Transcription Activator- Like Effector Nucleases
- meganucleases but especially the C ISP -Cas system as described earlier.
- said yeast is useful for probiotic use or for acetic acid production, including, but not limited to Saccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Brettanomyces and Kluyveromyces.
- said yeast is a Saccharomyces sp., even more particularly it is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae sp., even more particularly it is a S. cerevisiae var. boulardii, even more particularly it is a haploid S. boulardii, most particularly it is not a diploid S. boulardii Sb.P or Sb.A strain or not a Sb.A or Sb.P strain.
- Acetic acid (systematically named ethanoic acid) as used herein refers the colorless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2).
- Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after formic acid). It consists of a methyl group attached to a carboxyl group. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, used primarily in the production of cellulose acetic acid for photographic film, polyvinyl acetic acid for wood glue, and synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents. In the food industry, acetic acid is controlled by the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment.
- Acetic acid is also known as an antibiotic compound, as was demonstrated in this application, e.g. Example 3. Also in the art, extensive evidence for acetic acid as anti-microbial compound is available (e.g. Rhee et al 2003 Appl Environ Microbiol 69: 2959-2963; Ryssel et al 2009 Burns 35: 695-700; Fraise et al 2013 J Hosp Infec 84: 329-331).
- a Saccharomyces boulardii strain producing a cell-free supernatant with a pH lower than 5 at 37°C wherein the acidification of said supernatant is due to the production or accumulation of acetic acid by said S. boulardii strain and wherein said S. boulardii strain is not strain Sb.P or Sb.A, or not a diploid Sb.P or Sb.A.
- boulardii culture comprising or consists of a Saccharomyces boulardii strain producing a cell-free supernatant with a pH lower than 5 at 37°C, wherein the acidification of said supernatant is due to the production or accumulation of acetic acid by said S. boulardii strain and wherein said S. boulardii strain is not strain Sb.P or Sb.A, or not a diploid Sb.P or Sb.A.
- said S. boulardii strain is growth deficient on acetic acid and the production or accumulation of acetic acid by said S. boulardii strain is because of its growth deficiency on acetic acid.
- a Saccharomyces boulardii strain or culture producing a cell-free supernatant with a pH lower than 5 at 37°C, wherein the acidification of said supernatant is due to the growth deficiency on acetic acid of said S. boulardii strain and wherein said S. boulardii strain is not strain Sb.P or Sb.A, or not a diploid Sb.P or Sb.A.
- a S. boulardii strain or a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain related to S. boulardii is provided, wherein said strain due to the presence of a disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted WHI2 allele produces a cell-free supernatant with a pH lower than 5 at 37°C, is growth deficient on acetic acid or produces a cell-free supernatant with a pH lower than 5 at 37°C because of its growth deficiency on acetic acid, wherein said growth deficiency on acetic acid is induced by said disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted WHI2 allele and wherein said disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted WHI2 allele is present in a homozygous or hemizygous form and wherein said S.
- said disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted WHI2 allele comprises a nonsense or missense mutation on nucleic acid position 860, more particularly is a whi2S270* allele or encodes a Whi2 protein comprising a S270* mutation, even more particularly comprises a C860G mutation, most particularly is the allele as depicted in SEQ ID No. 1.
- said acetic acid is produced or accumulated by said S. boulardii strain or said S. boulardii strain is growth deficient on acetic acid in a temperature range between 35°C and 39°C, or between 36°C and 38°C, or between 36° and 37.5°, or between 36.5°C and 37.5°C or most particularly at 37°C.
- said "pH lower than 5" is a pH lower than 4.9, or lower than 4.8, or lower than 4.7, or lower than 4.6, or lower than 4.5, or lower than 4.4, or lower than 4.3, or lower than or equal to 4.2 or is a pH between 5 and 4.6, or between 4.9 and 4.2, or between 4.8 and 4.1, or between 4.5 and 4.2.
- said S. boulardii strain is a recombinant or engineered strain.
- a partially or completely disrupted WHI2 allele lead to enhanced production of acetic acid by S. boulardii strains comprising said mutant allele and that said S. boulardii strains have increased antimicrobial activity in vitro.
- the optimized yeasts or more particularly the optimized S. boulardii strains of the application are envisaged to be used as medicament, more particular as probiotic and/or dietary supplement.
- the effect of optimized S. boulardii strains can be easily tested in vivo, especially if it is already known that said strains have antimicrobial activity in vitro. A selection of an overwhelming number of papers can be found below.
- Jawhara and Poulain (2007, Med Mycol 45: 691-700) analysed the effect of Saccharomyces boulardii on inflammation and intestinal colonization by Candida albicans in a mice model for colitis. Experimental details can be found therein, but briefly BALB/c mice were colonized with C. albicans by oral gavage with a 200 ml suspension of 10 7 yeast cells. A 1.5% solution of DSS was administered in drinking water 1 h after C. albicans oral challenge, while 10 7 cells of S. boulardii was inoculated daily by oral gavage for 1 week.
- S. boulardii challenged mice with Salmonella typhimurium (intragastrically with 0.1 ml of a bacterial suspension containing 10 s CFU/ml) with or without prior administration of S. boulardii.
- Salmonella typhimurium intragastrically with 0.1 ml of a bacterial suspension containing 10 s CFU/ml
- S. boulardii a daily dose of 0.1 ml containing 10 9 CFU/ml by oral gavage starting 10 days before infection and continued throughout the experiment
- Histological data showed that S. boulardii also protected mice against liver damage induced by S. typhimurium.
- S. boulardii decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines and signal pathways involved in the activation of inflammation induced by S. typhimurium.
- Collier et al (2011, J Anim Sci 89: 52-58) tested the efficacy of S. boulardii to reduce mortality in pigs after an E. coli endotoxin challenge.
- Barrows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups: with and without in- feed inclusion of S. boulardii (200 g/t) for 16 d.
- S. boulardii 200 g/t
- all piglets were dosed via indwelling jugular catheters with LPS (25 ⁇ g/kg of BW) at 0 h.
- LPS-induced piglet mortality was reduced 20% compared with control piglets.
- Pigs were also used by Daudelin et al (2011, Vet Res 42: 69). At birth, different litters of pigs were randomly assigned to a control group and to a S. boulardii group. S. boulardii was administered daily (1 x 10 9 CFU per pig) during the lactation period and after weaning (day 21). At 28 days of age, all pigs were orally challenged with an ETEC F4 strain, and a necropsy was performed 24 h later. Attachment of ETEC F4 to the intestinal mucosa was significantly reduced in pigs treated with S. boulardii.
- in vitro methods are increasingly used as an alternative to in vivo experimentations.
- a non-limiting example is described in Fleury et al (2017 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101:2533-2547).
- the herein described in vitro model of the piglet colon, the PigutlVM reproduces the main biotic and abiotic parameters of the piglet colon: temperature, pH, retention time, supply of ileal effluents, complex, and metabolically active microbiota and self- maintained anaerobiosis.
- a dietary supplement or pharmaceutical composition comprising a yeast strain
- said yeast strain comprises a homozygous or hemizygous mutant WHI2 allele compromising, partially abolishing or completely abolishing Whi2 function.
- a dietary supplement or pharmaceutical composition comprising a yeast strain
- said yeast strain comprises a disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted WHI2 allele, wherein said WHI2 yeast allele is present in said yeast in a homozygous or hemizygous form.
- said yeast is Saccharomyces, more preferably S. cerevisiae, even more preferably S. cerevisiae var. boulardii.
- said WHI2 yeast allele comprises a nonsense or missense mutation on nucleic acid position 860, more particularly said WHI2 yeast allele is a whi2S270* allele or encodes a Whi2 protein comprising a S270* mutation, even more particularly said WHI2 yeast allele comprises a C860G mutation, most particularly said WHI2 yeast allele is the allele as depicted in SEQ ID No. 1.
- said yeast is not the diploid S. boulardii strain Sb.P or Sb.A or not a Sb.P or Sb.A strain.
- said yeast is a haploid segregant of a S. boulardii strain.
- a yeast strain comprising a homozygous or hemizygous mutant WHI2 allele compromising, partially abolishing or completely abolishing Whi2 function is provided for use as a medicament.
- the pharmaceutical composition comprising said yeast strain is provided for use as a medicament.
- said yeast strain as well as said pharmaceutical composition is provided for use in the treatment or prevention of gastrointestinal disorders, more particularly for use in the treatment or prevention of diarrhea, for use in reducing gastrointestinal discomfort, increasing gastrointestinal comfort, improving immune health and/or relieving constipation.
- a yeast strain comprising a homozygous or hemizygous mutant WHI2 allele compromising, partially abolishing or completely abolishing Whi2 function is provided as a live probiotic additive to a food or feed product.
- said yeast comprises a homozygous or hemizygous mutant WHI2 yeast allele comprising a nonsense or missense mutation on nucleic acid position 860, more particularly said WHI2 yeast allele is a whi2S270* allele or encodes a Whi2 protein comprising a S270* mutation, even more particularly said WHI2 yeast allele comprises a C860G mutation, most particularly said WHI2 yeast allele is the allele as depicted in SEQ ID No. 1.
- the use of the dietary supplement comprising a yeast strain comprising one of the mutant WHI2 yeast alleles of the application is provided for preparing a food supplement and/or a probiotic and/or a functional food and/or a nutraceutical and/or functional ingredients intended for human beings and/or for animals. Also, said dietary supplement is provided for preparing food compositions intended to improve gastrointestinal comfort and/or to improve intestinal flora.
- said yeast useful for probiotic use includes but is not limited to Saccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Brettanomyces and Kluyveromyces.
- said yeast is a Saccharomyces sp., even more preferably it is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae sp., most preferably it is a S. cerevisiae var. boulardii.
- said yeast is a haploid segregant of a S. boulardii strain comprising one of the mutant WHI2 yeast alleles of the application.
- said yeast is not a diploid S. boulardii Sb.P or Sb.A or not a Sb.P or Sb.A strain.
- Probiotic refers to any consumable yeast, more particularly a Saccharomyces yeast, most particularly a S. boulardii yeast that provides health benefits for humans and animals when consumed. Probiotics are considered to be generally safe and help restore the balance of intestinal flora, keep it stable by positively changing the composition of the intestinal flora of humans and animals and/or positively affect the part of the immune system, which communicates with the intestinal wall. Through the production of metabolites, such as acetic acid, lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, probiotic microorganisms, for example, deteriorate the living conditions of undesirable microorganisms in the gut.
- metabolites such as acetic acid, lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide
- probiotic microorganisms in the gut improves the digestion function and can both be used in a therapeutic set-up for example to treat gastrointestinal disorders as diarrhea or in a preventive set-up for example to maintain a well-balanced gut microbiome and gastrointestinal comfort.
- a "probiotic additive” or equivalently “probiotic supplement” is a substance in any shape or form that contains probiotics. More specifically, a probiotic substance can be dry or liquid and comprises live probiotics embedded in a matrix of sugars, proteins and/or polysaccharides. Hence, it may be a food product on its own.
- the term "food or feed product” is intended to encompass any consumable matter of either plant or animal origin or of synthetic sources that contain a body of nutrients such as a carbohydrate, protein, fat vitamin, mineral, etc.
- the product is intended for the consumption by humans or by animals, such as domesticated animals, for example cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, and the like. Pets such as dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, mice, rats, birds (for example chickens or parrots), reptiles and fish (for example salmon, tilapia or goldfish) and crustaceans (for example shrimp).
- the food product may be liquid or solid. It may include but is not limited to a liquid fermented solution such as milk or yoghurt.
- the feed product may include but is not limited to pelleted feeds or pet feed for example a snack bar, crunchy treat, cereal bar, snack, biscuit, pet chew, pet food, and pelleted or flaked feed for aquatic animals.
- “Functional food” as used herein is a food given an additional function (often one related to health- promotion or disease prevention) by adding new ingredients for example a probiotic or more of existing ingredients.
- a “nutraceutical” is a pharmaceutical-grade and standardized nutrient that provides medical or health benefits including the prevention and/or treatment of a disease.
- a “dietary supplement” is a non-nutrient chemical with a biologically beneficial effect. Supplements as generally understood include vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, or amino acids, among other substances.
- said WHI2 yeast allele comprises a nonsense or missense mutation on nucleic acid position 860, more particularly said WHI2 yeast allele is a whi2S270* allele or encodes a Whi2 protein comprising a S270* mutation, even more particularly said WHI2 yeast allele comprises a C860G mutation, most particularly said WHI2 yeast allele is the allele as depicted in SEQ ID No. 1.
- yeast strain comprising a disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted WHI2 yeast allele for the production of acetic acid or of a yeast strain comprising any of the mutant WHI2 yeast alleles described in this application.
- said yeast is useful for acetic acid production, including, but not limited to Saccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Brettanomyces and Kluyveromyces.
- said yeast is a Saccharomyces sp., even more preferably it is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae sp., most preferably it is a S. cerevisiae var. boulardii.
- said yeast is a haploid segregant of a S. boulardii strain comprising one of the mutant WHI2 yeast alleles of the application.
- said yeast is not a diploid S. boulardii Sb.P or Sb.A or not a Sb.A or Sb.P strain.
- a method of treating or preventing gastrointestinal disorders, more particularly diarrhea in a human or animal or of maintaining or improving the health of the gastrointestinal tract in a human or animal comprising administering to said human or animal a dietary supplement or pharmaceutical composition, wherein said dietary supplement or pharmaceutical composition comprises a yeast strain comprising any of the mutant WHI2 yeast alleles from the application.
- said maintaining or improving the health of the gastrointestinal tract comprises reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria found in the faeces of said human or animal.
- said pathogenic bacteria are selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella and mixtures thereof.
- said dietary supplement or pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of said yeast strains.
- said therapeutically effective amount is an amount of more than 10 s CFU (colony forming units), or of more than 10 7 CFU, or of more than 10 s CFU or of more than 10 9 CFU of said yeast per gram or per ml of said supplement or composition, or comprises between 10 s and 10 15 CFU, or between 10 s and 10 12 CFU, or between 10 7 and 10 11 CFU, or between 10 s and 6 ⁇ 10 10 CFU, or between 10 9 and 2 x 10 10 CFU of said yeast per gram or per ml of said supplement or composition.
- the methods of this application are both for treating and preventing gastrointestinal disorders. Indeed, administration of certain live probiotic yeasts can help restore optimal intestinal flora in animals such as cattle, especially after stressful situations such as transport to a feedlot (Gedek, B., "Probiotics in Animal Feeding-Effects on Performance and Animal Health," Feed Magazine, November 1987) but regular administration of probiotics also increase nutrient absorption efficiency and help control the proliferation of harmful microorganisms in the animals' digestive tracts that could otherwise cause disease conditions adversely affecting rates of animal development and weight gain.
- said yeast useful for probiotic use includes but is not limited to Saccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Brettanomyces and Kluyveromyces.
- said yeast is a Saccharomyces sp., even more preferably it is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae sp., most preferably it is a S. cerevisiae var. boulardii.
- said yeast is a haploid segregant of a S. boulardii strain comprising one of the mutant WHI2 yeast alleles of the application.
- said yeast is not a diploid S. boulardii Sb.P or Sb.A or not a Sb.P or Sb.A strain.
- S. boulardii mutant allele from the SDHl gene that when expressed homozygously in industrial S. cerevisiae strains or when expressed in the absence of a wild- type (and thus fully functional) SDHl gene increases the production of acetic acid.
- the mutant allele comprises a mutated nucleic acid at position 950 of the open reading frame sequence depicted in SEQ ID No. 2, wherein said mutation is a missense mutation resulting in a non-functional Sdhl protein.
- a mutant SDHl yeast allele comprising a missense mutation on nucleic acid position 950.
- said mutant SDHl yeast allele is an isolated mutant SDHl yeast allele.
- said SHD1 mutant allele is the sdhlF317Y allele or encodes an Sdhl protein comprising a F317Y mutation.
- said SDHl allele comprises a T950A mutation.
- said SDHl mutant allele is the allele as depicted in SEQ ID No. 2. In the rest of this document, the above described mutant SDHl yeast alleles will be referred to as "the mutant SDHl alleles of the application”.
- Porition 950 refers to the nucleobase that is 949 positions removed downstream from the first nucleobase (i.e. adenosine) from the start codon. This position is indicated in SEQ ID No. 2 by underlining.
- SDHl or “Sdhl” as used herein refers to the SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE1 gene or Succinate dehydrogenasel protein respectively of Saccharomyces.
- the SDHl gene is depicted in SEQ ID No. 6 and the Sdhl protein is depicted in SEQ ID No.7.
- the mutant SDHl allele which is disclosed in this application is depicted in SEQ ID No. 2.
- SDHl is also known in the art as SDHA or YKL148C (SGD ID: S000001631, Chromosome XI 169207..171129).
- a yeast strain comprising a mutant SDHl yeast allele, wherein said allele comprises a missense mutation on nucleic acid position 950 or wherein said SDHl allele is the sdhlF317Y allele or wherein said SDHl allele encodes an Sdhl protein comprising a F317Y mutation or wherein said SDHl allele comprises a T950A mutation or wherein said SDHl allele is the allele as depicted in SEQ ID No. 2.
- said mutant SDHl yeast allele is present in said yeast in a homozygous or hemizygous form.
- said homozygous or hemizygous mutant SDHl allele deprives said yeast from growing on acetic acid, particularly at 37°C, even more particularly in aerobic conditions.
- a yeast is providing which is growth deficient on acetic acid particularly at 37°C, even more particularly in aerobic conditions, because of the presence of a homozygous or hemizygous SDHl mutant allele, wherein said SDHl mutant allele is any of the SDHl mutant alleles of this application.
- said yeast strain is particularly useful for probiotic applications or for acetic acid production. More particularly said yeast strain is a Saccharomyces yeast, even more particularly a S. cerevisiae. In most particular embodiments, said yeast is not a diploid S. boulardii strain or not a S. boulardii strain.
- a haploid segregant of a Saccharomyces boulardii strain comprising a disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted SDHl allele.
- Said SDHl allele thus encodes a nonfunctional Sdhl protein and comprises one or more mutations which can be frame shift mutations, nonsense mutations or missense mutations.
- said SDHl allele comprises a missense mutation on nucleic acid position 950 or said SDHl allele is the sdhlF317Y allele or said SDHl allele encodes an Sdhl protein comprising a F317Y mutation or said SDHl allele comprises a T950A mutation or said SDHl allele is the allele as depicted in SEQ ID No. 2.
- a dietary supplement or a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising said haploid segregant.
- a dietary supplement or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a yeast strain comprising a disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted SDHl allele, wherein said strain is not a diploid S. boulardii strain or wherein said yeast strain is a non S. boulardii yeast.
- said SDHl allele comprises a missense mutation on nucleic acid position 950 or said SDHl allele is the sdhlF317Y allele or said SDHl allele encodes an Sdhl protein comprising a F317Y mutation or said SDHl allele comprises a T950A mutation or said SDHl allele is the allele as depicted in SEQ ID No. 2.
- a yeast strain comprising a disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted SDHl allele or comprising a SDHl allele comprising a missense mutation on nucleic acid position 950 or a SDHl allele which is the sdhlF317Y allele or a SDHl allele encoding an Sdhl protein comprising a F317Y mutation of a SDHl allele comprising a T950A mutation or a SDHl allele as depicted in SEQ ID No. 2, for use as a medicament, wherein said yeast is not a diploid S. boulardii strain.
- said SDHl allele is present in said yeast strain in a homozygous or hemizygous form.
- said yeast strain is a non S. boulardii yeast.
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising said yeast strain is provided for use as a medicament.
- said yeast strain or said pharmaceutical composition is provided for use in the treatment or prevention of gastrointestinal disorders, including but not limited to treatment or prevention of diarrhea, reducing gastrointestinal discomfort, increasing gastrointestinal comfort, improving immune health, relieving constipation.
- a yeast strain comprising a disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted SDHl allele is provided as a live probiotic additive to foodstuff and/or feedstuff, wherein said yeast is not a diploid S. boulardii strain or wherein said yeast is a non S. boulardii yeast.
- said SDHl allele comprises a missense mutation on nucleic acid position 950 or said SDHl allele is the sdhlF317Y allele or said SDHl allele encodes an Sdhl protein comprising a F317Y mutation or said SDHl allele comprises a T950A mutation or said SDHl allele is depicted in SEQ ID No. 2.
- a yeast strain comprising a mutant SDHl allele for the production of acetic acid, wherein said mutant SDHl allele is a disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted SDHl allele or wherein said SDHl allele comprises a missense mutation on nucleic acid position 950 or wherein said SDHl allele is the sdhlF317Y allele or wherein said SDHl allele encodes an Sdhl protein comprising a F317Y mutation or wherein said SDHl allele comprises a T950A mutation or wherein said SDHl allele is depicted in SEQ ID No. 2.
- said SDHl allele is homozygously or hemizygously present in said yeast.
- mutant SDHl yeast allele is provided to develop an acetic acid producing yeast, wherein said mutant SDHl allele is a disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted SDHl allele or wherein said SDHl allele comprises a missense mutation on nucleic acid position 950 or wherein said SDHl allele is the sdhlF317Y allele or wherein said SDHl allele encodes an Sdhl protein comprising a F317Y mutation or wherein said SDHl allele comprises a T950A mutation or wherein said SDHl allele is depicted in SEQ ID No. 2.
- a method of treating or preventing gastrointestinal disorders, more particularly diarrhea in a human or animal or of maintaining or improving the health of the gastrointestinal tract in a human or animal comprising administering to said human or animal a dietary supplement or pharmaceutical composition, wherein said dietary supplement or pharmaceutical composition comprises a yeast strain comprising a mutant SDHl yeast allele, wherein said mutant SDHl allele is a disrupted, partially deleted or completely deleted SDHl allele or wherein said SDHl allele comprises a missense mutation on nucleic acid position 950 or wherein said SDHl allele is the sdhlF317Y allele or wherein said SDHl allele encodes an Sdhl protein comprising a F317Y mutation or wherein said SDHl allele comprises a T950A mutation or wherein said SDHl allele is depicted in SEQ ID No.
- said maintaining or improving the health of the gastrointestinal tract comprises reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria found in the faeces of said human or animal.
- said pathogenic bacteria are selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella and mixtures thereof.
- said dietary supplement or pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of said yeast strains.
- said therapeutically effective amount is an amount of more than 10 s CFU (colony forming units), or of more than 10 7 CFU, or of more than 10 s CFU or of more than 10 9 CFU of said yeast per gram or per ml of said supplement or composition, or comprises between 10 s and 10 15 CFU, or between 10 s and 10 12 CFU, or between 10 7 and 10 11 CFU, or between 10 s and 6 ⁇ 10 10 CFU, or between 10 9 and 2 x 10 10 of said yeast per gram or per ml of said supplement or composition.
- said yeast is useful for probiotic use including, but not limited to Saccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Brettanomyces and Kluyveromyces.
- said yeast is a Saccharomyces sp., even more preferably it is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae sp.
- said yeast is a haploid segregant of a S. boulardii strain comprising one of said mutant SDH1 yeast alleles of the application.
- said yeast is not a diploid S. boulardii or is a non S. boulardii yeast.
- said yeast is an engineered or recombinant yeast and said S. boulardii is an engineered or recombinant S. boulardii.
- Example 1 Classification of S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae strains using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs)
- S. boulardii strains obtained from various sources were characterised alongside 23 S. cerevisiae strains as well as two strains from different Saccharomyces species (S. mikatae and S. paradoxus), using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs).
- AFLPs Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms
- this cluster of S. boulardii strains was embedded within a larger S. cerevisiae cluster that was only distantly related to the two other Saccharomyces species employed in this study.
- Example 3 Identification of the antimicrobial agent secreted by S. boulardii.
- the cell-free culture supernatant from the Sb.P strain was submitted to different assays. First, it was subjected to 80% ammonium sulphate precipitation. A solution made with the ammonium sulphate precipitate did not yield a zone of inhibition in the agar-well diffusion assay and the antimicrobial activity completely remained in the supernatant. The results discarded any possibility of the antimicrobial agent being proteinaceous in nature. Second, the cell-free culture supernatant of S. boulardii Sb.P showed a significantly lower pH of 4.2 compared to a pH of 5.3 for the culture supernatants of the S.
- Example 4 Assessment of selected S. boulardii strains for growth on acetic acid.
- S. boulardii cell proliferation and viability was analysed next. It was accomplished by propagating three S. boulardii strains (Sb.P, Sb.L, and Enterol) alongside one S. cerevisiae strain (E ) at 37°C and withdrawing samples at 12h intervals. Biomass increment, cell viability, acetic acid concentration and pH were determined at each time-point (Fig. 4). The level of acetic acid production in those strains confirmed the previous results. Also, the accumulation of acetic acid closely correlated with the quasi-linear decrease in medium pH from approximately 6 to 4.2 over a period of 72h.
- strains Sb.L, Enterol and ER displayed because of their low acetic acid accumulation typical growth curves for yeast, entering stationary phase after 36h of incubation (Fig. 4C) and showing cell viability levels near 100% (Fig. 4D).
- Example 6 Elucidation of the genetic basis for high acetic acid production by QTL mapping and causative gene identification.
- the S. boulardii Sb.P strain was selected for dissecting the polygenic basis behind this probiotic trait.
- a prerequisite for applying pooled-segregant whole-genome sequence analysis and causative gene identification is the isolation of a superior, mating-competent, haploid segregant that exhibits the trait of interest at least to a similar extent as its diploid (or polyploid) parent.
- SBPER3C (MATa/a) was then sporulated and the segregants screened for high acetic acid production at 37°C (Fig. 5A).
- the strain SBERH6 was identified as the segregant with the highest acetic acid production (7g/l), again comparable to the acetic acid production of the original S. boulardii Sb.P strain (Figs. 5B).
- SBERH6 was also unable to grow on acetic acid at 37°C but not at 30°C (Fig. 2D).
- the ploidy of all strains constructed or isolated was confirmed by measuring their DNA content using flow cytometry.
- the high acetic acid-producing haploid segregant selected, SBERH6 (MATa) was used as the superior parent in a cross with an inferior parent, for which the prototrophic laboratory strain, S288c (MATa) was chosen.
- the hybrid diploid (SBERH6/S288c) obtained did not display the phenotype of high acetic acid production at 37°C (Fig. 5C). It displayed good sporulation efficiency, but showed after tetrad dissection only moderate spore viability of about 50%.
- Equal quantities of cell biomass of the superior parent SBERH6 and from the segregants in each pool were combined, subjected to genomic DNA extraction and were sequenced using lllumina HiSeq2000 technology (BGI, Hong Kong, China).
- the sequence reads were mapped to the S288c reference sequence and variants were identified and filtered using the NGSEP pipeline 48 and CLC genomic workbench (CLC Bio-Qiagen, Aarhus, Denmark).
- the genomic DNA from the superior pool yielded 6,329,693 paired reads, which resulted in a 97.19% overall alignment rate with the S288c sequence, whilst 6,328,957 paired reads obtained from the genomic DNA of the inferior pool achieved a 96.2% alignment rate.
- SNV Single Nucleotide Variant
- Example 7 Analysis of QTL1 by bulk Reciprocal Hemizygosity Analysis (bRHA).
- QTL1 had a length of 200,619 bp.
- Fig. 7A Then divided QTL1 into 8 blocks of genes (Fig. 7A) for bulk Reciprocal Hemizygosity Analysis (bRHA). For that purpose, each block was deleted in a reciprocal manner in chromosome XI of the SBERH6/S288c diploid strain. Allele-specific PCR was used to determine whether a block of genes deleted was from the superior or inferior parent. Strains were tested for acetic acid production in comparison with the strain with the reciprocal deletion of the same block. The results from this study revealed that block 6 was harbouring a causative genetic element responsible for the high acetic acid production phenotype.
- APE2 Sixteen open reading frames were present in block 6. Six of these genes, namely APE2, SDH1, AVT3, LTV1, SDH3 and TGL1, were prioritised for HA in order to identify the causative gene(s) contributing to the high acetic acid phenotype. They were prioritised because APE2 contained a frameshift mutation while the other genes harboured at least one missense mutation (Fig. 7A). Deletion mutants of each gene constructed as hemizygote diploid strains were tested for acetic acid production.
- Example 9 Sequence analysis for identification of the causative nucleotide polymorphism.
- Example 10 Identification of the causative allele within QTL2 on chromosome XV.
- hybrid 2 bRHA for Q.TL2 on chromosome XV was performed in the hybrid that was obtained by crossing SBERH6 with S288c sdhl H202Y ' 'F317Y , which will be referred to as hybrid 2.
- hybrid 2 the superior s dhl H202Y ' 'F317Y is recessive and required for acetic acid accumulation in the hybrid (SBERH6/S288c) background. Therefore, to find a second gene linked to high acetic acid accumulation, we needed to perform RHA in this new hybrid that is homozygous for this superior allele, sdhl m02Yf317Y .
- Q.TL2 was investigated by bRHA.
- the region from chromosomal position NC_001147.9:g. 278057 to NC_001147.9:g. 433375 was divided into 9 blocks and each block was deleted in a reciprocal manner in chromosome XV of the SBERH6/S288c s dhl H202Y ' 'F317Y diploid strain (Fig. 9A). Allele-specific PCR was used to determine whether the deleted block was from the superior or inferior parent. For each block, strains with the reciprocal deletion were compared in an acetic acid accumulation assay. For block 8, a clear difference was observed.
- Hybrid 2 with the deletion of block 8 from the superior parent chromosome shows an acetic acid accumulation profile, comparable to this of hybrid 2.
- deletion of block 8 of the inferior parent results in high acetic acid accumulation (Fig. 9B).
- This block ranges from chromosomal position NC_001147.9:g. 394837 to NC_001147.9:g. 433375 and contains 10 genes: AKR2, YOR034C-A, SHE4, PEP12, CYC2, HIR2, CKB2, GL04, CUE5 and WHI2.
- WHI2 contains several non-synonymous SNPs, regulates STRE-mediated gene expression and was previously identified as implicated in acetic acid tolerance, it was investigated individually by RHA, while the remaining genes were combined in one block, block 8.1 49,50 .
- An acetic acid accumulation assay with the RHA strains for WHI2 showed a clear difference, comparable to the difference that was seen for the RHA strains of block 8 (Fig. 9C).
- Fig. 9C For the RHA strains of block 8.1, no difference in acetic acid accumulation profile was observed (data not shown).
- Sequence analysis of the open-reading frame of WHI2 from strain SBERH6 showed 12 SNPs, 6 synonymous and 6 non-synonymous (Table 2).
- boulardii strains were heterozygous and one strain, LSB, did not have this SNP (Table 2).
- Table 2 Occurrence of SNPs in WHI2 for S288c, SBERH6 and 12 S. boulardii strains from our collection. Nucleic acid position is indicated relative to the start of the ORF. Positions of the non-synonymous SNPs are indicated in red.
- This allele contains all SNPs present in SBERH6 in the open-reading frame of WHI2 and its promoter and terminator, except the missense mutation c. 860G>C.
- SBERH6 whi2 Jer2S7S an acetic acid accumulation profile comparable to the profile of SBERH6 WHI2 S2SSc was observed (Fig. 10B). This indicates that the c.860G>C mutation in SBERH6 is the causative SNP within WHI2.
- Example 12 Allele exchange of SDHl and WHI2 in Sb.P.
- S. boulardii are unable to sporulate, a crossing strategy was applied to obtain SBERH6.
- SBERH6 has a mosaic DNA, containing regions from Sb.P and regions from Ethanol Red.
- Sb.P we replaced the superior alleles by their inferior counterpart of S288c.
- Introduction of the inferior SDH1 in Sb.P results in an abolishment of acetic acid accumulation (Fig. 11A). This effect is comparable to the effect that was observed when the inferior allele was introduced in SBERH6.
- Introduction of the inferior WHI2 in Sb.P also results in an abolishment of acetic acid accumulation (Fig. 11B).
- Example 14 Validation of probiotic effect of optimized S. boulardii strains.
- mice are treated with Salmonella typhimurium (intragastrically with 0.1 ml of a bacterial suspension containing 10 s CFU/ml) with or without prior administration of S. boulardii.
- Salmonella typhimurium intragastrically with 0.1 ml of a bacterial suspension containing 10 s CFU/ml
- S. boulardii Two different S. boulardii strains are compared to each other: 1) S. boulardii strain 7103 heterozygous for the WHI2 C860G mutation (see Table 2) and 2) the engineered S. boulardii strain 7103 homozygous for the WHI2 C860G mutation (as described in Example 13).
- the S. boulardii treatments start 10 days before infection and continue throughout the experiment by a daily dose of 0.1 ml containing 10 9 CFU/ml administered through oral gavage.
- Yeast cells were propagated in YPD medium containing 10 g/L yeast extract, 20 g/L bacteriological peptone, and 20 g/L glucose at 30°C or 35°C. To make solid nutrient plates the media were supplemented with 1.5 g/L bacto agar. Where appropriate, the medium was supplemented with antibiotics. For S. cerevisiae i.e. 200 mg/L geneticin, 300 mg/L hygromycin B or 100 mg/L nourseothricin. For S. boulardii i.e.
- Yeast genomic DNA was extracted with Phenol/Chloroform/lsoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) and, where required, further purified by ethanol precipitation. PC was performed according to manufacturer's specifications with Standard Taq DNA polymerase for diagnostic purposes or Q5 high-fidelity DNA polymerase for sequencing or amplification of donor DNA (New England Biolabs). Either the LiOAC/SS-DNA/PEG protocol or electroporation were used as transformation methods 88,89 . Sanger sequencing was performed by the Genetic Service Facility of the VIB. Tetrads were dissected by using the micromanipulator from Singer Instruments (Roadwater Watchet Somerset, UK).
- AFLP Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms
- Acetic acid accumulation assay Overnight yeast pre-cultures were adjusted to an ⁇ of 0.2 in 50 ml
- YPD YPD in a 300 ml Erienmeyer flask. Flasks were incubated by shaking at 200 rpm and 37°C in a shaking incubator for 48 or 72h. To obtain cell-free culture supernatants, aliquots of yeast cultures were withdrawn from the flasks and centrifuged at maximum speed (14,000 rpm) for 5 min. The supernatants were used for agar-well diffusion assays or subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to determine the acetic acid concentration. For time-course measurements, samples were withdrawn from the cultures every 12h for further analysis.
- HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- Agar-well diffusion assays For the agar-well diffusion assays, 25 mL molten soft Mueller Hinton agar (7.5 g bacto agar/L Mueller Hinton broth) was inoculated with 5.10 4 cells/mL E. coli indicator strain. This was followed by addition of the bacterial growth indicator, iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (in 50% methanol), to a final concentration of 0.2 mg/mL and brief vortexing. A square petri dish containing 80 ml solidified Muller Hinton agar was then overlaid with the molten top agar.
- top agar was allowed to solidify, after which 9 wells (in 3x3 format) were punched into both agar layers using a 12 mm sterile cork borer. The resulting agar discs were carefully removed from each well with a pair of sterile thongs and discarded. Each well was then filled with about 700 ⁇ of yeast culture supernatant. All agar-well plates were incubated at 37°C for 12-18h.
- HPLC The acetic acid concentration in yeast cell-free culture supernatants was measured with HPLC (Waters ® isocratic BreezeTM H PLC). The flow rate of eluent (5mM H2SO4) was 1 mL/min while the column temperature was maintained at 75°C. Detection was by refractive index measurement (Waters, 2414 l detector). Acetic acid was identified in samples based on retention time using an acetic acid standard whilst its concentration was determined based on peak area. Yeast ploidy determination: Ploidy was determined according to Popolo et al 91 . Strains were grown in 3 mL YPD for 5-6h (mid-log phase).
- Yeast viability determination Cell viability was assessed according to Boyd et al 92 . Cultures were adjusted to an ⁇ of 0.5 in 1 mL of sterile milli-Q water. 50 ⁇ of each cell suspension in water was further diluted to 460 ⁇ with sterile milli-Q water and stained with 40 ⁇ 20 ⁇ g/mL oxonol (DiBAC 4 ) (Sigma-Aldrich). Stained cells were incubated at room temperature for 15 min before being subjected to flow cytometry.
- the HO endonuclease gene was deleted according to Goldstein and McCusker 93 . Since the S. boulardii Sb.P strain is diploid, the two copies of HO were deleted sequentially. Deletion of the first copy was carried out by transformation with a cassette harbouring the hygromycin B resistance gene (HphMX4). Transformants were selected on YPD- hygromycin B plates and correct integration of the HphMX4 cassette was assessed by PCR. A successful hoA strain was then transformed with a cassette harbouring a geneticin resistance gene (KanMX4).
- Transformants were selected on a YPD-geneticin/hygromycin B plate and correct integration of the KNMX4 cassette was assessed by PCR.
- Sb.P MATa/a, hoA::hphMX 4 /ho::KNMX 4
- ER MATa/ ; heterothallic
- the two strains were transformed with plasmid pFL39_GAL_HO_/Vaf7W 4, harbouring the HO gene controlled by the galactose inducible promotor, pGALl.
- Successful transformants were grown overnight in liquid YPD medium supplemented with nourseothricin.
- each segregant of both pools was grown separately in 3 mL YPD for 2 days.
- the superior parent SBERH6 was grown for the same period in 25 ml YPD.
- Culture volumes equivalent to 1 mL with an ⁇ of 40 of each segregant in the superior and inferior pool, respectively, were combined.
- DNA isolation was carried out using the MasterPureTM Yeast DNA Purification Kit (Epicentre, Madison, Wl, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- the isolated DNA was submitted to lllumina HiSeq2000 technology (BGI, Hong Kong, China) with libraries of 500 bp and paired-end reads of lOlbp.
- the short read sequences were mapped against the S288c reference sequence and all variants (SNPs and small indels) were identified and quality filtered using the NGSEP pipeline 48 .
- CLC genomic workbench CLC Bio-Qiagen, Aarhus, Denmark was used to map the reads in order to allow easy comparison of read mappings to the annotated genome of S288C.
- Q.TL1 Reciprocal Hemizygosity Analysis (bRHA): Q.TL1 (NC_001143.9:g.31118...231737) was defined as the segment of DNA on chromosome XI where the difference between the average SNV of the superior pool and inferior pools assumed statistical significance (p-value ⁇ 0.05).
- Q.TL1 was split into 8 blocks of genes (approximately 25 kbp for each block). Blocks 3, 4, 5 and 6 were deleted separately in a reciprocal manner in the hybrid diploid (SBERH6/S288c). Each deletion was achieved using a split geneticin resistance marker (KanMX4) knock-out cassette.
- the cassette was constructed by adaptor-mediated fusion of PCR-amplified left and right flanking sequences (between 400-700 bp) for each block, with the left and right fragments of a KanMX4 marker, respectively.
- the hybrid diploid (SBERH6/S288c) was subsequently transformed with the two fragments of the KanMX4 marker specifically constructed for each block.
- RH A of the individual genes in Q.TL1 the exact ORF of the left and right flanking sequences and the prioritised genes in Q.TL1 (APE2, SDH1, AVT3, LTV1, SDH3 and TGL1) were deleted with KanMX4.
- the methodology used for cassette construction and transformation of the strains is the same as described above for bRHA.
- the non-essential genes APE2, SDH1, AVT3, LTV1 and TGL1 were deleted in the haploid backgrounds of SBERH6 and S288c.
- Successful transformants were assessed for correct integration of the cassette at each locus by PCR.
- S288c transformants with the right integration at each locus were subsequently crossed with SBERH6 and vice versa to obtain reciprocal hemizygote strains for each gene.
- the only essential gene, SDH3, was deleted in the hybrid diploid (SBERH6/S288c) background.
- Successful transformants harbouring an SDH3 deletion in one parental chromosome were genotyped using SNP-PCR.
- the entire block (bRHA) or the exact ORF were deleted with NatMX4 in the diploid SBERH6/S288c s dhl H202Yf31 Y hybrid strains.
- the marker was amplified from plasmid pTOPO- Gl-/Vaf7W 4-Gl with primers containing 50 bp tails, homologous to the regions flanking the targeted region, as described by Baudin et al. 95 . Correct integration of the marker was confirmed by PCR and the remaining, non-deleted allele, was identified by allele-specific PCR.
- Genotyping by allele-specific PCR Allele-specific PCR for each block of deleted genes or each individual gene in the RHA assay and allele replacement was performed by pairing a forward primer, containing either the SBERH6 or S288c nucleotide as the 3' terminal nucleotide, with a common reverse primer. To increase specificity, for some primers, an additional single nucleotide artificial mismatch was added within the three bases closest to the 3' end 96 . The annealing temperature for each set of primers was optimized by gradient PCR using genomic DNA of both parents, so as to allow only hybridization with primers containing the exact complement.
- CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene exchange The gRNA plasmid and the Cas9 expression plasmids used in this study were based on the paper by DiCarlo et al. 97 , and were recently described by Holt and coworkers 98 . Allele replacement of SDHl and WHI2 was performed in a stepwise manner. First, a dominant selection marker (ble r or NatMX4), or both when a diploid strain was modified, flanked by gRNA recognition sites, Gl, was used to delete the region of interest.
- ble r or NatMX4 ble r or NatMX4
- the selection markers were amplified from plasmid pTOPO_Gl-/Vai/W 4-Gl or pTOPO-Gl-S/e ⁇ -Gl, with primers containing tails, homologous to the regions flanking the targeted region. Correct integration of the cassettes was confirmed by PCR. For each replacement, to obtain independent replacement strains, three successful transformants were selected and all following steps were performed in parallel. Next, pTEF-Cas9-/Ca/i/W 4, the plasmid harboring Cas9, was introduced.
- the plasmid expressing the gRNA, pgRNA-Gl-Hp/j/W that specifically targets the Gl sequence (5'-GGCTGATTTTCGCAGTTCGGGGG-3') flanking the marker, was introduced together with donor DNA to repair the double stranded break by homology directed repair.
- the design of this gRNA was based on the finding of Farboud and Meyer that Cas9-mediated DNA cleavage was enhanced at this Gl site due to the presence of a GG dinucleotide at the 3' end of the protospacer". This gRNA was checked for potential off targeting with BLAST.
- the left and right part of the repair template for SDHl were amplified separately with genomic DNA of SBERH6 or S288c as template.
- these fragments were joined into a single repair template by fusion PCR using an overlapping sequence between the two fragment, yielding two repair templates for SDHl that each contained one of the two non-synonymous SNPs.
- re-integrants where the native DNA was used as a repair template, were constructed. Replacement of the NatMX4 or ble R marker resulted in sensitivity to nourseothricin or phleomycin respectively and was assessed by spot assay.
- the presence of the introduced variant was verified by PCR and next, by sub-culturing three times in YPD, the plasmids were lost. Plasmid loss was verified by spot assay on YPD supplemented with hygromycin B or geneticin. Finally, the sequences of the replaced region and its surroundings were confirmed by Sanger sequencing.
- Protein sequence Whi2 wild-type from Saccharomyces boulardii SEQ ID No. 5
- Protein sequence Sdhl wild-type from Saccharomyces cerevisiae SEQ ID No. 8
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